Ist Group acid radicals

CO32- . S2- , SO32-, NO2-, CH3COO-

Experiments Observation Inference

2-
Test for CO3 (Carbonate)
01.Take a pinch of salt in a dry test tube add 1- Evolution of a colorless and May be CO32-
2 ml dil H2SO4 odorless gas with effervescence.

02. Take a pinch of salt in another dry test tube Lime water turns milky. CO32- Confirmed
adds 1-2 ml dil. H2SO4, and pass the evolved
gas through lime water with the help of
delivery tube.

Test for S2- (Sulphide)

01.Take a pinch of salt in a dry test tube add dil Evolution of gas with a smell of May be S2-
H2SO4 rotten egg.

02. Take a pinch of salt in another dry test tube Paper turns shining black. S2 - Confirmed
add dil H2SO4. Bring a paper dipped in lead
acetate solution near the mouth of test tube

Test for SO32- (Sulphite)

01. Take a pinch of salt in a dry test tube add Evolution of gas with a smell of May be SO32-
dil H2SO4. burning sulphur.

02. Take a pinch of salt in another dry test tube Paper turns green SO32- Confirmed
add dil H2SO4, and bring a paper dipped in
acidified potassium dichromate solution

Test for NO2- (Nitrite)

01. Take a pinch of salt in a dry test tube add Evolution of brown color gas. May be NO2-
dil H2SO4.

02.Salt solution add thiourea and FeCl3 Blood red coloration. NO2- Confirmed

Test for CH3 COO- (Acetate)

01.Take a pinch of salt in a dry test tube add Smell of vinegar. May be CH3COO-
dil.H2SO4
02. Prepare aqueous solution of salt add FeCl3 Blood red coloration CH3COO-confirmed
solution.

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 IInd Group acid radicals
Cl – ,Br – ,I – ,NO3-
(Group reagent Conc. H2SO4)
Test for C l- (Chloride)
01.Take a pinch of salt in a dry test tube add Evolution of colorless gas with May be Cl-
cone H2SO4 pungent smell.

02. Take a pinch of salt in another dry test Formation of white dense May be Cl-
tube add H2SO4 bring a glass rod dipped in fumes
ammonium hydroxide solution.

03.Take 0.5 gm salt add K2Cr2O7 in a dry test Evolution of brown gas
tube add conc. H2SO4, heat →Pass the
evolved gas through water with the help of Water turns yellow
CI- Confirmed
delivery tube.→ Add acetic acid and lead Formation of yellow precipitate
acetate solution in the yellow water.

Test for Br- (Bromide)

01.Take a pinch of salt in a dry test add conc. Evolution of brown fumes
May be Br-
H2SO4

02. Prepare aqueous solution add CCl4 (2- Lower organic layer (CCl4 layer)
Br - Confirmed
5ml), 1 ml acetic acid and add 5 ml Cl2 water turns brown
shake the test tube.

Test for I - (iodide)

01.Take a pinch of salt in a dry test tube add Evolution of violet or purple
May be I- gas
conc. H2SO4 color.

02.Prepare aqueous solution add CCl4 (2-5 ml) Lower organic layer (CCl4 layer)
I- Confirmed
1 ml acetic acid and add Cl2 water shake the turns purple.
test tube

Test for NO 3- (Nitrate)

01. Take a pinch of salt in a dry test tube add Evolution of brown fumes
May be NO3-
conc. H2SO4, copper turning heat gently.

02. Prepare aqueous solution of salt add Formation of brown ring at the
NO3- Confirmed
freshly prepared FeSO4 , solution add junction of layers
conc.H2SO4 from the side of test tube

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 IIIrd Group acid radicals (SO42- , PO42- )

Test for SO 42-

01.Prepare aqueous solution of salt add Formation white precipitate. May be SO42-
barium chloride solution
White precipitate remain SO42- Confirmed
02. Try to dissolve the white precipitate in insoluble in conc.HCI &
conc.HCI & conc.HNO3 conc.HNO3

Test for PO42-

01.Prepare aqueous solution of salt add 2 ml
conc. HNO3 and 2-5 ml ammonium molybdate Formation of canary yellow PO 42- Confirmed
solution in another test tube. Warm both precipitate.
solution, mix and heat.

Basic radicals Zero Group: NH4+

(Group reagent: NaOH)

Test for NH4+

01.Take a pinch of salt in a dry test tube add Smell of ammonia, May he NH4+
NaOH and heat

02. Bring a glass rod dipped in HCl solution Formation of thick white fumes NH4+ Confirmed
near the month of test tube

Ist Group basic radicals

(Pb 2+) (Group reagent dil HCl)

Test for Pb 2+
01.Salt solution (of the soluble portion) add dil Formation white precipitate May be Pb 2+
HCl

02. Dissolve the white precipitate in hot water

and divide in two parts. Pb 2+ Confirmed
a) To the first portion add potassium Formation yellow precipitate
chromate solution.
Formation of orange yellow Pb 2+ Confirmed
b) To the second portion add potassium
Iodide solution. precipitate

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 IInd Group basic radicals
Pb 2+ Cu 2+ Cd 2+ As 3+

(Group reagent dil. HCI + H2S)

Test for Pb2+

01.Prepare aqueous solution add dil HCI and Formation of black precipitate. May be Pb 2+or Cu 2+
pass H2S gas

02. Dissolve the precipitate in 50% nitric acid May be Pb 2+

Colorless clear solution.
and divide in the two parts.
a) To the first portion add potassium Formation of yellow precipitate Pb 2+ Confirmed
chromate solution.
b) To the second portion add potassium Formation of orange Pb 2+ Confirmed
iodide solution. precipitate.

