Compilation of

Daily Class Notes

Modern History
 List of Lectures
1. Introduction of Modern India
2. Advent of European
3. Dutch and Danes
4. Advent and Development of English Company
5. French Company & Discussion of Questions
6. Anglo-French Struggle
7. Anglo-French War
8. Downfall of the Mughals
9. Downfall of Mughals (Part - 02)
10. Downfall of Mughals (Part - 03)
11. Downfall of Mughals (Part - 04)
12. Downfall of Mughals and Rise of States
13. Rise of States (Part-2)
14. Rise of States and Expansion of Bengal
15. Expansion of British Empire-Bengal, Plassey, Buxar
16. Dual System
17. Anglo-Mysore War
18. Dictation of Anglo-Mysore and Begining of Maratha
19. The Sikhs
20. Development of Judiciary
21. Development of Judiciary (Part - 02)
22. Development of Civil Services
23. Economic Development (Part - 01)
24. Economic Development (Part 02)
25. Economic Development (Part 03)
26. Economic Development (Part 04)
27. Military Policy, Police Policy, and Education Policy
28. Subsidiary Alliance, and Dalhausie
29. Dalhousie, and Revolt of 1857
30. Dalhausie, and Revolt of 1857 (Part - 02)
31. Revolt of 1857, Political Development before Congress, and Moderates
32. Congress
33. Moderates
34. Act of 1909, Home Rule, Lucknow Pact, and Gandhi Ji
35. Home Rule, Gandhi, Rawlat Act, Khilafat, and Non-Cooperation
36. Swaraj Party, and Act of 1919
37. Simon Commission, Nehru Report, and Lahore Session
38. Civil Disobedience Movement
39. R. T. Conferences, Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Karachi Session, Communal Award and Poona Pact
40. Communal Award || Poona Pact || Election of 1936 || Individual Satyagraha || August Offer
41. Quit India Movement
42. C.R. Formula, Wavell Plan, and Shimla Conference
43. Cabinet Mission
44. Cabinet Mission Plan (Part 02)
45. Revolutionary Movements, and Subhash Chandra
46. Revolutionary Movements and Subhash Chandra (Part 02)
47. Lower Class Movement
 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 01
Introduction of Modern India
 2

Introduction of Modern India

Modern History:

Analysis of PYQ-2013-2023

Personalities:
❖ Gandhi and Rabindra Nath Tagore
❖ Gandhi and Subhash Chandra Bose
❖ Gandhi and BR Ambedkar
❖ Gandhi’s thought in the Present time
❖ Lord Dalhousie
❖ Lord Curzon
Revolts:
❖ Tribal Revolts (2023)
❖ Naval Mutiny (2014)
❖ Revolt of 1857 (2 times)
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Can be asked:
❖ Peasant revolt
❖ Sepoy Revolt
❖ Depressed section
Women Issue:
❖ Social reforms and women (2017)
❖ Role of Women in Freedom Struggle (2020, 2014)
Economic Policy:
❖ Railway Policy (2023)
❖ Famines (2022)
❖ Decline of Traditional Artisan Industry (2023)
❖ Economic policy (2014)
Various Policies:
❖ Socio-Economic Policy (2023)
❖ Army Policy (2022)
❖ Famine Policy
❖ Socio-Religious Policy- Brahmo samaj, Prathna Samaj
❖ Economic policy (2017)
❖ How all policies became a cause of the 1857 revolt (2016)
Modern India Syllabus:
❖ Topics to be covered in the period between 1707- 1857:
➢ The Advent of Europeans: Portuguese, Dutch, English, Danish, and French companies. Thereby, the
Company Rule in Bengal started.
 4

➢ The Downfall of the Mughals: After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal empire started to
disintegrate. The downfall continued and finally, the great Mughal empire came to an end during the
period of Md. Shah Rangeela.
➢ Rise of Regional States: Important regional states like Punjab, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Awadh (Oudh),
Marathas, Mysore, Hyderabad, Carnatic, Kerala, Rajputs, etc rose to power.
➢ War section: Anglo-Carnatic War, Battle of Plassey, Battle of Buxar, Anglo-Maratha War, Anglo-
Sikh War, and the Anglo-Mysore War.
➢ Policies of the Company: Judicial, Civil, Military, Foreign, Social, Religious, Economic, and Famine
Policies framed by the British company. Their policies were mostly oppressive and expansionist in
nature.
❖ From 1858-1947:
➢ Change in Policies: Crown rule started
➢ Rise of Nationalism
➢ Formation of Congress: The foundation of Congress (1885) which undertook an Andolan towards
India’s independence.
➢ Rise of Communalism
➢ Rise of Political Parties: Read about Banga Bhasha Prakashani Sabha
➢ Development of Political Parties
➢ Reforms in Muslims
The Movement (andolan) was divided into Four Phases:
❖ Moderate Phase (1885-1905)
❖ Extremist Phase (1905- 1919)
❖ Gandhian Phase (1919-1929)
❖ Communist Phase (1929-1947)
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Moderate Phase:
1. Formation of Congress
2. Demands, Objectives, Programmes and Achievements of Congress
Extremist Phase:
1. Partition of Bengal (1905)
2. Swadeshi boycott (1906)
3. Surat Split (1907)
4. Govt of India Act 1909
5. Lucknow Pact 1916
6. Home rule 1916
7. Rowlatt Act + Jallianawala Bagh
8. Khilafat Movement, 1919
Gandhian Phase:
1. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)
2. Swaraj Party (1923)
3. Simon Commission
4. Nehru report
5. Lahore session of Congress: Complete demand of independence
Communist Phase:
❖ Civil Disobedience 1930
❖ Round Table conference
❖ Nehru- Irwin pact 1931
❖ Communal Award + Poona Pact 1932
❖ Separate electorates 1936
❖ Development between 1940-1947

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 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 02
Advent of European
 2

Advent of European

Q. Why did Europeans come to India or why did Europeans discover new sea routes to reach Spice
Island?

❖ Part 1: Introduction: Within 30-40 words, we have to write the following:

➢ The trade relations between India and Europe were very old. It started in ancient times, during the time
of Alexander but in the medieval period, it discontinued.
➢ After the continuation of land routes Europeans were compelled to reach Spice Island via sea route in
order to get immense Profit out of trade.
❖ Part 2: In this part, discuss three land routes:
➢ Trade was continued via three land routes between India and Europe
➢ The first route started from India and reached the Baltic Sea via central Asia and Russia.
➢ The second route was the most important started from India and reached Constantinople, the
western capital of the Roman Empire. This route covered the countries such as the Strait of Hormuz,
Iran, and Turkey.
➢ The third route started in India and ended in Alexandria via the Red Sea and Egypt. This route is
the second important route.
➢ In this trade three merchants were involved, Indian merchants, merchants of Arab, and merchants of
Venice and Geneva. These merchants had a monopoly in Europe. They distributed trading articles in
the rest of Europe
❖ Part 3: Explain how blocked three routes on the Asian side as well as the European side:
➢ On the Asian side, Barbaric Ottoman Turks defeated the king of Constantinople, John Constantine II,
and captured Constantinople. They were barbaric and against trade and modernization as a result they
blocked all three routes
➢ From the European side, the map of Europe was changed and the rise of new states such as Portugal
and Spain was seen and they started demanding profit out of the trade from the merchants of Venice
and Geneva, but they were refused.
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❖ Part 4: Discovery of New Sea Route:

➢ Due to the impact of the Renaissance big ships were built and the invention of the compass made the
long sea journey possible. Along with the support of the king like Henry the "Navigator". Efforts were
made to reach Spice Island.
➢ Vasco-da-Gama became the first navigator to reach Calicut in 1498 via the Cape of Good Hope.
➢ He booked sixty times the profit and motivated other countries to do the same.
➢ Soon the Dutch, English, Danish and French companies started reaching Spice Island in order to get
spices, cotton, silk, herbs, diverse works of art etc.

Portuguese:

Note: Portuguese can be understood under the following heads :

❖ Early efforts of Portuguese (Navigators)
❖ Efforts made by the Governor
❖ India during the advent of Portuguese
❖ Impact of Portuguese rule
❖ Religious Policies of Portuguese
❖ Administration of Portuguese
❖ Portuguese and Mughals
❖ Main areas of Portuguese in India
❖ Causes of downfall of Portuguese

Early Efforts:
❖ Portugal and Spain initiated efforts to reach the spice islands through three land routes.
❖ Prince Henry, the Navigator played a significant role in these endeavors.
❖ Bartholomew Dias, the first navigator under Henry's patronage, reached the Cape of Good Hope in
1487.
❖ Vasco Da Gama, supported by Gujarati pilot Abdul Majid, arrived in Calicut in 1498 via the Cape of Good
Hope.
❖ Da Gama met the Hindu king Zamorin and secured substantial profits during his three-month stay.
❖ Cabral, another navigator, arrived in India in 1500 and established the first factory in Calicut.
❖ Cabral encountered conflict with locals but signed treaties with the kings of Cannanore and Cochin.
❖ Vasco Da Gama made a second visit in 1501 but faced opposition from Arabian merchants in Calicut.
❖ Da Gama suppressed the Zamorin and established trading centers in Cannanore, Cochin, and Calicut.
Almeida:
❖ Almeida was appointed as the first governor and is credited as the founder of Portuguese power.
❖ He arrived in India in 1505 with the task of consolidating Portuguese territories and safeguarding trade
interests.
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❖ Almeida engaged in two significant battles during his tenure.

❖ The First Battle of Chaul in 1508 occurred after merchants from Venice provoked the Mamluk sultan of
Egypt and Gujarat.
❖ Almeida faced a personal tragedy as his son was killed, leading to his defeat in this battle.
❖ The Battle of Diu in 1509, also known as the Second Battle of Chaul, saw Almeida emerge victorious
against a joint army.
❖ Almeida's "Blue Water Policy," also known as the Cartaz system, aimed to establish Portuguese
dominance in the Indian Ocean.
❖ This policy sought to regulate trade routes and assert Portuguese control over maritime trade, solidifying
their position as masters of the Indian Ocean.

Renaissance: Before the Renaissance, the Church was the primary source of information and opposed
modernization and exploration across the sea. Worship of God was advocated as the means to change one's life,
and advanced civilization was believed to exist only in Europe. However, when Muslim forces captured key
religious sites, the Church was pressured to permit European exploration. Europeans discovered the advanced
civilization of the Arab world upon venturing beyond the sea. Questions were raised to the Pope, who remained
silent.
During the Renaissance:
❖ God was seen as central to human life.
❖ Events were attributed to the will of God.
❖ Limited knowledge of the world.
❖ Minimal efforts to enhance human comfort.
After the Renaissance:
❖ God's role diminished in human affairs.
❖ Present conditions were attributed to human work.
❖ Exploration and discovery expanded knowledge of the world.
❖ Efforts were made to improve human comfort and quality of life.

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 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 03
Dutch and Danes
 2

Dutch and Danes

Importance of the Portuguese Rule in India:
❖ European Age of Exploration: The Portuguese initiated this era, reshaping global trade and geography.
❖ Maritime Power: Portuguese dominated seas through advanced ships, navigation, and trade routes.
❖ Cannons on Ships: Equipped ships with cannons for naval supremacy and territorial expansion.
❖ Military Innovation: Introduced body armor, and matchlock soldiers, improving warfare effectiveness.
❖ Infantry Drilling System: Modeled after Spain, enhanced organization and battlefield success.
❖ Advanced Maritime Tactics: Mastered strategic maritime maneuvers for trade and warfare.
❖ Multi-Decked Ships: Built robust multi-deck ships for long voyages and naval strength.
❖ Goa's Artistry: Portuguese colony Goa excelled in intricate silversmith and goldsmith art.
❖ Architectural Artistry: Left architectural legacy with intricate woodwork, sculpture, and painted ceilings,
often with simple designs.
❖ Introduction of Printing Press: They Introduced Printing Press in India in 1556.
❖ First to visit India: They were first to visit India and set up factories. Their sole Purpose was to conduct trade
but weak condition of India provided them opportunity to control area
❖ Spread of Christianity: They spread Christianity.
❖ Introduction of European Administration: They introduced the Viceroy post with council for better
administration
❖ Religious Impact: Portuguese were known for their notorious religious policies. They were not tolerant. They
tried their best to convert Indians into Christianity by sending 3 missions in Mughal court.
❖ Social Impact: They introduced new dressing style such as Pyjamas, Jeans and turbans
❖ Agricultural Impact: They introduced a number of new crops like Maize, Fruits,Papaya , vegetables
(Potato,tomato,Capsicum), tobacco
❖ Architectural Impact: They introduced Gothic style of Architecture in which pointed churches were
constructed and pointed arc,stained glass windows, ripped walls and minars were constructed
Advent of Dutch Company:
❖ The Dutch company was the second company to come to India.
❖ The Dutch company was a Private company.
❖ The Dutch were from Netherlands.
❖ Cornelis-de-Hartmann was the first Dutch Citizen to reach India via Cape of Good Hope in 1596 AD.
❖ The Company was formed in 1602. It was given a charter to operate in India by the government.
❖ They were given the right to fight war and sign treaties.
Key Dutch Factories and Forts:
❖ Masulipatnam Factory (1605-1756): This was the Dutch East India Company's first factory on the
Coromandel Coast. It operated for over 150 years before being abandoned in 1756.
❖ Nizampatnam Factory (1606-1668): The Dutch established this factory as their second presence on the
Coromandel Coast, but it was eventually abandoned in 1668.
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❖ Fort Geldria (Pulicat) and Factory (1613-1825): The Dutch were granted permission to build a factory in
Pulicat in 1608. They later constructed Fort Geldria in 1613. This fort became a crucial trading post and
Dutch headquarters until 1690 when the capital shifted to Nagapattinam. After Nagapattinam's capture by
the British in 1781, Fort Geldria regained prominence as the colony's capital. The British destroyed it in 1804.
Dutch Trade:
Silk Bengal
Rice Ganga Valley
Indigo Yamuna Valley+Coastal area
Cotton Bengal
Opium Ganga Valley
English- Dutch Conflict:
❖ In 1620, agreement between both of them was signed to conduct peaceful trade.
❖ In 1623, the conflict of Amboina in which the Dutch massacred ten Englishmen and nine Japanese.
❖ In 1667, settlement took place and EIC withdrew from Indonesia.
❖ The Britishers were thrown out of Indonesia by the Dutch and now the full focus was on the expansion of
commercial activities in India.
End of Dutch Rule:
❖ The Anglo-Dutch war took place in 1672-74) and as a result, Surat and Bombay got disconnected.
❖ In the year 1759, the Dutch were defeated by the English in the decisive Battle of Bedara (Bengal) ended
Dutch power in India.
❖ The Dutch presence on the Indian subcontinent lasted from 1605 to 1825.
Danes (Denmark):
❖ The Danish EIC was established in 1616 and in 1620 they established a factory at Tranquebar (TN) and
Tanjore (TN).
❖ Their principal settlement was at Serampore, Calcutta.
❖ They were better known for their missionary activities rather than commerce.
❖ The then Danish colony included today's towns of
➢ Tharangambadi Tamil Nadu,
➢ Serampore West Bengal,
➢ Nicobar Islands
❖ In 1755, a colony Frederick Nagore (Serampore, Bengal) was later occupied by the English.
❖ After the mid-1770s Danes became weak and bankrupt and Serampore transferred to Danish Crown.
❖ Serampore is famous for the cultural and educational activities of missionaries.
❖ In 1845, Denmark ceded Serampore to Britain and ended Danish presence in Bengal.

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 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 04
Advent and Development of
English Company
 2

Advent and Development of English Company

The English East India Company (EIC):

❖ Formation:
➢ The company was founded by a group of London merchants in 1599 as the "Merchant Adventurers."
➢ Queen Elizabeth I granted a 15-year charter on December 31, 1600, allowing exclusive trade rights in
the East.
➢ It was originally a private trading company.
❖ Charter and Monopoly:
➢ The charter granted a monopoly on trade with the East Indies (India, Southeast Asia).
➢ It gave the company the right to conduct trade, form alliances, and build forts in the region.
❖ Competition and Expansion:
➢ It was formed as the third European company to reach India, following Portugal and the
Netherlands.
➢ The company faced competition from other European companies, but eventually gained a dominant
position.
➢ Around 1609, the charter was extended for an indefinite period, solidifying the company's power.
❖ Name Change:
➢ In 1600, the company was officially named the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London
Trading into the East Indies."
➢ It was informally referred to as the English East India Company (EIC) to distinguish it from similar
European companies.
 3

❖ Context:
➢ The formation of the EIC coincided with the Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604), which influenced
England's search for new trade routes and markets.

❖ First Voyage (1609):

➢ The first EIC voyage in 1601 did not go to India, but to Southeast Asia, targeting Java, Sumatra, and
Malacca.
❖ Captain William Hawkins (1609):
➢ He was sent as an ambassador (representing King James I) to the court of Mughal Emperor Jahangir.
➢ Captain Hawkins visited Agra in 1609.
➢ He requested permission to establish a trading post (factory) but faced opposition from the
Portuguese, leading to a denial.
Masulipatnam and Surat:
➢ In 1611, Hawkins shifted focus to Masulipatam, yet initially the permission for a factory remained
unavailable, later they established a factory there in 1616.
➢ Meanwhile, the English Company defeated the Portuguese in Surat in 1612.
➢ This victory, along with Hawkins' efforts, secured permission to establish a factory in Surat in 1613.
Additional Notes:
➢ Captain Hawkins reportedly impressed Jahangir with his knowledge of Turkish language, earning
him the title of "English Khan" and a position (400 Mahsab) in the Mughal court.
➢ William Finch accompanied Hawkins and later wrote about their experiences, including mentions of
Anarkali.
 4

The English East India Company's Continued Efforts in India:

Thomas Roe's Mission (1615-1619):

❖ Ambassadorial Visit: King James I dispatched Sir Thomas Roe as an ambassador to the court of Mughal
Emperor Jahangir in 1615.
❖ Objectives: Roe's primary goal was to secure additional trade privileges for the East India Company.
❖ Successful Negotiations: Through diplomatic efforts, Roe was able to obtain permission for the company to
establish trading factories in four key locations: Agra, Bharuch, Ajmer (Alemdohod), and Surat.
❖ Extended Stay: Roe remained in India from 1615 to 1619, fostering positive relations with the Mughal
court.
Acquisition of Bombay (1662, 1668):
❖ Royal Dowry: In 1662, King Charles II married the Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza. As part of
the dowry, Bombay was ceded to England.
❖ Lease Agreement: In 1668, the East India Company secured a lease agreement with King Charles II,
acquiring control of Bombay for an annual payment.
❖ Shifting Headquarters: Recognizing Bombay's strategic location, the company transferred its
headquarters by shifting the seat of the Western Presidency from Surat to Bombay in 1687.
Trading Rights in Golconda (1632):
❖ Golden Farman: In 1632, the company secured a Golden Farman (royal decree) from the Sultan of
Golconda.
❖ Trading Privileges: This decree granted the company extensive trading rights within Golconda, including
exemption from customs duties in exchange for a yearly payment of 500 pagodas.
 5

The East India Company's Expansion in South and East India:

Acquisition of Madras (1639):

❖ In 1639, the East India Company obtained permission from the local Nayak ruler to establish a fortified
trading post in Madras.
❖ Following its fortification, Madras was renamed Fort St. George.
❖ Francis Day was appointed as the first President (governor) of the settlement.
Expansion on the Eastern Coast:
❖ Following the establishment of Madras, the company moved further south on the eastern coast.
❖ They established additional trading factories in:
➢ Masulipatam on the banks of the Krishna River.
➢ Hariharpur on the banks of the Mahanadi River.
➢ Balasore in Orissa (present-day Odisha) in 1633.
Entry into Bengal:
❖ Bengal, one of the wealthiest provinces of the Mughal Empire, held significant importance due to its vibrant
trade and commerce.
❖ Recognizing its economic potential, the company sought to establish a presence in Bengal.
1. Initial Permission and Challenges:
❖ Shuja Khan, the Mughal Subedar (governor) of Bengal, granted the company permission to conduct free
trade in Bengal in exchange for an annual payment of 3,000 rupees.
❖ However, the company still faced obstacles, such as:
➢ Difficulty in procuring goods due to competition from other European companies and local merchants.
➢ Limited freedom of movement within the province.
 6

2. Establishing Outposts:
❖ Despite the challenges, the company set up several trading factories in Bengal:
➢ Hooghly in 1651.
➢ Patna (present-day Patna) and Rajmahal.
➢ Cossimbazar.
3. Ongoing Difficulties:
❖ Despite gaining a foothold in Bengal, the company continued to encounter various issues, including:
➢ Friction with local authorities and competition from other European companies.
➢ Difficulty in securing further trade privileges and navigating complex political dynamics within the
Mughal Empire.
The East India Company's Acquisition of Calcutta and Expansion through Farman:

Acquisition of Calcutta (1690-1698):

❖ In the period between 1690 and 1698, Job Charnock, an official of the East India Company, negotiated the
acquisition of zamindari rights (landlord rights) for three villages: Sutanuti, Kalikata, and Govindpur.
❖ These villages were located on the banks of the Hooghly River.
❖ In 1699, these three villages were merged to form the settlement of Calcutta.
Farman from Farrukh Siyar (1717):
❖ Following the fortification of Calcutta, it was renamed Fort William in 1700.
❖ Sir Charles Eyre was appointed as the first President (governor) of Fort William.
❖ In 1717, the company dispatched a mission led by John Surman to the Mughal court at Yed (present-day
Delhi).
❖ The mission successfully secured a royal decree (Farman) from Emperor Farrukh Siyar in 1717.
Privileges Granted by the Farman:
The Farman of 1717 granted the East India Company several trade-related privileges, including:
❖ Duty-free trade in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
❖ Permission to establish customs posts and mint coins.
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❖ Exemption from internal tolls and taxes on their trade goods.

❖ Right to fortify their settlements in Bengal.
Privileges Granted by the Farman of 1717:

The Farman of 1717 granted the East India Company specific privileges in various regions of India:
Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa:
❖ Free Trade Rights: The company was granted the right to conduct trade without any customs duties
within these three provinces.
❖ Annual Payment: However, they were required to pay an annual sum of 3,000 rupees in exchange for this
privilege.
Madras:
❖ The Farman reaffirmed the company's existing privileges in Madras, which likely included:
➢ Permission to trade and establish factories.
➢ Exemption from certain local taxes and duties.
Surat:
❖ To obtain free trade rights in Surat, the company needed to make an annual payment of 18,000 rupees.
Hyderabad:
❖ The company possibly received similar trade privileges in Hyderabad as they did in Bengal, Bihar, and
Orissa.
Bombay:
The company was allowed to circulate its own coins, minted in Bombay, throughout India.
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 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 05
French Company &
Discussion of Questions
 2

French Company & Discussion of Questions

The Formation and Expansion of the French East India Company:

Formation:
❖ In 1664, French entrepreneur Formolien expressed keen interest in establishing a government-backed
trading company focused on the East Indies. He received support from Jean-Baptiste Colbert, a powerful
minister under King Louis XIV.
Initial Attempts:
❖ The company's initial efforts outside India were unsuccessful.
➢ They attempted to revivify French settlements in Madagascar but encountered difficulties.
Shifting Focus to India:
❖ Following the unsuccessful attempts in Madagascar, the company shifted its focus to India.
Expansion in India:
❖ 1667: With the support of King Louis XIV, the company established its first factory (trading post) in Surat,
India, led by François Caron.
❖ 1669: The company established its second factory in Masulipatnam, India, under the leadership of
Merrara, a Flemish individual who accompanied Caron and secured permission from the King of
Golconda.
 3

Expansion in Bengal:
❖ 1673: The company obtained permission from Shaista Khan, the Mughal governor of Bengal, to establish
factories in the region.
❖ Qasim Bazar and Chandernagore: They established factories in these two locations, further strengthening
their commercial presence.
Acquisition of Pondicherry:
❖ 1673: François Martin, a representative of the company, secured a land grant (puram) from the Bijapur
Sultanate in Valikondapuram.
❖ 1674: Pondicherry, a town located within Valikondapuram, flourished under French control and became the
company's principal base in India.
Leadership Change:
❖ 1674: François Martin replaced François Caron as the Governor of the French settlements in India. Caron
had established the first French factory in Surat.
 4

Factory Locations:
❖ The French East India Company established factories throughout India to facilitate trade and commerce.
These locations included:
➢ Surat
➢ Masulipatam
➢ Qasim Bazar (Bengal)
➢ Chandernagore (Bengal)
➢ Pondicherry (Main Base)
➢ Mahe (Coromandel Coast)
➢ Karikal
➢ Balasore (Orissa)
Treaty of Ryswick:
❖ In 1690, during the Nine Years' War, the English East India Company captured Pondicherry, the French
company's primary base in India.
❖ The war concluded with the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697.
❖ As a consequence of the treaty, Pondicherry was restored to the French East India Company, allowing
them to maintain their presence in India.

The Anglo-French Wars in India:

❖ General causes led to conflicts between the French and the English.
❖ Overview of the First Anglo-French War.
❖ Insight into the Second Anglo-French War.
❖ Examination of the Third Anglo-French War.
❖ Causes behind the defeat of the French Company in the war.
❖ Factors contributing to the victory of the French Company.
❖ Outcomes of the Carnatic Wars, specifically focusing on the Anglo-Carnatic War.
❖ The significant role played by Dupleix.
❖ The role of Robert Clive in the context of these wars.
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Practice Questions:
Q. Describe the briefly different phases Of the struggle between English and French for Supremacy in India.
Q. What were the general causes of the conflict between the French and the English companies in India?
Q. Mainly European causes were responsible for the struggle between both companies.
Q. Write a short note on the first Anglo-French war.
Q. Write a short note on the second Anglo-French war
Q. Write a short note on the 3rd Anglo-French war.
Q. Trace the contribution of Clive in the victory of the British company.
Q. Do you think that Robert Clive was the real founder of a British company in India?
Q. Discuss the results of the Anglo-French struggle in India.
Q. What were the general causes of the conflict between the French and the English companies in India?

