A

Micro-Project Report on
Prepare a report on Vapour Absorption refrigeration System
Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the
Diploma in
Mechanical Engineering
By
SAURABH GANPAT DESHMUKH (Roll No.10)

VAIBHAV JANARDAN CHOGALE (Roll No.15)

ANCHIT MEGHNATH BHAGAT (Roll No.30)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. RUPESH P. PAWAR

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Smt. Geeta D. Tatkare Polytechnic, Gove-Kolad,

Raigad

2023-2024
 Abstract
Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Systems (VARS) present an alternative approach to
traditional vapor compression systems, offering advantages such as environmental
friendliness, energy efficiency, and the ability to utilize waste heat sources. This abstract
provides an overview of the working principle, components, advantages, applications,
challenges, and future prospects of VARS. By understanding the unique characteristics
and potential of VARS, engineers and researchers can explore its implementation in
various industries, contributing to sustainable and efficient cooling solutions.

Chapter 1
Prepare a report on Vapour Absorption refrigeration SystemIntroduction.
 1.1 INTRODUCTION

Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System (VARS) is a type of refrigeration system that operates on the
principle of absorption refrigeration, offering an alternative to the conventional vapor compression
refrigeration systems. Unlike vapor compression systems, which use mechanical compressors to
circulate refrigerant, VARS utilizes a solution of absorbent and refrigerant to achieve cooling. This
system is particularly advantageous in applications where waste heat or low-grade heat sources are
available, as it can effectively utilize such heat for refrigeration purposes. In this introduction, we
will explore the basic working principle, components, advantages, and applications of VARS,
highlighting its importance as a sustainable and efficient cooling solution in various industries.

1.2 DESIGN OF THE VAPOUR ABSORBTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

Designing a vapor absorption refrigeration system involves several key considerations to ensure
optimal performance, efficiency, and reliability. Below are the key steps involved in the design
process:

1. *System Requirements Analysis:*

- Determine the cooling load requirements based on the application (e.g., industrial,
commercial, residential).
- Identify temperature requirements for the evaporator and condenser.
- Assess available heat sources for driving the absorption process (e.g., waste heat, solar
thermal energy).

2. *Selection of Absorbent-Refrigerant Pair:*

- Choose suitable absorbent-refrigerant pair based on thermodynamic properties, such as
affinity, solubility, and volatility.
- Common pairs include ammonia-water, lithium bromide-water, and lithium chloride-water.

3. *Component Sizing:*
- Size the evaporator, absorber, generator, condenser, and pump according to the cooling load
and temperature requirements.
- Consider factors such as heat transfer coefficients, pressure drops, and fluid flow rates.

4. *Heat Exchanger Design:*

- Design heat exchangers for efficient heat transfer between the hot and cold streams.
- Optimize surface area and fluid flow patterns to maximize heat transfer effectiveness.

5. *Pump Selection:*
 - Select pumps capable of providing sufficient flow rates to circulate the absorbent solution
through the system.
- Consider pump efficiency and reliability.

6. *Controls and Safety Features:*

- Implement control systems to regulate temperature, pressure, and flow rates within the
system.
- Incorporate safety features to prevent overheating, overpressure, and other potential hazards.

7. *Integration with Heat Source:*

- Integrate the absorption refrigeration system with the available heat source, such as a boiler,
waste heat recovery system, or solar thermal collector.
- Ensure compatibility and efficient heat transfer between the heat source and the absorption
cycle.

8. *Performance Analysis:*
- Conduct thermodynamic modeling and simulation to evaluate the performance of the
designed system under various operating conditions.
- Analyze efficiency metrics such as coefficient of performance (COP) and specific cooling
power (SCP).

9. *Economic Analysis:*
- Estimate the capital and operating costs associated with the designed system.
- Perform cost-benefit analysis to evaluate the economic feasibility of the system compared to
alternative refrigeration technologies.

10. *Prototype Testing and Validation:*

- Build a prototype of the designed system and conduct experimental testing to validate
performance predictions.
- Identify any design improvements or optimization opportunities based on test results.

By following these steps, engineers can effectively design vapor absorption refrigeration
systems tailored to specific applications, ensuring efficient and reliable cooling solutions.
Types of VAPOUR ABSORBTION REFRIGERATION SYSTAM
There are several types of vapor absorption refrigeration systems, each distinguished by the
choice of absorbent-refrigerant pair and the application for which they are optimized. Here are
some common types:

1. *Ammonia-Water Absorption Refrigeration System:*

- Uses a solution of ammonia as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent.
- Widely used in industrial refrigeration and large-scale cooling applications due to its high
efficiency and cooling capacity.

2. *Lithium Bromide-Water Absorption Refrigeration System:*

- Utilizes a solution of lithium bromide as the absorbent and water as the refrigerant.
- Commonly employed in air conditioning systems for commercial and residential buildings.

3. *Lithium Chloride-Water Absorption Refrigeration System:*

- Similar to the lithium bromide-water system but uses lithium chloride as the absorbent.
- Suitable for applications requiring lower operating temperatures or where lithium bromide is
not preferred due to corrosion concerns.

4. *Sodium Hydroxide-Water Absorption Refrigeration System:*

- Utilizes sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) as the absorbent and water as the refrigerant.
- Often used in niche applications or experimental setups due to its specific properties.

5. *Hybrid Absorption-Compression Refrigeration System:*

- Combines elements of absorption and compression refrigeration systems to improve
efficiency and performance.
- Typically employs an absorption cycle for low-temperature cooling and a compression cycle
for high-temperature cooling, integrated to optimize energy usage.

