WHAT IS A GROUP?

Example: In a newly formed project team at work,

members might have disagreements about the
A Social System, Collection of 2 or more individual
direction of the project or who should take on
who interacts with each other, The plurality of
certain roles, leading to conflict and negotiation.
persons who have a common identity, Share a
sense of belonging, Accomplish goals and fulfill NORMING
needs, Influenced by rules and norms, Its
the group starts working well together, with clear
members have something in common and that
roles and expectations for how everyone should
they believe what they have in common makes a
behave
difference.
Example: In a study group, members start to
WHAT IS A SOCIAL GROUP?
develop a routine for meetings, agree on study
WILLIAM - Social group is a given aggregate of methods, and establish a collaborative working
people playing inter-related roles and recognized together, improving their group, dynamics.
by themselves or others as a unit of interactions
PERFORMING
HORTON AND HUNT - Groups are aggregate or
the group functions smoothly and focuses on
categories of people who have a consciousness of
getting tasks done and achieving goals
membership and of interaction
Example: theater troupe has a smooth rehearsal
OGBURN AND NIMKOFF – Whenever two or more
process and focuses on putting on a successful
individuals come together and influence one
member fulfill their role
another, they may be said to constitute a social
group ADJOURNING
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE GROUP AND THE the group wraps up its work and prepares to
SOCIAL GROUP disband. members reflect on what they’ve
accomplished
Group
Example: At the end of a semester, a study group
A collection of people who come together for a
disbands as students complete their exams,
common reason or activity
reflecting on their experiences and
Example: A group of people waiting for a bus accomplishments, and preparing to part ways
until next semester
Social Group
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP
A special kind of group where people interact
regularly and build personal relationships ACCORDING TO SOCIAL TIES

Example: A group of friends or a family PRIMARY GROUP

STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT - Aby small group characterized intimate

face-to-face association and cooperation
- FORMING
- Personal relationships
- STORMING
- Interested in each other over and beyond
- NORMING
the mere selfish implementation of goals.
- PERFORMING
- Informal
- ADJOURNING
Example: family, local fraternity or sorority
STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT
neighborhood
FORMING
SECONDARY GROUP
people join the group, and everyone starts
- Contrast to primary group relationships
figuring out the group’s purpose and who will
- More casual, less frequent, more special
lead. This stage can feel uncertain
interest
Example: When a new committee is formed to - More compartmental
plan a community event, the members initially - More formal in nature
meet, get to know each other, and discuss their
Example: Professional organizations, trade
goals and how the committee will be structured
unions, corporations
STORMING

members accept the group but may clash over

who should lead or how things should be done
ACCORDING TO SELF-IDENTIFICATION occur naturally in the workplace in response
to the need for social contact
IN-GROUP
FORMATION OF GROUP
it is a social unit in which individuals feel at
home and with which they identify. Members 1. Deliberate Formation – to accomplish
of the in-group have the “we” feeling. some objectives
- Work/Task Group – to perform some
OUT-GROUP
tasks efficiently through the pooling and
it is a social unit to which individuals do not coordination of the behavior and
belong due to differences in certain resources or a collection of individuals.
categories and which they do not identify - Problem- Solving groups
- Social action groups – formed from the
REFERENCE GROUP OR PSYCHOLOGICAL desire to influence the course of events
GROUP - in society.
refers to the groups to w/c we consciously or - Mediating groups – ex. Coordinating
unconsciously refer to when we try to councils, interdepartmental committees
evaluate our own life situations and behavior, arbitration boards, etc.
but to w/c we do not necessarily belong - Legislative groups – to formulate rules,
regulations, laws, policies.
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE - Client–groups – formed based on the
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS assumption that the performance of
certain service is more efficient to the
groups that are organized to meet the special clients are treated as groups rather than
interest of the members. as individuals.
TASK GROUP 2.) Spontaneous formation – many groups
arise because people expect to derive
groups assigned to accomplish jobs w/c
satisfaction from associating together.
cannot be done by one person.
3.) External Designation – a collection of
INFLUENCE OR PRESSURE GROUPS
individuals may become groups because all
refers to groups organized to support or people treat them in a homogenous way.
influence social actions. People may be placed into categories on the
basis of color, sex, age, heights, weights,
ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
ability, education, religion, ethnic group,
AND DEGREE OR QUALITY OF RELATIONSHIP
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF GROUPS
GEMEINSCHAFT
Dimensions of Group Dynamics
refers to a social system in which most
relationships are personal or traditional. It is 1. Group Structure
a community of intimate, private, and 2. Group Standards
exclusive living and familism. 3. Group Cohesion
4. Group Conformity
GESELLSCHAFT
5. Group Conflict
refers to a social system in w/c most 6. Group Leadership
relationships are impersonal, formal,
contractual, or bargain-like. The relationship
is individualistic, business like, secondary, and A. GROUP STRUCTURE
rationalized.
The underlying pattern of roles, norms, and
ACCORDING TO THE FORM OF networks of the relation among members
ORGANIZATION that define and organize the group.

