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ANYLYTICAL GEOMETRY

(1) Distance between two given points in Cartesian Coordinates


d = |AB| = (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

(2) Distance between two given points in polar coordinates:

 2 2
d = |AB| = r1 + r2  2 r1 r2 Cos (1 - 2)

(3) Mid point formula:

M (x,y) =  2  2 
x1 + x2 y1+ y2
 

(4) Section or Division formula:

(a) When required point divides the line segment in the ratio m1 : m2 internally:

P (x , y) =  m + m
m1 x2 + m2 x1 m1 y2 + m2 y1 
 m +m
 1 2 1 2 

(b) When required point divides the line Segment in the ratio m1 : m2 externally:
m1 x2 m2 x1 m1 y2 m2 y1 
P (x , y) =  
 m1 m2 m1 m2 

(5) Centroid of the triangle:

G (x,y) = 
x1 + x2 + x3 y1+ y2 + y3 

 3 3 

(6) In-centre of the triangle:

I (x , y) =  a + b + c  a + b + c
ax1 + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 
 

(7) Slope (or) gradient of a line passes through two points:

y2 y1
Slope = m =
x2 x1

(8) Slope of a Non-vertical Straight line with “” as it‟s inclination:

m = tan
 Page 2 of 22

(9) Condition for three points to be collinear using slope formula:

y2 y1 y3 y1
=
x2 x1 x3 x1
ie slope of 𝐴𝐵 = slope of 𝐴𝐶

(10) Parallel line condition:

If 𝑙1 ‖ 𝑙2 so
m1 = m2

(11) Perpendicular line condition:

If 𝑙1 ⊥ 𝑙2 so

m1 × m2 =  1

(12) Angle Formulae Between Two Lines:

(a) When “” be the angle from 1 to 2 :
m2 m1
tan = 1 + m m
1 2

(b) When “” be the angle from 2 to 1 :

m1 m2
tan = 1 + m m
1 2

Standard forms of the equation of a straight line:

(13) Equation of straight line parallel to x  axis (or) perpendicular to y  axis:
y=b

(14) Equation of straight line parallel to y  axis (or) Perpendicular to xaxis:

x=a

(15)Equation of a straight line passing through two distinct points:

Using two points form
y  y1 x  x1
=
y2 y1 x2 x1

 x y1 
or  x1y11  = 0
 x2y21 
 Page 3 of 22

(16)Equation of a Straight line passing through a point P (x1, y1) and having slope m:
Using point slope form.
y  y1 = m (x  x1)

(17) Equation of straight line when slope and y  intercept are given:
Using slope intercept form.
y = mx + c
(18) Equation of straight line when xintercept and yintercept are given:
Using two intercept form.
x y
a + b =1
(19)Distance (or) symmetrical form:
x  x1 y  y1
= =r
Cos Sin
(20)Perpendicular (or) Normal form:
x Cos + y Sin = p
(21)The general linear equation:
ax + by + c = 0

a
Slope = m = b

x  intercept = 
c
a

y  intercept = 
c
b
Coordinate Axes:
(22) Slop of x axis  m=0

(23) Slope of y  axis  m=

(24) Equation of x  axis  y = 0

(25) Equation of y  axis  x = 0

(26) Parallel line condition:

a1 b2 a2 b1 = 0

(27) Perpendicular line condition:

a 1 a 2 + b 1 b2 = 0

(28) If lines 1 to 2 are intersect then:

a1b2 a2b1 0
 Page 4 of 22

(29) If lines 1 to 2 are coincident then:

a1 b1 c1
= =
a2 b2 c2

(30) Angle between two lines from 2 to 1 in the general form:

m1  m2
tan = 1 + m m  (or)
 1 2 
a2 b1 a1 b2
 = tan1a a + b b 
 1 2 1 2 

(31) Point of intersection of two straight lines:

 1 : a 1 x + b1 y + c 1 = 0
2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0