Trade Rivalry:
❖ Competition for Resources: Both the French and English East India Companies were established for
commercial gain. They sought to monopolize trade routes and control access to valuable resources like
spices, textiles, and precious metals in India. This inherent competition fueled conflict between the two
companies.
Traditional Rivalry:
❖ Extension of European Conflicts: Existing political and military rivalries between France and England in
Europe extended to their colonial outposts, including India. Wars like the War of the Austrian
Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) had direct repercussions in India, leading
to clashes between the companies.
 6

❖ Geopolitical Competition: Both France and England were major European powers trying for dominance
on the global stage. This rivalry translated into their desire to expand their respective empires, particularly
in strategically important regions like India. The Carnatic Wars (1744-1763) exemplify this struggle for
supremacy.
Close Proximity:
❖ Geographic and Colonial Proximity: France and England being close neighbors in Europe fostered a
sense of competition. This proximity was further amplified as both companies established trading posts in
close proximity to each other across India, creating a constant potential for friction and conflict.
Weak Political Conditions in India:
❖ Power Vacuum in the Subcontinent: The decline of the centralized Mughal Empire in the 18 century th

created a power vacuum in India. This political fragmentation and lack of strong central authority enabled
European companies to intervene in local politics, often siding with different factions and contributing to
instability. This further fueled conflict between the French and English as they sought to exploit the situation
for their own benefit.
❖ Regional Power Shifts: The death of influential figures like the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1748 further
destabilized the political landscape in South India, creating opportunities for European companies to meddle
in regional power struggles and potentially clashing with each other in the process.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 06
Anglo-French Struggle
 2

Anglo-French Struggle
First Anglo-French War:
Causes and Progress of War:
❖ The initial catalyst for the First Anglo-French War arose from the Austrian War of Succession, which
commenced in 1740.
❖ The conflict between Britain and France in Europe reverberated in their respective colonies, such as India,
and they started fighting in India.
❖ Dupleix was the french Governor, and Nicholos Morse was British Governor.
❖ Dupleix (French Governor) knew the weakness of French in Navy, and he got help from La Bourdonnais
(Governor of Mauritius).
❖ Victory of Madras: In the victory of Madras, both La Bourdonnais and Dupleix emerged triumphant. La
Bourdonnais initially intended to return Madras to the British company after receiving payment, but Dupleix
recognized the strategic significance of Madras. Ultimately, La Bourdonnais relented and returned Madras in
exchange for 400,000 rupees before departing. Now Duplex recaptured it.
❖ War of Adyar:
➢ Adyar was near Madras. Both areas were territory of Carnatic.
➢ Duplex promised Nawab Anwar-ud-din, the ruler of Carnatic, that Madras would be handed over to him
after its conquest.
➢ However, Dupleix failed to fulfill his promise, prompting Nawab to seek assistance from a British
company, and fought against Fench but he lost the battle (In the battle of Adyar).
❖ Treaty of Aix-La-Chapple:
➢ Austrian war of succession was ended in Europe, and treaty of Aix-La-Chapple was signed (treaty
negotiated largely by Britain and France, with the other powers following their lead, ending the War of
the Austrian Succession (1740–48).
➢ In India, both had to return each other won territories. It means the French had to return Madras.
Result of First Carnatic War:
❖ First Carnatic war was ended in 1748 except European forces learned that their well-organized small army
could triumph over the larger Indian Army.
❖ The weakness of Indian states was highlighted during the war of Adyar, in which Nawab Anwarud-din
was defeated.
IInd Carnatic War (1749-54):
❖ Causes:
➢ Old animosity which was developed during first carnatic war.
 3

➢ War of succession in Hyderabad was also a cause of iind carnatic war.

➢ In 1748, the Nizam passed away, leading to a struggle for power between Mujaffar Jung, supported by
the French, and Nasir Jung, backed by the English.
➢ War of succession was started in Carnatic region, and Anwarud-din was present Nawab.
➢ Anwarud-din was present nawab, supported by English and Chanda sahib was son of former nawab
Dost Ali, and he was supported by French.
➢ The primary catalyst for the Second Carnatic War stemmed from the conflict over succession in
Hyderabad and Carnatic.
❖ Progress of War:
➢ War of Ambur:
✓ This war was faught between the English and the French.
✓ Nawab Anwarud-din was killed by the French.
✓ Chanda Sahib was made Nawab of Carnatic by the French company.
✓ Chanda Sahib gave the 80 villages to a French company near Pondicherry.
✓ In this way, the French influence was seen in Carnatic.
➢ French Influence in Hyderabad:
✓ Dupliex got help from Bussi (he was french military general who active in coromandal coast).
✓ Dupliex successfully facilitated Salavat Jung's ascension to the Nizam of Hyderabad, with Salavat
being the sibling of Mujaffar Jung who died recently.
✓ In this way, French influence seen in Carnatic and Hyderabad.
➢ Raid on Trichinopoly:
✓ In Trichinopoly, there were three armies were fighting like British, French, and Mysore Army.
➢ Raid on Arcot:
✓ Robert Clive, who was having small post in an English East India company.
✓ He gave suggestions to his seniors, and he also advised to attack in Arcot, the capital of Carnatic.
✓ His advised was followed, and the English company easily captured Arcot, and fall of capital was
the fall of Carnatic.
✓ After this incident Dupliex was called by the French.
Third Carnatic War:
❖ Cause:
➢ Seven year war was started in Europe (1755-56).
➢ France and Britain were fighting against each other, and the Reflection was seen in India also.
❖ Progress of War:
➢ Count-de-Lally was sent in India in the place of Dupliex, but at that time British company became
powerful after Plassey.
 4

➢ The war was fought, but the French company's position was precarious. Count de Lally managed to
capture Madras, but ultimately had to relinquish it to the British.
❖ The last war was faught in Wandiwash (near Pondicerry), and French company lost it.
❖ Treaty of Paris:
➢ As the events unfolded in India, a treaty was signed in Europe, bringing an end to both the war on the
European continent and the conflict in India.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 07
Anglo-French War
 2

Anglo-French War
Results of the Carnatic Wars:
❖ The results of the first Carnatic War, the second Carnatic War, and the third Carnatic War are like:
➢ The British company won and put lots of restrictions on the French company.
➢ Impact from the French Side:
✓ The French company was not allowed to fortify their settlements or factories like:
a. The French could use factories only for trading purposes.
b. They had to conduct trade with the British company.
c. They could not keep an army in factories.
d. They were not allowed to develop relations with Indian rulers.
➢ Impact from the British Side:
✓ The British company understood the following things:
a. No Indian ruler was powerful.
b. The company’s small well-organized army could defeat the large Indian army.
c. The greed of the company was seen to establish an empire in India.
d. The fear from the French side was ended.
➢ Impact from the Indian Side:
✓ The Indian rulers understood the following:
a. They accepted that the European rulers were more powerful in the context of war, strategy, army,
administration, etc.
b. They started taking help from the British company to settle their disputes with other Indian rulers.

Aspect:
Q. Discuss the causes of the Anglo-French war along with their impact.
Part 1: Both the companies were trading companies and came to India to get benefits out of the trade, but
they developed trade rivalry and had to fight three wars, in which the British company won. The impact of
these wars was very important.
Part 2: In this part, we have to write causes in 50 words.
❖ Both were trading companies, types of trade, having traditional as well as trading rivalry, European
incidents such as the Austrian war of succession and seven-year war, war of succession in India
(Karnataka and Hyderabad), weak central power, and unstable political conditions.
Part 3: Discuss the impacts in 50 words:
❖ Explain the impact under three sub-heads:
➢ The French Side
➢ The British Side, and
➢ The Indian Side
 3

❖ Aspect 1: Discuss the causes of the defeat of the French company in the Carnatic wars.
❖ Aspect 2: Discuss the causes of the victory of the English company in the Carnatic wars.

Factors British Company (Part 1) French Company (Part 2)

❖ Nature of the company ❖ The British Company was a private ❖ The French company was a
company. government company (Fully
controlled by the French
company).

❖ Support ❖ The British Company got full support ❖ The French company was
from the British government. unable to get full support.

❖ Independence of the ❖ The officials of the British company ❖ The officials were very
company were free and independent. dependent on the French
company.

❖ Cooperation ❖ The British Company has a high ❖ The French company had a
level of cooperation and team low level of cooperation and
spirit. a lack of team spirit.

❖ Government Interest ❖ The British government took a keen ❖ Luke-warm interest was
interest in the English company. taken by the French company.

❖ Military Ability ❖ Britain was known as the Queen of ❖ Dupleix accepted his weakness
Ocean, which means having a strong in the context of the navy.
navy and military.

❖ Financial Support ❖ Britain always stood to help ❖ The financial condition of

companies financially. France was not good.

❖ Military Leadership ❖ Robert Clive emerged as a great ❖ Dupleix was having some
military strategist and leader. character issues like arrogance,
and committing numeral
mistakes like deploying all
soldiers in Trichinapoly.

❖ Interest of ❖ Shareholders of the British ❖ It's a government company so

Shareholders companies took a keen interest in there were no such interests.
the company.
 4

❖ Rich resources ❖ The company got Bengal, known as ❖ Madras was not as rich as
one of the richest provinces. Bengal.

❖ Organization of the ❖ The English company had a better ❖ The French company had a
company organization Poor organization.

❖ Diplomacy ❖ The Diplomacy of the British ❖ The Diplomacy of the French

company was very superior. company was not good.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 08
Downfall of the Mughals
 2

Downfall of the Mughals

The downfall of the Mughals:

❖ We have to cover this topic under the following heads:

➢ Basic of Mughal Kings.
✓ The basics of the great Mughals.
✓ The basics of the weak Mughals.
✓ Policies of the Bahadur Shah, Jahandar Shah, and the Farukhsiyar.
➢ Causes of the downfall of the Mughals.
✓ Causes of the downfall of the Mughals, in which Aurangzeb was responsible.
✓ Causes of the downfall of the Mughals for which Aurangzeb was not responsible.
✓ Attack of the Nadir Shah.
✓ Attack of the Abdali.

Note: Question asked in Mains.

Q. Why were major battles fought in Panipat? Discuss

The Great Mughals:

❖ The Babur (1526-30):
➢ Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire.
➢ He could not put it under efficient administration.
➢ The first battle of the Panipat was fought in 1526, and Ibrahim
Lodhi was defeated by Babur.
➢ He fought mainly four battles as battle of Panipat (1526), Khanwa
(1527), Chanderi (1528), and Ghagara (1529).
➢ He could not concentrate on providing good administration because he
died so early.
❖ The Humanyun (1530-56):
➢ The Humanyun was the son of Babur
➢ He fought two battles the Battle of Chausa and Kannauj, and finally,
in the battle of Kannnauj he was defeated and then he left India.
➢ He could not perform well, as he was not able.
 3

❖ The Akbar (1556-1605):

➢ He consolidated the Mughal Empire.
➢ Various policies were introduced by him to strengthen the empire.
➢ The Second Battle of Panipat held between him and Samrat Hem Chandra
Vikramaditya, known as Hemu, the Hindu ruler of North India based in
Delhi, against Akbar's army. Akbar won here.
❖ The Jahangir (1605-27):
➢ He also consolidated the Mughal Empire.
➢ Various policies were introduced by him to strengthen the empire.
❖ The Shah Jahan (1627-58):
➢ The Mughal Empire was the financial peak of his period.

➢ During the Shah Jahan period spent a lot of money on Architecture.

❖ The Aurangzeb (1658-1707):
➢ The Mughal Empire was at its peak.
➢ There were 21 suba (provinces-One province in Kabul, 14 in the North region,
and 6 were in the Deccan region) after the victory of Bijapur, and Golconda.
➢ He died in Deccan in 1707.
➢ A war of succession was seen just after his death among his three sons.
➢ Kabul was under the Muazzam, Gujarat was under the Azam, and
Deccan was under the Kambaksh.
➢ In the Deccan region, there were six Subas such as Ahmednagar, Bidar,
Barar, Bijapur, Khandesh, and Hyderabad. These Subas were under the
Kambaksh.
➢ Finally, the war of succession won the Muazzam and became the next
Mughal Emperor with the title of Bahadur-Shah-I.
➢ After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal empire started declining.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 09
Downfall of Mughals
(Part - 02)
 2

Downfall of Mughals (Part - 02)

Mughal Rulers Bahadur shah-I Jahandar shah Farukh siyar

Time period (1707-1712) (1712-1713) (1713-1719)

It was seen among It was seen among four Here, there was no War of
three sons of Aurangzeb sons. Succession
Muazzam Rafi -Ush-Shan
War of Succession
Muhammad Azam Shah Jahan Shah
Muhammad Kambakhsh Jahandar Shah and
Azim Ush Shan
Julfikar Ali Khan was Syed brothers
Wazir the wazir. Abdulla Khan was the
wazir, and Hussen Ali
1. War of Succession 1. War of 1. No war of succession
2. Policies towards Succession 2. He followed no Jizya
Hindus 2. He ended Jizya and abolished
Policies / Incidents 3. Policies towards Tax Pilgrimage tax
Rajputs 3. Policies towards 3. Policies towards
4. Policies towards Rajputs Rajputs
Sikhs 4. Policies towards Sikh
was continued
 3

5. Policies towards Jats 4. Policies towards 5. Policies towards Jats

+ Bundelas Sikh were + Bundelas
6. Administrative continued. 6. Administrative
policies 5. Policies towards policies
7. Marathas policy Jats + Bundelas
6. Administrative
policies
 Foundation of Mughal Empire was done by Babar after defeating Ibrahim Lodi in 1526.
 The Mughal Empire lost its glory and started its downfall after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. After the
Aurangzeb series of weak Mughal emperors.
 The process of downfall was started during the period of Bahadur Shah, and the process was completed with
the death of Muhammad Shah Rangeela (1748).
Policies/Incidents
1. War of succession
1. Death of Aurangzeb -1707
2. A war of succession between his three sons
 Muazzam
 Azam
 Kam baksh
3. Muazam won the war and became king with the title Bahadur Shah.
4. He was 65 years old as per NCERT, and as per spectrum, he was 63 years old.
5. Muazzam was governor of kabul
6. He was called Shah e Bekhabar by the famous Mugal writer Muhammad Hashim, also known as Khafi
Khan.
2. Policy towards hindu
1. He followed the policy of compromise and conciliation.
2. He abandoned the policy of Aurangzeb.
3. Bahadur Shah adopted a tolerant policy.
4. The Hindu rajas were not tortured.
3. Rajput policy
1. In the beginning, he tried to suppress the Rajput kings: Jai Singh of Amber (Jaipur) and Ajit Singh of
Marwad (Jodhpur). Later, he started supporting them.
2. Jai Singh was to be replaced by his younger brother, Vijay Singh.
3. Ajit Singh was compelled to submit before the Mugal authorities.
4. He also tried to fix the Mugal army in the cities of Mewar (Amber and Marwar).
5. Later, Bahadur Shah amended his mistake, supported them, and restored the power of Ajit Singh and Jai
Singh.
6. They were given a high Mansab (Rank in court).
7. Their demand to have Malwa and Gujarat was not accepted.
 4

4. Policies towards marathas

1. A half-hearted conciliatory policy was adopted towards marathas.
2. Sahu was released from prison (He had been arrested by Aurangzeb).
3. Though he was not released yet, he was not accepted as a maratha leader.
4. So in the Maratha area, conflict started between Tarabai and Sahu. She was the widow of Rajaram, and
she was ruling.
5. No right was given to collect taxes, i.e., Chauth (land tax) and Sardeshmukhi (¼) of total producers.
5. Policy towards sikh
1. A suppression policy was adopted against Sikhs after the death of the 10th Guru (Guru Gobind Singh)..
Banda bahadur conducted a revolt against mughals.
2. He captures modern Punjab and the area between Jhelum and Yamuna.
3. Bahadur Shah captured Lohagarh Fort, which was built by Gobind Singh.
4. Bahadur Shah died while fighting against the Sikhs.
6. Policy towards Jat and Bundelas
1. Adopted a conciliatory policy against the Jat leader (Churaman).
2. Bundela leader (Chhatrasal)
3. Both helped him against Sikhi.

 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 10
Downfall of Mughals
(Part - 03)
 2

Downfall of Mughals (Part - 03)

Policies:
1. War of succession
Bahadur Shah (1707–1712)
1. After the death of Aurangzeb, a war of succession was started among his three sons, Muazzam, Azam, and
Kambaksh.
2. Muazzam was governor of Kabul, Gujarat, and Deccan.
3. Muazzam won and became Mughal Emperor with the title Bahadur Shah-I.
4. He was also called Shah e Bekhabar by Muhammad Hashim.
5. He was also known as Khafhi Khan.
Jahandar Shah (1712–1713)
1. After the death of Bahadur Shah, a war of succession was started among his four sons.
2. Ajim ush shan, Jahan shan, Jahandar shah and Rafi-ush-shan
Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719)
1. No war of succession
2. Jahandar Shah was killed by the Sayyid brothers.
3. The Sayyid brothers were influential in Mugal court.
4. Brother names were Abdula Khan and Hussain Ali.
5. Abdullah Khan was the elder brother of Wazir and Mir Bakshi.
2. Policy toward Hindus
Bahadur shah:
1. He discarded the anti-Hindu policy of Aurangzeb.
2. Adopted compromise and conciliatory policy
3. He was a religiously tolerant person.
4. He did not destroy the temple.
5. But he didn't abolish the Jizya tax.
6. He did not abolish the pilgrim tax.
Jalandhar shah:
1. He discarded the anti-Hindu policy of Aurangzeb.
2. Adopted compromise and conciliatory policy
3. He was a religiously tolerant person.
4. He did not destroy the temple.
5. But he abolished the Jizya tax.
Farrukhsiyar:
1. He abolished Pilgrim tax
3. Policy towards Rajput
 3

Bahadur shah
1. In the beginning, a reactionary policy was adopted under Amber (Jaipur). The king of Jaipur was Jai Singh,
who was to be replaced by his younger brother.
2. The name of his younger brother was Vijay Singh.
3. Marwar (Jodhpur): Ajit Singh was king and was compelled to submit before mughal authorities.
4. But later, he accepted his mistake and adopted a conciliatory policy.
5. He restored their power.
6. High Mansab was given.
7. They were not given the Subedari of Malwa and Gujarat.
Jahandar shah
1. A conciliatory policy was adopted.
2. Mirja Raja's title was given to Jai Singh, and he was made subedar of Malwa.
3. Maharaja title was given, and Gujrat was given subedari of Gujrat.
Farrukhsiyar
1. The Sawai title was given by Farrukhsiyar to Jai Singh.
2. He was also given high rank in Mughal court.
4. Sikh policy :
Bahadur shah:
Guru Gobind Singh was the 10th guru.
1. In the beginning, a conciliatory policy was adopted.
2. The killing of Guru by Wajir Khan fueled the Sikh rebellion.
Banda bahadur
1. A pupil of Guru Gobind Singh became the first political leader of the Sikhs.
2. Started rebelling against mughals
3. As a result, reactionary and anti-Sikh policies were adopted.
4. Banda Bahadur controlled or captured the area between Sutlej and Yamumna.
5. Bahadur Shah captured Lohagad Fort (Sarhind Punjab).
Jahandar shah :
1. Anti sikh policy was adopted
Farrukhsiyar:
1. Banda bahadur was arrested and killed in delhi
5. Maratha policy
Bahadur Shah:
1. A half-hearted conciliatory policy was adopted.
2. Sahu was released from prison after being arrested by Aurangzeb.
3. But he was not accepted as Maratha leader.
4. Conflict started with Tara Bai, and she was the widow of Raja Ram.
5. He did not give the right of Chauth (¼) and Sardeshmukhi (1/10th).
 4

Jahandar shah:
1. Rights were given to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi.
2. Condition: Collected by mughal officials and handed to a maratha official.
Farrukhsiyar:
1. Given the right to Sahu to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi of 6 Suba (Province of Deccan).
2. Sahu would help them with 15k soldiers.

6. Policy towards Jats

Bahadur Shah:
1. Conciliatory measures were adopted against Jat leader Churman.
2. In return, Churaman helped Bahadur Shah against Sikhs.
7. Policy towards Bundelas
Bahadur shah
1. Bundelas were situated in Bundelkhand.
2. A conciliation policy was adopted against Bundelas Sardar (Chhatrasal).
3. He remained loyal.
8. British policy towards company
Bahadur shah
1. No policies during Bahadur Shah and Jahandar Shah.
Farrukhsiyar
1. Issued a royal order to the company and gave many trade relaxations.
2. Royal order for Bengal, Surat, and Hyderabad
3. Bengal duty-free trade facilities were given against 3000 rupees.
4. The company was given the right to issue a Dastak (free pass).
In Surat:
1. Duty free trade facilities were given against 10,000 rupees
In hyderabad:
1. Trade facilities were given in hyderabad also
 5

Mughal emperor from rafi-ud-darjat to bahadur shah-II

Rafi-ud-Darjat
 Faruskhiyar was killed by sayyed brothers they made Darjat as next mughal emperor and he later died due to
tuberculosis
 He ruled for the shortest period among the Mughals.
Rafi-ud-Daula
 After Darjat Rafi Udualla was made the next Mughal Emperor, he died due to a loose motion.
 He consumed opium.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 11
Downfall of Mughals (Part - 04)
 2

Downfall of Mughals (Part - 04)

Causes of Downfall of Mughals:
 Causes can be understood under two heads such as:
 Causes attributed to Aurangzeb like:
 Reversal of Akbar’s religious policy.
 The conquest of Bijapur and Golconda.
 Long war in the Deccan region.
 Policy against the Shias.
 Policy against the Shikhs.
 Policy against the Rajputs.
 Policy against the Marathas.
 Causes, for which Aurangzeb was not responsible like:
 The weak successor of Aurangzeb.
 Various groups in the Mughal courts.
 War of succession.
 Rise of the Peshava.
 Religious cause.
 Economic cause/problems.
 The advent of the European companies and neglect of naval power by the Mughals.
 The Foreign Attacks.
Causes attributed to Aurangzeb like:
Introduction:
 Babar was the founder of the Mughal Empire.
 Akbar consolidated the Mughal empire.
 Aurangzeb was the last powerful ruler of the Mughal Empire.
 The Mughal empire started becoming weak and finally, it declined due to the causes in which Aurangzeb was
responsible and the other causes as well.
Explain in Short, how Aurangzeb was Responsible:
 Aurangzeb is attributed with reversing Akbar’s religious policies, conquering Bijapur and Golconda,
engaging in prolonged warfare in the Deccan region, implementing policies against the Shias, Sikhs,
Rajputs, and Marathas.
Religious Cause (Reversal of Akbar’s religious policy by Aurangzeb):
Akbar Aurangzeb
 Liberal religious policy was adopted.  Orthodox policy was adopted.
 Akbar got Hindus support.  He did not get Hindus support.
 There was no interference in the life of  There was interference in the life of people.
people.  He imposed Jijya.
 He abolished Jijya.  He imposed the pilgrim tax.
 He abolished the pilgrim tax.  He followed anti-Hindu policy.
 Appointment of Hindus in various posts like  He demolished the Hindu temple.
Birbal, Raja Todermal, and Maan Singh.  He compelled Hindus, Sikhs, and Rajputs to adopt Islam,
 He did not demolish the Hindu temple. and as a result, they became anti, and started revolts.
 3

Long War in the Deccan:

 He conquered Bijapur and Golconda.
 He had to devote around 25 years to the Deccan, and as a result, revolts were seen in the North due to the
absence of Aurangzeb.
Policy Against Shias:
 Aurangzeb was the Sunni while Bijapur and Golconda were Shias.
 He wanted to set up Sunnism and suppress Bijapur and Golconda.
Note:
 Deccan ulcer destroyed the Aurangzeb while Spanish ulcer destroyed the Napolean.

