College of Engineeringand Architecture

Brgy. Bajumpandan, Dumaguete City

Civil Engineering Department

ENM 331 B - NUMERICAL METHODS AND ANALYSIS

TTH (5:30 PM – 8:30 PM)

CASE STUDIES
IN NUMERICAL METHODS AND ANALYSIS

SUBMITTED BY:
DEAN KYLE B. DUMAJEL
BSCE III

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR./ENP. IRISMAY T. JUMAWAN, PH.D

NOVEMBER 2024

CASE STUDY 1: ANALYSIS OF A STATICALLY DETERMINATE TRUSS

 Background. An important problem in structural engineering is that of finding the forces
and reactions associated with a statically determinate truss. Figure 12.4 shows an example of
such a truss.

The forces (F) represent either tension or compression on the members of the truss. External
reactions (H2, V2, and V3) are forces that characterize how the truss interacts with the supporting
surface. The hinge at node 2 can transmit both horizontal and vertical forces to the surface,
whereas the roller at node 3 transmits only vertical forces. It is observed that the effect of the
external loading of 1000 lb is distributed among the various members of the truss.

Node 1 Node 2 Node 3

1000 lb
F3
F1

30O 60O
H2 F2 F2
30O 60O

F1
F3
V2 V3
Node 1 Equation:

∑ Fx=0=−F 1 cos 30+ F 3 cos 60

∑ Fy=0=−F 1 sin 30−F3 sin 60−1000

Node 2 Equation:

∑ Fx=0=F 1 cos 30+ F 2 + H 2

∑ Fy=0=F 1 sin 30+V 2

Node 3 Equation:

∑ Fx=0=−F 2−F3 cos 60

∑ Fy=0=F 3 sin 60+V 3

Standard Equation

−F 1 cos 30+ F 3 cos 60=0

−F 1 sin 30−F 3 sin 60=1000

F 1 cos 30+ F 2 + H 2=0

F 1 sin 30+V 2=0

−F 2−F3 cos 60=0

F 3 sin 30+V 3 =0
Solution: Using Gaussian Elimination with Row Pivoting
Matrix Equation (AX=B)

[ ][ ] [ ]
−0.866 0 0.5 0 0 0 F1 0
−0.5 0 −0.866 0 0 0 F 2 1000
0.866 1 0 1 0 0 F3 = 0
0.5 0 0 0 1 0 H2 0
0 −1 −0.5 0 0 0 V 2 0
0 0 0.866 0 0 1 V 0
3

Augmented Matrix

[ ][ ]
P ivot F1 F2 F3 H2 V 2 V 3 B
m21=0.577 −0.866 0 0.5 0 0 0 0
m31=−1 −0.5 0 −0.866 0 0 0 1000
0.866 1 0 1 0 0 0
m41=−0.577
0.5 0 0 0 1 0 0
m51=0 0
0 −1 −0.5 0 0 0
m61=0 0 0 0.866 0 0 1 0

[ ][ ]
F1 F2 F3 H2 V 2 V 3 B
−0.866 0 0.5 0 0 0 0
0 0 −1.155 0 0 0 1000
0 1 0.5 1 0 0 0
0 0 0.289 0 1 0 0
0 −1 −0.5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.866 0 0 1 0

Interchanged Equation

[ ][ ]
F1 F2 F3 H2 V 2 V 3 B
Pivot −0.866 0 0.5 0 0 0 0
m32=0 0 1 0.5 1 0 0 0
m42=0 0 0 −1.155 0 0 0 1000
m52=−1 0 0 0.289 0 1 0 0
m62=0 0 −1 −0.5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.866 0 0 1 0
 [ ][ ]
F1 F2 F3 H2 V 2 V 3 B
Pivot −0.866 0 0.5 0 0 0 0
m43=−0.25 0 1 0.5 1 0 0 0
0 0 −1.155 0 0 0 1000
m53=0
0 0 0.289 0 1 0 0
m63=−0.75 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0.866 0 0 1 0

[ ][ ]
F1 F2 F3 H2 V 2 V 3 B
−0.866 0 0.5 0 0 0 0
0 1 0.5 1 0 0 0
0 0 −1.155 0 0 0 1000
0 0 0 0 1 0 250
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 750

Backward Substitution

1000
V 3=750 F 3= =−865.8 ≈−866
−1.155

V 2=250 F 2=−0.5(−866)=433

−0.5(−866)
H 2=0 F 1= =−500
−0.866

Therefore, F1= -500, F2= 433, F3= -866, H2= 0, V2= 250, V3= 750.
 CASE STUDY 2: TRUSS

Employing the same methods as used, determine the forces and reactions for the truss shown in.