FORMAL GROUPS 1. SIZE - refers to the number of person in

the group.
also called social organizations. They are
deliberately formed, and their purpose and NOTE: The amount and quality of
objectives are explicitly defined. Their goals communication within the group is
are clearly stated, and the division of labor is dependent on the number of members.
based on the member’s ability to merit.
Social Loafing- tendency to put less effort
INFORMAL GROUP working in a group than as individual.
 2. ROLE STRUCTURE 2. Round Robin - members take responsibility for
communicating according to what is being said in
refers to the socially recognized pattern of
the group.
expectations of behavior on the part of the
member of the group in a certain position 3. Hot seat - there is an extended back and forth
which he/she occupies. exchange between leader and amember as the
other members to watch.
ROLE STRUCTURES
4.) AFFECTION STRUCTURE
TASK ROLE
Evident in the process of interaction(the process
refers to the behaviors of members that are
of acting and reacting) some people are drawn to
directed towards helping the group and achieve
each other and develop liking each other. In
its goal.
contrast others are repulsed and develop a dislike
- Initiating for each other.
- Information seeking
NATURAL ATTRACTION - CAN RESULT FROM
- Information giving
HAVING SIMILAR OR COMPLEMENTARY
- Opinion Giving
QUALITIES AND VALUES,POSITIVE FEELINGS
- Clarifying
OUT OF SOME PREVIOUS RELATIONSHIP
- Elaborating
WITH SIMILAR PERSONS.
- Coordinating
- Orienting UNCONSCIOUS NEEDS OF MEMBERS -
- Testing INCLUDE UNFULFILLED LOVE A PARENT
- Summarizing (FIGURE),SIBLING CONFLICT,COMPITETION
OF RIVALRY AND OTHER OF TYPOLOGIES OF
BUILDING/MAINTENACE ROLE
TRANSFERENCE.
refers to the behaviors of members directed
PATTERNS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATION:
towards helping the group, building maintenance
PAIRS - A Relationship Between two people.
relationships, and cohesiveness among members.
TRIADS - A Group of Consisting three group.
- Encouraging
- Mediating Foursome - A Social group of Four Individual.
- Gatekeeping
Isolates - Individuals who are disconnected to
- Standard-setting
interaction.
- Following
- Relieving Tension Sociogram-A visual model of social connection.
PERSONAL ROLE 5.) POWER STRUCTURE
refers to the behavior of members directed In group functioning, some form of power or
towards satisfying one’s personal needs without Influence facilities the group's organization, its
regard for the needs of the group. control and goal attainment.
- Blocking TYPES OF POWER
- Aggression
- Seeking recognition - Legitimate Power
- Special pleading - Reward Power
- Withdrawing - Coercive Power
- Dominating - Referent Power
- Expert Power
3.) COMMUNICATION STRUCTURE

REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF TRANSFERRING AND

SHARING MESSAGES AND LEARNING USING GROUP STANDARDS
SYMBOLS, LIE WORDS, MOVEMENTS AND - Noms for work interaction.
GESTURES AND SOUNDS. - Standards apply to behaviors,
Example: attitudes,beliefs of all members
- members act and behave according to
1. Maypole - the leader,is the central figure,and expectations of them from others
communication occurs from leader to members - Leaders enforce norms
of from member to Leader. - code of ethics
- Standards define group purpose,
boundaries.
GROUP COHESION d.) THE DISTRIBUTED FUNCTION

- Feeling of belonging Disagrees with the 'great man' or trait theory of

- Indicates positive interactions of leadership and asserts that every member of a
members group will be a leader at times by taking actions
- -Shows consensus on goals and activities that serves group functions.
- Feeling of loyalty, enthusiasm, and
SOCIAL PROCESS
devotion
- to a group SOCIETY IS ROOTED IN INTERACTIONS.
- incentive properties of the group - goals INTERACTION IS THE BASIC INGREDIENT OF
program, cooperation style prestige SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS. WITHOUT
INTERACTION, THERE WOULD BE NO SOCIAL
GROUP CONFORMITY
LIFE.
- The tendency of members to change
AS A SOCIO-CULTURAL BEING, MAN LIVES IN
opinion to conform to views of others.
SOCIETY. SOCIETY IS A NETWORK OF SOCIAL
- The tendency of the member to change
RELATIONSHIPS. MEN CANNOT LIVE IN
the character of others.
ISOLATION. THEY ALWAYS LIVE IN GROUPS.
- The tendency to define or redefine
group boundaries to include or exclude MEN CANNOT LIVE IN ISOLATION. THEY ALWAYS
deviate or outsiders. LIVE IN GROUPS.
GROUP CONFLICT - MAN PLAYS MANY ROLES IN SOCIETY. HE
ALSO PERFORMS MANY AND VARIED
- Inevitable
SOCIAL ACTIVITIES AS PER HIS NATURE,
- Caused by competition of values
NEEDS, AND ROLES.
- -Some members raise or reduce tension
- INTERACTION REFERS TO AN ACTION
in the group.
DONE IN RESPONSE TO ANOTHER
GROUP LEADERSHIP ACTION.

- interrelated with concepts of authority - SOCIETY IS ROOTED IN INTERACTIONS.

and power WITHOUT INTERACTION, THERE WOULD
- The person who senses and articulates BE NO SOCIAL LIFE.
norms of group
SOCIAL PROCESSES
- Enforcer of group norms.
- why is the leader a leader. refer to any mutual interaction experienced by
an individual or a group on each other in their
APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP
attempt to solve problems and to achieve their
- THE TRAIT APPROACH desired goals.
- THE POSITION APPROACH
HORTON & HUNT (1968) - SOCIAL PROCESSES
- THE LEADERSHIP STYLE APPROACH
CONSIST OF REPETITIVE FORMS OF BEHAVIOR
- THE DISTRIIBUTED-FUNCTION
THAT ARE COMMONLY FOUND IN SOCIAL LIFE.
APPROACH
COLE (1968) - IT ALSO REFERS TO A CONSISTENT
a.) THE TRAIT APPROACH -asserts that leaders
PATTERN OF SOCIAL INTERACTION THAT CAN BE
are born,not made, and emerge naturally
IDENTIFIED IN SOCIETY.
instead of being trained.
ELEMENT OF SOCIAL PROCESS
b.) THE POSITION APPROACH -defines leadership
in terms of the authority of a position.It focuses SOCIAL INTERACTION USUALLY TAKES PLACE IN
on studying the behavior and training. THE FORM OF COOPERATION, COMPETITION,
CONFLICT, ACCOMMODATION AND
c.) THE LEADERSHIP STYLE APPROACH
ASSIMILATION.
AUTHORITARIAN- leaders have more absolute
SOCIAL PROCESS HAS THE FOLLOWING
power, they set goals and policies.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS:
DEMOCRATIC-seeks maximum involvement and
- SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
participation from members.
- REPETITION OF EVENTS
LAISSEZ-FAIRE -is characterized by minimum - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EVENTS
input or participation from the leader the - CONTINUITY OF EVENTS
members struggle by themselves. - SPECIAL SOCIAL RESULTS
CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL PROCESS Features of Conflict