Weak Communication of Aurangzeb:

 His attempts to gain control over the vast empire were thwarted by the limitations of communication and
transportation, resulting in failure.
Policy Against Rajputs:
 Akbar got the support of Rajputs as he knew the importance of them. He developed the matrimonial affairs
and appointed them to higher posts in the Mughal court, but Aurangzeb failed to do this, even though he
killed Rajput Jaswant Sigh.
Policy Against Shikhs:
 Akbar and Jahangir pursued a conciliatory approach, whereas Aurangzeb's actions, such as the execution
of Guru Tegbahadur, led to Sikh discontent and eventual rebellion. Consequently, Guru Gobind Singh,
the tenth Guru, engaged in conflict against the Mughals.
Policy Against the Marathas:
 Maratha and Mughals were traditional enemies.
 Annexation of Bijapur and Golconda made Maratha free in the Deccan, and Aurangzeb had to devote
25 years in the Deccan region to suppress their revolt.
 At that time the new revolts were started in the north due to the absence of Aurangzeb.
The Cause in which Aurangzeb was not Responsible:
 Weak Successor of Aurangzeb:
 The subsequent rulers following Aurangzeb were often characterized as lacking in leadership qualities,
plagued by greed, and ineffectual in their governance. Bahadur Shah was dubbed Shah-i-
Bekhabar, Jahandar Shah's reputation suffered due to his loose morals, and Farukhshiya was
deemed lacking in courage. Muhammad Shah earned the epithet Rangeela for his inclination
towards a lavish lifestyle.
 Various Cliques:
 The Mughal court was divided into four prominent factions, each often engaged in conflicts with one
another.
 Iranian Group:
i. Zulfiqar Ali Khan belonged to a group that originated from Persia.
 Turanian Group:
ii. Chin Qulich Khan was part of a group hailing from Tehran.
 4

 Afghani Group:
iii. Ali Muhammad Khan was a member of this group hailing from Afghanistan.
 Hindustani Group:
iv. Sayyid Brothers were the member of this group.
 War of Succession:
 There were no proper rules for succession.
 The Quran asserts that the Mightiest will become the King.
 So, leading to a weakening of the empire due to conflicts over succession.
 Rise of Peshwa:
 Under the Peshawa Raghunath Rao Peshwa emerged as a powerful ruler of India.
 They gave a threat to the Mughals, and they wanted to set up Hindu Rule.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 12
Downfall of Mughals and
Rise of States
 2

Downfall of Mughals and Rise of States

Religious Policy of Aurangzeb:
 Aurangzeb's religious policies, such as the imposition of Jizya and pilgrim taxes, along with the lack of
opportunities for Hindus and their suppression, exemplify a restrictive approach towards religious
freedom and tolerance during his reign.
 The later Mughal religious policy can be understood under the Aurangzeb’s religious policy.
Economic Policy of Aurangzeb:
 Aurangzeb's prolonged stay in the Deccan region was followed by revolts from the Jat, Marathas, Sikhs,
and Deccan states. His lack of focus on trade contributed to the weakening of the economy.
Advent of Europeans:
 Many European companies came and captured the main trading centers, and got trading facilities like
duty-free trades.
 They started capturing the areas, and trade was shifted from the hands of the Mughals.
Foreign Attacks:
 The incursions by Nadir and Ahmed Shah Abdali underscored the weaknesses within the Mughal empire.
Nadir Shah:
 Early Life:
 He was born in Khorasan, Turkmenistan in a Turkoman Family.
 His full name Kuli Nadir Shah.
 He also ended the Saffarid dynasty.
 He became the king of Persia in 1736.
 Causes of his Attack:
 He had an ambitious nature and attacked in the Kandahar.
 Muhammad Shah earned the epithet Rangeela for his inclination towards a lavish lifestyle.
 In 1722, Oudh was separated and became a separate state, and in 1727 Bengal became a separate state.
 The Fabulous wealth of India attracted to foreigners.
 The Mughals neglected the North-Western Frontier.
 Attack of Nadir Shah:
 Nadir Shah's incursion into Kabul occurred in 1738, followed by the surrender of Nasir Khan, the
Governor of Peshawar. Continuing his advance, Nadir Shah crossed Peshawar and subsequently
traversed the Indus River at Attock in 1739.
 After defeating the Governor of Lahore, Nadir Shah proceeded towards Delhi but engaged in battle in
Karnal.
 Muhammad Shah, Nizam, and Sadat Khan suffered defeat in Karnal within a mere three hours.
Following this loss, Nizam quickly arranged to return 50 lakh rupees to Nadir Shah.
 Nadir Shah in Delhi:
 Nadir Shah's incursion into Delhi was instigated by Sadat Khan, leading to the establishment of
Persian rule in 1739, marked by the minting of coins and the issuance of khutba.
 3

 The rumor of his demise spread rapidly, resulting in the brutal deaths of approximately 700 soldiers in
the face of Nadir's fury. The massacre persisted for around 8 hours, claiming the lives of an estimated
30,000 people.
 Following the carnage, Nadir acquired significant booty, including 30 crores in cash, 100 elephants,
7000 horses, 1000 camels, 130 scribes, 200 blacksmiths, 300 masons, 100 stonecutters, and 200
carpenters. Notably, he also obtained the Kohinoor Diamond and the illustrious Peacock Throne.
 Impact of Attack:
 The attack by Nadir Shah underscored the Mughal Empire's weakness and accelerated its
disintegration. Following the plunder, the empire's financial situation weakened, leaving its western
territories vulnerable. Consequently, the western border, extending from Punjab to Sindh and Kabul,
became exposed, facilitating further incursions such as those by Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Mughal Emperor From Rafi-ud-daula (1719) to Bahadur Shah (1863):
 Rafi-ud-darajat: (1719)
 He was the next Mughal emperor after the Farukhshiyar.
 As we know, the Sayyid Brothers Abdullah Khan and Hussain Ali killed Farukhshiyar and made Rafi-
ud-Darjat Mughal emperor.
 Sayyid Brothers were known as kingmakers, and they made a total of four kings such as Bahadur Shah,
Jahandar Shah, and Farukhsiyar.
 Abdullah Khan was an elder brother who was made Wazir while Hussain Ali was a younger brother
who was made Mir Bakshi, Military Commander.
 All power was kept by the Sayyid Brothers in their hand.
 Rafi-ud-darajat used to consume wine, and he died due to Tuber Culosis.
 Rafi-ud-daula: (1719)
 After Rafi-ud-darajat death in the same year Rafi-ud-daula made next emperor.
 He was also incapable and the real power in the hands of Sayyid's brother only.
 He consumed opium and died due to loose motion.
 Muhammad Shah Rangeela: (1719-48)
 Muhammad Shah, was called Rangeela due to his pleasant seeking lifestyle.
 He used to devote maximum time in Harab in the company of women.
 Sayyid Brothers tried to control him, but he killed them with the help of Nizam ul Mulk.
 Nizam ul Mulk was appointed subedar of six suba of the Deccan by Farukh siyar, and he was called
back by Muhammad Shah.
 He was made wazir between 1722-24.
 Nizam ul Mulk was fed up with the corrupt environment of Delhi, and he got back in the Deccan and set
up his independent state in Hyderabad in 1724.
 During the period of Muhammad Shah the process of disintegration of the Mughal empire was
completed and a number of rises of independent states were seen such as Awadh in 1722 by Saadat
Khan Burhan-ul-mulk, in 1724 Hyderabad by Nizam ul Mulk, in 1727 Bengal by Murshid kuli
khan.
 Muhammad Shah Rangeela fought the battle of Karnal with Nadir Shah and was defeated.
 He was the last powerful Mughal who died in 1748.
 4

 Ahmad Shah: (1748-54)

 He was also Rangeela like Muhammad Shah.
 Alamgir-II: (1754-1758)
 After Ahmad Shah, Alamgir-II was made the Mughal emperor.
 He was killed by his wazir Imad Shah and threw his dead body into the Yamuna river.
 Shah Alam-II: (1758-1806)
 Shah Alam-II was called wondering king, and he was not allowed to stay in Capital.
 He fought the Battle of Buxar, with company and was defeated.
 He gave Diwani rights to Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha.
 He became the first pensioner of the company.
 During his period Delhi was captured by the company in 1803.
 Akbar-II: (1806-1827)
 Akbar-II gave title to Raja ram mohan roy.
 Bahadur Shah (Zafar): (1827-1863)
 He was the last Mughal emperor, who took part in 1857.
 After the revolt he was sent to Rangoon, where he died in 1869.
Rise of States:
 After the downfall of the Mughals states emerged.
 There were three types of states that emerged such as:
 Successor States:
 They were set up by the Mughal governors.
 They were like Hyderabad, Karnataka, and Bengal.
 They kept on sending tributes.
 Rebellion States:
 They were founded after conducting revolts by Jat, Marathas, and Sikhs.
 Other States:
 They were further divided into two parts like:
i. Southeast like Mysore.
ii. South West like Kerala.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 13
Rise of States (Part-2)
 2

Rise of States (Part-2)

Hyderabad
 It was founded in 1724 by Nizam-ul-Mulk. He was called by different names:
 Asaf-Jhah
 Chin Qulich Khan
 Nizam-ul-Mulk
 Fraukh Siyar: first appointed him as the Governor of 6 Suba of Deccan: Ahmadnagar, Barar, Bijapur,
Khandesh, Hyderabad.
 Muhammad Shah Rangeela: He called him back and with his help, was able to get rid of the Sayyid Brothers.
Made Nizam Wazir in 1722-24, but he didn’t like it. So he set up his independent states in Hyderabad.
 He appointed Pura Chand a Diwan, and kept on sending trouble to the Mughal Empire.
 He took part in the Battle of Karnal in 1739.
Carnatic
 It was a Mughal Suba but under the authority of Nizam of Hyderabad.
 Declared its independence from Nizam, but kept on sending tribute to Nizam.
 Founder of Carnatic was Saadat-ullah Khan.
Jats
 They were peasants related to agriculture, later, they became zamindars, and they used to collect revenue.
 They spread in Delhi, Mathura, Bharatpur, and nearby areas.
 Main 3 Jat Leaders: Churaman, Badan Singh, and Suraj Mal.
 Churaman was a founder of Bharatpur. He committed suicide because Badan Singh had a conspiracy
against him.
 Badan Singh: Built 4-6 forts, given the title ‘Raj’ by Nadir Shah.
 Suraj Mal: He was known as ‘Plato of Jat’.

Bangash Pathan and Rohela

 Ali Muhammad Khan was a Ruhela Sardar, situated in UP, especially Rohilkhand (situated between Ganga
and Kumaon Hills). Its capital was Alor, near Bareilly.
 Muhammad Khan Bangash was the founder of Afghanistan. Area: Farrukhabad.
Kerala
 Basic: Kerala is situated at the south corner of India.
 It was divided into four states: Cochin, Chirakal, Travancore, and Calicut. All four were merged by Martand
Verma.
 Martand Verma was the founder of the modern state of Kerala. He had a scientific approach and had a library
too. He made Trivandrum (Famous center of Sanskrit) the capital of Kerala.
 Ram Verma: He was the brother of Martamd Verma. He had fluent English.
Mysore
 On the remains of Vijayanagar, Mysore state emerged.
 King Chikka Krishna Dev was the founder of Mysore. His power was enjoyed by his two ministers: Devraj
and Nanj Raj.
 3

 Haider Ali: (1720-1782): He was not educated, but had a sense of administration.
 He was appointed as the Faujdar of Dindigul Fort.
 He prepared modern Arsenal. In 1761, he snatched the power of Devraja and Nanjaraj.
 He died in the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
 Tipu Sultan: He was the son of Haider Ali. He was a learned man and had a scientific approach. He died in
1799. He used to say that “better to live like a short life as a Lion than a long time as a Sheep”.was known
for the following works:
 New Calendar, and New Weight and Measures
 Prepared army with the help of French.
 Sent Ambassadors in Turkey, Pegu, and Arab.
 Became a member of the Jacobin Club.
 Donated money to Sarda Temple.
 Planted Jacobian Tree in his capital Srirangpatnam.
 Used rocket.
 End of Mysore: Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed. Most of the territory of Tipu Sultan was annexed and
small territory was given to Hindu King of Wadiyar Clan.

Awadh
 Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk:
 The founder of the autonomous kingdom of Avadh was Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk who was
appointed Governor of Awadh in 1722.
 They refused to pay the land tax, organized their own private armies, erected forts, and defied the
Imperial Government.
 For years Saadat Khan had to wage war upon them. He succeeded in suppressing lawlessness and
disciplining the big zamindars and thus, increasing the financial resources of his government.
 Safdar Jang:
 He gave a long period of peace to the people of Awadh and Allahabad before his death in 1754.
 He suppressed rebellious zamindars and made an alliance with the Maratha sardars so that his
dominion was saved from their incursions.
 Safdar Jang also organised an equitable system of justice. He too adopted a policy of impartiality in
the employment of Hindus and Muslims.
 The highest post in his Government was held by a Hindu, Maharaja Nawab Rai.
 He maintained a very high standard of personal morality.
 As a matter of fact all the founders of the three autonomous kingdoms of Hyderabad, Bengal, and
Awadh, namely, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Murshid Quli Khan and Alivardi Khan, and Saadat Khan and
Safdar Jang, were men of high personal morality. Nearly all of them led austere and simple lives.
 Wajid Ali Shah: Last emperor of Awadh.

 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 14
Rise of States and
Expansion of Bengal
 2

Rise of States and Expansion of Bengal

Rise of the Sikhs:

It can be completed under the following four heads:
 Basic of Gurus
 Banda Bahadur
 Ranjit Singh
 Sikhs and English
Basic of Gurus:
About Sikh Gurus:
 Guru Nanak:
 He was the first guru of the Sikh, and he started the Nanak Sect.
 He was a contemporary of Ibrahim Lodhi.
 He propagated equality and started the langer system.
 His famous disciple's name was Lahana.
 Guru Angad:
 Lahana became the second guru with the name of Guru Angad.
 He developed the Gurumukhi Script.
 He also regularised the langer system.
 Guru Amar Das:
 Akbar met with Guru.
 He started Manji and Piri, who were Sikh missionaries to spread Sikkhism.
 Manji and Piri system was introduced by Guru Amardas Singh. Manji means Male Sikh Preacher and
Piri means Female Sikh Preacher for religious preaching.
 Guru Ramdas:
 He was a fourth guru of the Sikhs.
 Akbar gave him 500 bighas of land in Amritsar.
 He made the Guru tradition hereditary.
 He was a son in law of Guru Amar Das.
 Guru Arjun Dev:
 He constructed Har Mander Sahab (Hari-Mandir Sahib), called the Golden Temple.
 He made the final compilation of Guru Granth Sahib.
 Guru Har Govind:
 He converted the Sikhs into soldiers because the 5th Guru was killed by Jahangir.
 He set up a new city called Kiratpur.
 Guru Har Krishna:
 He was the youngest guru, probably 9 years old.
 He died due to Chickenpox.
 The Bangla Sahab Gurudwara is related to him.
 Guru Tegh Bahadur:
 Aurangzeb tortured him for 5 days, and then he died.
 3

 Guru Gobind Singh:

 He converted the Sikhs into a fighter because the 9th Guru was killed by Aurangzeb.
 He was the son of Guru Trgh Bahadur and was born in Patna.
 He started Khalsa Sect (It made Sikh fighter or Warrior).
 He was also a writer and wrote Chadi Diwar, Krishna Avatar, and Vichitra Pitika.
Banda Bahadur:
 He was a famous disciple of the Guru Gobind Singh.
 Guru Ji brought an end to the Guru traditions and proclaimed that Guru Granth Sahib would forever serve
as the guiding Guru.
 Guru Gobind Singh sends Banda Bahadur to Punjab to fight against the Mughals from Nanded,
Maharashtra.
 Banda Bahadur (Laxman Dev) became the first political leader of Sikh, and captured Punjab, and the area
between Satlij and Yamuna.
 He was killed in Delhi, in 1760.
 During his time the Punjab was divided into Misls (It is an Arabic word, that means equality and area), a small
area with a head.
 There were a total of 12 misls, but five were the most important such as:
 Bhangi
 Nakai
 Ahluwalia
 Sukarchakiya (Ranjeet Singh from this Misl)
 Kanahiya
Ranjit Singh:
 Ranjit Singh, hailing from the Sukarchakiya Misl, earned the title of Raja from Jaman Shah of
Afghanistan after retrieving his 12 cannons from the Chenab River and returning them to him.
 After the fall of Ranjit Singh, Khadak Singh, Navnihal Singh, Sher Singh, and Dalip Singh in 1849, the
Sikh state was annexed by the East India Company.
Anglo Sikh Relation:
 There were mainly three relations such as:
 Treaty of Amritsar (1809):
 The Treaty of Amritsar was signed between Ranjit Singh and the company.
 The Satluj River was made a boundary between the Sikh and the company.
 First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46):
 In this war, the company won.
 The treaty of Lahore and Bharonwal was signed.
 Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49):
 The Punjab was annexed and Dalip Singh was sent to London.
Bengal:
Order of Nawab of Bengal:
 Murshid Quli Khan
 Shuja-ud-din
 Sarfaraj Khan
 Alivardi Khan
 4

 Siraj-ud-daula
 Mir Zafar
 Mir Qasim
 Mir Zafar
Murshid Quli Khan:
 In 1700, he was appointed Diwan of Bengal.
 In 1717, he was made Governor of Bengal.
 In 1719, Odisha was given to him.
 Bengal and Odisha were given during the time of Murshid Quli Khan while Bihar was given during the time
of Shuja-Ud-Din in 1732.
 He set up an independent state but kept on sending tribute to the Mughal emperors.
 He encountered three primary revolts, involving key figures:
 The first revolt featured Sita Ram, Udai Narayan, and Gulam Muhammad.
 The second uprising was led by Shujat Khan.
 The third rebellion saw Nijat/Najat Khan at its forefront.
 He was able to suppress all revolts.
 He gave his land to Ramjivan, who was a supporter of Murshid Quli Khan.
 He died in 1727.
Shuja-Ud-Din:
 He was son in law of Murshid Quli Khan.
 Bihar was given to him by the Mughal emperor in 1733.
Sarfaraj Khan:
 He was the son of Shuja-Ud-Din, and he became Nawab after his death.
Alivardi Khan:
 He became the Nawab of Bengal after paying the bribe to the company.
 He was against the misuse of the Dastak.
 He was an able Nawab after the Murshid Quli Khan.
Siraj-ud-daula:
 He fought the Battle of Plassey in 1757.
Mir Zafar:
 After Siraj-ud-daula, he was made the Nawab.
Mir Qasim:
 After removing Mir Zafar, Mir Qasim was made the Nawab.
Mir Zafar:
 Mir Qasim was dethroned, and went to Awadh and also met with Mughal emperor Shah Alam and fought the
Battle of Buxar in 1764.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 15
Expansion of British Empire-
Bengal, Plassey, Buxar
 2

Expansion of British Empire-Bengal, Plassey, Buxar

Expansion of Company:

Anglo- Expansion in Bengal Expansion in Expansion in Expansion in

French Mysore Maratha Sikh

Interest To establish They wanted to avail They wanted Maratha visited the To protect India
supremacy in the opportunity in opportunities in company seeking from Russia.
India. trade. trade. assistance.

Progress It means, 3 They fought Plassey, They fought in 4 They fought 3 They fought 2
Anglo-French and Buxar, and ended Anglo-Mysore Anglo- Maratha Anglo-Sikh wars
wars were the Dual system. wars, in which wars. in 1845-46, and
fought. company defeated 1848-49.
Tipu sultan, and
Haider Ali.

Results The British In 1772, The company They annexed Most of the part Finally,
company became the Nawab of most of the part of was annexed by the complete Punjab
won, and a Bengal. Mysore. Company in 1818. was annexed.
monopoly was
established in
India.

Expansion in Bengal:
Battle of Plassey (1757):
❖ Causes/Circumstances in which the Battle of Plassey Fought:
➢ The British opposed the Nawabship of Sirajud-Daula (Nawab of Bengal).
➢ The Company shook hands with Ghasiti Begum, who was the aunt of Siraj-ud-daula. She wanted to
make her adopted child a Nawab.
➢ Bengal was the most fertile land in which trade and commerce were in a developed stage. The British
wanted to capture and control Bengal.
➢ The British started misuse of the Dastak.
➢ As we know the company has trade and relaxation (Duty Free trade) in Bengal, Bihar, Odisha
against 3000 rupees from Farukh Siyar in 1770.
➢ The company got the right to issue a free pass, and after showing this pass the products of the company
were exempted, but merchants of the company started misusing it and getting their personnel products
exempted.
 3

➢ Due to misuse, Nawab faced a loss of revenue.

➢ Most of the trades were in the hands of Hindus, and then the company started to instigate the Hindu
subject.
➢ The company followed its own laws in their area, where the laws of Nawab were not applicable.
➢ Nawab encountered an issue pertaining to English law, specifically concerning the matter of a flag.
➢ The Europeans also started the fortification of Calcutta (Fortified by the English) and Qasim Bazar
(Fortified by the French).
➢ Nawab ordered the company to deposit the money which they had stolen and not pay the tax on its
lumpsum.
➢ Nawab made an attack in Calcutta on 20th June 1756 and forced them to leave, and they went to
Fulta (Near Odisha).
➢ The Black Hole of Calcutta refers to an infamous incident where British soldiers, under the employ of
the British East India Company, were confined overnight in a cramped prison cell in Calcutta by the
local ruler's forces. Tragically, due to the overcrowded conditions, numerous prisoners perished.
➢ Siraj-ud-daula is said to have confined 146 English individuals within an extremely cramped space,
resulting in the tragic demise of 123 due to suffocation.
➢ Clive and Watson get help or support from Madras and recapture Calcutta, and they search for
valid reasons to attack Nawab.
➢ The Treaty of Alinagar was signed on 9 February 1757, and they got two rights such as:
✓ Fortification of Factories.
✓ Duty Free trade.
➢ Nawab was the target of a conspiracy involving Manik Chand (The highest official of Calcutta), Mir
Zafar (war commander), Khadim Khan (The highest official of the Army), Jagat Seth (Banker),
and Amir Chand (The richest man of Calcutta), who colluded with the English.
➢ When a conspiracy was hatched, then the company started blaming on Nawab that he had broken the
treaty of Alinagar, Nawab refused but he was challenged in the Battle of Plassey.
➢ Nawab went along with 50,000 soldiers but he was easily defeated by 3000 soldiers.
➢ The Battle of Plassey (23rd June 1757) was pivotal in the British East India Company's control over
India, defeating the Nawab of Bengal.
➢ Nawab lost because Mir Zafar was along with other officials in the British camps.
➢ The Battle of Plassey was considered one of the decisive battles in which merchants became rulers.
➢ Siraj-Ud-Daula was killed in the Battlefield, and Mir Zafar was made Nawab.
➢ The company got a huge economic gain, and they also got 24 Parganas, and it became the first land of
the company in India.
Battle of Buxar (1764):
❖ Causes/Circumstances in which the Battle of Buxar Fought:
➢ The battle was fought between the British East India Company and the combined forces of Mir Qasim,
the Nawab of Bengal, Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh; and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II
on 22 October 1764.
 4

➢ Mir Qasim paid a bribe to the company and became Nawab, but Nawab wanted to work
independently.
➢ The British started misusing the Dastak.
➢ Most of the trades were in the hands of Hindus, and then the company started to instigate the Hindu
subject
➢ Nawab encountered an issue pertaining to English law, specifically concerning the matter of a flag.
➢ Due to the ill activities of the company, Mir Qasim shifted the Capital from Murshidabad to Munger.
➢ Nawab ordered the company to deposit the money which they had stolen and not pay the tax on it.
➢ The Treaty of Munger (Between Nawab and the Company) established tax rates for salt, daliya,
and tobacco, with Indians agreeing to a 23% tax and the company contributing a 9% tax on these
commodities, but they were not paying, and then finally, Nawab abolished tax and made equality
among all that could not be tolerated by the British.
➢ In 1763, a conflict ensued between a company and Mir Qasim, resulting in Mir Qasim's defeat and
subsequent removal from power, leading to the ascension of Mir Zafar to the throne.
➢ Ex-Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim went to Awadh in order to seek help, and luckily the Mughal
emperor Shah Alam-II was also present and all three Suja-Ud-Daula, Qasim, and Shah Alam-II fought
on the battlefield of the Buxar in against the company, but they were badly defeated by the company.
This battle was fought in 22 October 1764.

Aspects:
Q. The Battle of Plassey was known for its economic significance. Discuss.
Q. Discuss the causes of the battle of Buxar or discuss the causes of conflict between Mir Qasim and the
Company.
Q. Throw the light on the results of the Battle of Buxar.
Q. What do you understand by the Dual System.
Q. Discuss the merits and demerits of the dual system.
Q. How did the company annexed the Bengal, and became the governor of Bengal.

Dual System:
❖ The Treaty of Allahabad was signed between Shah Alam and the Company, and they were given tax-
collecting rights in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha against 26 lakh, and Shah Alam was made pensioner.
❖ (Note: The company got Nizamat Right in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha).
❖ The Nawab of Bengal wielded both Nizamat and Diwani powers, which were subsequently assumed by
the East India Company. However, the Company did not directly exercise these powers and instead
delegated them, with Nizamat being granted to the Nawab and Diwani retained by the Company. Two
deputy diwans were appointed: Raja Shitob Rai for Bihar and Muhammad Raza Khan for Bengal.
Additionally, Rai Durlabh was appointed as deputy diwan for Odisha. It was started from 1765 to 1772,
and they merged both rights in 1772, and the company became the Nawab.
❖ After that the company started two works: administration and expansion. It was started by Clive and
ended by Warren Hastings.
 5

❖ The company did not want to be Nawab of Bengal as:

➢ No experience of administration.
➢ Fear of the groups of Native states.
➢ Lack of efficient officials.
➢ He wanted to concentrate on trade.
➢ Directors of the company also did not want to enjoy the political power.
➢ Company was a trading company, and Charter was given to conduct trade for ruling.

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 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 16
Dual System
 2

Dual System

Dual System:
 After the Battle of Buxar, the British East India Company assumed control of both Faujdari and Diwani
powers in Bengal, effectively replacing the Nawab's authority. Instituting a dual system, the Company
retained Diwani powers while granting Faujdari responsibilities to the Nawab. This arrangement
persisted from 1765 to 1772 when the Company consolidated both powers, effectively supplanting the
Nawab. Two deputy diwans were appointed: Raja Shitob Rai for Bihar and Muhammad Raza Khan for
Bengal.
 The dual system was eventually abolished under the administration of Warren Hastings.
Note:
Aspect:
 What do you understand by the dual system of Bengal, and why did the company start this system? Discuss.
 Part 1: Introduction:
 The company started a dual system in Bengal after defeating the Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-daula, and Shah
Alam. It was started by Clive in 1765, and ended by Warren Hastings in 1772. Under this system, the
power was shared between the company and the Nawab.
 Part 2: Explain the Dual System:
 The company got Nizamat and Diwani Right in Bengal.
 The company got Nizamat right in 1765 from the Nawab of Bengal while got Diwani right from Shah
Alam.
 The company was a trading company and did not want to look after the administration. Therefore, the
less important right Nizamat right given back to Nawab of Bengal, and the important right Diwani kept
in its hand.
 The company appointed three deputy diwan to collect the land revenue. Raja Shitob Rai for Bihar
and Muhammad Raza Khan for Bengal. Additionally, Rai Durlabh was appointed as deputy
diwan for Odisha.
 Though Nizamat's right was given to the Nawab superficially, yet the company appointed deputy
Nazim, and this way behind the curtain the company got both rights where rights were in the hand of
the company.
 The Dual system was continued till 1772, and it was ended in the same year by Warren Hastings.
 Part 3: The Reason Behind Starting the Dual system:
 The company was not in a position to look after the administration.
 The company did not want to take extra responsibility.
 Fear of the groups of Native states.
 Lack of efficient officials.
 Directors of the company also did not want to enjoy political power.
 The company was a trading company, the and a Charter was given to conduct trade for ruling only.
 Part 4: The Merits of the Dual system:
 The company got the rich resources of the Bengal.
 3

 The company emerged as a strong power of the Bengal.

