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The document discusses the limitations of average income as a measure of economic disparity, highlighting that it can obscure income distribution among populations. It emphasizes the importance of sustainability in development, advocating for practices that do not harm the environment and ensure resources for future generations. Additionally, it outlines common developmental goals, components of the Human Development Index, characteristics of developed countries, and suggests improvements for public facilities in India.

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Suresh Guna Gunasekaran
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9 views3 pages

selfstudys_com_file (29)

The document discusses the limitations of average income as a measure of economic disparity, highlighting that it can obscure income distribution among populations. It emphasizes the importance of sustainability in development, advocating for practices that do not harm the environment and ensure resources for future generations. Additionally, it outlines common developmental goals, components of the Human Development Index, characteristics of developed countries, and suggests improvements for public facilities in India.

Uploaded by

Suresh Guna Gunasekaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Development

Q45. “Average income is useful for comparison but it may hide


disparities.” Support the statement with suitable arguments
Solution
The statement is true as per the following arguments:

(i) Since countries have different populations, comparing total


income does not tell what an average person is likely to earn. Hence,
we use average income which is the total income of the country
divided by the total population.

(ii) The defect of the average as a measure is that it does not show
the distribution (dispersion) of income among the population, i.e., the
rich and the poor.

(iii) Two countries may have the same average income but in one
country almost every family may enjoy more or less the same kind of
income, whereas in the other, some may be very rich and others very
poor.

For example, in terms of development, we can take the example of


India, where the metro towns are full of high-rise buildings and
shopping malls while some villages have not yet been provided with
a basic necessity like electricity.
Q46. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Explain with examples.
Solution
Issue of sustainability is important for development because of the
following reasons:
(i) The present pace of development has no sustainability as the rate
of consumption is way higher than the rate of replenishment.
(ii) Sustainable development aims at development without
damaging the environment and at the same time conserving for the
future.
(iii) Sustainability of development is essential not only for the present
generation but also for future
(iv) generations to ensure a good life

Q47. What are common developmental goals? Give any two


suitable examples of common developmental goals.
Solution
(i) Some requirements are common to all and are called ‘common
developmental goals’.
(ii) The developmental goals that people have are not only about
better income but also about other important things in life such as
social equality, freedom, peace, pollution free environment, improved
health and literacy levels, awareness and control on population.

Q48. Explain the three components of Human Development Index.


Solution
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) publishes Human
Development Index report on the basis of these three components:
(i) Life expectancy: The maximum age that a person is expected to
live.
(ii) Gross enrollment ratio: Enrollment ratio for students in primary,
secondary, and higher secondary education.
(iii) Average income or PCI: Total income of a country divided by the
total population.
Q49. Why are some countries referred to as ‘developed countries’?
Solution
We refer some countries as ‘developed‘ because of the following
reasons:
(i) Countries with per capita income of US $ 49,300 per annum and
above in 2019, are called rich or developed countries.
(ii) These countries have a high literacy rate, per capita income, and
standard of living.
(iii) These countries have lower income inequalities, poverty, and
unemployment

Q50. Suggest any three ways to improve public facilities in India.


Solution
The three ways to improve public facilities in India are given below:
(i) Improving infrastructure facilities like railways, airways,
waterways, banking, etc. to make it accessible and affordable for
common people.
(ii) Uplifting Public Distribution System because it is another
important facility that plays an important role in providing food
security to the people.
(iii) Providing free education because it is the most important public
facility that is required both by the rich as well as the poor.

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