Test for Cu2+

01. Prepare aqueous solution add dil HCI pass Formation of black precipitate May be Pb 3+ or
H2S gas.
Cu2+
2. Dissolve the black precipitate in 50% nitric Formation of bluish green
acid and divide in two parts. solution. May be Cu2+
a) To the first part add NFL4OH Formation of deep blue color. Cu 2+ Confirmed
b) To the second part add acetic acid and
K4[Fe(CN)6] (Potassium ferrocyanide) Chocolate color precipitate Cu2+ Confirmed

Test for Cd2+

May be Cd2+ or
01.Prepare aqueous solution add dil HCI pass Formation of yellow precipitate.
H2S gas As3+

02. Try to dissolve the Yellow Precipitate in Precipitate do not dissolved. May be Cd2+
Yellow ammonium Sulphide solution
a) Dissolve the yellow precipitate in dil HCI
and add sodium hydroxide solution. Formation of white precipitate. Cd2+ Confirmed

Test for As3+

01.Prepare aqueous solution add dil HCl and Formation of yellow precipitate. May be Cd2+ or As3+
pass H2S

02.Try to dissolve the precipitate in hot yellow Yellow precipitates are soluble.
May be As3+
ammonium sulphide solution
a) Add dil HCl to the above solution Yellow precipitate reappears.
As3+ Confirmed

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 IIIrd Group basic radicals
Al3+, Fe2+ /Fe3+
(Group reagent NH 4CI + NH4OH)

Test for Al3+

01. Prepare aqueous solution add I ml cone Formation of white gelatinous May be Al3+
HNO3 boil to dryness, cool & add ammonium precipitate.
chloride & ammonium hydroxide solution.

02.Dissolve the white precipitate by boiling in Reappearance of white Al3+ Confirmed

sodium hydroxide add NH4 CI solid gelatinous precipitate

Test for Fe2+ / Fe3+

01.Prepace aqueous solution add 1 ml conc. Formation of brown precipitate. May be Fe3+
HNO3 boil to dryness, cool add NH4OH
solution

02. Dissolve the Precipitate in Fe3+ Confirmed

minimum HCI and divide in two Parts
Blue color solution or
A) To the first part add K4[Fe(CN) 6] Fe3+ Confirmed
precipitate.
B) To the second part add KSCN (potassium Fe3+ Confirmed
Deep red coloration.
sulphocyanide)

Test for Fe2+, Fe3+

Prepare solution of salt add K3[Fe(CN)6] If deep blue color. Fe2+ Confirmed
(potassium ferricyanide)
If brown precipitate or color. Fe3+ Confirmed

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 IVth Group basic radicals
Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ ,Co2+
(Group reagent NH4 Cl+NH4OH+H2S)

Test for Zn+2

01. Prepare salt solution add NH4 CI,NH4 OH Dirty white precipitate. May be Zn2+
and pass H2S gas.

02. Dissolve the precipitate in dil HCl and add Formation of white precipitate Zn2+ Confirmed
NaOH and pass H2S

03.Dissolve the precipitate in dil HCI and add Bluish white Precipitate. Zn2+ Confirmed
K4[Fe(CN)6]

Test for Mn2+

01. Prepare salt solution add NH4Cl , Brown or buff color May be Mn2+
NH4OH and pass H2S gas. precipitate.

02. Dissolve the precipitate in dil HCl add White precipitates which turn Mn2+ Confirmed
sodium hydroxide brown on exposure to
atmosphere.
Test for Ni2+ and Co2+
01. Prepare salt solution add NH4Cl Formation of black color May be Ni2+ or
NH4OHand pass H2S gas. precipitate Co2+

02. Dissolve the black precipitates in aqua

regia, evaporate to dryness cool and add
water and divide in two parts.
A) To the first part add 2-5 ml Formation of pink color Ni2+ Confirmed
Dimethylglyoxime and NH4 , OH solution. precipitate.
b) If Ni2+ is absent. To the second part add 1 Deep blue color in alcoholic Co2+ Confirmed
ml amyl alcohol and add ammonium layer
sulphocyanide.

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 Vth Group basic radicals
Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+

(Group reagent, NH4 , Cl+NH4OH+ (NH4)2CO3)

01.Prepare salt solution by White precipitate. Group V present
dissolving in water add NH4Cl,
NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3

02.Dissolve the precipitate in hot

acetic acid and divide in three
parts
a) To the first part add K2Cr2O4 Yellow precipitate. Ba2+ Confirmed
b) To the Second Part add White precipitate. Sr2+ Confirmed
(NH4)2SO4
c) To the third part add White precipitate. Ca2+ Confirmed
(NIH4)2C2O4

Vth Group basic radicals

Mg2+
[Group reagent NH4CI, NH4OH2 ,(NH4 )2 CO3 and Na2HPO4

(Disodium hydrogen phosphate)]

Test for Mg2+
Prepare salt solution add NH4CI, White precipitate Mg+2 Confirmed
(NH4)2OH , (NH4)2CO3 , Na2HPO4

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