Science and Tech static lecture 8

Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme

Indian Ministry of Defence programme for the research and development of the
comprehensive range of missiles.

Managed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Ordnance
Factories Board.
The project started in 1982–83 under the leadership of Abdul Kalam who oversaw its
ending in 2008

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam started multiple projects simultaneously to develop the following types
of Indian Guided Missiles missiles.
1. Short Range Surface to Surface Missile (SSM) ‘Prithvi’
2. Long Range Surface to Surface Missile (SSM) ‘Agni’
3. Medium Range Surface to Air Missile (SAM) ‘Akash’
4. Short Range Surface to Air Missile (SAM) ‘Trishul’
5. Anti-tank Guided Missile (ATGM) ‘Nag’

Dhanush
The Dhanush missile is an Indian short-range, ship-launched ballistic missile (ShLBM). It is
the third variant of the Prithvi missile family, which includes the Prithvi I, Prithvi II, and the
Prithvi Air Defense interceptor.

Prahaar
The Prahaar is a short-range, solid propellant, road-mobile ballistic missile designed for
tactical strikes against close range targets.
Agni Prime or Agni P
solid propellant ballistic missile

range between 1000 to 2000 km

lighter than all the earlier Agni series of missiles.

Sagarika/Shaurya
The K-15 Sagarika is an Indian submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) with a range of
approximately 700 km.

‘Pralay’ Ballistic missiles Surface-to-Surface short-range ballistic missile Operational range:

150 to 500 kms

Khorramshahr Ballistic Missile

 Recently, Iran unveiled the latest iteration of its liquid-fueled Khorramshahr ballistic
missile.
 It is named after an Iranian city that was the scene of heavy fighting during the Iran-Iraq
War in the 1980s
 Khorramshahr Ballistic Missile is also called Kheibar, after a Jewish fortress conquered by
the Muslims in the 7th century — in what is now Saudi Arabia.
 It is modelled after North Korea's Musudan ballistic missile.

Fattah
First domestically made hypersonic missile of Iran target range of 1,400 km.

BrahMos
The BrahMos (PJ-10) is a short-range, ramjet powered, single warhead, supersonic anti-
ship/land attack cruise missile developed and manufactured by India and Russia.

Exocet
The Exocet missile series of French short-range anti-ship cruise missile. There are six Exocet
variants, which differ by their launch platforms and levels of modernization. These are the
MM38, MM40, MM40 Block 2, and MM40 Block 3 sea- and ground- launched models, the
AM39 air-launched model, and the SM39 sub-launched variant.

Nirbhay
Nirbhay is India’s first indigenously-produced cruise missile. The missile similar in
appearance to the U.S. Tomahawk and the Russia Club SS-N-27 with its cylindrical fuselage.
It equips a land-based mobile launcher.

Akash
medium-range mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system Radio proximity fuse 30km

Akash
 70-80km
 successor to Akash range

Trishul
low-level quick-reaction short range surface-to-air missile

It can also be used as an anti-sea skimmer from naval ship against low flying missile, attack
helicopter and aircraft.

9-11 km range
Igla-S Missile
 Russia recently signed a contract to supply Igla-S hand-held anti- aircraft missiles to India
and has allowed the production of the Igla under license.
 Igla-S is a man-portable air defence system (MANPADS) that can be fired by an individual
or crew to bring down an enemy aircraft.
 It is developed by Russia
 It has a capability of bringing down low flying aircraft.
 It has effective range upto 6km , altitude target upto 3.5km.

ASTRA Missile
 Tejas, Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) LSP-7 successfully fired the ASTRA BVRAAM.
 It is an indigenous Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missile.
 It is to engage and destroy highly maneuvering supersonic aerial targets.
 Indigenously designed and developed by DRDO.
 Range 70km

QRSAM
Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile (QRSAM)

DRDO
compact and highly mobile air defence system system mounted Optical Proximity fuze
Range: 30km

VL-SRSAM
Vertical Launch – Short Range Surface to Air Missile

quick reaction surface-to-air missile developed by the Indian Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO)

lock on before launch (LOBL) and lock on after launch (LOAL) capability, the missile receives
mid-course update via datalink
Radio proximity fuse
 Range: 80km
 XR-SAM
 extra-long Range Surface to Air Missile
 long-range mobile surface to air missile defence system under development by Defence
Research and Development Organization (DRDO)
 It will supplement the Indo-Israeli Barak 8 and Russian S-400 missile system in the Indian
armed forces.
 Optical proximity fuze 400 km

Barak 8
Indo-Israeli jointly developed surface-to-air missile (SAM) system, designed to defend
against any type of airborne threat including aircraft, helicopters, anti-ship missiles, and
UAVs as well as ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and combat jets.

