A comprehensive list of algebraic formulas and related 3.

Radicals: 1
concepts across various topics such as exponents, radicals,
 Square Root: a\sqrt{a}a (value whose square is aaa)
factoring, logarithms, and even some science-related formulas
(conversion of units, forces, chemistry, etc.).  n-th Root: an=a1n\sqrt[n]{a} = a^{\frac{1}{n}}na=an1

1. Operations with Zero:  Product Rule: ab=a×b\sqrt{ab} = \sqrt{a} \times \

sqrt{b}ab=a×b
 Addition: a+0=aa + 0 = aa+0=a
 Quotient Rule: ab=ab\frac{\sqrt{a}}{\sqrt{b}} = \sqrt{\
 Multiplication: a×0=0a \times 0 = 0a×0=0
frac{a}{b}}ba=ba
 Division by Zero: Undefined
4. Factoring:
 Zero Exponent Rule: a0=1a^0 = 1a0=1 (for a≠0a \neq
 Common Factor: ab+ac=a(b+c)ab + ac = a(b +
0a=0)
c)ab+ac=a(b+c)
2. Exponents:
 Difference of Squares: a2−b2=(a−b)(a+b)a^2 - b^2 = (a -
 Product of Powers: am×an=am+na^m \times a^n = b)(a + b)a2−b2=(a−b)(a+b)
a^{m+n}am×an=am+n
 Perfect Square Trinomial:
 Quotient of Powers: aman=am−n\frac{a^m}{a^n} =
o a2+2ab+b2=(a+b)2a^2 + 2ab + b^2 = (a +
a^{m-n}anam=am−n
b)^2a2+2ab+b2=(a+b)2
 Power of a Power: (am)n=am×n(a^m)^n = a^{m \times
o a2−2ab+b2=(a−b)2a^2 - 2ab + b^2 = (a -
n}(am)n=am×n
b)^2a2−2ab+b2=(a−b)2
 Negative Exponent: a−n=1ana^{-n} = \frac{1}
 Quadratic Trinomial:
{a^n}a−n=an1
o ax2+bx+c=(px+q)(rx+s)ax^2 + bx + c = (px + q)(rx +
 Power of a Product: (ab)n=an×bn(ab)^n = a^n \times
s)ax2+bx+c=(px+q)(rx+s)
b^n(ab)n=an×bn
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5. Special Products:  2x2 Matrix: det(abcd)=ad−bc\text{det} \begin{pmatrix}
a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} = ad - bcdet(acbd)=ad−bc
2
 3x3 Matrix: det(abcdefghi)=a(ei−fh)−b(di−fg)+c(dh−eg)\
 Square of a Sum: (a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2(a + b)^2 = a^2 +
text{det} \begin{pmatrix} a & b & c \\ d & e & f \\ g & h
2ab + b^2(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
&i
 Square of a Difference: (a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2(a - b)^2 =
\end{pmatrix} = a(ei - fh) - b(di - fg) + c(dh - eg)detadg
a^2 - 2ab + b^2(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2
behcfi=a(ei−fh)−b(di−fg)+c(dh−eg)
 Product of a Sum and a Difference: (a+b)(a−b)=a2−b2(a
8. Quadratic Equations:
+ b)(a - b) = a^2 - b^2(a+b)(a−b)=a2−b2
 Standard Form: ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c =
 Cube of a Sum: (a+b)3=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3(a + b)^3 =
0ax2+bx+c=0
a^3 + 3a^2b + 3ab^2 + b^3(a+b)3=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3
 Quadratic Formula: x=−b±b2−4ac2ax = \frac{-b \pm \
 Cube of a Difference: (a−b)3=a3−3a2b+3ab2−b3(a -
sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}x=2a−b±b2−4ac
b)^3 = a^3 - 3a^2b + 3ab^2 -
b^3(a−b)3=a3−3a2b+3ab2−b3  Discriminant: Δ=b2−4ac\Delta = b^2 - 4acΔ=b2−4ac

6. Binomial Theorem: 9. Logarithms:

For (a+b)n(a + b)^n(a+b)n, the expansion is given by:  Logarithmic Identity: log⁡b(b)=1\log_b(b) = 1logb(b)=1

(a+b)n=∑k=0n(nk)an−kbk(a + b)^n = \sum_{k=0}^{n} \  Product Rule: log⁡b(xy)=log⁡b(x)+log⁡b(y)\log_b(xy) = \

binom{n}{k} a^{n-k}b^k(a+b)n=k=0∑n(kn)an−kbk log_b(x) + \log_b(y)logb(xy)=logb(x)+logb(y)

where (nk)\binom{n}{k}(kn) is the binomial coefficient.  Quotient Rule: log⁡b(xy)=log⁡b(x)−log⁡b(y)\log_b\left(\

frac{x}{y}\right) = \log_b(x) - \log_b(y)logb(yx)=logb(x)
7. Determinants:
−logb(y)

