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DNA profiling

DNA profiling, or forensic DNA typing, is a technique used to identify individuals based on unique DNA sequences, widely applied in forensic science and paternity testing. The process involves sample collection, DNA extraction, quantification, amplification, separation, and comparison against databases for identity verification. While highly accurate and non-invasive, DNA profiling faces challenges such as contamination risks, ethical concerns, and high costs.

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2 views

DNA profiling

DNA profiling, or forensic DNA typing, is a technique used to identify individuals based on unique DNA sequences, widely applied in forensic science and paternity testing. The process involves sample collection, DNA extraction, quantification, amplification, separation, and comparison against databases for identity verification. While highly accurate and non-invasive, DNA profiling faces challenges such as contamination risks, ethical concerns, and high costs.

Uploaded by

Hamid Anees
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DNA Profiling (Forensic DNA Typing)

Definition:
DNA profiling, also known as forensic DNA typing or genetic fingerprinting, is a technique used
to identify individuals based on their unique DNA sequences. It is widely applied in forensic
science, paternity testing, and personal identification. DNA profiling relies on analyzing specific
regions of DNA that vary among individuals, making it a powerful tool in criminal investigations
and legal cases.

Principle of DNA Profiling


Each person (except identical twins) has a unique DNA sequence. DNA profiling focuses on
highly variable regions of DNA, such as:

 Short Tandem Repeats (STRs): Repeating sequences of 2-6 base


pairs found in the genome.
 Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs): Longer repeating
sequences (10-100 base pairs).
 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Used when nuclear DNA is degraded
(e.g., in ancient or degraded samples).

DNA profiles are generated by comparing the number of repeats in these regions across different
individuals.

Steps in DNA Profiling


1. Sample Collection:
o Biological samples like blood, saliva, semen, hair follicles, bones,
and skin cells are collected.
o Samples must be handled carefully to prevent contamination.

2. DNA Extraction:
o DNA is isolated from the collected sample using chemical or
enzymatic methods.
o Common techniques include Phenol-Chloroform Extraction
and Silica Column-Based Extraction.

3. DNA Quantification:
o The extracted DNA is quantified to ensure there is enough for
analysis.
o Fluorescent dyes or spectrophotometry (e.g., UV absorbance) are
used.

4. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):


o PCR amplifies specific STR or VNTR regions of DNA.
o It creates multiple copies of these regions for easier analysis.

5. Separation and Detection:


o The amplified DNA fragments are separated using Gel
Electrophoresis or Capillary Electrophoresis.
o Different-sized fragments travel at different speeds, creating a
distinct pattern.

6. DNA Profiling & Comparison:


o The STR or VNTR patterns are compared to known databases or
suspect profiles.
o If a match is found, it provides strong evidence for identity
verification.

7. Statistical Analysis:
o The probability of a random match is calculated.
o A low probability confirms a high likelihood of identity.

Types of DNA Profiling


1. STR Analysis (Short Tandem Repeat Analysis):
o The most widely used method in forensic science.
o Focuses on 13–20 STR markers for high accuracy.

2. RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism):


o An older method using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific
sites.
o Requires a large DNA sample and is time-consuming.

3. Y-Chromosome Analysis:
o Used to trace paternal lineage (only males have a Y
chromosome).
o Useful in sexual assault cases involving multiple male suspects.

4. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Analysis:


o Used when nuclear DNA is degraded or unavailable.
o Passed from mother to child, making it useful in historical or
missing persons cases.

Applications of DNA Profiling


Forensic Science:

 Identifying suspects in criminal cases (e.g., murder, rape, burglary).


 Exonerating innocent individuals wrongfully convicted.
 Identifying human remains in disasters or war zones.

Paternity and Family Testing:

 Establishing biological relationships in paternity/maternity disputes.


 Immigration and legal cases involving family relationships.

Medical and Genetic Research:

 Studying inherited genetic disorders.


 Identifying mutations linked to diseases.

Wildlife and Conservation Biology:

 Identifying species and preventing illegal wildlife trade.


 Tracking genetic diversity in endangered species.

Advantages of DNA Profiling


 Highly Accurate: STR analysis provides a near-unique genetic
identity.
 Requires Small Samples: Even degraded or trace samples can be
analyzed.
 Non-Invasive: Can use hair, saliva, or skin cells instead of blood.
 Quick Processing: Modern techniques can generate results in hours
to days.
Limitations of DNA Profiling
 Contamination Risk: Even a small mix-up can lead to incorrect
results.
 Ethical Concerns: Privacy issues regarding DNA databases and
genetic information.
 High Cost: Advanced techniques and equipment can be expensive.
 False Positives: Rare cases of close relatives having similar DNA
profiles.

Conclusion

DNA profiling has revolutionized forensic science and criminal investigations. It provides an
objective and reliable method for identifying individuals and solving crimes. Despite ethical
concerns, advances in technology continue to improve accuracy, making DNA profiling an
indispensable tool in modern forensic and legal systems.

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