S-400 missile system

S-400 Triumf is a mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed in the 1990s by
Russia's NPO Almaz

On 15 October 2016, during the BRICS Summit, India and Russia signed an Inter-
governmental Agreement (IGA) for the supply of five S-400 regiments to India.

Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)

American anti-ballistic missile defense system designed to shoot down short, medium, and
intermediate-range ballistic missiles in their terminal phase hit-to-kill approach

Iron Dome
Israeli mobile all-weather air defense system developed by Rafael Advanced Defense
Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries.

The system is designed to intercept and destroy short-range rockets and artillery shells fired
from distances of 4 to 70 kilometres

Proximity fuse
Project Kusha
 India is embarking on Project Kusha, a mission designed to enhance its air defence
capabilities with a system rivalling the effectiveness of the renowned S-400
 It will be developed by the Defence Research and Developemrnt Organisation (DRDO)
 India aimed at developing its Long- Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (LR-SAM) defence
system by 2028-29.
 It aims to detect and destroy various hostile targets including missiles, fighter jets and
drones at long range.
 It consists interceptor missile with ranges of 150km, 200km and 350km
 Drawing parallels with Israels Iron dome system.

Spike Missile
 It is Anti Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) developed by an Israel ● It is man portable, fire-
and-forget missile
 It has range up to 4 km
 It can be deployed in both plains and mountains
 It can be fired from vehicles, helicopter, ground launchers, ships
Rudram
 air-to-surface ground attack and anti-radiation missiles
 by the Defence Research and Development Organisation Optical proximity fuze
 Rudram 1
 Rudram 2
 Rudram 3: 550km

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

Premier agency under the Department of Defence Research and Development in Ministry
of Defence

Charged with the military's research and development Headquartered in Delhi, India

Prof. K VijayaRaghavan committee has been constituted to review the functioning of DRDO
and suggest restructuring and redefining its role

Multilateral Export Control Regimes

 The four main multilateral export control regimes are the Australia Group (AG), the
Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and
Wassenaar Arrangement, WA.
 The regimes are informal groups of states
 Each of the regimes takes decisions by consensus
 Their agreed common rules and control lists are politically rather than legally binding.
 They are independent of the United Nations.
 Their regulations apply only to members and it is not obligatory for a country to join.
 India is now a member of three of the four MECRs, except the Nuclear supplier Group.

The Australia Group (AG)

 An informal forum of countries which, through the harmonisation of export controls,
seeks to ensure that exports do not contribute to the development of chemical or
biological weapons.
 The AG was founded in 1985 upon an initiative by Australia ● The AG is permanently
chaired by Australia
 Informal secretariat situated within the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and
Trade
 43 members including European union. India is a member of this group

The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)

 The MTCR aims to prevent the proliferation of missiles and other unmanned delivery
systems capable of delivering chemical, biological or nuclear (CBN) weapons
 G7 (USA, UK, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, and Japan) states founded the MTCR in
1987
 The MTCR covers any such missile or UAV ‘capable of delivering a payload of at least 500
kg to a range of at least 300 km’, or destined to be used to deliver CBN weapons
 Informal and voluntary partnership
 It has 35 members, India is a member in this group. China is not a member of this group
 It is not a legally-binding treaty.

The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation

(HCOC)
 It is the only multilateral transparency and confidence-building instrument on ballistic
missile non-proliferation.
 It originated from discussions within the MTCR in 2002.
 Independent politically binding instrument that complements the MTCR in its goal on
missile nonproliferation
 143 UN member countries including India.

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)

 It is a group of nuclear supplier countries that seeks to contribute to the non-
proliferation of nuclear weapons through the implementation of two sets of Guidelines
for nuclear exports and nuclear-related exports.
 Established in 1974 in response to India’s first nuclear test. ● It has 48 participating
governments.
 India is not a member of the NSG. India's bid for membership being blocked on the
ground of India being not a signatory to the NPT.