 The company calculated ex income (40,00000 pounds annually).
 The company increased the profit of the shareholders from 6.5 to 12.5 %.
 The Mughal emperor was also in the hands of the company along with the Nawab of Bengal.
 The company was in a better position as compared to other European companies.
 The company used the resources of the Bengal to defeat other states of India.
 Part 5: The demerits of the dual system:
 The Dual system proved very harmful for the Bengal.
 The state of Bengal become poor due to the exploitation of the company.
 The Bengal was known as the most prosperous province of the Mughals, but due to the exploitation of
the company, and famine of Bengal, around ⅓ rd of the population was killed.
 Due to the dual system agriculture was completely neglected, and as a result many peasants left the
peasantry.
 Due to harmful, and exploitative policies in the trade local industries were totaly spoiled, and in ,this
way people face problem in both agriculture and the trade.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 17
Anglo-Mysore War
 2

Anglo-Mysore War
Expansion in Mysore:
Anglo-Mysore Wars:
❖ After expansion in the Bengal fighting Plassey and Buxar, the company started thinking of capturing in the
south, especially Mysore. Though the company wanted to fulfill commercial, and imperialistic interests. Yet,
the company propagated to help the Hindu king to restore his power. There were four Anglo-Mysore wars.
General Causes of War:
❖ Causes by the British Historians:
➢ According to British historians, the British policy was to restore the power of the old Hindu Wodyar King.
➢ His power was snatched by the Haider Ali.
❖ Real Cause:
➢ In 1760, Mysore emerged as a strong power.
➢ They had their commercial interest in keeping control of Mysore so that they could reach to Africa, Arab,
and the Indian Ocean.
➢ Haider Ali, and Tipu both took help from the French company.
➢ Mysore emerged as a threat to Madras under the leadership of Haider and Tipu, as Madras was the base
of the company in the south.
➢ The British company wanted to control trade by capturing Mysore. Trade was related to Piper and
cardamom.
First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69):
❖ The company had proved its ability in Bengal fighting Plassey and Buxar.
❖ The company formed a group to capture Mysore with Maratha, Nizam, and the company.
❖ English signed a treaty with Nawab of Hyderabad (1766).
❖ The English persuaded Nawab to give them the Northern Circars region and in lieu of this, English would
protect Nawab from Haider Ali.
❖ The combined force of the Company, Maratha and Nizam formed an Alliance. They attacked Mysore.
❖ The Mysore War continued for a year and a half without any conclusion.
❖ Haider Ali suddenly appeared before the gates of Madras.
❖ He forced the English to sign a very humiliating treaty- the Treaty of Madras whereby Haider was
promised the help of the English in case he was attacked by any other power (defensive alliance).
❖ Haider was given compensation by the company.
❖ Also, under this treaty, the exchange of prisoners and territory was performed.
❖ General Smith was a military commander from the English side.
 3

Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784):

❖ In 1771, when the Marathas launched an attack on
Haider Ali, the British East India Company did not come
to his aid, and this was seen as a violation of a previously
signed Treaty of Madras (1769), in which the British had
promised Haidar Ali their assistance in case he was
attacked by any other power, indicating a breach of trust
or agreements.
❖ Haider Ali's Kingdom of Mysore had developed close ties
with the French, which had been a threat to the British,
given the ongoing global rivalry between European
powers.
❖ The British East India Company captured the French-
controlled town of Mahe (1779), which likely further
intensified tensions with Mysore.
❖ Haider Ali allied with the Marathas and the Nizam
(1780) and attacked the British. In 1782, they attacked Arcot and captured it.
❖ Eyre Coote, a British military leader, achieved a significant victory by defeating Haider Ali in the Battle of
Porto Novo (1781).
❖ However, things took a downturn when the alliance between Haider, Marathas, and Nizam fractured.
❖ In 1782, Haider Ali, the ruler of Mysore, died of cancer, significantly impacting on the course of the war
and leading to his son, Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore, taking on a more prominent role in the conflict.
❖ Tipu Sultan carried on the fight for one more year.
❖ Warren Hastings was the governor at that time.
❖ The Treaty of Mangalore (1784) was signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company.
❖ The terms of the treaty required each party to return the territories taken from the other.
❖ Thus, the outcome of the war led to a stalemate.
Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-1792):
❖ The British worked on improving their relations with the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas in India.
❖ Lord Cornwallis was the governor of that time.
❖ Travancore captured two areas like Cannanore and Jalkotal, and Tipu considered them as his territory.
❖ Tipu Sultan, who assumed control of Mysore after his father Haider Ali's death, received French assistance
to strengthen his military capabilities.
❖ In 1789, Tipu Sultan declared war on Travancore, but the English sided with Travancore.
❖ In response, the British declared war on Tipu Sultan.
❖ General Midows was a British army officer at that time.
❖ Progress of the War:
 4

➢ English, along with the support of the Nizam and Marathas, formed an alliance against Tipu Sultan.
➢ The alliance, comprising English, Nizam, and Marathas, emerged victorious over Tipu Sultan at the Battle
of Seringapatam.
➢ Following the decisive battle, the Treaty of Seringapatam was established.
➢ As per the terms of the treaty, half of Tipu Sultan's territories were taken over by the victorious
alliance.
➢ A war indemnity of 3 crores was imposed on Tipu Sultan as part of the treaty.
➢ To ensure payment, two sons of Tipu were taken by the English as hostages until the full amount of
war indemnity was paid.
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799):
Causes of War:
❖ Mysore was too weak, and the British East India Company sought to exploit this vulnerability to further
expand its influence and territorial control in South India.
❖ Despite the Treaty of Seringapatam, peace between Tipu Sultan and the British remained elusive.
❖ Tipu aligned with the French which the British saw as a threat.
❖ The British wanted Mysore to sign the Subsidiary Alliance but Tipu Sultan refused to accept the Subsidiary
Alliance proposed by Lord Wellesley.
❖ Progress of War:
➢ Wellesley made allegations against Tipu that he had tried to set up an alliance with Arabs, Turks, and
Afghans.
➢ English attacked Mysore and they were again helped by Maratha and Nizam.
➢ Tipu Sultan's forces were significantly outnumbered, Tipu Sultan lost his life while defending the city
of Seringapatam.
➢ As a consequence of the war, Tipu Sultan's territories were divided. The core region around
Seringapatam and Mysore was returned to the Wodeyar dynasty (to a 5-year-old child), who had
ruled Mysore before Haider Ali's de facto rule.
➢ Mysore entered into a Subsidiary Alliance with the British under the Wodeyar Dynasty.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 18
Dictation of Anglo-Mysore and
Begining of Maratha
 2

Dictation of Anglo-Mysore and Begining of Maratha

Treaty of Madras:
❖ Both the parties had to sign Treaty of Madras, and the War was ended.
❖ The first time the company had to give compensation to Haider Ali, and Haider Ali had to return to Madras.
❖ The Treaty of Madras whereby Haider was promised the help of the English in case he was attacked
by any other power (defensive alliance).
Significance of the Treaty of Madras:
❖ The Madras treaty was not a treaty, it was a truce, It means the war was not ended.
❖ War was suspended for a short time because after 10 years the war was started again.
❖ The English broke their promise when he was attacked by the Marathas in 1771.
❖ Haider Ali's Kingdom of Mysore had developed close ties with the French, which had been a threat to the
British, given the ongoing global rivalry between European powers.
❖ The British East India Company captured the French-controlled town of Mahe (1779), which likely
further intensified tensions with Mysore.
Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784):
❖ In 1771, when the Marathas launched an attack on Haider Ali, the British East India Company did not
come to his aid, and this was seen as a violation of a previously signed Treaty of Madras (1769), in which
the British had promised Haidar Ali their assistance in case he was attacked by any other power, indicating
a breach of trust or agreements.
❖ Haider Ali allied with the Marathas and the Nizam (1779) and attacked the British. In 1782, they
attacked Arcot and captured it.
❖ The Haider Ali attacked on Karnataka, and the Nawab of Karnataka went to the British for help.
❖ Sir Eyre Coote, a British military leader, achieved a significant victory by defeating Haider Ali in the
Battle of Porto Novo (1781).
❖ However, things took a downturn when the alliance between Haider, Marathas, and Nizam fractured.
❖ In 1781, British companies signed the Treaty of Salbai with Marathas and the Nizam was allowed to
capture Guntur.
❖ In 1782, Haider Ali, the ruler of Mysore, died of cancer, significantly impacting on the course of the war
and leading to his son, Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore, taking on a more prominent role in the
conflict.
❖ The Treaty of Mangalore (1784) was signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company.
❖ Thus, the outcome of the war led to a stalemate.
Treaty of Mangalore:
❖ On 1st March, 1784 the treaty was signed.
❖ The Treaty of Mangalore (1784) was signed between Tipu Sultan and the Governor of Madras.
❖ The terms of the treaty required each party to return the territories taken from the other.
 3

❖ Tipu was assured of help in case of he was attacked by the Maratha and Nizam.
❖ This treaty was not liked by Warren Hastings because this treaty increased the prestige of the Tipu Sultan,
and he wanted to discontinue this treaty.
Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-1792):
❖ Warren Hasting wanted to end the prestige of Tipu Sultan.
❖ The British worked on improving their relations with the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas in India.
❖ The king of Travancore purchased two areas from the Dutch like Cannanore and Jalkotal, and Tipu
considered them as his territory, and had objections.
❖ In 1789, Tipu Sultan declared war on Travancore, but the English sided with Travancore.
❖ Progress of the War:
➢ General Medows made an unsuccessful attack on Tipu Sultan.
➢ After some small battles, Governor General Corn Wallis himself led the battle.
➢ English, along with the support of the Nizam and Marathas, formed an alliance against Tipu Sultan.
➢ The alliance, comprising English, Nizam, and Marathas, emerged victorious over Tipu Sultan at the
Battle of Seringapatam.
Treaty of Seringapatam:
❖ Treaty of Seringapatam was signed on January 1792, in which half of Mysore was annexed.
❖ Following the decisive battle, the Treaty of Seringapatam was established.
❖ As per the terms of the treaty, half of Tipu Sultan's territories were taken over by the victorious alliance.
❖ A war indemnity of 3 crores was imposed on Tipu Sultan as part of the treaty.
❖ To ensure payment, two sons of Tipu were taken by the English as hostages until the full amount of war
indemnity was paid.
❖ The Maratha got the area of Dharwad, and the Mysore got the area between Kadappa and Karnool.
❖ (Note: The Company secured victory over Tipu Sultan with the backing of the Marathas, while Nizam's
allegiance was granted to the Company.)
Maratha War:
❖ The Maratha war can be understood under the following heads such as:
➢ Rise of Maratha
➢ British Interest
➢ First Maratha War
➢ Second Maratha war
➢ Third Maratha War
Rise of Maratha:
❖ The downfall of the Mughals provided opportunities for Maratha's growth.
❖ Emergence of the Maratha confederacy:
➢ During the great leadership of Maratha’s Peshwa Bajirao-I, Maratha was well organised.
➢ The Peshwa wielded complete authority over Baroda under the Gaikwad, Poona as the seat of the
Peshwa, Nagpur under the Bhosle, Indore governed by the Holkar, and Gwalior under the Sindhia.
 4

➢ But the third Battle of Panipat in 1761 changed the nature of the confederacy, and the death of young
Peshwa Madho Rao-I in 1772.
➢ After the death of Peshwa Madhav Rao-I, Peshwa’s control became weak, and they started quarreling
among themselves.

Note:
Peshwas:
❖ Bala ji Vishwanath (1713-20)
❖ Baji Rao-I (1720-40)
❖ Bala Ji baji Rao (1740-61): Also called Nana Sahib.
❖ Madhav Rao (1772)
❖ Narayan Rao (1772-75)

British Interest:
❖ The Maratha fought one another, and the British company wanted to take advantage of this to establish the
empire.
❖ The Governor of Bombay wanted to establish a government on the line of arrangements made by Clive in
Bengal.
❖ Finally, three wars were fought between Maratha and the company to get political supremacy and at last the
company won.
Treaty of Surat:
❖ It was signed between Ragunath Rao and the Bombay Presidency.
❖ Ragunath promised to give companies Solsette and Bassein, including a share of the revenue from Surat
and Bharuch, in exchange for 2500 soldiers.
Treaty of Purandhar:
❖ Treaty was signed between the then Governor General Warren and Nana Phadnavis of Peshwa in which the
British accepted Sawai Madhav Rao as a new Peshwa and Maratha accepted not to recognize the
existence of French in India.
❖ In 1777 Nana Phadnavis violated the Treaty of Purandhar by granting the French a port on the west
coast.
❖ The English army retaliated by sending a force towards Pune.
❖ In 1778, Mahadji Shinde had started the battle again. In the war, Maratha won at Wadgaon (Under
Mahadji Scindia).
❖ Mahadji Shinde forced the British to sign the Treaty of Wadgaon in 1779. As per the treaty, the British
were to return all the territories captured after 1775. But Warren Hastings refused to agree and the
battle was continued till 1782.
❖ A final treaty i.e. The Treaty of Salbai was signed in 1782.
 5

First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82)

❖ After the death of Madhavrao, his brother Narayan Rao succeeded him.
❖ But Narayan Rao was Murdered by his uncle Raghunath Rao, and
named himself as the peshwa.
❖ Nana Phadnavis and 11 other ministers appointed the infant
Madhavrao II (Son of Narayan Rao) as Peshwa.
❖ Raghunath Rao sought help from the English at Bombay and signed
the Treaty of Surat with the East India Company in 1775.
❖ Under the Treaty, Raghunath ceded territories of Salsette and
Bassein to English, in return English was to help Raghunath.
❖ The Calcutta Presidency condemned the treaty of Surat and
signed the Treaty of Purandhar with Nana Phadnavis.
❖ Cause of War:
➢ In 1778, Mahadji Shinde had started the battle again. In the war, Maratha won at Wadgaon (Under
Mahadji Scindia).
➢ Mahadji Shinde forced the British to sign the Treaty of Wadgaon in 1779. As per the treaty, the
British were to return all the territories captured after 1775. But Warren Hastings refused to agree
and the battle was continued till 1782.
➢ A final treaty i.e. The Treaty of Salbai was signed in 1782.
❖ Salsette was given to English.
❖ Bassein was given to the Maratha.
❖ Peshwa should give maintenance to Raghunath Rao.
❖ Peshwa should not support to other Europeans.
Treaty of Salbai (1782):
❖ The English recognized Madhav Rao as the new Peshwa.
❖ The English were allowed to keep Bassein and Sassette.
❖ Peshwa promised not to support any European nation.
❖ Marathas agreed to help the English against Mysore.
❖ The Treaty of Salbai (1782) was of paramount importance as it secured peace between the two parties
for the next 20 years.
Second Anglo-Maratha war (1803-06):
Background:
❖ All Maratha chiefs collectively refused to sign the subsidiary alliance proposed by the British.
❖ Peshwa Baji Rao murdered the brother (Vithu Ji Holkar) of Jaswant Rao Holkar, the ruler of Indore.
❖ Jaswant Rao retaliated by attacking and defeating the combined army of the Peshwa and Scindia.
❖ Following defeats, Baji Rao fled to Bassein and signed the Treaty of Bassein with the English in 1802.
❖ Treaty included:
➢ Acceptance of a subsidiary alliance with the British.
 6

➢ Provision of a native infantry of 6000 troops.

➢ Payment of 26 lakhs for maintenance to be given by Peshwa, with Surat handed over to the Company.
➢ Agreement to have no relations with other European powers.
➢ Renunciation of all claims of Chauth on Nizam's dominions.
➢ No Chauth collection in the territory of Nizam.
❖ Maratha chiefs, discontented with the humiliating terms of the treaty signed by their Peshwa, initiated a
war against the English.
English forces secured victories:
❖ Defeat of Bhonsle, leading to the Treaty of Deogaon (1803).
❖ Defeat of Scindia, resulting in the Treaty of Suraji Anjan Gaon (1803).
❖ Defeat of Holkar, culminating in the Treaty of Rajpurghat (1805).
Treaty of Deogaon:
❖ In 1803, Raghu Ji Bhonsle ceded Cuttack and Balasore to the company, thereby granting them control over
the entire eastern coast. Additionally, he facilitated mediation between the Nizam and the Peshwa, and
agreed to the appointment of an English president in the court.
Treaty of Suraji Anjan Gaon:
❖ Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon was signed in 1803 between the British and Daulat Rao Sindhia.
❖ They got control over the Ganga-Yamuna Doab region and Agra, and also to get control on Ahmedabad,
Bharuch, Ajanta, and the plains of Godavari.
❖ Shah Alam was earlier under the protection of Scindhia, and later under the protection of the British
in 1803.
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1819):
❖ Role of Lord Hastings:
➢ The newly appointed governor general aimed to establish British paramountcy, embodying an
imperialistic perspective.
❖ The British exercised tight control and interference in Peshwa affairs, escalating tensions.
❖ The Pindaries:
➢ The British accused the Marathas of providing shelter to the Pindaris, a move that further strained
relations.
➢ Pindaris were irregular soldiers, First, they associated with the mughal army, and then Maratha, and
when the Maratha became weak they started looting with neighbouring British areas.
➢ The company took action against the Pindaries and arrested to Amir Khan, Chitu Khan, and Karm
Khan.
➢ The Maratha became angry about such activities.
❖ Treaty of Bassein:
➢ Started feeling that Maratha lost their independence.
❖ The Peshwa declared war against the British, and later, Bhonsle and Holkar joined the conflict.
 7

❖ The Peshwas suffered defeat at Kurki, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Poona. Bhonsle faced
defeat at Sitabuldi. Sindhia agreed to the terms of the Treaty of Gwalior. Holker's forces were
defeated at Mohidpur, prompting the signing of the Treaty of Mundasor.
❖ The Peshwa suffered defeat, and his dominions were annexed by the British.
❖ The defeat led to the dissolution of the Maratha Confederacy as a significant political entity.
❖ As a result, the Kingdom of Satara was established, and it was bestowed upon a descendant of Shivaji,
Pratap Singh.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 19
The Sikhs
 2

The Sikhs
Basics, and Banda Bahadur:
❖ As we know, Sikhism was the religious movements, and it was started by the Guru Nanak Devji.
❖ It was, however, under the leadership of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and last Guru of Sikhs, that they
became a political and military force.
❖ Guru Gobind Sigh was killed by Wazir Khan in Nanded, Maharashtra.
❖ The Banda Bahadur was his famous disciple, and he became the first political guru.
❖ After Guru Gobind Singh's death, Banda Bahadur rallied together with the peasants and the lower castes of
the Punjab and carried it on vigorously, though in an unequal struggle against the Mughal army.
❖ He fought many battles against the Mughals and was arrested and later killed in Delhi in 1716.
❖ After Banda Bahadur, Sikh power was divided into two groups, such as:
➢ Bandai:
✓ It was a liberal groups, and it was less religious.
➢ Tat Khalsa:
✓ It was an orthodox group, and it was religious as well as political.
❖ After this, another group emerged, like Dal Khalsa in 1784.
➢ The objective was to unite the Sikhs and make them powerful economically, politically, and culturally.
➢ This Dal Khalsa was divided into two groups Buddha Dal (The army of old people), and Tarun Dal
(The army of young people).
Rise of Misl:
❖ As we know, the Maratha were defeated by the Ahmad Shah Abdali in the third battle of Panipat.
❖ The invasion of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali and the consequent dislocation of Punjab
administration gave the Sikhs an opportunity to rise once again.
❖ Between 1765 and 1800 they brought Punjab and Jammu under their control.
❖ Dal Khalsa consolidated into Misl (it means pure, equality, and state, and it was an Arabic word).
❖ Misls were dispersed across the northern mountainous regions of Multan, extending eastward towards
Saharanpur, and in the southern areas of Multan.
❖ But at this stage, power in the Sikh polity became more horizontally structured, as ‘misls’, or combinations
based on kinship ties, now held territories as units.
❖ There were 12 Misl developed in the Punjab region, and five were more important such as:
➢ Bhangi, Nakai, Ahluwalia, Sukarchakiya, and Kanahiya.
❖ They had a Republican model. Among these Misls, Sukerchakia Misl was the most powerful Misl under
Ranjit Singh.
❖ Guru Matta Sangh was the central administrator of Misl, and it was political, social, and economic system
to run the administration smoothly.
Ranjit Sigh:
❖ The father of Ranjit Sigh was Mohan Sigh.
❖ Ranjit Singh, the chief of the Sukerchakia misl, tried to raise a more centralized Sikh state at the end of
the eighteenth century. He fought against many misls and created a unified Sikh kingdom in Punjab.
 3

❖ He died when Ranjit Singh was just at 12 years old.

❖ Ranjit Sigh applied the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’, and he fought numerous wars under this policy and
purpose to control a large territory in the Punjab.
❖ Ranjit Singh signed the Treaty of Amritsar (April 25, 1809) with Charles T. Metcalfe representing the
company.
➢ Under the Treaty of Amritsar, the British harboured concerns about potential Soviet attacks through
Punjab, while Ranjit Singh was apprehensive about the persistent Afghan incursions into Punjab.
➢ With the Treaty of Amritsar in 1809, the English recognised him as the sole sovereign ruler of Punjab
and Satluj river became the boundary between them.
Sikh After Ranjit Singh:
❖ This delicate balancing game functioned well until Ranjit Singh's death in 1839.
❖ There were four weak and small sardars in power, such as:
❖ Kharak Sigh:
➢ He was son of Ranjit Sigh.
➢ He was not able king.
➢ During his period, court fraction were started.
➢ He was died in 1839.
❖ Nav Nihal Sigh:
➢ He was son of Karak Singh.
➢ He was not able king.
➢ He died while returning from the funeral of his father.
➢ The misgovernance was rampant, the Army was not given salary, and then English got an opportunity.
❖ Sher Singh:
➢ He was son of Ranjit Sigh.
➢ He was not a able king.
➢ He was killed in 1843.
❖ Dalip Singh:
➢ He was minor son of Ranjit Sigh.
➢ He was not a able king.
➢ Rani Jindal became his regent, and she was assisted by Lal Sigh (Wazir), and Teja Sigh (Commander).
First Anglo Sikh War (1845-46):
❖ Sikh Army crossed the river Sutlej, prompting the English to declare war.
❖ There were four battles were undecided, and then Battle of Sabraon was fought in 1846.
❖ The Sikhs, despite putting up a valiant fight, faced four successive defeats against the superior military
tactics and firepower of the British forces.
❖ Following the series of battles, the Treaty of Lahore was signed in 1846, formalizing the end of hostilities
between the British and the Sikhs.
 4

❖ The English demanded a substantial war

indemnity of 1 crore from the Sikhs. As the
Sikhs were unable to fulfill the entire payment,
they contributed a portion of it. To compensate
for the outstanding amount, the English
acquired territories including Kashmir,
Hazarah, and all lands situated between the
Beas and Indus Rivers.
❖ The Jalandhar, Doab (between the Beas and
Sutlej) was annexed to Company's dominions.
❖ The size and strength of their military forces
were curtailed, serving as a measure to
prevent any future challenges to British
authority and to maintain a semblance of stability in the region.
❖ The Treaty of Bhairowal was signed in 1846.
❖ Rani Jindal was removed as a regent, and she was given 1.5 lakh pension, and sent to Banaras.
❖ The council of regency was formed in which there were 8 Sikhs.
Second Anglo- Sikh war (1848-49)
❖ The Sikh wanted to resume power again.
❖ The two English men were killed in the Multan by the support of Mulraj (Governor of Multan), and
Dalhousie took it as an opportunity.
❖ The Lawrance Henry disbanded Army of Punjab.
❖ The removal of Sikh officials, and appointment of the
British started.
❖ In the Battle of Chilianwala Sikhs won, and in the
War of Gujarat, Charles Napier finally defeated
the Sikhs.
❖ Punjab was annexed by the British (Dalhousie).
❖ Three member board was set up for Punjab, like
Henry Lawrance, John Lawrence, and Charles
Mansel.
❖ In 1853, the board was nullified, and Sir John Lawerence became the first chief commissioner of Punjab.
❖ Eleven years old Dilip Singh was sent to Britain.
❖ Doctor lagoon was his protector.