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  Power Rule: log⁡b(xn)=nlog⁡b(x)\log_b(x^n) = n \  Mass:
log_b(x)logb(xn)=nlogb(x)
o 1 kg=1000 g1 \text{ kg} = 1000 \
 Change of Base Formula: log⁡b(x)=log⁡a(x)log⁡a(b)\ text{ g}1 kg=1000 g
log_b(x) = \frac{\log_a(x)}{\log_a(b)}logb(x)=loga(b)loga
 Time:
(x)
o 1 hour=60 minutes=3600 seconds1 \text{ hour} =
10. Progressions:
60 \text{ minutes} = 3600 \
 Arithmetic Progression (AP): text{ seconds}1 hour=60 minutes=3600 seconds

o an=a1+(n−1)da_n = a_1 + (n-1)dan=a1+(n−1)d  Volume:

o Sum of nnn terms: Sn=n2[2a1+(n−1)d]S_n = \ o 1 liter=1000 mL1 \text{ liter} = 1000 \

frac{n}{2} [2a_1 + (n-1)d]Sn=2n[2a1+(n−1)d] text{ mL}1 liter=1000 mL

 Geometric Progression (GP):  Temperature: F=95C+32F = \frac{9}{5}C + 32F=59C+32,

C=59(F−32)C = \frac{5}{9}(F - 32)C=95(F−32)
o an=a1×rn−1a_n = a_1 \times r^{n-1}an=a1×rn−1
12. Surface Area:
o Sum of nnn terms: Sn=a1×1−rn1−rS_n = a_1 \
times \frac{1 - r^n}{1 - r}Sn=a1×1−r1−rn  Cube: 6a26a^26a2

11. Conversion of Units:  Rectangular Prism: 2lw+2lh+2wh2lw + 2lh +

2wh2lw+2lh+2wh
 Length:
 Sphere: 4πr24\pi r^24πr2
o 1 m=100 cm1 \text{ m} = 100 \
text{ cm}1 m=100 cm  Cylinder: 2πr(h+r)2\pi r(h + r)2πr(h+r)

o 1 km=1000 m1 \text{ km} = 1000 \ 13. Units of Time:

text{ m}1 km=1000 m
 Seconds in a Minute: 606060
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  Minutes in an Hour: 606060 Additional essential formulas for high school algebra, which
will further help students build a solid foundation in
 Hours in a Day: 242424
mathematics:
 Days in a Year: 365365365 (or 366 in a leap year)
16. Absolute Value:

Definition: ∣a∣={a,if a≥0−a,if a<0|a| = \begin{cases} a,

14. Weight, Mass, and Forces:

 Force: F=maF = maF=ma (Newton's Second Law) & \text{if } a \geq 0 \\ -a, & \text{if } a < 0 \
end{cases}∣a∣={a,−a,if a≥0if a<0
 Gravitational Force: Fg=mgF_g = mgFg=mg
17. Linear Equations:
 Weight: W=mgW = mgW=mg, where ggg is the
acceleration due to gravity (~9.8 m/s²)  Slope-Intercept Form: y=mx+by = mx + by=mx+b,
where mmm is the slope and bbb is the y-intercept.
15. Basic Chemistry Formulas:
 Point-Slope Form: y−y1=m(x−x1)y - y_1 = m(x -
 Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRTPV = nRTPV=nRT
x_1)y−y1=m(x−x1), where (x1,y1)(x_1, y_1)(x1,y1) is a
 Molarity (M): M=nVM = \frac{n}{V}M=Vn, where nnn is point on the line.
the number of moles and VVV is the volume in liters.
 Standard Form: Ax+By=CAx + By = CAx+By=C, where
 Density: ρ=mV\rho = \frac{m}{V}ρ=Vm, where mmm is A,B,CA, B, CA,B,C are constants.
mass and VVV is volume.
 Slope of a Line: m=y2−y1x2−x1m = \frac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2
These formulas cover a wide range of algebraic and scientific - x_1}m=x2−x1y2−y1 (rise over run).
concepts to aid in problem-solving across subjects. Let me
18. Systems of Linear Equations:
know if you need further details or specific examples for any
of these topics.  Substitution Method: Solve one equation for a variable
and substitute it into the other equation.

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  Elimination Method: Add or subtract the equations to  Degree of a Polynomial: The highest power of xxx in
eliminate one variable, then solve for the other. the polynomial (e.g., 4x3+3x24x^3 + 3x^24x3+3x2 has a
degree of 3).
 Cramer's Rule: For two linear equations in the form
ax+by=eax + by = eax+by=e and cx+dy=fcx + dy =  Polynomial Long Division: Used to divide polynomials
fcx+dy=f: x=∣ebfd∣∣abcd∣,y=∣aecf∣∣abcd∣x = \frac{\ similar to numerical long division.
begin{vmatrix} e & b \\ f & d \end{vmatrix}}{\
 Remainder Theorem: If a polynomial f(x)f(x)f(x) is
begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix}}, \quad y = \
divided by (x−a)(x - a)(x−a), the remainder is f(a)f(a)f(a).
frac{\begin{vmatrix} a & e \\ c & f \end{vmatrix}}{\
begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix}}x=acbdefbd  Factor Theorem: (x−a)(x - a)(x−a) is a factor of
,y=acbdacef f(x)f(x)f(x) if and only if f(a)=0f(a) = 0f(a)=0.