P (x , y) = 
 b1 c2 b2 c1  c1 a2 c2 a1 

 a1 b2 a2 b1 a1 b2 a2 b1
(32) Equation of two Straight lines 1 and 2 passing through a point P (x1, y1) and making acute angle „‟ with the
given line  : ax + by + c = 0.
(m + tan)
1 : y  y1 = (x  x1)
(1  mtan)

(m  tan)
2 : y  y1 = (x  x1)
(1 + mtan)
(33)Condition of concurrency of three lines:
1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0  a1 b1 c1 
2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0  a2 b2 c2  = 0
3 : a3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0  a3 b3 c3 
(34)Position of a point with respect to a given straight line:
If  denote line ax + by + c = 0 with b > 0.
(i) If P1 (x1, y1) is a point above the line  then ax1 + by1 + c > 0
(ii) If P1 (x1, y1) is a point below the line , then a1x + by1 + c < 0.
(iii) If P (x1, y1) is a point lie on the line  then a1x + by1 + c = 0.
(35)Distance of a point from a line (or) point to line distance formula:

d=
ax1 + by1 + c 
 
 a 2 + b2 
 Page 5 of 22

Differential Calculus
Derivative of Function at a Point:
(First Principle Method)

f (x)  f (a) f (a + h)  f (a)

f  (a) = lim (or) f  (a) = lim
x  xa h0 h

Rule of Differentiation:
d n n1
(1) dx [ x ] = nx (Power Rule)
d d d
(2) dx [ f (x)  g (x) ] = dx f (x)  dx g (x)
d d
(3) [ af (x) ] = a f (x)
dx dx
d
(4) dx (c) = 0
d
(5) dx (x) = 1
d d d
(6) (U  V) = U (V) + V (U)
dx dx dx
d
dx (U  V) = UV + VU
d d
V dx (U)  U dx (V)
d U 
(7) dx V  = V2
d U  VU UV
dxV  = V2
d d d d
(8) dx (U.V.W) = UV dx (w) + U w dx (v) + vw dx (U)
d
dx (U. V. W) = UVW + UWV + VWU
d x x
(9) dx (e ) = e (exponential function)
d
(10) (xn) = nxn1
dx
d 1
(11) dx (lnx) = x (logarithmic function)
d
(12) (ax) = axlna (general exponential)
dx
d d  loga e  1
(13) (loga x) =  =
dx dx loga x  x lna
d
(14) dx (lne) = 0
d d  loge x  0.4343
(15) (log 10 x) =  
dx dx loge 10  = x
 Page 6 of 22

d
(16) (lnex) = 1
dx
d 1
(17) dx { loge x = lnx } = x
d d
(18) dx (e) = edx ( )
(Box rule for exponential function)
d 1 d
(19) dx (ln ) = dx ( )

(Box rule for logarithmic function)

Properties of logarithm:
(1) log xn = nlogx
(2) logx + logy = log xy
(3) logx logy = log  y 
x
 
Parametric differentiation:
Parametric function:
x = f (t), y = f (t) x = f () , y = f ()
dy dy
dy dt dy d
Chain Rule:dx = dx Chain Rule:dx = dx
dt d
Sum to Product Formulae:
UV
SinU + SinV = 2 Sin  Cos  2 
U+V
(1)
 2   
UV
SinUSinV = 2 Cos  2  Sin  2 
U+V
(2)
   
 Cos  
CosU + CosV = 2 Cos 
U + V U V
(3)
 2   2 
UV
CosUCosV = 2 Sin  Sin
U+V
(4)
 2   2 
 Page 7 of 22

Sum and Difference Formulae:

(1) Sin ( ) = Sin  Cos  Cos  Sin 

(2) Cos ( ) = Cos  Cos + Sin  Sin 
Conversion From Degree to Radian:

1° = rad
180°
Rate of Change:
ds
(1) V = dt (Speed)
dv
(2) a = (Acceleration)
dt
4
(3) Volume of sphere  V = 3  r3
1
(4) Volume of right circular cone  V =  r2 h
3
(5) Volume of cylinder  V =  r2 h