6. *Solar-Powered Absorption Refrigeration System:*

- Integrates solar thermal energy as the heat source for driving the absorption process.
- Provides environmentally friendly and sustainable cooling solutions for off-grid or remote
locations.

 Step 1: To obtain a Learners License, the candidate must first take a test for the same. The
candidate can book a slot online to take the Learners License test in Maharashtra.
Alternatively, the candidate can also reach out to the nearest RTO office to book a slot for
Learners License test.
 Step 2:The applicant must submit all necessary documents including KYC documents and
application form at the RTO before taking the Learners License test.
 Step 3: If the candidate is applying for a Transport Vehicle license, the original copy of his
permanent DL which was issued at least an year back must be presented at the RTO.
 Step 4: Before taking the Learners License test, the candidate must also pay a nominal fee of
Rs. 30 for each class of vehicle at the RTO. The test will be a computer based test that will
test the applicant's knowledge of road signs and safety.
 Step 5: The applicant must be present at the test centre on given time and date to take the
test. Upon completing the Learners License test successfully, the copy of original Learners
License will be sent to the residence of applicant.
2.5 How to Make Corrections in Learners License
If you have received your copy of Learners License but if you have to make some correction, you
can do so by getting in touch with the RTO office. Just follow the easy steps given below to make
corrections in your Learners License in Maharashtra.

 To make corrections in your Learners License, you must contact the RTO that originally
issued your Learners License. For example, if you had got your Learners License from the
Andheri RTO, you will not be able to make corrections to it in any other RTOs in
Maharashtra or any other state RTOs.
 You must present the required documents which will be specified by the RTO depending on
the correction. For example, to make a correction in your name, you must present the birth
certificate or marriage certificate (if you have change your last name).
 You will have to submit the original copy of Learners License and make an application for
the required changes to be made. The application must be submitted to the Regional
Transport Officer.
 If your request is accepted and approved, you will be asked to pay a nominal fee for making
corrections. You will also be issued a receipt for the same.
 The receipt can be used in place of Learners License till you receive the new Learners
License.
 To know more about the process, fee and the documents required, do enquire with the RTO
that originally issued your Learners License.

2.6 How to Apply for Duplicate Learners License

If the applicant needs a duplicate Learners License for any purpose or if the original Learners
License is stolen, lost or torn, the Learners License holder can apply for a duplicate license. Given
below is the procedure to apply for a duplicate Learners License in Maharashtra.

 The Learners License holder must procure a LLD form and submit a completely filled and
signed form at the RTO where the Learners License was issued.
 The applicant will have to submit 2 passport sized photographs and other necessary
documents.
 If the candidate is applying for a duplicate Learners License because the old Learners
License was lost, then a police report copy must also be submitted.
 The candidate will also be required to furnish information about Learners License number,
date of birth, name and parent's name.
 The cost for duplicate license is Rs. 50 for ordinary duplicate Learners License and Rs. 200
for laminated license.
 Conclusion
The conclusion on vapor absorption refrigeration systems highlights their advantages in
specific applications where waste heat or low-grade heat sources are available, offering
energy efficiency and environmental benefits. However, they tend to have higher initial
costs and larger footprints compared to vapor compression systems. Despite this, vapor
absorption refrigeration systems remain a viable option for certain industries and
regions where energy conservation and sustainability are prioritized. individual to drive
their motor vehicles on Indian roads. It can also be used as an identity card in non-
driving contexts (proof of identity (e.g. when opening a bank account) or age (e.g. when
applying for a mobile connection).

References
[1] Wikipedia
 Annexure – I A
PART A - Plan
Format for Micro-Project Proposal
For 6th Semester
Title of Micro-Project: Apply for the Learner's Licence. Fill online form and appear for
Virtual Driving Test at RTO Office. Prepare a brief report on "Procedure of Issuing Driving
Licence by RTO"
1.0 Brief Introduction
We study the allocation of driver’s licenses in India by randomly assigning applicants to one of three
groups: bonus (offered a bonus for obtaining a license quickly), lesson (offered free driving lessons),
or comparison. Both the bonus and lesson groups are more likely to obtain licenses.Public service
provision in many developing countries is rife with corruption. A basic question about such
corruption is whether it merely represents redistribution between citizens and bureaucrats or results
in important distortions in how bureaucrats allocate services. This question underlies the debate on
the efficiency implications of corruption, with some arguing that corruption merely “greases the
wheels” of the bureaucracy and others arguing that it harms society.
2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project
1. To know the information of RTO
2. To know their types of RTO licence
3. To know about concept

3.0 Action Plan

 Sr. No. Details of activity Planned Planned Name of Responsible
Start date Finish date
Team Members
1 Sir has given the topic name of 01-01-2024 02-01-2024 All group members
methods of development project to
all of us.
2 We discuss about the important 03-01-2024 07-01-2024 All group members
topics of the methods of
development
3 We search the information about the 08-01-2024 16-01-2024 Omkar shirke,
methods of development
4 We search the information in the 17-01-2024 27-01-2024 Omkar shirke
books for micro-project report.
5 We star the project 02-02-2024 10-02-2024 All group members

6 We start the micro-project & half 12-02-2024 20-02-2024 Amandeep Singh

completed
7 We have completed micro-project 12-03-2024 21-03-2024 All group members
report & submitted report

8 We make presentation on our topic. 22-03-2024 01-04-2024 Amandeep Sing

9 We submitted report. 05-04-2024 05-04-2024 All group members

4.0 Resources Required

S. No. Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty Remarks

1 Phone Oppo A16 1 Used

2 Internet Jio - Used

3 Google Images Wikipedia - Used

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