Wassenaar Arrangement
 Established as the successor to the cold war era Co-ordinating Committee for
Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM) in 1996.
 Voluntary export control regime
 It has 42 member states comprising mostly NATO and EU states
 Secretariat is in Vienna, Austria.
 The Wassenaar Arrangement Plenary is the decision-making body of the Arrangement.
All Plenary decisions are taken by consensus
 India was inducted in 2017 as the 42nd member.

Pinaka rocket system

 It is multi-barrel rocket system, named after Lord Shiva’s bow
 Development started in 1990's as response to Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher systems of
Russia called ‘Grad’
 It can fire simultaneous 12 rockets over period of 44 seconds
 Navigation of Pinaka missile is aided by Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
(IRNSS)
 This Pinaka Mk-1 rockets, has range of 36 km
Pinaka Mk-I (Enhanced) Rocket System (EPRS)
 EPRS is upgraded version of earlier Pinaka version
 It is indigenously developed by DRDO
 Purpose :- To counter People’s Liberation Army threat in East Ladakh
 It can fire simultaneously 72 rockets in 44 seconds ● It can cover range between 60 to 90
Km

K9-Vajras
 The Defence Ministry has started the process for the procurement of 100 more K9-Vajra
tracked self-propelled howitzers
 It is a 155 mm, 52-calibre tracked self-propelled howitzer
 Built by L&T with technology transferred from South Korean defence major Hanwha
Defense based on its K9 Thunder.
 It has a burst rate of fire of three rounds per 15 seconds and a maximum rate of fire of
six to eight rounds a minute for three minutes.
 Range: 40 km
 It uses digital fire control system

Arjun Main Battle Tank:

 It is a third generation main battle tank developed by DRDO in 1972 with the Combat
Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) as its lead laboratory.
 The Arjun tanks stand out for their ‘Fin Stabilised Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot
(FSAPDS)’ ammunition and 120-mm calibre rifled gun.
 It also has a computer-controlled integrated fire control system with stabilised sighting
that works in all lighting conditions.

Arjun Mk-1A:
 It is a weapon platform with superior firepower, high mobility, excellent protection and
crew comfort.However, the biggest achievement with the latest version is 54.3%
indeginous content against the 41% in the earlier model.

Ugram
 Launched by DRDO after a Mission Mode Project
 State-of-the-art assault rifle of the 7.62 x 51 mm calibre, which has been indigenously
designed, developed and manufactured
 The assault rifle has been designed for the operational requirements of armed forces,
paramilitary and state police entities.
 The rifle has an effective range of 500 metres and weighs less than four kilograms
 Developed by DRDO’s Pune-based facility Armament Research and Development
Establishments (ARDE) in collaboration with Hyderabad-based Dvipa Armour India
Private Limited.

AK -203 assault rifles

 Recently, the Indo-Russian Rifles Private Limited (IRRPL), has started producing AK-203
Kalashnikov assault rifles at Amethi in Uttar Pradesh.
 India is the first country to start producing the AK-200-series assault rifles of the world-
famous brand
 It plans to ensure 100 percent localization of the production of AK-203 assault rifle in
India

Dhanush Guns
 The Indian Army, which has ordered 114 Dhanush artillery guns, will receive all the guns
by 2026.
 Dhanush is the indigenously upgraded gun of the Swedish Bofors gun procured in the
1980s.
 Dhanush is a 155 mm, 45-calibre towed artillery gun with a range of 36 km.
 The gun is an upgrade of the existing 155 mm, 39-calibre Bofors FH 77 gun.
 It is compatible with all North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) 155 mm ammunition
systems.
 The Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited, carved after corporatisation of
the Ordnance Factory Board, is now manufacturing the Dhanush guns.
 Sharang Artillery Gun over 36km

Smart Anti Airfield Weapon(SAAW)

 It is a long-range precision-guided anti-airfield weapon developed by DRDO’s Research
Centre Imarat (RCI) Hyderabad.
 The weapon is designed to strike ground targets, especially adversary airfield
infrastructure or similar strategically important installations.
 The weapon has a range of around 100 kilometres.