19. Inequalities: 21. Functions:

 Linear Inequality: Similar to linear equations but uses  Function Notation: f(x)f(x)f(x) represents a function
>,<,≥,≤>, <, \geq, \leq>,<,≥,≤ instead of ===. where xxx is the input and f(x)f(x)f(x) is the output.

 Quadratic Inequality: ax2+bx+c>0ax^2 + bx + c >  Domain and Range:

0ax2+bx+c>0 (or <0,≥0,≤0< 0, \geq 0, \leq 0<0,≥0,≤0).
o Domain: Set of all possible input values xxx.
 Absolute Value Inequalities:

∣x∣<a⇒−a<x<a|x| < a \Rightarrow -a < x <

o Range: Set of all possible output values
o f(x)f(x)f(x).
a∣x∣<a⇒−a<x<a

∣x∣>a⇒x<−a or x>a|x| > a \Rightarrow x < -a \

 Composite Functions: (f∘g)(x)=f(g(x))(f \circ g)(x) =
o f(g(x))(f∘g)(x)=f(g(x)).
text{ or } x > a∣x∣>a⇒x<−a or x>a
 Inverse Function: f−1(x)f^{-1}(x)f−1(x) such that
20. Polynomials: f(f−1(x))=xf(f^{-1}(x)) = xf(f−1(x))=x.

22. Parabolas and Quadratic Functions:

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  Vertex Form of a Quadratic Function: y=a(x−h)2+ky =  Sum of an Arithmetic Series: Sn=n2×(a1+an)S_n = \
a(x - h)^2 + ky=a(x−h)2+k, where (h,k)(h, k)(h,k) is the frac{n}{2} \times (a_1 + a_n)Sn=2n×(a1+an).
vertex.
 Sum of a Geometric Series: Sn=a1×1−rn1−r,∣r∣<1S_n =
 Axis of Symmetry: x=−b2ax = -\frac{b}{2a}x=−2ab for a a_1 \times \frac{1 - r^n}{1 - r}, \quad |r| < 1Sn=a1
quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = ×1−r1−rn,∣r∣<1
0ax2+bx+c=0.
 Infinite Geometric Series: S∞=a11−r,∣r∣<1S_\infty = \
 Maximum or Minimum Value: The vertex gives the frac{a_1}{1 - r}, \quad |r| < 1S∞=1−ra1,∣r∣<1.
maximum or minimum value of the quadratic function.
26. Permutations and Combinations:
23. Distance and Midpoint Formulas:
 Permutations: P(n,r)=n!(n−r)!P(n, r) = \frac{n!}{(n -
 Distance Between Two Points: d=(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2d = r)!}P(n,r)=(n−r)!n!
\sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2}d=(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2
 Combinations: C(n,r)=(nr)=n!r!(n−r)!C(n, r) = \binom{n}
 Midpoint of a Line Segment: M=(x1+x22,y1+y22)M = \ {r} = \frac{n!}{r!(n - r)!}C(n,r)=(rn)=r!(n−r)!n!
left( \frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}, \frac{y_1 + y_2}{2} \
 Factorial: n!=n×(n−1)×(n−2)×⋯×1n! = n \times (n-1) \
right)M=(2x1+x2,2y1+y2)
times (n-2) \times \cdots \times 1n!=n×(n−1)×(n−2)×⋯
24. Circle Equations: ×1
 Standard Form: (x−h)2+(y−k)2=r2(x - h)^2 + (y - k)^2 = 27. Probability:
r^2(x−h)2+(y−k)2=r2, where (h,k)(h, k)(h,k) is the center
 Probability of an Event:
and rrr is the radius.
P(A)=Number of favorable outcomesTotal number of ou
 General Form: x2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=0x^2 + y^2 + Dx + Ey + F tcomesP(A) = \frac{\text{Number of favorable
= 0x2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=0, can be converted into standard outcomes}}{\text{Total number of
form by completing the square. outcomes}}P(A)=Total number of outcomesNumber of f
avorable outcomes
25. Sequences and Series:
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  Addition Rule: P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)P(A \cup B) =  Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different
P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B)P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B) numbers of neutrons.