 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 20
Development of Judiciary
 2

Development of Judiciary

Policies:
 Following the establishment of companies, significant expansions were observed in regions such as Bengal,
Maratha, Mysore, and Sikh territories. Subsequently, the companies were primarily tasked with three main
objectives: administration, trade, and expansion. Over time, various policies were instituted by these
companies, encompassing economic, administrative, famine relief, social, religious, police, civil, and
military domains. However, these policies were fundamentally designed to serve British interests, often at
the expense of the Indian populace, leading to growing resentment among Indians. This discontent
culminated in events such as the Vellore Mutiny of 1806 in Karnataka, alongside numerous civil, military,
and peasant uprisings. Ultimately, the culmination of these grievances manifested in the historic revolt of
1857, and in this revolt, all sections of society participated like peasants, women, priests, kings, and
craftsmen, except middle-class people who completed their education in London.
 There were four pillars of the British Empire, like:
 Judicial,
 Military,
 Police, and
 Civil
Judicial Policy:
 Condition of the Judiciary Before Warren Hastings:
 There was no constructive Judicial system, which means there were no law books at that time.
 Justice was administered in temples by pandits or priests, in mosques by mullahs or muftis, and in havelis
by zamindars.
 The nature of justice was influenced by religion, money, and social status.
 Following the decline of the Mughal Empire, a period of regional states rising to prominence ensued,
characterized by frequent conflicts among them.
Judicial development Under these Governor Generals:
Warren Hastings (1773-1785) Cornwallis (1793) William Bentick (1828-1835)
 He set up two courts at the  He also set up two courts at  He set up two courts at the District
District level like Diwani the District level like Diwani level like Diwani Adalat, and Fauj
Adalat and Fauj Dari Adalat and Fauj Dari Adalat. Dari Adalat.
Adalat.  The appeal courts were also  The appeal courts were also
 The Appeals were made in continued. continued.
two courts like Sadar  He introduced middle-level  The middle courts were
Diwani, and Sadar Nizamat. appeal courts in Dhaka, discontinued.
 There was another appeal Patna, Murshidabad, and  He introduced one more court the
court called Privy Council. Calcutta, and these courts Allahabad court.
 He also did some were called the provincial  He discouraged the use of Persian in
translation work court of Civil Appeal, and the courts for supporting Vernacular
 Asiatic Society was formed. a court of the circuit. in lower courts.
 3

 Manu Smriti was translated  He compiled all and  The language of appeal to the court
during his time (A Code of prepared Cornwallis code was English.
Gentoo Laws). 1793.  There were three persons who
 Hindu digest was prepared. helped him like Holt Mackenzie,
 Fatwa-i-Alamgiri was also Butter Birt Belly, and Charles
translated, and two persons Metcalf.
were involved like William
Jones and Colbrook.
 Diwani Court: It was under Collector.
 Faujdari Court: It was under the Quazi, Mufti, Pandit and supervised by the Collector.
 Sadar Diwani: It was under the President (Head of the Factory).
 Sadar Nizamat: It was under the Nizam, and he was assisted by the Chief Quazi, and Chief Mufti.
 Privi Council: It was headed by the few lords of the House of Lords.
Judicial Development Under the Various Acts:
Regulating Act 1773 Indian Council Act 1861 Act of 1935
 The Regulating Act was passed by  Indian Council Act 1861  According to this act, India
Parliament to control, and regulate the gave a recommendation to was to make Fedration.
activities of the company. set up the High Court for  The Federal Court was to be
 Under this act, the recommendation Indians. set up in Delhi.
was to set up a Supreme court for  In 1865, the High Court was  Mauris Gwyer was to
India. set up. become the first Chief
 Supreme Court was set up in 1774 in  The Second High Court was Justice of the Federation
Bengal. passed in 1911. Court.
 It was the court for the crown to get  Ramesh Chandra became
information. the first Chief Justice of the
 In 1774, Eljah Empey became the High Court.
first Chief justice.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 21
Development of Judiciary
(Part - 02)
 2

Development of Judiciary (Part - 02)

Aspect 1:
 Discuss the condition of the judiciary before Warren Hastings.
 Part 1:
 As we know, the Mughals had declined; the rise of the states was seen, and they fought with one
another. As a result, peace was disturbed, and in such circumstances, there was no constructive judicial
system. Justice was dispensed on an irregular basis, and there were no law books and work systems at
that time.
 Justice was administered in temples by pandits or priests, in mosques by mullahs or muftis, and in
havelis by zamindars. In this way, there was secular justice. The nature of justice was religiously,
influenced by money and social status.
Aspect 2: Discuss the judicial development under the three governor generals.
 Warren Hastings
 Cornwallis
 William Bentick
 Warren Hastings:
 He was called the Father of the Modern Judiciary, and he tried to start a constructive judicial
system.
 He was the first governor-general to establish the modern law court in District.
 He set up two courts at the district level, Diwani Adalat and Fauj Dari Adalat.
 Diwani court was under the collector, in which civil cases were heard, and under the Faujdari
court, criminal matters were heard, and the head of the Faujdari court was Quazi, Mufti, and
Pandit. They were supervised by the collector.
 The Warren Hastings set up an appeal court in Calcutta level i.e. Sadar Diwani, and Sadar
Nizamat.
 Sadar Diwani was under the President, while Sadar Nizamat was under the Deputy Nazim,
and assisted by the Chief Quazi, and Chief Nazi.
 Cornwallis (1793):
 He also set up two courts at the district level, Diwani Adalat and Fauj Dari Adalat.
 The appeals courts were also continued.
 He introduced middle-level appeal courts in Dhaka, Patna, Murshidabad, and Calcutta, and
these courts were called the Provincial Court of Civil Appeal, and a court of the circuit.
 He compiled all and prepared Cornwallis Code 1793.
 William Bentick:
 He set up two courts at the district level, like Diwani Adalat and Fauj Dari Adalat.
 The appeals courts were also continued.
 The middle courts were discontinued.
 He introduced one more court, the Allahabad court.
 3

 He discouraged the use of Persian in the courts to support Vernacular in lower courts.
 The language of appeal in the court was English.
 There were three people who helped him: Holt Mackenzie, Butter Birt Belly, and Charles
Metcalf.
 Aspect 3: Discuss the Judicial Development Under the Various Acts Like Regulating Act of 1773, the
Indian Council Act of 1861, and the Act of 1935.
 Regulating Act 1773:
 The Regulating Act was passed by the Parliament to control, and regulate the activities of the
company.
 Under this act, the recommendation was to set up a Supreme Court for India.
 Supreme Court was set up in 1774 in the Bengal.
 It was the court for the crown to get information.
 In 1774, Eljah Empey became the first Chief Justice.
 Indian Council Act 1861:
 Indian Council Act 1861 gave a recommendation to set up the High Court for Indians.
 In 1865, the High Court was set up.
 The Second High Court was passed in 1911.
 Ramesh Chandra became the first Chief Justice of the High Court.
 Act of 1935:
 According to this act, India was to form a federation.
 The Federal Court was to be set up in Delhi.
 Mauris Gwyer was to become the first Chief Justice of the Federation Court.

Development of Civil Services:

 Early Civil Services:
 The early employees of the companies were known as civil servants, obligated to sign a covenant, hence
referred to as covenanted civil services.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 22
Development of Civil Services
 2

Development of Civil Services

Development of the Civil Services:
❖ This policy can be understood under the following headings:
➢ Early Civil Services.
➢ Civil services under the various acts.
➢ Civil services under the various governor generals.
➢ Various commissions relating to the Civil Services.
➢ Persons and places related to the Civil Services.
➢ Points related to changes in age.
❖ These topics can be covered under the chronological development of the Civil Services.
Development of Civil Services:
Early Civil Servants:
❖ The company’s merchants were early civil servants.
❖ There were no exams, no competition, and they had to sign ‘Covenant’ to become the Civil Servant.
❖ That’s why the early civil servants were called ‘Covenanted Civil Services’.
❖ Basic Hierarchy of Early Civil Servants:
➢ Apprentice
➢ Writer
➢ Factor
➢ Junior Merchant
➢ Senior Merchant
➢ President
Act of 1793:
❖ Before that, promotion was not based on seniority, but now it will be given on the basis of performance.
Role of Warren Hastings:
❖ Before Warren Hastings, there was one official, who had to perform two works: commercial as well as
administrative.
❖ After the appointment of Governor-General Warren Hastings, he appointed two separate officials for
commercial as well as administration. He brought division of work into the administration.
Role of Lord Cornwallis:
❖ He was known as the ‘Father of Civil Services’ with the following works:
➢ He tried to end corruption.
➢ There was no gift policy at his time.
➢ He decided to give a salary of Rs 1500/- and 1% of revenue collection.
➢ He started two divisions in the Indian Civil Service, ‘Covenated Civil Services’ & ‘Uncovenanted
Civil Services’, and appointed Indians in the lower ranks. It means the uncovenanted were Indians and
Covenanted were Europeans.
 3

➢ There was no competition and no examination.

➢ He appointed a commission to decide the age, subject, eligibility, etc. for the post of civil servant.
Training Centers: Two training centres were there:
❖ Fort William at Calcutta: It was established by Lord Wellesley. It was closed soon as Lord Wellesley
wanted to keep control under himself.
❖ Haleyburg at London: It was established by the company. It was continued till 1857.
Act of 1833:
❖ For the first time, the word ‘Competition’ was used.
❖ 4 Nomination and Competition: If the administration required 4 Civil Servants, then there had to be 16
nominations for the post. Competitions will held among them, then only 4 will be selected.
❖ This civil service was known as ‘Nominated cum Competitive Civil Services’.
Act of 1853:
❖ Open Competition was held for the first time in 1853.
❖ Competition was held irrespective of caste, region, religion, etc.
❖ Now this civil service has come to be known as ‘Open Competition Civil Services’.
❖ first Civil Service exam was held in London in 1854.
❖ First Indian Civil Servant was Satyendra Nath Tagore in 1863.
❖ 3 more Indians were selected in between 1870-73:
➢ S.N.Banerjee: He later became freedom fighter.
➢ Bihari Lal Gupta: He prepare a draft of Ilbert Bill.
➢ R.C.Dutta: He was a great economist.
❖ Maximum Age for the exam was 23 years and minimum age was 18 years.
Lord Lytton:
❖ He became viceroy in 1876.
❖ He started the Statutory Civil Services to appointed a high class Indians without facing exams.
❖ He reduced age from 21 to 19.
❖ Surendra Nath Banerjee started movement under his party (Indian Association).
Aitchison Commission:
❖ Just after 10 years end of the Statutory civil Services.
❖ Aitchison was the Governor of Punjab.
❖ Lord Dufferin was the viceroy, who took decision to end the civil services.
Islingston Commission:
❖ It was appointed in 1912.
❖ It recommended that 20-25% seats be reserved for Indians.
❖ Exam was held in the London only.
 4

Note:
❖ As we know, there was less participation of the Indians in an Administration.
❖ Gopal Krishna Gokhale gave data before the Royal commission in the 1897, and highlighted like:
➢ In Civil department there were only 56 Indians out of 1876.
➢ In the Military Department there were only 1 Indians out of 856.
➢ In District Management there were only 3 Indians out of 230.

Act of 1919:
❖ Civil Services were divided into two parts such as:
➢ Central Civil Services: It was related to Military Services, Railway Services.
➢ Indian Civil Services: It was related to Audit, Custom, and IRS.
Lee Commission:
❖ It was appointed in 1923.
❖ Its recommendations were: Establishment of the Public Service Commission.
❖ In 1926, Public Service Commission was established.
❖ For the first time, Civil Services Exam was held in India, in Allahabad, then in the Delhi., in 1922.
Act of 1935:
❖ Civil servants were put on under the viceroy, earlier they were under the secretary of the state.
❖ Federal Civil Services were started.
Age of the Civil Servants:
❖ In the 1854 the maximum age of the civil service was 23.
❖ In the 1860 the maximum age of the civil service was 22.
❖ In the 1866 the maximum age of the civil service was 21.
❖ In the 1876/78 the maximum age of the civil service was 19.
How Civil Service became a Cause of Revolt of 1857:
❖ It was not a main cause because the civil servants were educated people who got education in the London.
❖ They had full faith in the British set up/structure, and though that British rule must continue in India, so that
they would introduce the same set up in India, but they had problem like:
➢ Exam was held in the London.
➢ European Subject.
➢ Maximum age was very less.
➢ Low salary.
➢ Low ranks or posts.

 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 23
Economic Development
(Part - 01)
 2

Economic Development (Part - 01)

Economic Development:
Condition of the Indian Economy During the 18th Century:
 This topic can be divided into two parts, such as:
 Condition of the Indian Economy before the first half of the 18th century.
 Condition of the Indian Economy after the second half of the 18th century.
The Transformation of Indian Economy into a Colonial Economy:
 This topic can be divided into three parts such as:
 Discuss these faces under the colonial Eonomy like;
 Mercantilism (1757-1813)
 Mercantile capitalism (1813-58)
 Finance Capitalism (1858-1947)
Impact of Colonial Economy:
 The impact of the colonial economy can be seen such as:
 Drain of WQealth
 Poverty
 Finance
 Commercialization of Agriculture
 Ruin of Craftsmen
 Ruin of Agriculture
 Unemployment
 Railway
Condition of Indian Economy During the 18th Century:
Condition of Indian Economy Before the First Half Condition of Indian Economy after the Second Half
of the 18th Century: of the 18th Century:
 Condition of the Indian Economy before the  Condition of the Indian Economy after the
first half of the 18th century, It means before second half of the 18th century, It means after
1757. 1757.
 The trade was at its peak at that time.  After the Battle of Plassey, in 1757, India
 All Europen Mercantile Nation wanted to develop gradually lost their status because of trade due to
trading relations with Indians. the following reasons;
 India was the largest producer of articles like:  The downfall of the Mughals as a central
 Spice, Sugar, power.
 Cotton Clothes,  The rise and downfall of regional states were
seen, but soon they also declined, and as a
 Silk,
result the demand completely ended (as we
 Diverse works of Art,
know, trade was based on luxurious items).
 Medicines,
 Precious stones
 3

 The balance of Payment was in favour of India,  The rise of European companies was seen,
and India required very less products from and they captured main trading centres. They
Europe. got the trade facilities like Golden Farman
 Those days the mode of payment was in the form of 1717.
of Gold, and silver.  The neglect of shipping, and naval power.
 India had the same trading relations with China,  Gradually, the trade was being shifted into
African countries, and South Asian countries, and the hands of Europeans.
the Balance of Payment was in India's favour. In
this way, India had achieved the status of Golden
Bird.

Transformation of the Indian Economy into a Colonial Economy:

 India initially possessed a self-sufficient economy prior to the arrival of English companies. However, over
time, it transitioned into a colonial economy due to pivotal events such as the battles of Plassey and Buxar in
1772, followed by the implementation of various exploitative economic policies.
 The Indian Economy became a colonial economy, and according to Karl Marx, and R.C. Dutt there were
three phases of colonialism such as:
Capitalist Phase (1757-1813) Mercantile Capatilist (1813-1858) Finance Capatilism (1858-1947)
 According to Karl Marx,  In this phase the end of monopoly  The third period of British
the monopoly was in the of the company. colonialism was called
trade.  India was made a free market, in Finance capitalism.
 The company tried to which all European companies  During this period, Indian
purchase furnished goods were allowed to trade with funds were directed towards
at reduced prices for Indians. investments in railways,
export, and this phase is  They took away raw materials roads, and commercial crops
called direct loot. for factories due to the Industrial within India, aimed at
 After the Plassey this phase Revolution, a number of factories accelerating the exploitation
was started, and the were opened in Britain and of the country's resources.
company purchased required raw materials.
products with the help of  They also took food grains, and as
Indian Revenue. a result famines were seen in
India.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 24
Economic Development (Part 02)
 2

Economic Development (Part 02)

Land Revenue Settlements:
❖ The company started as a trading company but gradually became the political company by acquiring land.
❖ Originating as a trading entity, the East India Company gradually acquired land, beginning with the 24
Parganas post the Battle of Plassey.
❖ Additional territories like Bardhaman, Chatgaon, and Midnapur were obtained from Mir Qasim in 1760.
❖ In the 1764, the company got the Diwani rights, and between 1765 to 1772 the company was started the
Dual system, and collected revenue on the behalf of old revenue system.
❖ Following the Battle of Buxar, the company secured diwani rights over Bengal and Bihar, ultimately
becoming the Nawab of Bengal in 1772.
❖ To ensure stable income, the company implemented a five-year settlement system, leasing land to
zamindars.
❖ The advantages of the five-year settlement included predictable income and the capacity to concentrate
on further expansion endeavours.
❖ In 1777, facing escalated expenditure, the company shifted to a one-year settlement system to optimize
revenue.
❖ Acknowledging territorial expansion and variations in fertility, Cornwallis established a revenue board in
1786.
❖ This led to the introduction of three main land revenue settlements:
➢ Permanent Settlement,
➢ Ryotwari Settlement, and
➢ Mahalwari Settlement.
Permanent Settlement:
❖ Instituted by Cornwallis in 1793, the settlement was known by various names, such as permanent
settlement, Izaredari, Bisvedari, Malgujari, and Zamindari.
❖ Dubbed the "Sunset rule," zamindars were required to deposit their land revenue before sunset on specified
dates.
❖ Zamindars were regarded as the landowners, and agreements were forged with them for this settlement.
❖ Initially implemented in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and northern Karnataka, the settlement covered
approximately 19% of the total British land.
❖ Under this system, the whole crop yield was divided into 11 parts, with the company retaining 10 parts
and the zamindar receiving one part.
❖ In this land revenue settlement, the Zamidar were considered as the owner of the land.
❖ Finding their zamindari in danger, Zamindar started collecting extra revenue, They had to collect 3 crore
75 lakh rupee but they collected 13 crore.
Ryotwari Settlement:
❖ Ryots stands for Peasants.
❖ It was started in Assam, Madras, Bombay where zamindar were not present, so ryot were considered the
owner of the land, and agreement was signed with them.
 3

❖ It was started in 1792 in Baramahal district by Thomas Munrow and Captain Read.
❖ It started around 51% of the total British area.
❖ Crop was divided equally in two parts, one part was taken away by the company.
❖ No improvement in agriculture.
❖ No irrigation facilities.
❖ Pitiable conditions for peasants.
❖ Sometimes they had to sell their land in order to pay their tax.
❖ They were trapped by moneylenders.
Mahalwari Settlement:
❖ The term "Mahal" denoted a village, and this land revenue system was implemented in Punjab, central
India, and certain parts of Uttar Pradesh.
❖ Holt Mackenzie initiated this system in 1833.
❖ Under this arrangement, the crop yield was divided equally into three parts, with the company claiming two
parts.
❖ It covered around 30% of the total British area.
Characteristics/Disadvantages of All Land Revenue Systems:
❖ In all revenue systems, high revenue was collected, and all were exploitative and designed to provide benefit
to the British Company.
❖ Due to these land revenue settlements, not only peasants but also Zamidars lose their traditional rights on the
land.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 25
Economic Development (Part 03)
 2

Economic Development (Part 03)

Famine Policy:
❖ Famine Policy can be divided under two heads like;
➢ Company Period (1757-1857):
✓ In this period around 12 major drought and Famines were experienced by the company such as
famine of Bengal, Madras, Uttar Pradesh, and Guntoor.
✓ The policy of the company
➢ Crown Period (1858-1947):
✓ In this period around eight droughts and Famines were experienced.
Company’s Period:

Famine of Bengal Madras Uttar Pradesh Guntoor

❖ The time period of the ❖ The time period of ❖ The time period of ❖ The time period of the
Famine of Bengal was the Famine of the Famine of Famine of Guntoor was
between 1767- 70. Madras was seen Uttar Pradesh was seen in 1833.
❖ Famine was also seen around 1781 and seen in 1803, and ❖ The most devastating
in Bengal, Bihar, and 1792. 1837. famine was seen, in
Odisha. ❖ Some relief was ❖ Relief was given which out of 5 lakh 3
❖ The dual system was given, but not on the distribution lakh people were killed.
started in 1765, and it sufficient. of food grains.
was continued till ❖ First-time relief ❖ In 1837 famine
1772, and within 2-3 distribution of was seen again,
years devastating Food grains. and relief was
famine was seen in provided along
which 1/3rd total with relief,
population of Bengal employment, and
was killed. public work.
❖ Some relief was given
but not sufficient.
❖ Initially the merchants
of the company were
making a profit by
selling food grains at
higher prices.
 3

Crowns Period:

Famine/Draoughts Policy

❖ The famine of Orissa was seen in 1865, later it was ❖ George Campbell Commission was
spread in Bengal and Bihar, in which around 30,00000 appointed.
people were killed. ❖ It was the first commission on famine.
❖ There was no prior information was given. ❖ Recommendations were like:
➢ The role of NGOs was accepted.
➢ More railway lines should be
constructed.
➢ The government should make more
laws.

❖ The Famine of 1876-78, It was seen in UP, Madras, ❖ Stratchey commission was appointed.
Punjab, and Bombay. ❖ Recommendations were like:
❖ Around 50,00000 people were killed. ➢ The role of the provincial government
was accepted.
➢ Construction of poor houses.
➢ Provision for employment.
➢ Reduction of land tax.
➢ Need to take the loan.

❖ Famine of the North India (1899-1900) ❖ Macdonnell Commission:

➢ It was very much devastating. ➢ It was appointed by the Lord Curzon
➢ Around 10 Cr. expenditure on this. in 1901.
➢ Recommendations:
✓ Appointed the famine
commission.
✓ Protection of animals during
famines.
✓ Reduction of tax.
✓ Loan was provided to peasants.

❖ The famine of 1942-43, and during this famine the

export was stopped from Burma due to World War II.
❖ As a result a famine-like situation was seen in the
Bengal.
 4

Downfall of the Rural Industries:

Aspect;
Discuss the process of the downfall of the rural craft Industry during the British period.
❖ Part 1: Introduction:
➢ In this part, we have to write the condition of rural craft industries in India.
✓ We had self-sufficient craft industries in the village, which also fulfilled the requirements of
villages and cities.
✓ The Villagers (Peasants, and Labours) were self-sufficient, and they were enjoying their life, and
then the company entered.
❖ Part 2: Discuss how they declined:
➢ With the advent of the British people and their exploitative policies declining Indian Villages craft
industries due to the following reasons:
✓ Use of Machines: British People introduced machines, machines made products were cheap,
durable, and attractive.
✓ Machine-made clothes: These clothes spoiled the Indian cloth Industry, and clothes were cheap
and attractive.
✓ Leather Industry: India did not get leather as British merchants made an agreement with the
heads of the villages and sent all leather directly from Britain, and it was furnished.
✓ The leather products were dumped in the Indian Market.
✓ Use of Synthetic Colour: The demand for natural colour declined as a result Dye Industry being
ruined.
✓ Kerosene Use: It ruined the Indian oil industry.
✓ Use of Metal Utensils: The company introduced metal utensils which proved very harmful to the
pottery industry.
❖ Part 3: Result of downfall:
➢ Due to the policies of the company the following impacts were seen:
✓ The village and agriculture industry both supported each other, which means high-level
coordination was seen between both of them.
✓ Due to the British policies this coordination was ended, and as a result, villages were totally
dependent on the cities.
✓ Craftsmen became unemployed, and they had to stop doing their traditional work, and shift to
agriculture, and in this way, there was stress on agriculture.
Aspect:
Discuss the downfall of handicrafts during the company/British Period.
❖ Part 1: In this part, we have to write the rule of handicraft.
 5

➢ Before the advent of Brtish the Indian handicraft was fully developed, and there was a great demand
for Indian handicrafts in Europe, but it declined due to various reasons:
✓ The Mughal had declined as a result of the protection was ended, and the demand was also ended.
✓ The British made various policies or rules against the import of Indian handicrafts.
❖ Part 2: Discuss the Various laws:
➢ Daniel’s Novel was written by Robinson Crusoe, in which he wrote that British houses were filled with
Indian handicrafts. That means there was a great demand for the Indian handicrafts. On the other hand,
silk clothes were not allowed in the British Market.
➢ In 1720 ban was imposed on cotton clothes.
➢ In 1766 a woman had to give 200 pounds as a fine because she kept a peace of clothing which was
made in India.
➢ Dadni System: It was a kind of agreement, in which Indian weavers were given in advance, and
compulsion was created to work for only for the company.
➢ They were not allowed to do the private work if they found their thumb was cut publicly.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 26
Economic Development (Part 04)
 2

Economic Development (Part 04)

Governor Generals:

Governor General of Bengal Governor General of India

❖ Warren Hastings (1773-85) ❖ Lord William Bentinck (1828-35)

❖ Lord Cornwallis (1786-93) ❖ Charles Metcalfs (1835-36)
❖ Sir John Shore (1793-98) ❖ Lord Auckland (1836-42)
❖ Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) ❖ Lord Harding (1844-48)
❖ Sir George Barlow (1805-07) ❖ Lord Dalhausie (1848-56)
❖ Lord Minto (1807-1813)
❖ Lord Hasting (1813-23)
❖ Lord Adams (1823)
❖ Lord Amhest (1823-28)

Viceroys Under British Crown:

❖ Lord Canning (1856-62)

❖ Lord Elgin -I (1862-63)
❖ Sir John Lawrence (1864-69)
❖ Lord Mayo (1869-72)
❖ Lord Northbrook (1872-76)
❖ Lord Lytton (1876-80)
❖ Lord Ripon (1880-84)
❖ Lord Dufferin
❖ Lord Lansdowne (1888-94)
❖ Lord Elgin -Ⅱ (1894-99)
❖ Lord Carzon (1899-1905)
❖ Lord Minto-II (1905-10)
❖ Lord Harding (1911-16)
❖ Lord Chelmsford (1916-21)
❖ Lord Reading (1921-26)
❖ Lord Irwin (1926-31)
❖ Lord Willington (1931-36)
❖ Lord Wavell (1943-47)
❖ Lord Mountbatten (1947-48)
❖ C.RajgopalaChari(1948-50)
 3