Node 2 Node 3
Node 1
F5
F1 F3 F2

30O
O
30 45 O

FHA 30O F4
60O

F1
F2
FVA FVB
Node 4
F6
Node 5

800
F4 250
45O

F3

F5 F6
Node 1 Equation:

∑ Fx=0=F HA + F 1 cos 30
∑ Fy=0=F VA + F 3 sin 30

Node 2 Equation:

∑ Fx=0=−F 1 cos 30+ F 2 cos 60+ F 3 cos 45+ F 4

∑ Fy=0=−F 1 sin 30−F2 sin 60+ F 3 sin 45

Node 3 Equation:

∑ Fx=0=−F 2 sin 30
∑ Fy=0=F VB+ F 3 + F 2 cos 30

Node 4 Equation:

∑ Fx=0=−F 4−¿ 250 ¿

∑ Fy=0=F 6−F 5

Node 5 Equation:

∑ Fx=0=−F 3 sin 45−¿ 800 ¿

∑ Fy=0=−F 3 cos 45−F6
Matrix Equation (AX=B)

1 0 0 0.866 0 0 0 0 0 FHA 0
0 1 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 FVA 0
0 0 0 -0.866 0.5 0.707 1 0 0 FVB 0
0 0 0 -0.5 -0.866 0.707 0 0 0 F1 0
0 0 1 0 0.866 0 0 1 0 F2 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 F3 250
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 1 F4 0
0 0 0 0 0 -0.707 0 0 0 F5 800
0 0 0 0 0 -0.707 0 0 -1 F6 0

1 0 0 0.866 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0.866 0 0 1 0 0
Pivot 0 0 0 -0.866 0.5 0.707 1 0 0 0
0.577 0 0 0 -0.5 -0.866 0.707 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.707 0 0 0 800
0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.707 0 0 -1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 250
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 1 0
Rearranged

1 0 0 0.866 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0.866 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 -0.866 0.5 0.707 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 -1.155 0.299 -0.577 0 0 = 0
Pivot 0 0 0 0 0 -0.707 0 0 0 800
1 0 0 0 0 0 -0.707 0 0 -1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 250
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 1 0
 1 0 0 0.866 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0.866 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 -0.866 0.5 0.707 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 -1.155 0.299 -0.577 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 -0.707 0 0 0 -800
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 800
0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 -250
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 1 0

Rearranged

1 0 0 0.866 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0.866 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 -0.866 0.5 0.707 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 -1.155 0.299 -0.577 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 -0.707 0 0 0 800
0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 250
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -800

Upper Triangular Matrix

1 0 0 0.866 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0.866 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 -0.866 0.5 0.707 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 -1.155 0.299 -0.577 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 -0.707 0 0 0 800
0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 250
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -800
Using Back Substitution

-F6 = -800 - F5 + F6 = 0 - F4 = 250

F6 = 800 F5 = 800 F4 = -250

-0.707F3 = 800 -1.155F2 + 0.299F3 – 0.577F4 = 0

F3 = -1131.371 F2 = -167.820

-0.866F1 + 0.5 F2 + 0.707F3 + F4 = 0 FVB + 0.866F2 +F5 = 0

F1 = -1309.327 FVB = -654. 663

FVA + 0.5F1 = 0 FHA + 0.866F1 = 0

FVA = 654.663 FHA = 1133.91

THEREFORE;

FHA = 1133.910
FVA = 654.663
FVB = -654.663
F1 = -1309.327
F2 = -167.820
F3 = -1131.371
F4 = -250
F5 = 800
F6 = 800
CASE STUDY 3: NUMBER OF CEMENTS FOR EACH MIXTURE OF CONCRETE
An engineer is preparing three mixtures of concrete for his projects. He has a total budget of
P77,400 (including tax) and aims to use a total of 240 bags of cement across all mixtures. The
cement costs for each mixture are as follows:

 Mixture 1: P300 per bag

 Mixture 2: P350 per bag
 Mixture 3: P385 per bag
The engineer wants the number of bags used for Mixture 1 to be twice the combined number of
bags used for Mixture 2 and Mixture 3. Compute the number of cements for each mixture of
concrete.