(6) Time period of pendulum  T = 2 g
(7) Approximate value of a function
f (x + x) = f (x) + f (x)
f (x + x) = y + y = y + dy
dv
(8) % Increase in volume = % v
dr
(9) % Increase in radius = % r
𝑑𝑙
(10) % Error in Length = % 𝑙
dT
(11) % Error in Time period = % T
(12) Sin30° = 0.5
1
(13) Sin 45° = = 0.707
2
3
(14) Sin60° = 2 = 0.8660
3
(15) Cos30° = 2 = 0.8660
1
(16) Cos45° = = 0.707
2
1
(17) Cos60° = 2 = 0.5
1
(18) tan30° = = 0.577
3
(19) tan45° = 1
(20) tan60° = 3 = 1.7220
(21) The rectangle of maximum area inscribed in a circle of radius “a” is a square of area 2a2.
(22) Area of an ellipse  A = ab
(23) Volume of Cube:
V=L×B×H
(24) Area of triangle:
 Page 8 of 22

1 1
A= Base x Height = xy.
2 2
(25) Area of Quadrilateral:
A = length x Breadth
A = 2x × 2y = 4xy
(26) For right triangle: H2 = P2 + B2
(27) Area of rectangular reservoir
= Area of Square bottom + 4 (Area of wall)
= x2 + 4xy
(28) Surface area of Sphere:
S = 4r2
Extreme Values of a Function:
(1) let y = f (x) (given)
dy
(2) Differentiate w.r to “x” ; find dx (or) f  (x)
d2y
(3) Differentiate again w.r to “x” ; find dx2 (or) f  (x)
(4) Find Stationary points by putting f (x) = 0 (say) x = a , x = b
(5) for checking put “x” in f  (x).
If f  (a) > 0 so f (x) will be minimum.
If f  (b) < 0 so f (x) will be maximum.
(6) Find relative minimum and relative maximum values by putting x = a , x = b in f (x).
 Page 9 of 22

ANTIDERIVATIVES
Rules of Integration:
xn+1
(1) xn dx = n + 1 + c (power rule) wher n ≠  1
(2)  K f (x) dx = K  f (x) dx (Constant factor rule)
(3)  [ f (x) + g (x) ] dx =  f (x) dx +  g (x) dx ( Sum rule)
(4)  dx = x + c
(5)  0 dx = Constant
(ax +b)n + 1
(6)  (ax + b)n dx = a (n + 1) + c
1 1
(6) (ax + b) dx = a ln (ax + b) + c
1 1
(7) (ax + b) dx = a ln (ax + b) + c
1
(8)  x1 dx = x dx = lnx + c
𝑎𝑥
(9) axdx = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 + c
(10)  ex dx = ex + c
ex
(11)  ex dx =  + c
dx x
(12)  2 2 = Sin1a + c
ax
1 1 x
(13) a2 + x2 dx = a tan1a + c
dx 1 1x
(14)  2 = a Sec a + c
x xa 2

xa
(15)  2 2 = ln 
dx 1
xa 2a  +a+c
x

(16)  2 2 = 2aln 
dx 1 a+x
+c
ax ax
dx
(17)  2 = ln (x + x2 + a2) + c
x + a2
dx
(18)  2 2 = ln (x + x2 a2) + c
x a
1 1 x
(19)  a2 x2 dx = x a2 x2 + a2 Sin1 + c
2 2 a
1 1
(20)  a2 + x2 dx = 2 x a2 + x2 + 2 a2ln (x + a2 + x2 ) + c
1 1
(21)  x2 a2 dx = x x2 a2 a2ln (x + x2 a2 ) + c
2 2
Standard Formulae For Trigonometric Functions:
(1) Sinx dx = Cosx + c
(2) Cosx dx = Sinx + c
(3) tanx dx = lnSecx + c
(4) Cotx dx = lnSinx + c
 Page 10 of 22

x 
(5) Secx dx = ln (Secx + tanx) + c= ln tan  +  + c
2 4
x
(6) Cosecx dx = ln (CosesxCotx) + c= ln tan 2 + c