Robert Clive:
❖ He was born in England in a very simple family.
❖ He was appointed as a Clerk in the East India Company and called the ‘Founder of the British Empire in
India’.
❖ He came twice to India: in tenure between 1757-1760, and tenure between 1765-1767.
❖ Tenure I:
➢ He first came to India in between 1757-176.
➢ He fought two wars in this period: the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and the Battle of Bedara in 1759.
❖ Tenure II:
➢ The second time came to India between 1765-67.
➢ In this period, he introduced the ‘Dual System of Government’.
➢ He also founded a society for trade, and under this :
❖ Private trade ended with merchants.
❖ Loss of income due to the end of the trade.
❖ So, to counterbalance loss, society was founded, and monopoly was given to the Company on Salt, Tobacco,
and Areca Nut.
➢ White Revolution: This was related to military reforms. In 1766, Clive decided to reduce the double
allowance given to the soldiers who were posted outside of Bengal. The soldiers of Munger conducted a
revolt in this regard.
Warren Hastings:
❖ He was appointed as the governor of Bengal and became the first governor general of Bengal in 1773.
❖ Administrative Works:
➢ He ended the Dual System of Government, which was started by Clive.
➢ He also ended the offices of Muhammad Raja Khan and Raja Shitob Roy.
➢ He stopped giving Rs 26 lakh pension to the Mughal Emperor.
❖ Revenue Reforms:
➢ The Revenue Board was set up at Calcutta.
➢ Treasury was shifted from Murshidabad to Calcutta.
➢ Zamindars were no longer considered as the owners of the land. They were now only responsible for
the collection of revenue.
➢ He introduced the 5-year settlement (1772-1777) for the fixation of income. Later on, it evolved with
the time. The land was given to Zamidars for 5 years so that they could fix their income. After that, a 1-
year settlement began.
❖ Judicial Reforms:
➢ Warren Hastings was called the ‘Father of the Modern Judiciary’.
➢ Warren Hastings made two courts at every district court:
❖ Diwani: They were under the collector. It was for Civil matters.
 4

❖ Faujdaari: They were under the supervision of the collector. It was also known as Nizamat Court, and it was
a criminal court. The collection was headed by Mufti and Qazi.
➢ In Calcutta, appeals courts were made:
❖ Sadar Diwani: It was headed by the President.
❖ Sadar Nizamat: The Deputy Nazim was the head, who was assisted by the Chief Qazi and Chief Mufti.
➢ In 1773, a regulating act was passed, the Supreme Court was established at Calcutta in 1774, and Sir
Elijah Empey was made the Chief Justice.
➢ The code of Gento Law and digest of Hindu law were translated.
❖ Other works:
➢ Issue of Maharaja Nand Kumar: Nand Kumar was the Diwan/Tax Collector of the Company. He made
an allegation on Warren Hasting that he took a bribe of Rs 3.5 lakh from Munni Begam (Widow of Mir
Jafar). Warren Hastings and Elizah Emphey were friends. Elizah Emphey hanged Nand Kumar
during the period of Warren Hastings.
➢ Asiatic Society: It was set up by Warren Hastings and William Jones in 1784 for the translation work.
Lord William Bentick:
❖ Basic:
➢ He ruled in India for 7-years (1828-1835).
➢ His period was known for social reform.
➢ He became the Governor of Madras (1803-1806).
➢ The Sepoy revolt in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, was sparked by grievances related to issues such as the use of
tilaks and earrings.
❖ Social Reforms:
➢ He abolished the Sati practice.
➢ He banned female infanticide and human sacrifice.
➢ He also banned Thugee practice.
➢ He also abolished discrimination in government jobs.
➢ He introduced ‘Liberal Policy for Press’.
➢ He also brought educational reforms.
❖ End of Sati Pratha:
➢ The meaning of sati is ‘Pious’ or ‘Pure’.
➢ Evidence of Sati Pratha in Ancient India: A ritual with support in a Vedic text was a "symbolic self-
immolation" in which it is believed a widow of status needed to perform at the death of her husband, the
widow subsequently marrying her husband's brother.
➢ It was mostly famous in Rajputs and Brahmins.
➢ Efforts to end this practice were made by Potugues and Akbar.
➢ Lord William Bentick ended it in Bengal, Bombay, and Madras.
 5

❖ End of Thugee:
➢ It was very famous among Hindus and Muslims.
➢ There was thugee training for beginners.
➢ They were the devotees of Durga, Kali, and Bhavani.
➢ Henry Sleemen (administrator and soldier) was appointed to kill many and suppress the Thugee Practice.
❖ End of Discrimination in Government Services:
➢ The Charter Act 1833 was passed, and clause 87 was introduced by special request of Bentinck added.
Christian Missionaries:
❖ Who were Christian Missionaries: A person sent by the church to an area to recite the story of the Bible, to
work in hospitals, and to open educational institutions.
❖ Charter Act of 1813: It allowed Christians to come to India, to settle down, and to propagate Christianity.
❖ Statement of Manjilas (Director of Company): He said that our motive is to convert Indians into Christians
in Christian states.
❖ Work of Missionaries:
➢ Open schools, and made Bible compulsory education.
➢ Used the police force for conversion.
➢ He took famine as an opportunity in 1837 to help the victims.
➢ In prison, they stopped providing utensils to non-Christians, and those who converted to Christianity got
all the prison facilities.
➢ Major Edward stated that ‘To make India a Christian state is our prime motive’.
➢ As per Veer Savarkar, non-Christians were used to abuse in the name of ‘ram’ and ‘Muhammad’ in
Prison.
➢ American Missionaries Society set up a press in Agra.

Note:
Lex Loci Act (1850):
❖ The Lex Loci Act of 1850 granted Christian converts the legal entitlement to inherit property that had been
confiscated or seized.

Development of Education:
❖ Mughals declined in the first half of the 18th century, and the rise of states was seen.
❖ The first half of the 18th century was full of Commotion, Peace was disturbed.
❖ The educational development was initially started by the Company’s officials, and they supported
traditional education. (Orientalist Learning).
➢ The Calcutta Madrasah was established by Warren Hastings in 1781 for the study of Muslim law and
related subjects.
➢ After 10 years of Calcutta Madarsha, the Sanskrit College was established by Jonathan Duncan, the
resident, at Benaras in 1791 for the study of Hindu law and philosophy.
 6

➢ Christian missionaries who started coming to India were against of studying Orientalist Learnings. They
set up Fort William College, in which they did translation work, such as the Hindi-English Dictionary and
many books of Grammers, etc.
➢ Role of Act of 1813: On one hand, efforts were made by the officials of the Company and Missionaries.
On the other hand, the British Parliament passed the Act of 1813, in which a provision was made to
propagate education by spending Rs. 1 Lakh.
➢ Controversy was started and no decision was taken about Bentick:
✓ Bentick became Governor General in 1828, he was challenged to sort out a dispute regarding
education. He made a committee, ‘General Committee of Public Interest’.
✓ The committee had 10 members and was headed by Macaulay.
✓ This committee was divided into two: Orientalist Learning and Anglicist Learning.
✓ Orientalist Learning: James Princep and Willson were the followers of Orientalist Learning in
India. They wanted to teach Indian subjects and languages in vernacular language.
✓ Anglicist Learning: Macaulay was a great supporter of this learning. They were in favour of
teaching European subjects in the English Language.
❖ Minute of Macaulay: In this minute, provide information and views of Macaulay:
➢ He made fun of Indian subjects and languages.
➢ He added that he ‘will be teaching Indian History, Geography, Ayurveda, Astrology, society, which
are full of myths’.
➢ According to him, the Indian language neither has literary aspects nor a scientific approach.
➢ ‘A single self of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia’
- by Macaulay.
➢ He wrote a letter to his father and expressed his views. After the introduction of English, there will be no
idolators left in Bengal within 50 years.
➢ He also wrote that, after the introduction of English, a new group would be formed, looked Indian by
dress-up and colour, and European by thinking.
➢ Macaulay wanted to introduce European subjects in the English language to make Indian clerks,
subordinate to Europeans.
❖ Views of Raja Rammohan Roy: Raja Rammohan Roy was a great reformer, and he was called the pioneer
of modern India.
➢ He badly criticised the efforts of the company to spread Orientalist learning by opening Calcutta
Madarsa and Banaras Hindu College.
➢ We find that the government is establishing a Sanskrit school under Hindu Pandits, to impart such
knowledge as is already current in India.

 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 27
Military Policy, Police Policy, and
Education Policy
 2

Military Policy, Police Policy, and Education Policy

Aspect:
Q. Discuss the challenges before Lord William Bentinck in the field of Education.
❖ Development of Education:
➢ As we know the Act of 1813 decided to spend 1 lakh rupees to impart education in India.
➢ But this act was mum regarding the motives, mediums, and subject of education.
➢ Governor generals and others were unable to decide whether this amount should be spent, in the
promotion of Indian subjects, and languages, as well as European subjects, and languages.
➢ During the period of Lord William Bentinck, a committee was constituted to sort out this problem,
and the name of this committee was the General Committee on Public Instruction.
➢ This committee had 10 members, and Lord Macaulay was the head. These 10 members were
equally divided into two groups, the Orientalist, and Anglicist groups.
➢ Orientalist Learning: James Princep and the Willson brothers were the followers of Orientalist
Learning in India. They wanted to teach or support Indian subjects and Languages in vernacular
language.
➢ Anglicist Learning: The members of these groups were Sir Charles Metcalf, Trevelyan, and Raja
Rammohun Roy, including Macaulay, who was a great supporter of this learning. They were in
favour of teaching European subjects in the English Language.
❖ Minute of Macaulay: In this, minute provide information and views of Macaulay:
➢ He made fun of Indian subjects and languages.
➢ He added that he ‘will be teaching Indian History, Geography, Ayurveda, Astrology, society,
which are full of myths’.
➢ According to him, the Indian language neither has literary aspects nor having scientific
approach.
➢ ‘A single self of a good European Library was worth the whole native literature of India and
Arabia’ - By Macaulay.
➢ He wrote a letter to his father and expressed his views. After the introduction of English, there will
be no idolator left in Bengal within 50 years.
➢ He also wrote that, after the introduction of English, a new group would be formed, looked Indian
by dress-up and color, and European by thinking.
➢ Macaulay wanted to introduce European subjects in the English language to make Indian clerks,
subordinate to Europeans.
➢ Finally, the controversy ended with the introduction of English.

Police Policy:
❖ Basic:
➢ It was the third pillar of the British Administration.
➢ Modern Policy was established by the company in India.
➢ It was developed over a long period of time.
 3

❖ Condition of Calcutta:
➢ During the Company Period, Calcutta became the center of Hooligans. It was difficult to pass the
market after sunset.
➢ Hooligans became active, and looting was seen everywhere, people were not safe there.
❖ Role of Cornwallis:
➢ Lord Cornwallis was the ‘Father of the Modern Police System’.
➢ He made the following reforms like:
✓ Police power snatched from Zamidars.
✓ He divided the district into 400 sq. yards, appointed ‘Daroga’, and made Police Chowki.
✓ He made ‘Chowkidaar’ as the Police Head of the Village.
✓ District Head: Superintendent of Police (SP).
❖ Role of Charles Napier:
➢ Sindh was annexed in 1843, and Charles Napier was sent to India to maintain law and order.
➢ He started the Police System on the line of ‘The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC)’ (Ireland Police
System). RIC has two departments:
✓ Separate Police from the Military Department,
✓ Setup Unified Police System.
➢ The Post of Inspector General was created, who was the head of the Province.
❖ Role of William Bentick:
➢ He was the governor General (1828-35).
➢ He did the following reforms like:
✓ He removed the post of SP and made Collector the head of the District from 1828 -1835.
✓ Collector/Magistrate was the head of police.
✓ The commissioner played the role of SP.
✓ Police reform proved very expensive.
❖ Indian Police Act, 1861:
➢ In 1860, the Police Commission was set up.
➢ It was recommended by the Police Commission to set up a Unified Police System and the Indian Police.
➢ Act was passed in 1861.
➢ The provisions under this act:
✓ There should be a Unified Police System,
✓ Indian Police Service (IPS) started.
✓ Magistrate made the head of the District,
✓ Police had to work under the District Magistrate.
✓ IG made the head of the province, Dy. IG was made the head of the range, and SP became the head
of the district again.
Military Policy:
❖ The military was the second pillar of the British Administration.
❖ There were four main pillars of British administration:
 4

➢ Ist Pillar: Civil,

➢ IInd Pillar: Military
➢ IIIrd Pillar: Police, and
➢ IVth Empire: Judiciary.
❖ The military was required for various purposes, including:
➢ To win India
➢ To suppress Revolt
➢ To protect the empire from Asia and Africa.
➢ To protect it from various European companies.
❖ The company had a strong army. Total strength of the army was 3,11,400, and out of them , 2,65,000 were
Indians. It means, there was a great dependency on Indians.
❖ The general ratio of Indians to British in the army was 6:1.
❖ The maximum number of soldiers were from Oudh and Bihar.
❖ Dissatisfaction Among Soldiers:
➢ There were a number of causes that were responsible, like:
✓ Indian soldiers were not allowed to practice their religious belief.
✓ They were not allowed to keep wear a turban or cap.
✓ They were not given a higher post.
✓ They were appointed as soldiers, and a derogatory word was used called Sepoy.
✓ In 1856, General Service Enlistment was passed, and under this act, Indian soldiers were
compelled to give their service in abroad.
✓ Muslims and Brahmins opposed this act on the grounds of religious prohibition against crossing, as
dictated by their respective faiths.
✓ Further British introduced a new riffle called the Enfield Riffle and discontinued the old brown
base riffle. New Enfield Riffle was introduced in three areas, like:
i. Dumdum
ii. Sialkot
iii. Ambala
➢ These riffles were light and more accurate when they were introduced, but there was a problem, Greece
cartridges were used, and before loading, a bite was required. Rumours spread that animal fat-the cow,
and pig—was used, as a result, Hindus, and Muslims refused to use these riffles. Mangal Pandey of
Bairakpur conducted a revolt and killed his senior Adjutant. As a result, he was arrested, and hanged to
death. With this incident, the revolt of 1857 started.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 28
Subsidiary Alliance, and
Dalhausie
 2

Subsidiary Alliance, and Dalhausie

Foreign Policies:
 Foreign Policy of the company can be understood under the tenure of two governor general.
Lord Wellesley (1798 - 1805) Lord Dalhousie (1848-56)
 The Subsidiary Alliance was a plan by Lord  Lord Dalhousie introduced a rule called the
Wellesley where Indian states had to host a British Doctrine of Lapse.
official and dismantle their own military. The East  He was the founder of British Empire, and he
India Company sent soldiers, and the cost was undertook reforms, and major policy under his
covered by the Indian rulers. tenure was ‘Doctrine of Lapse’.
Lord Wellesley (1798 - 1805):
 The Subsidiary Alliance was introduced by Lord Wellesley.
 Wellesley was the first governor general to adopt constructive policy.
 The purpose was to make Indian states weak or dependent because he wanted to counterbalance the threat of
Nepolean.
 Wellesely was considered the great imperialist who wanted to increase the territorial boundaries of country.
 There were mainly three objectives behind introduction of subsidiary alliances, like:
 He wanted to make company powerful in India.
 In order to become powerful, he made Indian states dependent on company for security and other
resources.
 He wanted to increase the territory of the company.
 The Basics of Subsidiary Alliance: In order to fulfil the above three objectives, a treaty called the Subsidiary
Alliance was introduced and signed by Indian states. It had the following conditions:
 Indian states would not maintain a regular army.
 The Indian King had to host the British Army in his kingdom.
 The state had to pay for the army's expenses. If a state failed to pay its dues, it would have to cede a
piece of territory.
 The company would be responsible for protecting allied states.
 States would be required to host a British resident in their courts.
 The company assured that it would not interfere in the state's internal matters.
 States were prohibited from establishing any relations with other Indian states or foreign companies
without Company’s permission.
The State which Accepted Subsidiary Alliance:
 Awadh (Treaty which anticipated as subsidiary alliance system in 1765; Lord Wellesley imposed subsidiary
Allaince in 1801)
 Nizam of Hyderabad (1798)
 Ruler of Mysore (1799)
 Ruler of Tanjore (1799)
 The Peshwa (1801)
 3

 The Bhonsle Raja of Berar (1803)

 Jaitpur (1818)
 The Scindia (1804)
 Holkers (1818)
 Rajput states Jaipur, Bharatpur, Bundi (1818)
Note:
 Nizam was the first State to sign the treaty during the time of Wallesley.
 The kingdom of Awadh was the first to enter an alliance like this (subsidiary Alliance) through the Treaty
of Allahabad (1765), after its defeat in Battle of Buxar.

The merits of Subsidiary Alliance to Company:The company gained the following advantages:
 The company was able to maintain a regular army at the expense of Indian states.
 The foreign policy of states was under the control of the company.
 The company started receiving a regular source of income under the guise of maintaining the army.
 The company gained territorial advantages in case a state failed to provide money.
 The company was able to establish British residences in Indian courts.
 According to provision of subsidiary alliance treaty, states were not allowed to maintain any kind of
relationship from neighbouring states.
 The prestige of the company increased.
Demerits of Subsidiary Alliance to allied State:Indian states experienced several disadvantages as a result of
entering into Subsidiary Alliances with the British:
 Loss of income or resources because they had to pay extra money more than required to maintain army.
 Indian states unable to meet the financial demands of the company.
 Indian states were not allowed to keep an army; in this way they became weak in the front of company.
 Territorial losses, as seen when the Nizam had to cede the area of Barar due to an inability to cover maintenance
costs.
 Diminished prestige due to the loss of sovereignty.
 Limited control over foreign policy, with British residents starting to interfere in their internal affairs.
 In the case of disputes with the neighbouring states they had to accept the role of company as a mediator.
Lord Dalhousie
 Lord Dalhousie was the Governor General of India in 1848.
 His tenure is regarded as the final phase of the Company's rule in India.
 He not only annexed the Indian states but also conducted administrative reforms to consolidate
administrations.
 He was known for his policy ‘Doctrine of Lapse’.
 He was known for foreign policy (It means annexation of states), and domestic policy (Known for reforms).
 States were annexed through warfare, allegations of mismanagement, and the application of the doctrine of
lapse.
 4

 There were various reforms like:

 Military Reforms
 Administrative reforms
 Post, and Telegraph reforms,
 Reforms in Railway
 Currency reforms
Administrative Reforms: He made two reforms under this head such as:
 The appointment of a Lieutenant Governor in Bengal aimed to lessen the workload of the Governor-General.
 He introduced a new type of administration called non regulatory system or commissary Province, it means
there were two types of provice like:
 Regulatory province:
 The governor was the head, and the council was there to assist him
 Non Regulatory province:
 Commissioner was the head, and directly responsible to the Governor General.
Military Reforms:
 He relocated the Headquarters of Bengal Artillery from Calcutta to Meerut.
 The main headquarters and Chief Quarter of the Army were established in Shimla.
 The Gorkha Regiment underwent reorganisation.
 Efforts were made to reduce the number of Indian soldiers (230,000), balancing with European troops
(45,000).
Railway Reforms:
 The first railway line was inaugurated between Bombay and Thane on April 16th, 1853, covering a distance
of 34 km.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 29
Dalhousie, and Revolt of 1857
 2

Dalhousie, and Revolt of 1857

Dalhousie’s Various Reforms:
Electric Telegraph:
❖ He was hailed as "The Father of Electric Telegraph" in India as many cities were connected through this
technology.
❖ Extensive telegraph lines spanning 4,000 km were laid from Calcutta to Peshawar, and from Bombay to
Madras.
Postal Reforms:
❖ In 1854, he enacted the New Post Office Act.
❖ The issuance of postal tickets began for the first time.
❖ He issued a two-paisa ticket, allowing letters to be sent anywhere within the country.
Public Work Department:
❖ He established an independent Department for Public Works, separating it from the Military Department.
❖ Under this department, the following work is done like:
➢ The construction of the Ganges Canal was completed in 1854.
➢ The Grand Trunk Road underwent repairs.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 30
Dalhausie, and Revolt
of 1857 (Part - 02)
 2

Dalhausie, and Revolt of 1857 (Part - 02)

Revolt of 1857:
 This topic can be understood under the following heads:
 Important persons
 Important Places of the Revolt of 1857
 Nature of Revolt
 Causes of the Revolt
 Causes of failure
 Change of policy after the Revolt of 1857
 Other view-based questions
Important Persons, and Places of the Revolt of 1857:

Nature of the Revolt:

 V. D. Savarkar, a student, wrote a book ‘The First War of Indian Independence’ in London in 1909, in which
he discussed the nature and character of the revolt. He called it the First War of Independence.
 He was arrested, and the debate was started regarding the nature of the revolt.
 Debate was mainly concentrated on views like:
 First War of Independence:
 V. D. Savarkar- A planned war for national independence
 Dr. Sen described what began as a fight for religion, and ended as a war of independence.
 R. C. Majumdar argued that the revolt was neither the first of its kind, nor could it be termed national,
nor was it a war of independence.
 Disraeli was the leader of Britain, and he called it as ‘A National Rising’.
 Radical Religious War:
 According to historians like T. R. Homes, Reese, Taylor, and Outram consider it a religious war
against Christianity. Both Hindus and Muslims did not want to live under Christian Rule.
 Taylor, and Outram- A Muhammdan conspiracy making capital of Hindu grievances.
 3

 Feudal Unrest:
 According to Dr. S.B. Chaudhary, the revolt of 1857 was mainly conducted by feudal, those who
lost their lands or states such as Nana Saheb, Rani Jhansi, Kuwar Singh, etc.
 Military revolt:
 According to John Seeley, it was a military revolt. Before that numerous military revolts were seen
in India. The first revolt was conducted in the Vellore mutiny, and after that soldiers conducted
revolts in 1811, 1822, 1824, 1842, 1850, 1855, 1856, and 1857.
 Even though military revolt was seen during freedom struggles such as the Naval mutiny in 1946.
Causes of Revolt of the 1857:
 Social Causes:
 Indians started thinking that the British started interfering in their society, as they did the following things
such as:
 End of Sati practice.
 End of Thugee practice.
 Child infanticide.
 End of Human sacrifice.
 Religious Causes:
 Activities of Christian missionaries who followed the British flag in India were looked upon with
suspicion by Indians.
 The Act of 1813 allowed Christian missionaries to come to settle and to propagate Christianity.
 Replacement of Persian Language by English.
 Economic Causes: The colonial policies of the East India Company destroyed the traditional economic fabric
of Indian society.
 Economic exploitative policies.
 Huge drain of wealth.
 Impoverished by heavy taxation: The peasants resorted to loans from money lenders at exorbitant rates,
the latter often evicting the former from their land on non-payment of debt dues. These moneylenders
and traders emerged as the new landlords, while the landless peasantry and rural indebtedness continued
to plague Indian society.
 Ruin of Handicraft Industries: British rule also meant misery to the artisans and handicraftspeople.
British policy discouraged Indian handicrafts and promoted British goods.
 Imposed high tariffs on Indian trade and mercantile class: It was deliberately crippled by the British,
who imposed high tariff duties on Indian-made goods
 Destroyed Cotton Textile Industries: By the mid-nineteenth century, exports of cotton and silk textiles
from India practically came to an end.
 Old Zamindari System ended: Zamindars, the traditional landed aristocracy, often saw their land rights
forfeited with frequent use of a quo warranto by the administration. This resulted in a loss of status for
them in the villages.
 Outbreak of Famine.
 Taking away raw materials, and dumping furnished goods. India was used as a market.
 4

 Administrative Causes:
 Replacement of Persian with English language.
 Fewer appointments of the Indians.
 New judiciary, policing, and new other policies, in which Indians were not comfortable.
 Political Causes: The East India Company’s policy of aggrandisement, accompanied by broken pledges and
promises, resulted in contempt for the Company and loss of political prestige.
 Policy of ‘Subsidiary Alliance’: It was an arrangement believed to have been established between the
British East India Company and Indian princely states, which marked a shift in power dynamics from
Indian kingdoms to the British. This policy played a crucial role in the formation of the British Empire
in India.
 Policy of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’: The Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie. According to
it, if any Indian ruler dies without leaving a male heir, his kingdom will automatically pass over to the
British.
 There were other causes like:
 Nana Saheb: His pension was stopped.
 Bahadur Shah: His pension was also stopped, and he was not allowed to live in Red Fort.
 Rani Jhansi: She was not allowed to adopt a child, after the death of her husband, Rao Gangadhat
Rao.
 Wazir Ali Shah: Oudh state was annexed due to the charge of mismanagement.
 Kunwar Singh: He was from Bihar (Ara), and he was a zamindar.
 Military Causes:
 Indian Soldiers were called Sepoy, and they were not allowed to follow religious practices, such as,
not allowed wearing a cap, and turban, applying Tilak on the forehead, keeping a Beard, and wearing
Kundal.
 There was also a lower salary and more work.
 They passed the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856, which made them to work outside of India.
 Immediate Causes:
Old Rifle: New Rifle:
 It was not accurate.  It was accurate
 It was old, and heavy.  It was new, and light

 Greased Cartridges were used in new rifles: The greased wrapping paper of the cartridge of the new
rifle had to be bitten off before loading, and the grease was reportedly made of beef and pig fat.
 29 March, 1857, Mangal Pandey refused to use, and killed his senior (He was from 34th Native Infantry
of Bengal).