Solution: Using Gaussian Elimination with Row Pivoting

Standard Equation Let:

X 1 + X 2+ X 3=240 X1 = no. of bags cement in Mixture 1

300 X 1 +350 X 2 +385 X 3 =77400 X2 = no. of bags cement in Mixture 2

X 1 −2 X 2−2 X 3=0 X3 = no. of bags cement in Mixture 3

Matrix Equation

[ ][ ] [ ]
1 1 1 X1 240
300 350 385 X 2 = 77400
1 −2 −2 X 3 0

Augmented Matrix

[ ][ ]
X1 X2 X3 B
1 1 1 240
300 350 385 77400
1 −2 −2 0
Interchanged Equation

[ ][ ]
Pivot
X1 X2 X3 B
1
m21= 77400
300 300 350 385
1 1 1 240
1
m31= 1 −2 −2 0
300

[ ][
X1 X2 X3

]
300 350 385 B
Pivot −1 −17 77400
0
m32=19 6 60 −18
−19 −197 −258
0
6 60

[ ][ ]
X1 X2 X3
B
300 350 385
77400
−1 −17
0 −18
6 60 84
0 0 2.1

Backward Substitution

84
X3= =40
2.1

17
−18+ (40)
60
X2= =40
−1
6

77400−350 ( 40 ) −385(40)
X1= =160
300

Therefore, there are 160 bags of cement for mixture 1 (X1), 40 bags of cement for
mixture 2 (X2), and 40 bags of cement for mixture 3 (X3).
CASE STUDY 4: ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

An electrical engineer supervises the production of three types of electrical components. Three
kinds of material—metal, plastic, and rubber—are required for production. The amounts needed
to produce each component are

Component Metal, g/component Plastic, g/component Rubber, g/component

1 15 0.30 1.0

2 17 0.40 1.2

3 19 0.55 1.5

If totals of 3.89, 0.095, and 0.282 kg of metal, plastic, and rubber, respectively, are available
each day, how many components can be produced per day?

Let: Convert kg to grams:

X1 = Component 1 a. 3.89 kg = 3890 grams

X2 = Component 2 b. 0.095 kg = 95 grams

X3 = Component 3 c. 0.282 kg = 282 grams

Solution: Using Gauss-Seidel Method

Standard Equation:

15 X 1 +17 X 2 +19 X 3 =3890

0.30 X 1 +0.40 X 2+ 0.55 X 3=95

X 1 +1.2 X 2 +1.5 X 3=282

Matrix Equation

[ ][ ] [ ]
15 17 19 X 1 3890
0.30 0.40 0.55 X 2 = 95
1 1.2 1.5 X 3 282

Augmented Matrix

[ ][ ]
Pivot X1 X2 X3 B
m21=0.02 15 17 19 3890
1 0.30 0.40 0.55 95
m31=
15 1 1.2 1.5 282

[ ][ ]
X1 X2 X3 B
Pivot
15 17 19 3890
10
m32= 0 0.06 0.17 17.2
9
0 0.0625 0.2333 22.6667

[ ][ ]
X1 X2 X3 B
15 17 19 3890
0 0.06 0.17 17.2
0 0 0.0444 3.5556

Backward Substitution:

3.5556
X3= =80
0.0444

17.2−0.17(80)
X2= =60
0.06

3890−17 ( 80 )−19 (60)

X1= =90
15

Therefore, there are 90 grams of combine materials for Component 1, 60 grams of combine
materials for Component 2, and 80 grams of combine materials for Component 3 that can be
produced each day.
CASE STUDY 9: NUMBER OF TRANSISTORS, RESISTORS, AND COMPUTER CHIPS
TO BE MANUFACTURED