 Multiplication Rule (Independent Events): 2. Mole Concept:

P(A∩B)=P(A)×P(B)P(A \cap B) = P(A) \times
 Moles (n): n=MassMolar Mass=mMn = \frac{\
P(B)P(A∩B)=P(A)×P(B)
text{Mass}}{\text{Molar Mass}} = \frac{m}
These additional formulas cover essential concepts in algebra {M}n=Molar MassMass=Mm
that are crucial for high school students, helping them to solve
 Avogadro’s Number: 1 mole=6.022×1023 particles1 \
a wide range of mathematical problems. Let me know if you
text{ mole} = 6.022 \times 10^{23} \
need examples or further explanation for any of these
text{ particles}1 mole=6.022×1023 particles
formulas.
 Number of Particles:
In chemistry, there are various essential formulas that high
Number of particles=Moles×6.022×1023\text{Number
school students need to master, particularly in areas like
of particles} = \text{Moles} \times 6.022 \times
stoichiometry, thermodynamics, gas laws, and solutions.
10^{23}Number of particles=Moles×6.022×1023
Here’s a breakdown of some of the most important formulas:
3. Empirical and Molecular Formulas:
1. Atomic Structure:
 Empirical Formula: The simplest whole-number ratio of
 Number of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons:
atoms in a compound.
o Atomic Number (Z): The number of protons in
 Molecular Formula: The actual number of atoms in a
the nucleus.
compound.
o Mass Number (A): The number of protons +
 Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula:
neutrons.
Molecular Formula=Empirical Formula×n,n=Molar Mass
o Neutrons: Neutrons=A−Z\text{Neutrons} = A - Empirical Formula Mass\text{Molecular Formula} = \
ZNeutrons=A−Z text{Empirical Formula} \times n, \quad n = \frac{\

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 text{Molar Mass}}{\text{Empirical Formula P_2V_2 \quad (\text{at constant temperature})P1V1
Mass}}Molecular Formula=Empirical Formula×n,n=Empi =P2V2(at constant temperature)
rical Formula MassMolar Mass
 Charles’ Law: V1T1=V2T2(at constant pressure)\
4. Stoichiometry: frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2} \quad (\text{at
constant pressure})T1V1=T2V2(at constant pressure)
 Balanced Chemical Equations: Conservation of mass
and atoms.  Avogadro’s Law:
V1n1=V2n2(at constant temperature and pressure)\
 Mole Ratios: Used to convert between moles of
frac{V_1}{n_1} = \frac{V_2}{n_2} \quad (\text{at
reactants and products.
constant temperature and pressure})n1V1=n2V2
 Mass-Mass Stoichiometry: (at constant temperature and pressure)
Mass of product=Mass of reactant×Molar Mass of prod
6. Concentration of Solutions:
uctMolar Mass of reactant\text{Mass of product} = \
text{Mass of reactant} \times \frac{\text{Molar Mass of  Molarity (M): M=moles of soluteliters of solutionM = \
product}}{\text{Molar Mass of frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{liters of
reactant}}Mass of product=Mass of reactant×Molar Ma solution}}M=liters of solutionmoles of solute
ss of reactantMolar Mass of product
 Dilution Formula: M1V1=M2V2M_1V_1 = M_2V_2M1
5. Gas Laws: V1=M2V2

 Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRTPV = nRTPV=nRT where PPP =  Mass Percent:

pressure, VVV = volume, nnn = number of moles, RRR = Mass Percent=Mass of soluteMass of solution×100\
gas constant (8.314 J/mol·K or 0.0821 atm·L/mol·K), TTT text{Mass Percent} = \frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\
= temperature in Kelvin. text{Mass of solution}} \times
100Mass Percent=Mass of solutionMass of solute×100
 Boyle’s Law:
P1V1=P2V2(at constant temperature)P_1V_1 = 7. Thermochemistry:

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  Heat Energy (q): q=mcΔTq = mc\Delta Tq=mcΔT where  Neutralization Reaction: Acid+Base→Salt+Water\
mmm = mass, ccc = specific heat capacity, ΔT\Delta TΔT text{Acid} + \text{Base} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + \
= change in temperature. text{Water}Acid+Base→Salt+Water

 Enthalpy Change (ΔH\Delta HΔH): 10. Electrochemistry:

ΔH=∑ΔHproducts−∑ΔHreactants\Delta H = \sum \Delta
 Nernst Equation: Ecell=Ecell0−RTnFln⁡QE_{\text{cell}} =
H_{\text{products}} - \sum \Delta H_{\
E^0_{\text{cell}} - \frac{RT}{nF} \ln QEcell=Ecell0−nFRT
text{reactants}}ΔH=∑ΔHproducts−∑ΔHreactants
lnQ where Ecell0E^0_{\text{cell}}Ecell0 = standard cell
 Calorimetry: qsystem=−qsurroundingsq_{\text{system}} potential, RRR = gas constant, TTT = temperature, nnn =
= -q_{\text{surroundings}}qsystem=−qsurroundings number of moles of electrons, FFF = Faraday’s constant,
QQQ = reaction quotient.
8. Equilibrium:
11. Rate of Reaction:
 Equilibrium Constant (K): K=[Products][Reactants]K = \
frac{[\text{Products}]}{[\text{Reactants}]}K=[Reactants]  Rate Law: Rate=k[A]m[B]n\text{Rate} =
[Products] k[A]^m[B]^nRate=k[A]m[B]n where kkk = rate constant,
mmm and nnn = reaction orders for reactants AAA and
 Le Chatelier’s Principle: Describes how a system at
BBB.
equilibrium responds to changes in concentration,
pressure, or temperature. 12. Chemical Bonding:

9. Acids and Bases:  Bond Energy: The amount of energy required to break a
bond.
 pH and pOH: pH=−log⁡[H+],pOH=−log⁡[OH−]\text{pH} = -\
log[\text{H}^+], \quad \text{pOH} = -\log[\  Octet Rule: Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to
text{OH}^-]pH=−log[H+],pOH=−log[OH−] achieve a stable electron configuration of 8 valence
electrons.
 Relationship Between pH and pOH: pH+pOH=14\
text{pH} + \text{pOH} = 14pH+pOH=14 13. Ideal Gas Law Variations:

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  Combined Gas Law: P1V1T1=P2V2T2\frac{P_1V_1}
{T_1} = \frac{P_2V_2}{T_2}T1P1V1=T2P2V2

 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures: Ptotal=P1+P2+P3+⋯

In English grammar, there are key rules and structures that
P_{\text{total}} = P_1 + P_2 + P_3 + \cdotsPtotal=P1+P2
high school students need to understand to communicate
+P3+⋯
effectively. Below are some essential grammar rules,
14. Solutions and Solubility: formulas, and examples:

 Solubility Product (Ksp): Ksp=[Cation]m[Anion]nK_{sp} 1. Parts of Speech:

= [\text{Cation}]^m[\text{Anion}]^nKsp
 Nouns: Names of people, places, things, or ideas.
=[Cation]m[Anion]n
o Example: John, city, book, happiness.
 Henry’s Law: Sg=kHPgS_g = k_H P_gSg=kHPg where
SgS_gSg is the solubility of a gas, kHk_HkH is Henry’s  Pronouns: Words that replace nouns.
constant, and PgP_gPg is the partial pressure of the gas.
o Example: he, she, it, they.
These formulas cover the key concepts in chemistry that are
 Adjectives: Words that describe nouns or pronouns.
essential for high school students to grasp topics such as
chemical reactions, gas laws, solution chemistry, and o Example: beautiful, happy, tall.
thermodynamics. Let me know if you’d like more detailed
 Verbs: Action or state of being.
explanations or examples for any of these topics!
o Example: run, is, believe.

 Adverbs: Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or

other adverbs.

o Example: quickly, very, well.

10 | P a g e
  Prepositions: Words that show relationships between Clause}Independent Clause+, Coordinating Conju
nouns. nction+Independent Clause

o Example: in, on, at, by. o Example: She sings, and he dances.

 Conjunctions: Words that connect phrases, clauses, or  Complex Sentence: Contains one independent clause
sentences. and one or more dependent clauses.

o Example: and, but, or, because. o Formula:

Independent Clause+Subordinating Conjunction+
 Interjections: Words that express emotion.
Dependent Clause\text{Independent Clause} + \
o Example: Wow!, Ouch!, Oops! text{Subordinating Conjunction} + \
text{Dependent
2. Sentence Structure:
Clause}Independent Clause+Subordinating Conju
 Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause. nction+Dependent Clause

o Formula: Subject+Verb\text{Subject} + \ o Example: She sings because she loves music.

text{Verb}Subject+Verb
 Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains at least two
o Example: She sings. independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses.
 Compound Sentence: Contains two independent
clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS: o Example: She sings, and he dances because they
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). enjoy performing.

o Formula: 3. Tenses:
Independent Clause+, Coordinating Conjunction+I
 Present Simple: Describes habitual actions or general
ndependent Clause\text{Independent Clause} + \
truths.
text{, Coordinating Conjunction} + \
text{Independent
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 o Formula: Subject+Verb (Base Form)\text{Subject} o Example: She is walking to school right now.
+ \text{Verb (Base
 Past Continuous: Describes ongoing actions that were
Form)}Subject+Verb (Base Form)
happening in the past.
o Example: She walks to school every day.
o Formula: Subject+Was/Were+Verb (-ing Form)\
 Past Simple: Describes actions that happened at a text{Subject} + \text{Was/Were} + \text{Verb (-
specific time in the past. ing Form)}Subject+Was/Were+Verb (-ing Form)

o Formula: Subject+Verb (Past Form)\text{Subject} o Example: She was walking to school when it
+ \text{Verb (Past started raining.
Form)}Subject+Verb (Past Form)
 Present Perfect: Describes actions that have happened
o Example: She walked to school yesterday. at some point up to now.

 Future Simple: Describes actions that will happen in the o Formula: Subject+Has/Have+Past Participle\
future. text{Subject} + \text{Has/Have} + \text{Past
Participle}Subject+Has/Have+Past Participle
o Formula: Subject+Will+Verb (Base Form)\
text{Subject} + \text{Will} + \text{Verb (Base o Example: She has walked to school many times.
Form)}Subject+Will+Verb (Base Form)
 Past Perfect: Describes actions that were completed
o Example: She will walk to school tomorrow. before another action in the past.

 Present Continuous: Describes ongoing actions o Formula: Subject+Had+Past Participle\

happening now. text{Subject} + \text{Had} + \text{Past
Participle}Subject+Had+Past Participle
o Formula: Subject+Am/Is/Are+Verb (-ing Form)\
text{Subject} + \text{Am/Is/Are} + \text{Verb (- o Example: She had walked to school before it
ing Form)}Subject+Am/Is/Are+Verb (-ing Form) started raining.