(7)  Sec2x dx = tanx + c

(8)  Cosec2x dx = Cotx + c Supporting
(9) Secxtanx dx = Secx + c formulae
(10) Cosecxcotx dx= Cosec x + c
Flow Chart of Sinx:
(1) Sinx dx = Cosx + c
1  Cos2x 
(2)  Sin2x dx = 
 2  dx
(3)  Sin3xdx =  Sin2x Sinx dx =  (1  Cos2x) Sinx dx
1  Cos2x 
2
(4)  Sin x dx =  (Sin x) dx = 
4 2 2 
 2  dx
(5)  Sin5xdx =  (Sin2x)2Sinxdx =  (1  Cos2x)2Sinxdx
Flow Chart of Cosx:
(1) Cosxdx = Sinx + c

(2)  Cos2x dx = 
1 + Cos2x 
dx
 2 
(3)  Cos3xdx =  Cos2x Cosx dx =  (1  Sin2x) Cosxdx
 1 + Cos2x 2
(4)  Cos xdx =  (Cos x) dx = 
4 2 2
dx
 2 
(5)  Cos5x dx =  (Cos2x)2Cosx dx =  (1  Sin2x)2Cosxdx
Flow Chart of tanx:
(1) tanx dx = ln Secx + c
(2)  tan2x dx =  (Sec2x  1) dx
(3)  tan3x dx =  tan2x tanx dx =  (Sec2x  1) tanx dx
(4)  tan4x dx =  tan2x tan2x dx =  (Sec2x  1) tan2x dx
(5)  tan5x dx =  (tan2x)2tanxdx =  (Sec2x  1)2tanx dx
Flow Chart of Secx:
(1) Secx dx = ln (Secx + tanx) + c
(2)  Sec2x dx = tanx + c
(3)  Sec3x dx =  Sec2x Secxdx =  (1 + tan2x) Secx dx
(4)  Sec4x dx =  Sec2x  Sec2xdx =  (1 + tan2x) Sec2x dx
(5)  Sec5xdx =  (Sec2x)2Secx dx =  (1 + tan2x)2Secx dx
Flow Chart of Cotx:
(1) Cotx dx = ln Sinx + c
(2)  Cot2x dx =  (Cosec2 x  1) dx
(3)  Cot3x dx =  Cot2x Cotx dx =  (Cosec2x  1) Cotxdx
(4)  Cot4x dx =  Cot2x  Cot2xdx =  (Cosec2x  1) Cot2xdx
(5)  Cot5x dx =  (Cot2x)2Cotx dx =  (Cosec2x  1)2Cotx dx
 Page 11 of 22

Flow Chart of Cosecx:

x
(1) Cosecx dx = ln (CosecxCotx) + c= ln tan 2 + c

(2)  Cosec2x dx = Cotx + c

(3)  Cosec3x dx =  Cosec2x Cosecxdx =  (1 + Cot2x) Cosecx dx
(4) Cosec4x dx =  Cosec2x  Cosec2xdx =  (1 + Cot2x) Cosec2xdx
(5)  Cosec5xdx =  (Cosec2x)2Cosecxdx =  (1 + Cot2x)2Cosecxdx
Following identies are employed to find the trigonometric integrals:
1
(1) SinxCosy = 2 [ Sin (x + y) + Sin (x  y) ]
1
(2) CosxSiny = 2 [ Sin (x + y)  Sin (x  y) ]
1
(3) CosxCosy = 2 [ Cos (x + y) + Cos (x  y) ]
1
(4) SinxCosy = [ Cos (x + y)  Cos (x  y) ]
2
2 2
(5) Sin x + Cos x = 1 (6) 1 + tan2x = Sec2x
1  Cos2x
(7) 1 + Cot2x = Cosec2x (8) Sin2x = 2
1 + Cos2x Sin2x
(9) Cos2x = 2 (10) SinxCosx = 2
x x
(11) 1 Cosx = 2Sin22 (12) 1 + Cosx = 2Cos22
3Sinx  Sin3x 3Cosx + Cos3x
(13) Sin3x = (14) Cos3x=
4 4