 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 31
Revolt of 1857, Political
Development before
Congress, and
Moderates
 2

Revolt of 1857, Political Development before Congress, and Moderates

Causes of the failure of the Revolt:
❖ Not Spread in the Whole of India:
➢ It was concentrated only in north India and central India.
➢ The areas remain silent:
✓ Punjab,
✓ Bombay, and
✓ Sindh.
❖ Lack of unity and Nationalism: The lack of unity among Indians and modern nationalism were as yet
unknown in India.
➢ They did not have a common goal/interests like:
✓ Sepoy of Bengal: Wanted to revive the Mughal glory.
✓ Rani Jhansi: wanted to adopt a child.
✓ Nana Sahib and Tantya Tope: He wanted to re-establish the Maratha empire.
✓ Bahadur Shah: To get entry into Red Fort, and revive the pension.
➢ In fact, the revolt of 1857 played an important role in bringing the Indian people together and imparting
to them the consciousness of belonging to one country.
❖ No common purpose: The mutineers lacked a clear understanding of colonial rule, nor did they have a
forward-looking programme, a coherent ideology, a political perspective, or a societal alternative.
➢ The rebels represented diverse elements with differing grievances and concepts of current politics.
❖ Lack of Leadership: The revolt was poorly organised with no coordination or central leadership. There was
no constructive planning or programme.
➢ On the other hand, the British General proved their ability like:
✓ Campbell, Nicholson, Outram, etc.
❖ Lack of Modern Weapons and Techniques: The Indian soldiers were poorly equipped materially, fighting
generally with swords and lathi, spears, and very few guns and muskets.
➢ On the other hand, the British Soldiers were fighting with rifles, canons, and using other modern
technology.
➢ They used railways, posts, and telegraphs to convey the messages.
❖ Other:
➢ Scindhia, Rajput, and Gorkha helped the company with the suppressed revolt.
➢ The soldiers of Bombay, and Madras remained loyal.
➢ Note: Two leaders fled to Nepal: Nana Sahib and Begum Hazrat Mahal.
➢ Note: Educated, and middle-class people did not take part in the revolt.
 3

Change the policy after Revolt:

❖ After the revolt of 1857, the end of the Company Rule and the Crown Rule was started.
❖ The post of Secretary of State was created in the British Parliament to look after the Indian administration.
❖ A 15-member Council was created to assist him. Queen Declaration was read in Allahabad, in which the
following things were adopted.
➢ No further expansion in India.
➢ No political discrimination.
➢ No interference in religion or society.
➢ Indians were also given opportunities and administration.
➢ The ratio of European soldiers increased and decreased in Bengal 1:2, in Bombay and in Madras 1:3.
➢ The number of European soldiers increased from 40,000 to 65,000, and the number of Indian soldiers
were decreased from 2,38,000 to 1,40,000.
➢ Regiment system was started such as Gorkha Regiment, Gadhwal Regiment, Rajput Regiment, etc.
➢ The soldiers of Bihar and UP were considered not fit for the army and also considered a non-fighter race.
➢ Soldiers were divided into fighters and non-fighters.
➢ Important departments, such as artillery, were snatched from the Indians.

Political Developments after 1857:

❖ One of the reasons for the failure of the Revolt of 1857 was that the Indians had to fight with the parliamentary
setup.
❖ So, after the revolt of 1857, political policies changed:
➢ Raja Rammohan Roy was the ‘Father of Modern India’ who highlighted the political demands, freedom
of the press, participation of India, and Codification of laws, and formed the first political party, i.e.,
‘Bang Bhasha Prakasini Sabha’.
❖ Various political associations formed in Bengal, Bombay, and Madras between 1856-1885:
➢ 1836: Bang Bhasha Prakasini Sabha.
➢ 1838: Land Holder Society.
➢ 1842: Bengal British India Society
➢ 1851: British Indian Association.
➢ 1867: Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
➢ 1875: Indian League
➢ 1876: Indian Association of Calcutta or Indian National Association
➢ 1885: Bombay Presidency Association
➢ 1854: Madras Native Association
➢ 1884: Madras Mahajan Sabha
 4

❖ By the culmination of all small parties, a National Party was formed in 1885, and it is known as the ‘Indian
National Congress (INC)’.
Political Organization:
❖ Raja Ram Mohan Roy:
➢ He was the first person to raise the political demands of Indians.
❖ Basic:
➢ He was the founder of Brahmo Samaj.
➢ He was given the title of Raja by Akbar II.
➢ He was also called the father of Indian nationalism and the father of modern India.
➢ He ended the Sati in 1829, and supported Lord William Bentinck.
❖ Political Demands:
➢ He highlighted political demands such as:
✓ Liberty of Press.
✓ Codification of laws
✓ Appointment of Indians in civil services, and other higher posts.
Political associations in Bengal:
❖ The Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha:
➢ It was founded in 1836 byGourishankar Tarkabagish
➢ It worked for administrative reforms, an association of Indians with the administration, and the spread
of education, and also promoted the Bengali language.
➢ To create political awareness, and to send petitions in order to get reforms.
❖ Landholders Society:
➢ It was the first political association to be started in India was in Calcutta in 1838.
➢ It was established by Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay, Dwarkanath Tagore, Prasanna Kumar Tagore,
Radhakanta Deb, and Ramkamal Sen.
➢ The work of this is to protect the interest of the land.
❖ Bengal British Indian Society:
➢ It was founded by George Thompson in 1843.
➢ The goal of this organization was to highlight the actual condition of Indians in British rule and protect
the interest of the high class also.
❖ British Indian Association:
➢ It was founded on October 29, 1851 at Calcutta by Rabindranath Tagore by merging 2nd, and third
organizations.
➢ The object of the Association was to work for reforms and to send petitions for reforms.
 5

➢ The object of the association was also to reduce salt tax, liquor tax, and stamp duty.
❖ Indian League:
➢ Sisir Kumar Ghosh along with Sambhu Charan Mukherjee founded 'The India League' in Calcutta on
25 September 1875.
➢ With the object of stimulating the sense of nationalism amongst the people.
❖ Indian Association:
➢ The Indian National Association, often known as the Indian National Association, was founded in 1876
by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in the present-day Kolkata district of West Bengal
as the first openly nationalist organization in British India.
➢ The work was to highlight weaknesses in policies and work for reforms.
➢ Under this organization, a man agitation was started against the decision of Lord Lytton, as he reduced
the age of civil servants from 21 to 19.

Political associations in Bombay:

❖ Poona Sarvajanik Sabha:
➢ It was established in 1867 by Maha Govind Ranaday and H S Chiplankar.
➢ The objectives were: to serve as a bridge between the Government and the people.
➢ It was also called a traitor organization as it instigated people against the British, and as well as it was
awaring people politically.
❖ Bombay Presidency Association:
➢ It was established in 1885 by Pherozehah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, and K.T. Telang.
➢ The objective was to criticize the repressive policy of Lord Lytton. It was formed to work for the nation
and to protect its interests.
➢ The organization hosts the first meeting of the Indian National Congress.
Political associations in Madras:
❖ Madras Native Association: Formed in 1852, by G L Chetty.
❖ Madras Mahajan Sabha: Formed in 1884 by M. Virraghavchari, B. Subhramanium, and P. Ananda
Charlu.
Political associations in Britain:
❖ East India Association: Formed in 1886 in London by Dadabhai Naroji.
Foundation of Congress:
Two National Conferences:
❖ Under the presidentship of Anand Mohan, and S.N. Banerjee (under the Indian Association), the two
National conferences were held in Calcutta in 1883, and 1885.
❖ First Conference: It was held in 1883 under the Indian Association of Bengal.
➢ Headed by Anand Mohan Bose.
 6

➢ Publication for 10,000 people.

➢ They decided to have a national fund.
➢ They decided that all parties in India should meet once a year.
❖ Second Conference: It was held in Calcutta, in Bengal.
➢ That is why S N Banerjee was unable to join the mating of Congress in Bombay.
Formation of Congress:
❖ It was formed by A. O. Hume, who was a retired civil servant who had his own party, ‘Our Union’.
❖ The party’s session was to be held in Pune, but due to Plague, it was held in Bombay.
❖ This session was organized in Bombay by the Bombay Presidency Association.
❖ The session was held on 31st December 1885, headed by GokuldasTejpal at Sanskrit Vidyalaya. and
changed the name from ‘Our Union’ to ‘Congress’.
❖ There were 72 delegates who attended.
❖ The first president of INC was W C Banerjee, and General Secratory was A.O.Hume.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 32
Congress
 2

Congress
Indian National Congress:
Some Important Points:
❖ Mahatma Gandhi and Congress:
➢ Mahatma Gandhi suggested the winding up of the Indian National Congress after India got
independence.
➢ Gandhiji asked all the top Congress leaders to dissolve the party and form a new organisation to serve
the people.
➢ He told the congress members that the task of INC was to fight for the freedom and liberation of India
from the shackles of the British, which was achieved by latter handing over power to the Indians.
❖ Annie Besant and Sarojani Naidu:
➢ The first woman president of Congress was Annie Besant, who became its president in 1917.
➢ Sarojini Naidu was the first woman President of INC in 1925.
❖ George Yule and A. O. Hume:
➢ The first British president of the Indian National Congress was George Yule (1888, Allahabad).
➢ O. Hume was a retired civil servant who founded INC on December 28, 1885. His idea was to bring
together a group of educated individuals on a common platform to influence policymaking.
❖ First session of Congress:
➢ The first session of INC was held in Bombay. It was scheduled to be held in Poona, but due to an outbreak
of plague, it was held in Bombay.
➢ Indian National Congress was established by A. O. Hume in 1885 in Bombay.
➢ O. Hume was the founder, organiser, father, General Secretary, and establisher of INC.
➢ He was a retired civil servant. W. C. Banerjee was the first president of INC, and 72 representatives were
present in the first session of INC.
❖ Subhash Chandra Bose:
➢ Subhash Chandra Bose served as the President of the Indian National Congress in both the 1938 and 1939
sessions.
❖ National Conference and Surender Nath Banerjee:
➢ S. N. Banerjee could not attend the First session of Congress as he was in Calcutta organising the second
National Conference under Indian Association. It was presided over by him.
➢ The First National Conference was held in 1883 in Calcutta under the Indian Association.
❖ Tilak and Congress:
➢ The Session of INC was held in Lucknow in 1916 under the presidential ship of Ambika Charan
Majumdar.
➢ In this session, Tilak expressed his views Swaraj is my birthright, I shall have it'.
❖ Chittaranjan Das and Congress:
➢ Gaya Session of Congress was held in 1922.
➢ It was presided over by Chittaranjan Das.
➢ Within the Congress, he formed the Swaraj Party with Motilal Nehru.
 3

➢ Chittaranjan Das is also known as Deshbandhu.

➢ He was an eminent lawyer who defended Aurobindo Ghosh in the Alipore Conspiracy Case regarding
❖ William Digby and Congress:
➢ Under the presidency of William Digby, a committee named 'British Committee of India' was
established in London to get the support of INC.
➢ This committee released the weekly magazine 'India' to convey Indian issues to the British.
❖ Safety-valve theory of Congress:
➢ William Wedderburn wrote the biography of A.O. Hume, in which a secret report related to safety-
valve was discussed.
➢ It was published in 1913.
➢ Congress was a product of Lord Dufferin's brain, was written by Lala Lajpat Rai in his paper "Young
India' published in 1916. He was an extremist leader. He shed light on the foundation of Congress and
supported the safety-valve theory.
➢ According to him, Congress was set up to suppress the violent revolution that was on the cards at
that time.
➢ According to some extremist leaders, the Indian National Congress was started by A. O. Hume, and
others under the official direction, guidance, and advice of no less a person than Lord Dufferin, the
Viceroy, to provide a safe, mild, peaceful, and constitutional outlet or safety valve for the rising discontent
among the masses, which was inevitably leading towards a popular and violent revolution.
4
 5

❖ Maulana Abul Kalam Azad:

➢ Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was elected president seven times.
➢ There were 62 sessions of Congress between 1885 to 1947.
❖ Bal Ganga Dhar Tilak could not become the President of INC.
❖ Badruddin Tayabji became the President of INC in 1887 in the Madras Session.
❖ Lord Dufferin and Congress:
➢ Lord Dufferin was the Viceroy of India from 1884 to 1888.
➢ Lard Dufferin ridiculed Congress as representing only a shore-sighted minority of the people.
❖ Rabindranath Tagore:
➢ “Jana-Gana Mana" is written by Rabindranath Tagore and was first sung during the Calcutta Session
of INC on 27 December 1911.
➢ It was originally written in Bangla. It was first translated into Hindi by Abid Ali.
❖ J. B. Kripalani:
➢ J. B. Kripalani was the President of INC in 1947.
No. of Session Year of Presidency Name of President
58 1947 J.B.Kriplani
59 1948-1949 Pattabhi Sitaraimayya
All the following leaders supported the safety-valve theory in the context of Foundation of Congress:
❖ Lala Lajpat Ral: Accepted it in his "Young India' in 1916.
❖ Rajani Palme Dutt: Between 1935 to 1940, he expressed his views in the context of the foundation of
Congress.
❖ M. S Golwalkar: He accepted it in his pamphlet ‘We'.
❖ C. F Andrews, and Girija Mukherji:Accept it their book, "The Rise and Growth of the Congress in India
published in 1938.
❖ The Secret Report and Foundation of Congress:
➢ The secret report which was mentioned in the biography of A. O. Hume, talked about the upcoming
revolt, and was mainly an outcome of religious leaders.
➢ The foundation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 was not a sudden event or a historical accident.
It was the culmination of a process of political awakening that had its beginnings in the 1860s and 1870s.
❖ The Early demands of the Congress were:
➢ No reduction of import duties on textile imports.
➢ There is no expansion in Afghanistan or Burma.
➢ Reduction of military expenditure.
➢ Abolishment of salt tax.
➢ The right to bear arms.
➢ Freedom of the Press.
➢ Higher expenditure on famine relief.
➢ Indianization of the Civil Services.
➢ The right of Indian judges to try Europeans in criminal cases.
 6

➢ The appeal to British voters to vote for a party that would listen to Indians.
➢ India's participation in the Royal Commission.
➢ Participation of Indians in Legislative Assemblies.
➢ End to Secretary of State Council.
➢ Civil services exams should be held in London and India.
➢ Organised exam for the military.

Aspects:
Discuss the Early demands of Congress or the demands of moderate leaders.
❖ Part 1: Introduction: In this part, we have to tell about the formation of Congress, how it was formed, and
the outcome of the political development, seen in between 1860 to 1880. We have to also tell that A. O.
Hume also played a very significant role in the formation of the Congress.
❖ Part 2: Discuss the Demand of Early Congress:
➢ The Congress did not demand to have freedom; it demanded only reforms in various policies. The
demands of the Congress were played by the moderate leaders, who founded the Congress.
➢ The Early demands of the Congress were:
✓ There is no reduction of import duties on textile imports.
✓ There is no expansion in Afghanistan or Burma.
✓ Reduction of military expenditure.
✓ Abolishment of salt tax.
✓ The right to bear arms.
✓ Freedom of the Press.
✓ Higher expenditure on famine relief.
✓ Indianization of the Civil Services.
✓ The right of Indian judges to try Europeans in criminal cases.
✓ The appeal to British voters to vote for a party that would listen to Indians.
✓ India's Participation in the Royal Commission
✓ Participation of Indians in Legislative Assemblies.
✓ End to Secretary of State Council.
✓ Civil services exams should be held in London and India.
✓ Organised exam for the military.

Moderates:
❖ This topic can be understood under the following headings:
➢ Who were moderates?
➢ Name the moderate leaders.
➢ Motives of Moderates.
➢ Method used by moderates.
➢ Achievements of Moderates.
➢ Administrative Achievements.
➢ Political Achievements.
➢ Economic achievements.
➢ Limitations.
 7

Who were the moderates?

❖ The early leaders of the freedom struggle.
❖ They were the founders of Congress, and they were active between 1885 and 1905.
❖ Their approaches were cooperative, conciliatory, and conscious.
❖ They had faith in the British government and were in favour of the reforms made by them.
❖ They didn’t talk about the independence of India.
❖ They simply wanted reforms.
❖ They had faith in the British setup and wanted to continue in India.
Name of the Moderate leaders:
❖ Important Leaders: The national leaders, like
➢ Dadabhai Naoroji,
➢ Pherozshah Mehta,
➢ Dinesh.E. Wacha,
➢ W.C. Bonnerjea,
➢ S.N. Banerjee
➢ Badruddin Taiyabji
➢ C. Vijaya Raghavchari
➢ Motilal Ghosh
➢ Dinshaw E Wacha
➢ Subhramaniyyam Iyre
➢ P. Anand Charlu
➢ A O Hume
➢ Gopal Krishn Gokhle
❖ Motives:
❖ Their were mainly three main motives such as:
➢ To form a strong opinion against British policies, that people were suffering due to British policies only,
not by God.
➢ To foster unity among people, recognise historical divisions based on caste, region, religion, language,
and other factors."
➢ To garner support from both the British populace and Parliament for reforms aimed at benefiting India.
Methods for Fulfilling Motives:
❖ The following methods were used to fulfil their demands:
➢ 6Ps Strategy:
✓ The 6Ps strategy includes utilising pens, posters, play cards, public meetings, petitions, and the press
to advance our goals.
➢ Public Meetings:
✓ Only A.O. Hume held 1000 meetings, and they adopted the constitutional ways.
✓ They also passed the resolution.
✓ Two delegations were dispatched as follows: in 1890, one led by W.C. and S.N. Banerjee, and in
1899, another led by Bipan Chandra Pal.
 8

Constitutional Achievements:
❖ The Act of 1858: Surendra Nath Banerjee referred to the Magna Carta as the cornerstone of Indian rights,
highlighting its significance as the first written acknowledgment of rights granted to Indians.
❖ Indian Councils Act 1892:
➢ It was passed due to the pressure created by the moderates.
➢ Limited rights were given to Indians.
➢ Expansion in the works of Indian legislative councils.
➢ Limited rights were given to discuss the Annual Financial Statement.
➢ Six days' advance permission was necessary for asking questions about government policies.
Administrative Achievements:
❖ Criticism of Administration:
➢ They condemned the British administration for its expansive nature, rampant nepotism, exclusion
of Indians, and the requirement for Indian Civil Service exams to be held in London.
❖ Criticism of Economic Policies:
➢ By highlighting the disparity in salaries favouring Europeans and the generous pensions granted to those
who settled in London, they criticised the unequal treatment within the British administration.
❖ Before Royal Commission 1897:
➢ Gopal Krishna Gokhale presented a compelling case before the Royal Commission, emphasising the
stark underrepresentation of Indians in the civil service. He pointed out that out of 276 positions in
the civil department, only 56 were occupied by Indians. Similarly, in the military, there was only one
Indian out of 856 positions, and in the role of district magistrate, there were merely three Indians
out of 230.
Economic Achievements:
❖ They criticised economic policies by writing books, articles, and papers.
❖ They also highlighted British expansion in trade, finance, and industry.
❖ Books of Dadabhai Naoroji:
➢ He wrote “England's Debt to India” in 1867, “The Wants and Means of India” in 1870, and On the
Commerce of India in 1870-1871.
❖ Books of R.C. Dutta:
➢ The Economic History of India under the Victorian Age (two Volumes).
❖ Books of Digby:
➢ Prosperous India.
❖ Books of Lala Lajpat Rai:
➢ Unhappy India.
❖ Books, articles, and papers brought attention to famines, epidemics, the export of raw materials, the import of
finished goods, the drain of wealth, mounting Indian debt, and heavy taxation. These works laid the
groundwork for the Swadeshi and boycott movements by proposing solutions such as advocating for
indigenous production and the boycott of foreign goods.
 9

Aspects:
❖ Who were the moderates, and what were their objectives?
❖ Discuss the demands, and achievements of moderates.
➢ Part 1: Introduction: Within 30 words, discuss the moderates.
➢ Part 2: In Part 2, discuss their constitutional achievements.
➢ Part 3: In Part 3, discuss their administrative achievements.
➢ Part 4: In Part 4, discuss their economic achievements.
❖ Discuss the achievements, and limitations of the moderates.
➢ Part 1: Discuss the achievements of the moderates within 75 words.
➢ Part 2: In Part 2 discuss the limitations of the moderates.
✓ According to extremists, moderates did nothing except armchair discussions.
✓ They were blamed for passing only resolutions, writing books, and using ineffective methods to
highlight their demands.
✓ They were also criticised for the fact that the movement started by them was limited to the
educated class only; participation was absent.
✓ Extremists also critiqued moderators for their paperwork.
✓ According to them, no constructive outcome was seen.

Moderates:
Some Important Points:
❖ Bal Ganga Dhar Tilak:
➢ He was an extremist leader.
➢ He was popularly known as Lokmanya.
➢ He was born into a Brahmin family on July 23, 1856, in Ratnagiri (Maharashtra) and died in 1920, in
Bombay. The same day, the Non-Cooperation Movement was started.
❖ The Works of Tilak:
➢ In 1903, he wrote the book “The Arctic Home in the Vedas”. In it, he argued that the original home of
Aryans was in the Arctic region.
➢ In his other book, The Orion, he tried to calculate the time of the Vedas by using the positions of different
Nakshatras. The positions of the Nakshatras were described in different Vedas.
➢ Tilak wrote, "Shrimadh Bhagavad Gita Rahasya in prison at Mandala— the analysis of Karma Yoga
in the Bhagavad Gita, which is known to be a gift of the Vedas and the Upanishads.
❖ Dadabhal Naoroji (1825–1917):
➢ He was an Indian political leader and one of the founders of the Indian National Congress. Naoroji
moved to Britain once again and continued his political involvement. Elected for the Liberal Party in
Finsbury Central at the 1892 general election, he was the first British Indian MP.
➢ He is also known as the "Grand Old Man of India.".
 10

➢ The Works of Dadabhai:

✓ Rast Goftar ("The Truth Teller") was an Anglo-Gujarati paper operating in Bomsay that was started
in 1854 by Dadabhal Naoroji and Kharshedji Cama.
✓ Poverty of India: A Paper Read Before the Bombay Branch of the East India Association, Bombay,
Ranima Union Press, 1876.
✓ Poverty and Un-British Rule in India (1902).
✓ In the above books and various papers, he expressed his views on the drain of India's wealth.
❖ W.C. Banerjee (1844–1906):
➢ He was a moderate leader in Congress.
➢ Womesh Chunder Banerjee was an Indian barrister and the co-founder and first president of INC.
❖ S.N. Banerjee (1848–1925):
➢ He was a moderate leader in Congress.
➢ Founder of Indian National Association in 1876 with Anand Mohan Bose.
➢ He welcomed the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919).
➢ He left Congress and founded a new organisation named the Indian National Liberation Federation in
1919.
➢ He passed the Indian Civil Service examinations along with Behari Lal Gupta and Romesh Chunder
Dutt in 1869. But he was barred owing to a claim he had misrepresented his age.
➢ He cleared the exam again in 1871 and was posted as assistant magistrate in Sylhet.
➢ Banerjee was soon dismissed for making a minor judicial error. He went to England to appeal his
discharge but was unsuccessful because he felt there was racial discrimination.
➢ He returned to India, bitter and disillusioned with the British. During his stay in England (1874–1875),
he studied the works of Edmund Burke and other liberal philosophers. These works guided him in his
protests against the British. He was known as the Indian Burke.
➢ Edmund Burke (1729–1797) was an Irish statesman and philosopher. Born in Dublin, Burke served as
a member of parliament (MP) between 1766 and 1794 in the House of Commons of Great Britain with
the Whig Party after moving to London in 1750.
➢ Commons of Great Britain with the Whig Party after moving to London in 1750.
❖ Swadeshi and Boycott Movement contributed to a split (1907) in the Indian National Congress, resulting in
the emergence of "Moderate and Extremists. The Extremists wanted to extend the Swadeshi and Boycott
Movement to regions outside Bengal and also to include all forms of associations (such as government service,
law courts, legislative councils, etc.) within the boycott programme and thus start a nationwide mass
movement. The Moderates, on the other hand, were not in favour of extending the movement beyond Bengal
and were totally opposed to the boycott of councils and similar associations.
❖ Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Lala Lajpat Ral were extremist leaders while G.K Gokhale
(1866-1915 )was a moderate leader.
❖ Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Servants of India Society:
➢ Gopal became a graduate at the age of 18.
➢ He became the professor and associate editor of Sudharak at the age of 20.
 11

➢ He became the secretary of the Sarvajanik Sabha and of the Provincial Conference at the age of 25.
➢ He also became the Secretary of the National Congress at age 29.
➢ He was a leading witness before an important Royal Commission at 31,
➢ He became a Provincial legislator at the age of 34.
➢ He became an Imperial legislator at the age of 36.
➢ He became President of the Indian National Congress at the age of 39 in 1905.
➢ He was a political guru of Mahatma Gandhi. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was one of the forerunners of
the Indian Independence Movement.
➢ Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress.
➢ Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a mentor to both Mohammed Jinnah and Mahatma Gandhi.
➢ He was also known as the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi.
➢ He was a founder of the Servants of India Society, which was dedicated to inspiring nationalistic
feelings among his fellow countrymen.
➢ During his political career, Gokhale campaigned for self-rule and also stressed the need of social reform.
➢ Servants of India Society was founded in 1915 by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Its aim was to unite and
train Indians of different ethnicities and religions in welfare work. It was the first secular organization in
that country to devote itself to the underprivileged, rural and tribal people, and other social causes. It was
founded on 12 June 1905 by Gopal Krishna Gokhale to build a dedicated group of people for social
service and reforms.
➢ This society did commendable work in the field of famine relief, union organisations, cooperatives and
uplift of tribals, and depressed class; in areas related to promotion of education, removal of
untouchability, promotion of sanitation and healthcare, etc.
➢ Gopal Krishna Gokhale was supported by a group of dedicated persons such as Gopal Krishna
Deodhar, Anant Patwardhan, Natash Appaji Dravid, etc.
➢ From 1911, it also published its newsletter titled "Hitavada" in English from Nagpur. The society exists
and has its headquarters in Pune.
➢ Self-rule, or Swaraj, was demanded by Dadabhal Naoroji in his presidential address in the 1906 Congress
session at Calcutta.
➢ The goal of the early leader of the Congress was to get gradual reforms in the British administration.
They found British rule beneficial for Indians. But they want to get it reformed.
Who were the extremists?
❖ These were the young leaders of Congress. They were not happy with the working style of the Moderates.
❖ They were called extremists because they adopted extremist ways to solve problems on an instant basis.
❖ Main extremist leaders: Lal, Pal, Bal, and Aurobindo Ghosh were the main extremist's leaders.
❖ Ideology of Extremist:
➢ They believe in quick action.
➢ According to them, the European model of imperialism can be ended with the European model alone.
That was tit for tat.
➢ They put emphasis on self-esteem and national pride.
 12