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 o Example: The teacher explained the lesson. o Formula: If+Present Simple,Will+Base Verb\
text{If} + \text{Present Simple}, \text{Will} + \
 Passive Voice: The object of the action becomes the
text{Base Verb}If+Present Simple,Will+Base Verb
subject.
o Example: If it rains, I will stay home.
o Formula:
Object+Form of ’Be’+Past Participle+By Subject\  Second Conditional: Used for unreal or hypothetical
text{Object} + \text{Form of 'Be'} + \text{Past situations in the present.
Participle} + \text{By
o Formula: If+Past Simple,Would+Base Verb\
Subject}Object+Form of ’Be’+Past Participle+By S
text{If} + \text{Past Simple}, \text{Would} + \
ubject
text{Base Verb}If+Past Simple,Would+Base Verb
o Example: The lesson was explained by the
o Example: If I won the lottery, I would travel the
teacher.
world.
5. Conditional Sentences (If Clauses):
 Third Conditional: Used for unreal past situations.
 Zero Conditional: Used for general truths and facts.
o Formula:
o Formula: If+Present Simple,Present Simple\ If+Past Perfect,Would Have+Past Participle\
text{If} + \text{Present Simple}, \text{Present text{If} + \text{Past Perfect}, \text{Would Have}
Simple}If+Present Simple,Present Simple + \text{Past
Participle}If+Past Perfect,Would Have+Past Partic
o
iple
o Example: If water boils, it turns into steam.
o Example: If I had studied, I would have passed the
 First Conditional: Used for real future possibilities. exam.

6. Subject-Verb Agreement:

 Singular Subjects: Take singular verbs.

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 o Formula: Singular Subject+Singular Verb\  Common Modals: can, could, may, might, shall, should,
text{Singular Subject} + \text{Singular will, would, must.
Verb}Singular Subject+Singular Verb
o Formula: Subject+Modal+Base Verb\
o Example: She runs every morning. text{Subject} + \text{Modal} + \text{Base
Verb}Subject+Modal+Base Verb
 Plural Subjects: Take plural verbs.
o Example: She can dance.
o Formula: Plural Subject+Plural Verb\text{Plural
Subject} + \text{Plural 9. Articles:
Verb}Plural Subject+Plural Verb
 Definite Article: the (used for specific nouns).
o Example: They run every morning.
o Example: The cat is sleeping.
7. Pronouns:
 Indefinite Articles: a, an (used for nonspecific nouns).
 Personal Pronouns:
o Example: A cat is sleeping.
o Subject Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
10. Clauses:
o Object Pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them.
 Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a sentence.
 Possessive Pronouns:
o Example: I like ice cream.
o Example: my, your, his, her, its, our, their.
 Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone and must be
 Reflexive Pronouns: attached to an independent clause.

o Example: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, o Example: Because I was hungry.
ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
11. Prepositions of Time and Place:
8. Modals:
 Prepositions of Time: at, on, in.

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 o Example: We meet at 3 PM, on Monday, in the o Polite Request Example: Could you help me,
morning. please?

 Prepositions of Place: in, on, at. Modals for Permission:

o Example: She is in the room, on the table, at the 1. Can: Informal permission or request.
door.
o Example: Can I borrow your book?
These grammar rules are crucial for high school students to
2. May: Formal permission or polite request.
master in order to enhance their writing and speaking
abilities. Let me know if you'd like detailed explanations or o Example: May I come in?
exercises for any specific rules!
3. Might: Polite request or suggestion (slightly less formal
Modals are auxiliary (helping) verbs that express ability, than may).
possibility, permission, necessity, or obligation. They are used
o Example: Might I suggest a better plan?
with the base form of the main verb and do not change form
according to the subject. Below are additional modals and Modals for Possibility:
their uses:
1. May: Expresses possibility or probability.
Modals for Ability:
o Example: It may rain later today.
1. Can: Used to express ability or capability in the present
2. Might: Expresses a lower degree of possibility than
or future.
may.
o Example: I can swim.
o Example: She might come to the party.
2. Could: Used to express past ability or polite requests.
3. Could: Indicates a possible but uncertain outcome.
o Example: She could play the piano when she was
o Example: He could be at the office.
younger.
Modals for Obligation or Necessity:
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 1. Must: Expresses strong obligation, necessity, or o Example: You should exercise regularly.
certainty.
2. Ought to: Used similarly to should, but slightly more
o Example: You must wear a helmet when riding a formal.
bike.
o Example: You ought to see a doctor.
o Certainty Example: She must be at home; the
3. Had better: Strong suggestion, often with a sense of
lights are on.
warning.
2. Have to: Expresses external obligation or requirement.
o Example: You had better study, or you’ll fail the
o Example: I have to finish my homework before I exam.
go out.
Modals for Polite Requests and Offers:
3. Ought to: Expresses moral obligation or duty (weaker
1. Would: Polite requests or offers.
than must).
o Example: Would you like some tea?
o Example: You ought to help your friends.
2. Could: Polite requests.
Modals for Prohibition:
o Example: Could you pass the salt, please?
1. Must not (mustn't): Expresses a strong prohibition.
3. Shall: Polite offers or suggestions (commonly used in
o Example: You must not smoke in this building.
British English).
2. Cannot (can't): Expresses prohibition or inability.
o Example: Shall we go for a walk?
o Example: You can't enter without a ticket.
Modals for Deduction or Speculation:
Modals for Advice or Suggestion:
1. Must: Expresses certainty about a deduction.
1. Should: Used to give advice or suggest what is right.