(15) 1  Sin2x = 2 Cos2 4 x  (16) Sin (x) = Sinx
 

(17) Cos (x) = Cosx (18) Cos   x  = Sinx
2 
Basic Formula # 02:
 (x)
 dx = ln  (x) + c
 (x)
Integration of Irrational Algebraic functions by Trigonometric Substitution Method:
(1)  a2 x2 dx  x = aSin / x = aCos (2)  x2 + a2 dx  x = a tan
(3)  x2 a2 dx  x = aSec (4)  ax + b dx  ax + b = t2
(5)  (ax + b)r/s dx  ax + b = ts
Combination Rules For Trigonometric Functions:
Rule # 1: If there is any power of Sinx with 1 power of Cosx. We suppose Sinx as function. (or) let t = Sinx.
Rule # 2:If there is any power of Cosx with 1 power of Sinx. we suppose Cosx as function. (or) let t = Cosx.
Rule # 3:If there is any power of tanx with square power of secx then we suppose tanx as function. (or) let t = tanx.
Rule # 4:If there is any power of Secx with 1 power of tanx. we suppose one less power of Secx as function. (or) let t = Secx.
Rule # 5: Ifthere is any power of Cotx with square power of Cosecx then we suppose Cotx as function. (or) let t = Cotx.
Rule # 6:If there is any power of Cosecx with 1 power of Cotx then we suppose Cosecx as function. (or) let t = Cosecx.
 Page 12 of 22

Integral of Sin / Cos :

POWER

ODD EVEN BOTH ODD

Sin2 + Cos2 = 1 1 + Cos2 * Solve anyone
* Cos2 = 2 Even and Odd
1  Cos2 * Solve with Odd
* Sin2 = 2 power
Both Even
* Solve to Both
* In Case of tanx/Secx Break even power.
Integration by parts:

 U  V dx = U  Vdx  dx vdx  dx

du
 
Combination Rules ForLiate Functions:
Rule # 1: If first function is Algebraic and Second is logarithmic then.
let U = log. V = Alg
differentiate Integrate.
Rule # 2 : If first function is Algebraic and Second is Trigonometric then.
let U = Alg. V = Trig
differentiate Integrate.
Rule # 3 : If first function is Algebraic and Second is Inverse Trigonometric then.
let U = Inv.Trig V = Alg
differentiate Integrate.
Rule # 4: If first function is Algebraic and Second is exponential then.
let U = Alg. V = exp
differentiate Integrate.
Rule # 5 : If first function is exponential and Second is Trigonometric then.
let U = Trig. V = exp.
differentiate Integrate.
Formula:
 ex { f (x) + f  (x) } dx = ex f (x) + c

b b
Area Under The Curve: A =  y dx. (or) A = a  (x ) dx
a
 Page 13 of 22

Conic Section: (Circle)

