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Bu1 Notes Lecture

The document covers various aspects of plumbing, including its historical development, importance for public health and environmental protection, and key systems such as water supply and drainage. It details the Philippine Plumbing Code, types of plumbers, and principles governing plumbing systems, as well as water sources, treatment methods, and challenges in water management. Additionally, it discusses plumbing materials, types of pumps, and water distribution systems.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views

Bu1 Notes Lecture

The document covers various aspects of plumbing, including its historical development, importance for public health and environmental protection, and key systems such as water supply and drainage. It details the Philippine Plumbing Code, types of plumbers, and principles governing plumbing systems, as well as water sources, treatment methods, and challenges in water management. Additionally, it discusses plumbing materials, types of pumps, and water distribution systems.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 1

1.​ Overview
○​ Plumbing: Systems of pipes and fixtures for water supply and wastewater
removal.
○​ Sanitary System: Specialized subset of plumbing for wastewater management.
○​ Essential for public health, comfort, environmental protection, and building
functionality.
2.​ Historical Development
○​ Ancient Civilizations: Egyptians, Romans, and Indus Valley Civilization pioneered
water transport, aqueducts, and urban sanitation systems.
○​ Middle Ages to Renaissance: Limited advances in Europe but saw revival of
Roman engineering principles.
○​ Industrial Revolution: Innovations in cast iron, lead, and copper pipes; sanitary
reform movements.
3.​ Importance
○​ Public health: Prevents waterborne diseases.
○​ Comfort: Provides modern amenities.
○​ Environmental protection: Minimizes pollution.
○​ Building functionality: Includes fire protection and HVAC integration.
4.​ Plumbing Systems Concepts
○​ Water Supply System: Includes pipes, valves, fittings, pumps, and tanks,
ensuring clean, pressurized, and uncontaminated water delivery.
○​ Drainage System: Gravity-based systems for wastewater removal.
○​ Ventilation System: Prevents sewer gas entry using vent pipes and air balance.
○​ Trap Systems: Maintain water seals to block sewer gases.
5.​ Common Terms
○​ Trap, vent pipe, backflow, cross-connection, fixture, and cleanout.
6.​ Philippine Plumbing Code
○​ Governs design, installation, and maintenance of plumbing systems.
○​ Ensures public health, safety, and compliance with international standards.
LECTURE 2
1.​ Sources of Water
○​ Surface water (rivers, lakes), groundwater (aquifers), precipitation, and reclaimed
water.
2.​ Uses of Water
○​ Domestic: Drinking, cooking, hygiene, and cleaning.
○​ Agricultural: Irrigation and livestock health.
○​ Industrial: Cooling, machinery cleaning, and processing.
○​ Environmental: Ecosystem health and recreational activities.
3.​ Properties of Water
○​ Physical: States (solid, liquid, gas), density, viscosity, surface tension, and
temperature sensitivity.
○​ Chemical: Polarity, pH levels, hardness, salinity, and dissolved solids.
○​ Biological: Presence of microorganisms, organic matter, and nutrients like
nitrogen and phosphorus.
4.​ Water Quality Issues
○​ Pollution: From point and non-point sources.
○​ Eutrophication: Excess nutrients causing algae blooms.
○​ Acidification: Decrease in pH harming aquatic ecosystems.
○​ Depletion & Salinization: Overuse and increased salt levels.
5.​ Water Treatment Methods
○​ Physical: Filtration, sedimentation.
○​ Chemical: Disinfection, coagulation, flocculation.
○​ Biological: Activated sludge, trickling filters.
○​ Advanced: Membrane filtration, UV disinfection.
6.​ Water Conservation
○​ Focused on sustainability, maintaining quality, and addressing challenges like
climate change and urbanization.
7.​ Future Challenges
○​ Climate change, population growth, industrialization, and the need for
technological innovation in water resource management.
LECTURE 3
1.​ Overview of the Plumbing Code
○​ Governs the installation and maintenance of plumbing systems in the Philippines
to protect public health and safety.
○​ Originates from the Plumbing Law of 1955, amended and updated as the
National Plumbing Code of the Philippines (NPCP) in 1999.
2.​ Types of Plumbers
○​ Apprentice Plumber: Beginners under supervision, typically for 3–5 years.
○​ Journeyman Plumber: Skilled in installing and repairing plumbing systems after
apprenticeship.
○​ Master Plumber: Licensed professionals responsible for designing and ensuring
compliance with plumbing systems.
3.​ 22 Basic Principles
○​ Principle 1: All premises must have pure, uncontaminated water with safeguards
against backflow or siphonage.
○​ Principle 2: Adequate water supply and pressure must be maintained for proper
functioning of fixtures.
○​ Principle 3: Systems should minimize water usage while ensuring performance.
○​ Principle 4: Water heating and storage devices must prevent overheating
hazards.
○​ Principle 5: Buildings with access to public sewers must connect to them.
○​ Principle 6: Basic sanitation fixtures are mandatory for family dwellings.
○​ Principle 7: Fixtures must be non-absorbent, smooth, and in ventilated
enclosures.
○​ Principle 8: Drainage systems must avoid clogging and ensure easy
maintenance.
○​ Principle 9: Plumbing materials must be durable and compliant with standards.
○​ Principle 10: Fixtures connected to drainage must include water-sealed traps.
○​ Principle 11: Proper venting is essential for air circulation and trap seal
protection.
○​ Principle 13: Systems should undergo rigorous testing to detect leaks or defects.
○​ Other principles address backflow prevention, fixture placement, and
environmental safeguards.
4.​ Testing and Installation Standards
○​ Plumbing systems are tested with water or air to ensure durability and safety.
○​ Regulations include standards for pipe materials, layouts, and fixtures.