An electronics company produces transistors, resistors, and computer chips. Each transistor
requires four units of copper, one unit of zinc, and two units of glass. Each resistor requires
three, three, and one units of the three materials, respectively, and each computer chip requires
two, one, and three units of these materials, respectively. Putting this information into table form,
we get:

Component Copper Zinc Glass

Transistors 4 1 2
Resistors 3 3 1

Computer chips 2 1 3

Supplies of these materials vary from week to week, so the company needs to determine a
different production run each week. For example, one week the total amounts of materials
available are 960 units of copper, 510 units of zinc, and 610 units of glass. Set up the system of
equations modeling the production run, and use Excel, MATLAB, or Mathcad, to solve for the
number of transistors, resistors, and computer chips to be manufactured this week.

Let:

X1 = no. of transistors to be produced

X2 = no. of resistors to be produced

X3 = no. of computer chips to be produced

Solution: Using Gauss-Seidel Method

Standard Equation:

1
4 X 1 +3 X 2 +2 X 3=960 X 1 = (960−3 X 2−2 X 3 )
4

1
X 1 +3 X 2 + X 3=510 X 2 = (510−X 1− X 3)
3

1
2 X 1 + X 2 +3 X 3 =610 X 3 = (610−2 X 1− X 2)
3

Iteration X1 X2 X3
0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 240.0 90.0 13.3

2 165.8 110.3 56.0

3 129.3 108.2 81.1

4 118.3 103.5 90.0

5 117.4 100.9 91.5

6 118.6 100.0 90.9

7 119.5 99.8 90.4

8 119.9 99.9 90.1

9 120.0 100.0 90.0

10 120.0 100.0 90.0

The equations or the values converge at 10 th iteration. Therefore, there are 120 transistors (X 1),
100 resistors (X2), and 90 computer chips (X3) to be manufactured with the total amount of
materials given.
CASE STUDY 10: CIRCLE
In a cartesian coordinate system, the equation of the circle with its center at point (a, b) and
radius r is: (x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = r2. Given three points, (-1, 3.2), (-8, 4), and (-6.5, -9.3), determine the
equation of the circle that passes through the points.

(-8, 4)
(-1, 3.2)

(-6.5, -9.3)

@Point (-8, 4)

(−8−a )2 + ( 4−b )2=r 2

2 2 2
a +16 a+64+ b −8 b +16=r
2 2 2
a + b +16 a−8 b+80=r Eq.1

@Point (-6.5, -9.3)

(−6.5−a )2 + (−9.3−b )2=r 2

2 2 2
a +13 a+42.25+ b +18.6 b+86.49=r
 2 2 2
a + b +13 a+18.6 b+128.74=r Eq.2

@Point (-1, 3.2)

(−1−a )2 + ( 3.2−b )2=r 2

2 2 2
a +2 a+ 1+ b −6.4 b+10.24=r
2 2 2
a + b +2 a−6.4 b+11.24=r Eq. 3

Solution: Using Elimination of Unknown

2 2 2
a + b +16 a−8 b+80=r

−(a ¿ ¿ 2+b +13 a+18.6 b+128.74=r ) ¿

2 2

3 a−26.6 b−48.74=0
2 2 2
a + b +16 a−8 b+80=r

−(a ¿ ¿ 2+b + 2a−6.4 b+11.24=r )¿

2 2

14 a−1.6 b+ 68.76=0

Equation:
1.6 b−68.76
a=
14
3 a−48.74
b=
26.6

r =√ a2 +b2 +16 a−8 b+ 80

Using Gauss-Seidel Method

Iteration a b r
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 -4.9114 -2.3863 7.0939
2 -5.1841 -2.4170 7.0076
3 -5.1877 -2.4174 7.0066
4 -5.1877 -2.4174 7.0066
The value converges @ 4th iteration. Therefore, a = -5.1877, b = -2.4174, and r = 7.0066.
Center of the circle: (-5.1877, -2.4174).Equation of the circle (that passes through the points):
(x+5.1877)2 + (y+2.4174)2 = 49.0924