Standard Equation of The Circle:
(x  h)2 + (y  k)2 = r2
General Equation Of Circle:
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Centre (g ,f) radius = g2 + f2 c
Equation Of A Circle WIth A Line Segment As Its Diameter:
(x  x1) (x  x2) + (y  y1) (y  y2) = 0
Equation Of The Chord Joining Two Points On The Circle:
(x  x1) (x1 + x2) + (y  y1) (y1 + y2) = 0
Equation Of Circle Touching The Axis OF x is Of The Form:
x2 + y2 2gx  2fy + g2 = 0
Equation OF Circle Touching The Axis Of y is Of the Form:
x2 + y2 2gx  2fy + h2 = 0
General Equation Of A Circle Passing Through Origin:
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0
General Equation OF Circle Whose Centre Lies On x  axis:
x2 + y2 + 2gx + c = 0
General Equation Of A Circle Whose Centre Lies On y  axis:
x2 + y2 + 2fy + c = 0
General Equation Of A Circle Whose Centre is At The Origin:
x2 + y2 + c = 0
Length of Intercepts:
(1) Intercept made by a circle on x  axis = 2 g2 c
(2) Intercept made by a circle on y  axis = 2 f2 c
Equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at P (x1, y1):
xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0
Equation of the Normal to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at P (x1, y1)
(y  y1) (x1 + g)  (x  x1) (y1 +f) = 0
The length of Tangent Segment from a pint P (x1, y1) to the Circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0:
2 2
length = x1 + y1 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
Equation Of Director Circle:
Generalized form of director circle is x2 + y2 = 2r2
 Page 14 of 22

Equation Of Circle Passing Through Three Points (x1 , y1),(x2 , y2) and (x3 , y3) In Determinant Form:
x2 + y2 x y
 
1
2 2

x1+ y1 x1 y1 1

1 = 0
2 2

x +y
2 2
x y 2 2

x + y 1
2 2
3 3
x3 y3
The Condition for a line y = mx + c to be the tangent to the given circle x2 + y2 = r2 is:
c =  r 1 + m2
The Condition for a line y = mx + K to be a tangent to the given circle x2 +y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is:

(K  mg + f) =  g2 + f2 c 1 + m2
The Equation of tangent line to the circle x2 + y2 = r2 at p (x1, y1):
xx1 + yy1 = r2
The Equation of Normal line to the circle x2 + y2 = r2 at p (x1, y1):
x y
x1 = y1 or xy1 = yx1
 Page 15 of 22

PARABOLA:
(a) Axis of Parabola is Along x  axis

(1) Equation of Parabola y2 = 4ax.

(2) Vertex = (0,0)
(3) Focus = (a,0)
(4) Equation of directrix. x = a (or) x + a = 0
(5) Length of latus rectum = | 4a |
(6) Equation of latus rectum  x = a
(7) Axis of the parabola y = 0
(8) End points of latus rectum L1 = (a , 2a)
L2 = (a ,2a)
(b) Axis of Parabola is Along y  axis:

(1) Equation of Parabola x2 = 4ay.

(2) Vertex = (0,0)
(3) Focus = (0,a)
(4) Equation of directrix. y = a (or) y + a = 0
(5) Length of latus rectum = | 4a |
(6) Axis of the parabola x = 0
(7) Equation of latus rectum  y = a
(8) End points of latus rectum L1 = (2a , a)
L2 = (2a , a)
(c) Axis of Parabola is parallel to x  axis:

(1) Equation of Parabola (y k)2 = 4a (x  h)

(2) Vertex = (h , k)
(3) Focus = (h + a, k)
(4) Equation of directrix. x = h  a (or) x + a  h = 0
(5) Length of latus rectum = | 4a |
(6) Axis of the parabola y k = 0
(7) End points of latus rectum L1 = (a + h , 2a + k) and L2 = (a + h, 2a + k)

(d) Axis of Parabola is parallel to y  axis.

(1) Equation of Parabola (x h)2 = 4a (y  k)

(2) Vertex = (h , k)
(3) Focus = (h , k + a)
(4) Equation of directrix. y = k  a (or) y + a k = 0
(5) Length of latus rectum = | 4a |
(6) Axis of the parabola x  h = 0
(7) End points of latus rectum L1 = (2a + h , a + k)
L2 = (2a + h, a + k)
 Page 16 of 22

ELLIPSE:
(a) When Major Axis is Along x  axis.

x2 y2
(1) Equation of an ellipse 2 + =1
a b2
(2) Centre = (0,0)
(3) Foci = ( c ,0)
(4) Vertices = ( a , 0)
(5) Covertices = (0 , b)
a
(6) equation of directrix. x =e
2b2
(7) length of latus rectum =  a 
 