LECTURE 4
1.​ Introduction
○​ Adequate, clean, and running water is essential for all plumbing fixtures.
○​ Systems must include mechanisms for flushing toilets and maintaining sanitary
conditions.
2.​ Unlawful Connections
○​ Cross-connections or unprotected piping carrying unsafe substances are
prohibited to prevent contamination.
3.​ General Requirements
○​ Backflow prevention devices include atmospheric vacuum breakers (AVB),
double-check valves, and pressure vacuum breakers.
○​ All water systems must meet listed standards, maintain accessibility, and ensure
proper spacing and clearances.
4.​ Installation Requirements
○​ Water pipes must be at least 0.3 meters below ground level and separated from
sewer lines to prevent contamination.
○​ Gravity supply tanks must have vents and corrosion-resistant screens.
○​ Systems experiencing inadequate or excessive pressure must incorporate
pressure regulators and relief valves.
5.​ Sizing of Potable Water Piping
○​ Pipes must be sized to accommodate fixture units (FU) and ensure appropriate
water pressure throughout the system.
○​ Maximum piping lengths, elevation differences, and street main pressure are
factors for determining pipe sizing.
6.​ Key Installation Details
○​ Water pipes crossing sewers must maintain at least 0.3 meters of vertical
separation.
○​ Ferrous piping must be coated or wrapped to prevent corrosion.
○​ Union fittings should be positioned for maintenance access near regulating
equipment or heaters.

LECTURE 5

Major Components of Drainage Systems

1.​ Sanitary/Soil Drainage System: Manages wastewater with fecal matter from toilets and
similar fixtures.
2.​ Vent System: Ensures airflow in the drainage system to prevent siphonage and back
pressure.
3.​ Waste Drainage System: Handles wastewater without fecal matter, such as from sinks
and showers.
4.​ Storm Drainage System: Manages rainwater and clear water, excluding sanitary waste.

Types of Wastewater

●​ Blackwater: Wastewater containing high organic matter and pathogens from toilets,
needing careful treatment.
●​ Greywater: Wastewater from sinks and showers, typically easier to treat and can be
reused for irrigation.

Key Terms in DWV (Drain-Waste-Vent) System

●​ Building Drain: Collects internal drainage to direct it outside.


●​ Building Sewer: Carries waste from the building to the public sewer.
●​ Vent Pipe: Ensures airflow in the plumbing system to maintain pressure and prevent
odors.

Wastewater Treatment Process

1.​ Pumping: Uses gravity to transport wastewater to treatment plants.


2.​ Screening: Removes large objects like rocks and wood.
3.​ Removing Grit & Sludge: Separates organic sludge for further processing.
4.​ Sedimentation: Removes scum such as oils and grease.
5.​ Aeration: Adds oxygen to remove odors and support biological treatment.
6.​ Final Sedimentation: Settles any remaining large particles.
7.​ Disinfection: Chlorine is used to kill bacteria, with treated water then discharged.