BASED ON FORMATION (UNIVERSAL/BASIC Universal process- found in all societies in all

PROCESS) periods.

Competition Conscious process- awareness of the effects.

The important fundamental dissociative social Intermittent process- they know each other.
process is competition. It is a contest among
Conflict is based on violence- sometimes, conflict
individuals or groups to acquire something
takes the form of violence.
which has a limited supply or insufficient in
quantity and not easily available. Derived social processes
Features of Competition A. Accommodation
- Universal Process - adjustment of hostile individuals or
- It is most universal social process present groups.
in all societies. - process of establishing temporary
- Continuous Process agreements, compromises, or
- Competition is a continuous process as it negotiations among group members to
never comes to an end. If one process of be able to work for a period without
competition ends, then another process friction.
of competition stands there. - The actual act of working together
among individuals or groups despite
Unconscious Process
differences or latent hostility.
The individuals or the groups who are involved in - The end of conflict directs the way for
the process of competition do not bother about accommodation.
themselves, they are primarily concerned with
Different forms of accommodation:
the achievement of goals or rewards.
Yielding to Coercion - Most of hostile individuals
Impersonal Process
or groups yield to physical or power exhibit the
Those who take part in the competition do not spirit of accommodation to end a conflict.
know one another at all. They do not compete on
Compromise - This is based on the principle of
personal level.
giving and take. Here the involved parties must
Always governed by norms make some sacrifices voluntarily for each other.

Nowhere competition is unregulated. It is always Tolerance - a method of accommodation in which

and everywhere governed by norms. Competitors two or more contesting parties tolerate each
are expected to use fair means to achieve other with sympathy and try to understand the
success. viewpoint of others. They patiently bear the
differences that exist between them.
Forms of competition
Arbitration - When the hostile individuals or
- Political Competition: Political Parties,
groups have equal strength and are determined
Candidates
to stick to their viewpoint, there is an intervention
- Social Competition: Individual talents,
of the third party, who acts as their arbitrator or
Capacity, Ability
mediator.
- Economic Competition: Job, Salaries,
Promotion B. Assimilation
- Cultural Competition: Superiority over
Is when people, usually minorities, assume the
other cultures
dominant culture habits over time. Is the merging
- Racial Competitions: Supremacy over
of cultural traits from previously distinct cultural
other races
groups. It is a process whereby persons and
Conflict groups acquire the culture of other groups in
which they come to live, by adopting its attitudes
It is a competition in its more hostile and personal
and values, its patterns of thinking and behaving,
forms. It is a process of seeking to obtain rewards
in short, its way of life. It is more permanent than
by eliminating or weakening competitors. It is
accommodation.
seen that conflict makes an individual or group try
to frustrate the effort of another individual or C. Amalgamation
group who are seeking the same object.
 - biological interbreeding of two peoples
of distinct physical appearance until
became one stock (Horton & Hunt,
1984).
- When individuals or groups come into
close contact with one another,
amalgamation takes place.
- Biological fusion (e.g. FilAm, Japino).

D. Acculturation

a process and effect of significant changes

through mutual borrowings and adaptations by
people or different cultures in contract w/ some
continuity (Reynolds,1971). process of acquiring
the culture of another ethnic group (Shibutani &
Kwan,1965).