(8) Equation of major axis  y = 0
(9) Equation of Minor axis  x = 0
b2
(10) End point of latus rectum L = c  
 a 

(b) When Major Axis is Along y  axis.

x2 y2
(1) Equation of an ellipse 2 + =1
b a2
(2) Centre = (0,0)
(3) Foci = (0 , c)
(4) Vertices = (0 , a)
(5) Covertices = (b , 0)
a
(6) equation of directrix. y =e
2b2
(7) length of latus rectum =  a 
 
(8) Equation of major axis  x = 0
(9) Equation of minor axis  y = 0
b2
(10) End point of latus rectum L =  a  c
 
 Page 17 of 22

(c) When Major Axis is Parallel to x  axis:

(x h)2 (y k)2

(1) Equation of an ellipse a2 + b2 = 1

(2) Centre = (h, k)

(3) Foci = (h  c, k)
(4) Vertices = (h  a, k)
(5) Co-vertices = (h, k  b)
a
(6) Equation of directrix x  h = 
e
2b2
(7) Length of latus rectum = a 
 
b2
(8) End points of latus rectum L = h  c  k  a 
 

(d) When Major Axis is Parallel to y  axis:

(x h)2 (y k)2

(1) Equation of an ellipse b2 + a2 =1
(2) Centre = (h, k)
(3) Foci = (h, k  c)
(4) Vertices = (h, k  a)
(5) Co-vertices = (h  b, k)
a
(6) Equation of directrix y  k = e
2
Length of latus rectum = a 
2b
(7)
 
b2
(8) End points of latus rectum L = h  a  k  c

 
 Page 18 of 22

HYPERBOLA:
(a) When Transverse Axis is Along x  axis.
x2 y2
(1) Equation of an hyperbola a2 b2 = 1
(2) Centre = (0,0)
(3) Foci = ( c ,0)
(4) Vertices = ( a , 0)
a
(5) equation of directrix. x =
e
2
(6) length of latus rectum =  a 
2b
 
(7) Equation of Transverse axis  y = 0
(8) Equation of conjugate axis  x = 0
b2
(9) End point of latus rectum L = c  
 a 
(b) When Transverse Axis is Along y  axis.
y2 x2
(1) Equation of an hyperbola a2 b2 = 1

(2) Centre = (0, 0)

(3) Foci = (0,  c)
(4) Vertices = (0,  a)
a
(5) equation of directrix. y =e

2b2 
(6) length of latus rectum = 
 a 
(7) Equation of Transverse axis  x = 0
(8) Equation of conjugate axis  y = 0
b2
(9) End point of latus rectum L = a  c
 

(c) When Transverse Axis Parallel to x  axis:

(x h)2 (y k)2

(1) Equation of hyperbola a2  b2 = 1
(2) Centre = (h, k)
(3) Foci = (h  c, k)
(4) Vertices = (h  a, k)
a
(5) Equation of directrix x  h = e
2b2
(6) Length of latus rectum = a 
 
b2
(7) End points of latus rectum L = h  c  k  
 a
 Page 19 of 22

(d) When Transverse Axis Parallel to y  axis:

(y k)2 (x h)2

(1) Equation of hyperbola  2 =1
a2 b
(2) Centre = (h, k)
(3) Foci = (h, k  c)
(4) Vertices = (h, k  a)
a
(5) Equation of directrix y  K = e

 2b2 
(6) Length of latus rectum = a
 
b2
(7) End points of latus rectum L = h  a  k  c
 
 Page 20 of 22

Important Points of Parabola:

(1) Parametric equation of parabola:

x = at2 , y = 2at
(2) Equation of Tangent and Normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax at P (x1, y1):
yy1 = 2a (x + x1) and y1 (x  x1) + 2a (y  y1) = 0
(3) Equation of Tangent and Normal to the parabola x2 = 4ay at P (x1, y1):
xx1 = 2a (y + y1) and x1 (y  y1) + 2a (x  x1) = 0
(4) Equation of Tangent and Normal to the parabola (x  h)2 = 4a (y  k) at P (x1, y1):
(x  x1) (x1 h) = 2a (y  y1) and