Municipal Wastewater Treatment

●​ Primary Treatment: Removes large solids and grit.


●​ Secondary Treatment: Breaks down organic material biologically.
●​ Tertiary Treatment: Optional, further purifies water for reuse in irrigation and industrial
processes.

Additional Processes

●​ Stormwater Harvesting: Collects and treats rainwater for reuse.


●​ Industrial Wastewater Recycling: Treats wastewater for industrial reuse.

LECTURE 6

Key Qualities for Plumbing Materials

1.​ Quality & Durability: Resistant to external/internal contact with foreign matter.
2.​ Chemical Resistance: Withstands acid waste and other chemicals.
3.​ Cost: Considers both material and labor expenses.

Types of Plumbing Pipes

1.​ Acrolonitrile Butadiene Pipes (ABS): Corrosion-resistant, used for


sewage/wastewater, and joined with ABS pipe cement.
2.​ Brass Pipes: Durable but expensive, primarily used for fittings.
3.​ Cast Iron Pipes: Corrosion-resistant, commonly used in city water systems.
4.​ Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes (CPVC): Non-corrosive and suited for both hot
and cold water.
5.​ Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC): Durable, used in residential/commercial
settings.
6.​ Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Commonly used for waste drainage and venting.
7.​ Copper Pipes: Rust-resistant, often used for hot water but costly.
8.​ Galvanized Steel and Iron Pipes: Coated to prevent rust; popular pre-1960s.
9.​ Steel Pipes: Typically used for high-pressure liquids.
10.​Polyethylene Pipes (HDPE, LDPE, PE): Used for water lines, flexible and resistant to
stress.
11.​Polypropylene Random (PPR) Pipes: Flexible, highly resistant to acids/alkalis.
12.​Lead Pipes: Corrosion-resistant but toxic, rarely used today.
13.​Asbestos Cement and Concrete Pipes: Strong, used for drainage with varying
diameters.

Pipe Fittings

●​ Elbows: Change pipe direction; can be short or long sweep.


●​ Tees: Create branches with options like equal, reducer, and sanitary tees.
●​ Cross Tees: Connect four pipes, with equal or reducing outlets.
●​ Wyes: Create 45-degree branch lines, including double-wye and combo wye & bend.
●​ Couplings & Reducers: Join pipes of the same or different diameters.
●​ Bushings: Reduce pipe diameter abruptly.
●​ Unions & Adapters: Allow for separation/reconnection and change pipe threading.
●​ Caps & Plugs: Seal the ends of pipes.
●​ Nipples: Short pipe sections, usually threaded on both ends.

Local Brands for DWV and Waterline Pipes

●​ DWV: Neltex, Saniguard, Moldex/Sanimold, Emerald, Atlanta.


●​ Waterline: Neltex Waterline, Moldex Blue, Unitec/Belden, Phildex, Solutherm, Rehau,
Atlanta-PPR.
LECTURE 7
Introduction to Pumps: It introduces pumps as devices used to transfer water into buildings,
tanks, or reservoirs when natural water pressure is insufficient.

Types of Pumps:

●​ Lift Pump: Utilizes a piston within a cylinder to pull water up from a source, with valves
to control water flow during up and down strokes.
●​ Force Pump: A pump that can move water to heights above the pump’s level by using
pressure. The plunger motion alternates valve openings to push water upwards.
●​ Submersible Pump: Designed to operate while submerged, typically at the end of a
deep well pipe.
●​ Sump Pump: Used to collect and manage waste water, especially in sewage
applications.

Water Storage and Tanks:

●​ Cistern Tank: A tank for storing water or other liquids.


●​ Water Tank: Used for water collection or storage under pressure for future distribution.
Materials include PVC, galvanized iron, reinforced concrete, and stainless steel.
●​ Suction Tank: Typically steel, used to supply water to pneumatic tanks or pumps,
preventing water pressure issues for neighboring properties.
●​ Pneumatic Tank: Uses air pressure to distribute water in tall buildings where regular
pressure may be insufficient.

Water Distribution Systems:

●​ Upfeed System: Relies on public main pressure to distribute water in low-rise buildings.
●​ Downfeed System: Uses gravity from an elevated tank to distribute water in buildings,
especially useful where city pressure is inadequate to reach higher floors.

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