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 o Example: He must be tired after that long o Example: When we were kids, we would play
journey. outside every day.

2. May: Expresses uncertainty but suggests something is 2. Used to: Refers to a past habit or state that is no longer
likely. true.

o Example: She may be at the library. o Example: I used to live in London.

3. Might: Expresses uncertainty, but less likely than may. These modals add nuance and specificity to sentences, making
them essential in expressing a variety of meanings in English.
o Example: He might be working late tonight.

4. Can't: Expresses certainty about something that is

impossible.

o Example: She can't be at home; I just saw her at

the mall.

Modals for Willingness or Intention:

1. Will: Expresses willingness or a future action.

In Filipino grammar, there are also various essential concepts
o Example: I will help you with your homework. and structures that students should master, especially in the
context of sentence construction, usage of verbs, and the
2. Would: Expresses a willingness to do something in the
formation of questions and modifiers. Here are key rules and
past or under specific conditions.
elements in Filipino grammar that are important for high
o Example: She would help if she had time. school students:

Modals for Habitual Actions: 1. Parts of Speech (Bahagi ng Pananalita)

1. Would: Used to describe habitual actions in the past. Pangngalan (Noun)

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  Refers to names of people, animals, places, things, or o Example: at (and), pero (but), dahil (because)
concepts.
Pang-ukol (Preposition)
o Example: bata (child), bahay (house), pag-ibig
 Indicates relationships between nouns or pronouns.
(love)
o Example: sa (to/at/in), ng (of)
Pandiwa (Verb)
Pang-angkop (Ligature)
 Describes actions, events, or states of being.
 Links modifiers (adjectives or adverbs) to nouns.
o Example: kumain (to eat), maglaro (to play)
o Example: magandang babae (beautiful woman)
Pang-uri (Adjective)
Pangawing/Pantukoy (Linking Words or Determiners)
 Describes or modifies a noun.
 Example: ang (the), si (marker for proper nouns)
o Example: maganda (beautiful), mabait (kind)

Pang-abay (Adverb)
2. Sentence Construction (Kayarian ng Pangungusap)
 Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Karaniwang Ayos ng Pangungusap (Basic Sentence Structure)
o Example: mabilis (quickly), ngayon (now)
 The verb is placed before the subject in a sentence.
Panghalip (Pronoun)
o Formula: Pandiwa (Verb)+Simuno (Subject)\
 Replaces a noun in a sentence. text{Pandiwa (Verb)} + \text{Simuno
o Example: siya (he/she), sila (they) (Subject)}Pandiwa (Verb)+Simuno (Subject)

Pangatnig (Conjunction) o Example: Kumakain ang bata (The child is

eating).
 Connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Di-karaniwang Ayos (Inverted Sentence Structure)
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  The subject is placed before the verb, often used for o Formula: Pandiwa (Verb Root)+Um-\
emphasis. text{Pandiwa (Verb Root)} + \
text{Um-}Pandiwa (Verb Root)+Um-
o Formula: Simuno (Subject)+Ay+Pandiwa (Verb)\
text{Simuno (Subject)} + \text{Ay} + \ o Example: Kumakain (eating), sumusulat (writing)
text{Pandiwa (Verb)}Simuno (Subject)
Kontemplatibo (Contemplative Aspect)
+Ay+Pandiwa (Verb)
 Indicates that the action is yet to be done.
o Example: Ang bata ay kumakain (The child is
eating). o Formula: Pandiwa (Verb Root)+Mag-/U-\
text{Pandiwa (Verb Root)} +
\text{Mag-/U-}Pandiwa (Verb Root)+Mag-/U-
3. Aspect of Verbs (Aspekto ng Pandiwa)
o Example: Kakain (will eat), susulat (will write)
 Verbs in Filipino change form based on the aspect,
which indicates when the action happened.
4. Affixes (Panlapi)
Perpektibo (Completed Aspect)
Affixes play a crucial role in modifying the meaning of the
 Indicates that the action has been completed.
base word, especially in verbs.
o Formula: Pandiwa (Verb Root)+Na/Um-\
Unlapi (Prefix)
text{Pandiwa (Verb Root)} +
\text{Na/Um-}Pandiwa (Verb Root)+Na/Um-  Added at the beginning of the word.

o Example: Kumain (ate), sumulat (wrote) o Example: mag- in magluto (to cook)

Imperpektibo (Progressive Aspect) Gitlapi (Infix)

 Indicates that the action is ongoing or habitual.  Added in the middle of the word.