(x1 h) (y  y1) + 2a (x  x1) = 0

(5) Equation of Tangent and Normal to the parabola (y  k)2 = 4a (x  h) at p (x1, y1):
(y  y1) (y1 k) = 2a (x  x1) and

(y1 k) (x  x1) + 2a (y  y1) = 0

(6) Condition of Tangency for a line y = mx + c to be the tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax:
a
c=
m

(7) Equation of Chord on a parabola y2 = 4ax:

(y  y1) (y1 + y2) = 4a (x  x1)
(8) The area of the triangle inscribed in the parabola y2 = 4ax is:
1
8a (y1 y2) (y2 y3) (y3 y1)
Where y1, y2, y3 are the ordinates of the vertices of the triangle.
(9) The General Equation ax2 + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a parabola if either a = 0 (or) b = 0
(10) Equation of tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax in slope from at  2  :
a 2a
m m
a
y = mx + m
 Page 21 of 22

Important Points of an Ellipse:

(1) The length of the Major axis = | 2a |
(2) The length of the Minor axis = | 2b |
(3) The distance between the foci = | 2c |

The distance between the directrices =  e 

2a
(4)
 
(5) Always a > b and a > c
(6) For ellipse b2 = a2 c2 (or) b2 = a2 (1  e2)
(7) The parametric Equation of an ellipse are x = aCos, y = bSin,  [ 0, 2 ]
x2 y2
(8) The condition of Tangency for a line y = mx + c to be the tangent to the ellipse a2 + b2 = 1 is: c2 = a2m2 + b2

(9) Equation of auxiliary circle x2 + y2 = r2

1
(10) The eccentricity of an ellipse whose latus rectum is equal to the half of it’s Major axis is e =
2
x2 y2
(11) Equation of Tangent and Normal to the ellipse + = 1 at P (x1, y1):
a2 b2
xx1 yy1 a2x b2y
+ 2 =1 and  = a2 b2
a2 b x1 y1

x2 y2
(12) Equation of chord on an ellipse + = 1:
a2 b2
(x  x1)(x1 + x2) (y  y1)(y1 + y2)
a2 + b2 =0

(13) The General equation of second degree ax2 + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents an ellipse if a  0, b  0 and a
and b have same sign.
 Page 22 of 22

Important Points of Hyperbola:

(1) The length of Transverse axis = | 2a |

(2) The length of conjugate axis = | 2b |
(3) The eccentricity of rectangular hyperbola e = 2

(4) The eccentricity of hyperbola whose latus rectum is double the transverse axis is e = 3

(5) The eccentricity of a hyperbola whose latus rectum is four times that the Transverse axis e = 5
(6) In Hyperbola always c > a
(7) For Hyperbola b2 = c2 a2 (or) b2 = a2 (e2 1)
  
(8) The parametric equations of Hyperbola are x = aSec, y = btan ;  
 2 2
x2 y2
(9) The condition of Tangency for a line y = mx + c to be the tangent to the Hyperbola  = 1:
a2 b2
c2 = a2m2 b2
x2 y2
(10) Equation of Tangent and Normal to the Hyperbola 2 2 = 1 at p (x1, y1):
a b
xx1 yy1 a2x b2y
2  2 = 1 and
2 2
a b x1 + y1 = a + b

(11) Equation of Tangent and Normal to the rectangular Hyperbola at P (x1, y1):
x y
xx1 yy1 = a2 and x + y = 2
1 1

(12) Equation of chord on an Hyperbola:

(x  x1)(x1 + x2) (y  y1) (y1 + y2)
a2  b2 =0

(13) For Rectangular Hyperbola a = b and  = 45°