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 o Example: -um- in sumayaw (to dance)

Hulapi (Suffix) 6. Comparison (Paghahambing)

 Added at the end of the word. Lantay (Positive Degree)

o Example: -in in lutuin (to cook something)  Used when describing one noun.

Kabilaan (Circumfix) o Example: maganda (beautiful)

 Added both at the beginning and the end of the word. Pahambing (Comparative Degree)

o Example: pag...-in in paglutuin (to make  Magkatulad (Equal Comparison):

someone cook) o Formula: Kasing-+Pang-uri\text{Kasing-} + \
text{Pang-uri}Kasing-+Pang-uri

5. Pronouns (Panghalip) o Example: Kasingganda ng rosas ang bulaklak

(The flower is as beautiful as the rose).
Panghalip Panao (Personal Pronouns)
 Di-magkatulad (Unequal Comparison):
 Example: Ako (I), Ikaw (You), Siya (He/She)
o Formula: Mas/Mas Higit na+Pang-uri\
Panghalip Paari (Possessive Pronouns)
text{Mas/Mas Higit na} +
 Example: Akin (mine), Iyo (yours), Kanila (theirs) \text{Pang-uri}Mas/Mas Higit na+Pang-uri

Panghalip Panaklaw (Indefinite Pronouns) o Example: Mas maganda siya kaysa sa iba (She is
more beautiful than the others).
 Example: lahat (everyone), sino man (whoever)
Pasukdol (Superlative Degree)
Panghalip Pamatlig (Demonstrative Pronouns)
 Indicates the highest degree of a quality.
 Example: ito (this), iyan (that), doon (there)

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 o Formula: Pinaka-+Pang-uri\text{Pinaka-} + \  Sino (Who)
text{Pang-uri}Pinaka-+Pang-uri
o Example: Sino ang kumain ng cake? (Who ate the
o Example: Pinakamaganda sa lahat (The most cake?)
beautiful of all).
 Ano (What)

o Example: Ano ang pangalan mo? (What is your

7. Negation (Pagtanggi) name?)
Negation in Filipino is commonly expressed using hindi  Bakit (Why)
(no/not) or wala (none).
o Example: Bakit ka umiiyak? (Why are you
 Formula (Present/Future Tense): crying?)
Hindi+Pandiwa (Verb)\text{Hindi} + \text{Pandiwa
(Verb)}Hindi+Pandiwa (Verb)  Paano (How)

o Example: Hindi siya kumakain (He/She is not o Example: Paano mo ginawa ito? (How did you do
eating). this?)

 Formula (Past Tense): Walang+Pandiwa (Verb)\  Kailan (When)

text{Walang} + \text{Pandiwa o Example: Kailan ang iyong kaarawan? (When is
(Verb)}Walang+Pandiwa (Verb) your birthday?)
o Example: Walang umiyak (No one cried).  Saan (Where)

o Example: Saan ka pupunta? (Where are you

8. Question Words (Mga Pananong) going?)

Filipino uses specific question words to form interrogative

sentences. 9. Linking Words (Mga Pang-ugnay)
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  At (and): Used to connect words or phrases.  Pandiwa (Verbs): e.g., kumain, tumakbo

o Example: Si Ana at si Juan ay magkaibigan (Ana  Pang-uri (Adjectives): e.g., maganda, mabilis
and Juan are friends).
 Pang-abay (Adverbs): e.g., mabilis, ngayon
 Pero (but): Used to contrast ideas.
2. Aspekto ng Pandiwa (Verb Aspects)
o Example: Gusto kong sumama, pero wala akong
 Perpektibo (Completed): kumain
oras (I want to go, but I don’t have time).
 Imperpektibo (Progressive): kumakain
 Dahil (because): Expresses a reason.
 Kontemplatibo (Future): kakain
o Example: Umuwi siya dahil masama ang kanyang
pakiramdam (He went home because he wasn’t 3. Modals in English
feeling well).
 Can/Could: Ability, possibility

 May/Might: Permission, probability

Mastering these key grammar elements in Filipino will greatly
enhance a student's ability to speak and write fluently in the  Must/Should: Obligation, advice
language. If you'd like more examples or further explanations, 4. Sentence Structure (Ayos ng Pangungusap)
feel free to ask!
 Karaniwang Ayos: Kumakain ang bata.

 Di-karaniwang Ayos: Ang bata ay kumakain.

Filipino and English Grammar Essentials: Pocket Notes for
High School Students 5. Comparison (Paghahambing)

1. Bahagi ng Pananalita (Parts of Speech)  Lantay (Positive): maganda

 Pangngalan (Nouns): e.g., bata, bahay  Pahambing (Comparative): mas maganda

 Pasukdol (Superlative): pinakamaganda

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6. Question Words (Mga Pananong)

 Sino (Who), Ano (What), Bakit (Why) POCKET NOTES ESSENTIALS

7. Negation (Pagtanggi) ALGEBRA GRAMMAR

CHEMISTRY
 Hindi: Hindi siya kumakain (He is not eating).
PANITIKAN

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