Internal Causes of Emerging Extremists:

❖ Failure of Moderates: Within 20 years, no constructive achievements were seen. As a result, young leaders
of Congress were not satisfied with the working style of old leaders.
❖ Partition of Bengal: Lord Curzon conducted partition against the wishes of Indians.
❖ Famine of Bengal: Famine was seen in 1899–1900, and lakhs of people were killed. Instead of helping people,
the British organised Delhi Darbar, and lakhs of Rupees were spent.
External Causes of Emerging Extremists
Young leaders of Congress got motivation from external motivation, such as:
❖ Nationalist Movements started in Egypt, Iran, Russia, and Turkey.
❖ The notion of European superiority was shattered as European nations faced defeat in two wars against
countries from Asia and Africa.
➢ Ethiopia defeated Italy in 1896 in the National War, and Japan defeated Russia in 1905.
Differences between Moderates and Extremists:
Moderates Extremists
❖ They had ways, such as public meetings, 6P’s ❖ They had a way, such as spreading the ideas of
Policy, sending petitions, etc. Swadeshi and Boycott.
❖ They created pressure by following the above ❖ They also created pressure by following the above
points. points.
❖ They emphasised Swaraj, but Swaraj means ❖ They also emphasised Swaraj, but Swaraj means
‘Dominion Status’. free from the British Control.
❖ In this era, mass participation was absent. ❖ Mass participation was present in this era, as seen in
the Swadeshi and Boycott movements.
❖ There was no movement started in this era. ❖ There were various movements initiated in this era.
❖ They had soft politics by following non-violent ❖ They had hard politics by following violent ways.
ways. They use violence to create pressure.
❖ Socio-cultural aspects were not present. ❖ Socio-Cultural aspects were present.
❖ They had old leaders of Congress. ❖ They had new leaders in Congress.
❖ They adopted moderate ways to solve the ❖ They adopted extremist ways to solve the problems.
problems

 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 33
Moderates
 2

Moderates
Partition of Bengal:
Basics of Partition:
 Bengal was a prosperous province.
 The partition of Bengal was conducted by Lord Curzon.
 The Bengal province encompassed a vast territory, comprising Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and Assam.
 Lord Curzon was divided into two parts such as:
 Eastern Bengal, and
 Western Bengal.
 Several significant dates marked the events surrounding the partition, including July 20, 1905, which saw the
official announcement, followed by the town hall meeting on August 7, 1905, and the actual execution of
the partition on October 16, 1905.
Causes of the Partition: Mainly two causes are there:
 British Causes: According to this, Bengal Province is the largest province, and it was difficult to run an
administration.
 Real Cause: The government wanted to suppress nationalism and Hindu-Muslim Unity.
 Statement of Lord Curzon: Lord Curzon expressed to his seniors that “Undivided Bengal is a real power
and that power needs to be broken”.
Partition of Bengal:
 Partition was conducted on 16th October 1905.
 Undivided Bengal consists of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and Assam, and the total population was 8 crore 40
Lakh.
 Bengal was divided into two parts: Eastern and Western.
 The partition was conducted in such a way as to divide Hindus and Muslims into two separate regions.
 Partition of Bengal and 'Swadeshi and Boycott Movement':
 The capital of Western Bengal became 'Dhaka' while 'Calcutta' became the capital of Eastern Bengal.
 The partition took effect on 16 October 1905. The leaders of the protest movement declared it to be a day
of national mourning throughout Bengal. It was observed as a day of fasting.
 The total population of undivided Bengal was 80 million, and the total area was 189,000 square miles.
Undivided Bengal comprised Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. After the Partition in the Eastern part, the
Hindus were in the minority, while Muslims enjoyed the same in the western part.
 Eastern Bengal: 3 divisions of Dacca, Rajshahi, Chittagon, and Assam were united with an area of
106,540 square miles and a population of 31 million people, of which 18 million were Mohammedans
and 12 million Hindus.
 Western Bengal: Bihar and Orissa inclusive- was left with an area of 141, 580 square miles and a
population of 54 million out of which 42 million were Hindus and 9 million Mohammedans.
 3

The reaction of Partition:

 The Announcement (Lord Curzon issued
an order to divide Bengal) was made on 20
July 1905, and people stood against of it.
 Meeting of Townhall: On 7th August
1905, a meeting was organised at Calcutta
under S. N. Banerjee, and discussed the
strategy against partition.
 Krishna Kumar Mitra was the first
person to suggest the idea of Swadeshi,
and after that anti-partition movement
started.
 Basic Characteristics of anti-partition
movement:
 Contribution of Rabindra Nath Tagore:
 The anti-partition movement was characterized by various elements such as the observance of the
Day of Mourning and Rakhi Day, along with the notable contribution of Rabindranath Tagore.
Tagore's advocating for Aradhan, urging people not to light fires for cooking.
 Rabindranath made appeal for celebrating the partition of Bengal as a celebration of Rakhi-
Bandhan day.
i. Following Tagore's call, hundreds of Hindus and Muslims in Kolkata, Dhaka, and Sylhet came
out in large numbers to tie Rakhi threads as a symbol of unity.
ii. Amar Shonar Bangla is a song composed in 1905 which was made the national anthem of
Bangladesh in 1972. It was written by Rabindranath Tagore.
 Swadeshi and Boycott movement was started.
 In 1906, the Congress passed four resolutions advocating Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education, and
Swaraj.
Cancellation of Partition:
 The partition was continued during the time of Lord Curzon, and Minto.
 The visit of George Vth was scheduled in India, but it was difficult to welcome him in Calcutta, As a result,
he took two decisions in 1911: Cancellation of partition and transfer of capital, which were shifted from
Calcutta to Delhi.
 Two servants of Ras Behari Bose, namely Kumar Vishvas and Mannat Vishvas, threw a bomb at the
carriage of Lord Harding during a procession.
 This conspiracy was planned by Ras Behari Bose, who then went underground.
Partition of Bengal:
Some Important Points:
Royal Durbar:
 A Royal Durbar was held in Delhi in 1911 to welcome King George V. Here he declared the revocation
(cancellation) of the Partition of Bengal.
 On the same occasion, the capital of the British Raj was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi.
 4

Sir Andrew Fraser, Lord Harding, H. H Risley:

 Sir Andrew Fraser was the Lt. Governor of Bengal during the time of Partition.
 He was a British officer of the Indian Civil Service and the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal between 1903
and 1908.
 Lord Harding suspended the Partition of Bengal in 1911. The visit of George V, the King of the UK, was
proposed to India. H.H. Risley was the Home Secretary.
 Swadeshi and Boycott Movement was started against the partition of Bengal.
 The actual Anti-partition movement was started in which the use of Swadeshi and the Boycott of foreign
products became the main tool. Surender Nath Banerjee led the agitation against the partition of Bengal (1905).
 Bengali youth accepted the Partition of Bengal as a challenge to their nationalism and pledged to undo it.
Surrendra Nath Banerjee became the leader of the opposition, and the popular slogan was "Surender Nath
Banerjee".
 Krishna Kumar Mitra (1852-1936) was the first person to propose the idea of a boycott of foreign products
in India.
 He gave this idea in his Bengali magazine, 'Sanjibani'.
 He became a member of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj and his journal Sanjibani became the Samaj's
principal mouthpiece. He was elected president of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in 1918.
 Cause of the Partition:
 The real cause of the Partition of Bengal was to weaken the growth of Nationalism in Bengal as Bengal
had become the cauldron of Nationalism in the early years of the 20th century.
 But according to Lord Curzon, the partition of Bengal was conducted due to an administrative viewpoint.
Swadeshi and Boycott Movement:
We need to cover this topic under the following heads:
 The meaning of Swadeshi, and Boycott.
 Objectives of Swadeshi, and Boycott.
 Causes of Swadeshi, and Boycott.
 Expansion of this movement.
 Impact of this movement.
 End of the Movement.
Meaning of Swadeshi and Boycott:
 Both Swadeshi and Boycott are the two sides of a single coin.
 Swadeshi means the use of country-made products, while boycott means the boycott of foreign goods.
Objectives of Movements:
 To boost the indigenous industry.
 To support Indian products by using country-made products and discarding the use of foreign products under
Swadeshi and Boycott strategy.
 Indian leaders emphasized the use of raw materials.
 By using raw materials, they wanted to generate employment to end poverty.
 To hit hard on the cloth industry of Manchester (Manchester was known as a Textile hub. Their ultimate
goal was to support and strengthen the Indian Economy.
 They wanted to create an environment in which India could get Swaraj.
 They also wanted to support National Education.
 5

Causes of Swadeshi and Boycott Movements:

 Due to the partition of Bengal, anti-partition was started, and anti-partition was converted into a Swadeshi
and Boycott movement.
 Famine and Delhi Durbar were also the causes, which denoted the cruelties of the British Empire. On one
hand, lakhs of people were dying, and on the other hand, lots of money was being spent on the show-off.
 They wanted to spread Swadeshi, and Boycott in the whole India.
 They wanted to stop economic exploitation, which was highlighted by Moderates.
 The rise of Extremist leaders, and they wanted to solve the problems of India without delay.
Expansion of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement:
 Town hall meeting and anti-partition movement were started: A meeting was organized in Town Hall,
Calcutta under Surendrenath Banerjee, and Krishna Kumar Mitra gave the ideas of Swadeshi.
 Establishment of Swadeshi Factories: In the Economic field, it meant fostering indigenous industrial and
other enterprises. Many textile mills, soap and match factories, handloom weaving concerns, national banks,
and insurance companies were opened. Acharya P.C Ray organized his famous Bengal Chemical Swadeshi
Stores. Rabindranath Tagore helped to open a Swadeshi store.
 Regional Spread: The influence of this movement extended across various regions, including Delhi with
figures like Syed Haider, Punjab represented by Lala ji and Ajit Singh, Bombay where Tilak was
prominent, and Madras where Chidambaram Pillai played a significant role.
 Hindu-Muslim unity was seen, but the Muslim league was against the partition of Bengal.
Carlyle Circular:
 The chief secretary of Bengal, Carlyle, issued a declaration known as Carlyle circulation, on 22 October 1905.
 In this circular, two things were highlighted such as:
 No court aid will be given to the college, if their students take part in Swadeshi, and Boycott movements.
 Students won’t be allowed to get re-admission to universities or colleges.
National Education Council:
 Against the Carlyle circular, a meeting was held in Calcutta in which the National Education Council was
founded.
 In 1889, the Scheme of National Education was formulated by Satish Chandra Mukherjee. The National
Council of Education was set up in 1906.
 Bengal National College started with Sri Aurobindo as its first Principal on 14th August 1906.
 The main aim of this council was: To promote education, technology, science, and Literature among
students.
End of the Movement:
There were four ideologies were working in this movement:
 Moderates did not want to spread at outside of Bengal, and the British promised them for reforms.
 Muslim League:
 They opposed movements, but they were in the favour of partition of Bengal, and the British promised
them for reforms.
 Extremist:
 They wanted to spread it throughout India, and the British suppressed them with iron hands.
 6

 Revolutionary Terrorist:
 They followed the ‘Gun, and Bomb Policy’, and the British suppressed them with iron hands.
 Secret Committees and Samities were formed, and out of them, 5 were more important: Dhaka, Suhard,
Varti, Anushilan, and Swadesh Bhandhav.
 Tilak was arrested and sent to Mandley Jail, and 6 years of punishment were given.
 Aurobindo Ghosh left politics and settled in the South, and Ajit Singh fled to Britain.
Muslim League, and Partition of Bengal:
 The Muslim League endorsed the partition of Bengal but did not back the anti-partition movement,
Swadeshi, or the Boycott movement.
 Muslim League was formed in 1906.
Some Important Points:
Basics of 'Swadeshi and Boycott':
 The 'Swadeshi and Boycott' were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the agitation
against the Partition of Bengal.
 The Bengal leaders felt that mere demonstrations, public meetings, and resolutions were not likely to have
much effect on the Britishers during the anti-partition movement. More positive actions were needed that
would reveal the intensity of popular feelings. As a result, they started the 'Swadeshi and Boycott'
Movement.
 On 16th October 1905 when the partition of Bengal came into effect, various kinds of demonstrations were
put forward as a celebration of Rakhi Day, singing Bande Matramon streets, hartals, etc.
 In the afternoon, the veteran leader Anand Mohan Bose laid the foundation of a Federation Hall to mark
the indestructible unity of Bengal.
 He addressed a crowd of over 50,000 and the meeting passed a resolution pledging to do their utmost to
maintain the unity of Bengal.
 The leading role in spreading the Swadeshi movement to the rest of the country was played by Tilak.
 Movements of support for Bengal's unity and boycott of foreign goods were organized in Bombay, Madras,
and northern India.
 Many middle and upper-class Muslims remained neutral, or, supported partition which was led by the
Nawab of Dacca (who was given a loan of Rs. 14 lakhs by the Government, of India) on the plea that East
Bengal would have a Muslim majority. So, Nawab of Dacca was against the Swadeshi movement.
 Barisal Conference which was held in 1908, presided by M. Abdul Rasool (Rasul). In another reference
'Barisal movement was for salt breaking during civil disobedience movement.'
 Many prominent Muslims joined the Swadeshi Movement-Many prominent Muslims joined the Swadeshi
Movement including Abdul Rasul, the famous barrister, Liaquat Hussain, the popular agitator, and
Guznavi, the businessman; Maulana Abul Kalam Azad joined one of the revolutionary terrorist
groups.
 In 1889, the Scheme of National Education was formulated by Satish Chandra Mukherjee. The
National Council of Education was set up in 1906.
 Bengal National College started with Sri Aurobindo as its first Principal on 14th August 1906.
 7

 Tagore preached the cult of Atmasakti, the main plank of which was the social and economic regeneration
of the villages.
 An important aspect of the Swadeshi Movement was the emphasis placed on self-reliance or 'Atmasakti'.
Self-reliance meant the assertion of national dignity, honour, and self-confidence.
 In the Cultural field, nationalist poetry, prose, and journalism were developed.
 Rabindranath Tagore, Rajani Kant Sen, Syed Abu Mohammed, and Mukunda Das wrote patriotic
songs.
 In the Educational field, National educational centers were opened. On 15 August 1906, the National
Council of Education was set up.
 A national College with Aurobindo Ghosh as Principal was started in Calcutta.

 In spite of the popular character of the Anti-Partition Movement and the desire of the militant
nationalists to take the national movement to the masses, the movement did not really affect and involve
the peasantry of Bengal. It was confined on the whole to the towns and to the upper and lower middle classes
of the province.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 34
Act of 1909, Home Rule,
Lucknow Pact, and Gandhi Ji
 2

Act of 1909, Home Rule, Lucknow Pact, and Gandhi Ji

Act of 1909:
 This act can be completed under the following heads:
 The purpose of passing this act.
 The provision of this act.
 Separate electorate system.
 Why separate electoreate system.
 Impact of this act.
Purpose/Circumstances:
 During the Swadeshi and Boycott movements, the government promised to conduct reforms with Muslims,
and Moderates.
 Now, in 1909 the British Government passed this act to fulfill its promise regarding reforms.
 The act was called Morley Minto Reforms.
 There were two main provisions like:
1. Enlargement of councils (For Moderates), and
2. Seperate electorate systems (For Muslims).
Main Provisions:
Central Council Provincial Assembly
 The number of members was increased.  The number of members was increased.
 The official majority, referred to as British  The majority of members were not official (Indian
members, was upheld. (British members were Members).
called official members).  The election was also introduced.
 Election, and separate electorate was also ● Separate electorate was introduced.
introduced.
Why Separate Electorate System:
 As history tells us, the unity between Hindus and Muslims was evident during the 1857 revolt, and this same
unity was observed during the Swadeshi and Boycott movements. However, the British sought to undermine
this unity in the future.
What is separate electorate System:
 Before the implementation of the separate electorate system, Hindus and Muslims lived together without
distinct caste leaders. However, following its introduction, Hindu and Muslim leaders emerged separately.
 Separate constituencies were established, where Muslims formed the majority, and provisions were made
for Muslims to vote exclusively for Muslim candidates.
Impact of Separate Electorate/Significance:
Act of 1909:
 The rise of communalism was seen in Indian politics/society.
 The British Government was able to create distance between Hindus and Muslims.
 To weak freedom struggle.
 To the weak feelings of Nationalism.
 3

Lucknow Pact (1916):

 This topic can be covered under the following heads:
 What is the importance of the Lucknow pact?
 How World War I was an opportunity for the Lucknow pact.
 Contribution of Tilak to get all of them on a single platform.
 The contribution of Annie Besant is to get all of them on a single platform.
 Lucknow session.
 Importance of Lucknow session.
Why Lucknow Pact:
 It was signed in 1916.
 This pact was known for two reasons such as:
 The merger of Congress, and the Muslim League.
 The Muslims were separated after the formation of the Muslim league (1906).
 The merger of Moderates, and Extremists.
 In Surat, 1907, split was seen in congress, and the Congress was divided into Moderates, and
Extremists.
How World War I was an Opportunity:
 During World War I in Europe, Britain was preoccupied, providing an opportune moment for leaders from
both the Hindu and Muslim communities to initiate movements aimed at exerting pressure on the British
colonial rule. However, a lack of unity was evident between moderates and extremists within the
Congress and Muslim League.
Contribution of Tilak in Merger:
 Tilak was released from Mandalay Jail.
 Tilak, keen on revitalizing the dormant freedom struggle post-Swadeshi and Boycott movements, encountered
several obstacles. Ajit Singh relocated to Britain, while Lala Ji also moved abroad. Additionally,
Aurobindo Ghosh withdrew from politics and settled in Pondicherry. Tilak's leadership was often
portrayed as militant.
 Tilak changed his way like:
 He criticized violence during the Swadeshi and Boycott movement.
 He showed his faith/loyalty to the British government.
Contribution of Annie Besant in Merger:
 She was an Irish woman.
 She was a British Socialist and philanthropist, and associated with the Theosophical Society.
 She came to India in 1893 to spread theosophy.
 She wanted to merge all moderates, and extremists in order to start a movement.
 She spread her views through two magazines such as:
 New India,
 Commonweal.
 4

Lucknow Session, 1916:

 Ambica Charan Majumdar was president.
 It was the merger brought together both moderates and extremists (Contribution by Tilak, and Annie Besant),
as well as the amalgamation of the League and Congress (Contribution by Muhammad Ali Jinnah).
 The annual Session of Congress and Muslim League was held in Lucknow in 1916 and both shook hands
together, and the common demand was to get self-rule.
Importance of Lucknow Session:
 Development of Hindu-Muslim unity after a long time.
 Congress accepted the Separate Electorate first time in 1916 during the Lucknow pact.
 Following a period of dormancy, a series of movements emerged, including the Home Rule movement in
1916, the Khilafat movement in 1919, and the Non-Cooperation movement in 1929.
 Following the convergence of moderates and extremists, a pact was formed, only to be dissolved following
the Non-Cooperation movement.
Note:
Lucknow Session Of Congress:
 Ambica Charan Majumdar.
 The Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress that took place in 1916 was presided over by
Ambica Charan Majumdar.
 Ambica Charan Mazumdar was born in Sandiya, Faridpur district in East Bengal.
 Ambica Charan Mazumdar (1850-1922) was a Bengali Indian politician.
 He also took part in Anti-Partition movement of Bengal with Aswini Kumar Datta, Bhupendra
Nath Basu and Surendranath Banerjea and organised meetings, protesting against the partition of
Bengal, Lord Curzon and Sir Joseph Bampfylde Fuller.
 Lucknow Session:
 It was signed against the British Government. Anti-British feelings were generated among the Muslims
as Britain was fighting a war against Turkey. The Caliph of Turkey was considered the religious
leader of all Muslims. On the other hand, both wings of Congress Extremist and Moderate came on
the same platform to fight against British.
 Tilak and Annie Besant played a significant role in getting Muslim and Hindu on a single platform
in 1916.
 Champaran Satyagraha:
 Mahatma Gandhi was apprised of the problems of the peasants of Champaran for the first time in
1916.
 In December 1916, Rajkumar Shukla, a farmer of Champaran district no longer able to stand the
oppression, went to see Mahatma Gandhi at the Indian National Congress meeting.
 Shukla insisted Gandhi to move a resolution condemning the situation and aid Champaran
tenant farmers. Gandhi declined by saying he could not give any opinion without having seen
the condition with his own eyes.
 5

 Instead, Gandhi promised to spend a day or two in Champaran during his tour of India.
After seeing the conditions himself, Gandhi would come up with a plan of action.
 Mohammed Ali Jinnah and Tilak played an important role in bringing the Muslim League and Congress
in 1916.
 Both believed that India could win self-government only through Hindu-Muslim unity.
 The two organizations passed the same resolutions at their sessions in 1916 regarding the political reforms
based on separate electorates.
 They also demanded that the British Government should make a declaration that it would confer self-
government on India at an early date.
 After the Lucknow pact, their friendship was continued till 1922.

Home Rule Movement:

 Home rule movements can be understood under the following heads:
 Causes of Home Rule Movement.
 Background of Home Rule Movement.
 Main Leagues.
 Activities of Home Rule movement.
 Significance of Home Rule Movement.
 Causes of failure of Home Rule Movement.
Causes of Home Rule Movement:
 The Morley-Minto reforms were met with dissatisfaction due to the absence of substantive changes and
constructive reforms.
 The Swadeshi and Boycott movement faced a firm suppression.
 Figures like Annie Besant and Tilak emerged prominently during this period when Tilak was released from
Mandalay Jail.
 Role of World War-I: Consider as an opportunity to start a movement because the British government was
busy in Europe.
Background of Home Rule Movement:
 Upon his release from jail in 1914, Tilak sought entry into the Congress, but encountered opposition from
leaders such as Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Phiroz Shah Mehta, but both died in 1915, then Tilak Joined
the Congress.
 There was also the merger of both moderates and extremists, as well as the amalgamation of the League
and Congress.
 Annie Besant refused to start the movement from the platform of the congress.
 Now two Home rule leagues were formed such as:
 League of Tilak, and
 League of Annie Besant.
 6

Basics of Leagues:
League of Annie Besant League of Tilak
 It was started in September 1916.  It was started in April 1916.
 The area was Adyar (Madras).  The League of Tilak had to work in Carnatic,
 The president was Annie Besant, and the Central Province, Barar, and Maharashtra
secretary was George Arundale. except for Bombay.
 The headquarters was in Adyar.  The president was N.C.Kelkar, and secretary was
Joseph Baptista.
 The headquarters was in Pune.
 Leaders supported to Tilak such as:
 Moti Lal Nehru
 C.R.Das
 M.Ali. Jinnah
 Tej Bahadur Sapru
 S.Iyer.
Note:
Annie Besant:
 Annie Besant was a proponent of Fabianism.
 The Fabian Society is a British socialist organization whose purpose is to advance the principles of
democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist efforts in democracies, rather than by revolutionary
overthrow.
 In 1884 The Fabian Society was founded in England with the aim of bringing about a socialist society by
means of intellectual debate, the publication of books and pamphlets, and the "permeation" of socialist
ideas into the universities, the press, government institutions, and political parties.
 Responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement. She started her league in September 1916 while Tilak
started his League at the Bombay Provincial Congress at Belgaum in April 1916.
 Annie was not the founder of the Theosophical Society. It was founded by Madame Blavatsky and
Henry Olcott.
 Annie became the President of the Indian National Congress in 1917 at Calcutta. She was the first
woman president of the Indian National Congress.
 The first Home Rule League was started by Tilak at Belgaum in April 1916 while Annie Besant started her
league in September 1916 at Adyar. Both leagues were merged in 1917.
 Both Leagues were started during the time of the First World War.
 Both Leagues; Tilak and Annie's could not be merged due to the indifferences among the followers of both
Tilak and Annie. But there was no difference of views between Tilak and Annie.
 It is a correct statement. 'Young India' newspaper was started by Jamuna Das Dawarika Das,
Shankarlal Benkar, and Indulal Yagnik.
Areas of Both Leagues:
 The League of Tilak had to work in Carnatic, Central Province, Barar, and Maharashtra except for Bombay.
 7

 In the rest of India, the League of Annie had to work.

End of Leagues:
 Annie Besant turned her court over the night after getting assurance of 'responsible government' from
Mongagu's promise.
 Tilak was involved in a libel suit against Valentine Chirol. He left for England to fight his case in September
1918.
 This means that Gandhi proved his ability in Champaran, Kheda, and Ahmedabad.
Some Other Important Points:
 Redmand, Irish leader who started the Home Rule Movement first in Ireland.
 Secretary of State Montagu declared that 'Dominion Status' would be given soon. (20th August, 1917). As
a result, Annie suspended her league. 8th July 1918 Montagu-Chelmsford Report was published. Extremists
discarded this report while Moderate leader Surendernath Banerjee welcomed it and after maintaining
distance from Congress, set up his own part- 'National Liberal League'. It is considered the second split
in Congress.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 35
Home Rule, Gandhi, Rawlat Act,
Khilafat, and Non-Cooperation
 2

Home Rule, Gandhi, Rawlat Act, Khilafat, and Non-Cooperation

Activities of League:
❖ There were public demonstrations, and agitation was seen.
❖ Public meetings were held where speeches against the British Government were delivered to raise
political awareness among the people.
❖ The Home Rule Movement escalated into violence, with Annie Besant's arrest in June 1917 marking a turning
point towards increased unrest.
❖ Day by day, the government found it increasingly challenging to manage the escalating unrest
❖ Without the support of Congress, the Home Rule Movement was spreading, and becoming troublesome for
Britain.
❖ Finally, in September 1917, under mounting pressure, the British government released Annie Besant from
custody.
❖ Due to the popularity of Annie Besant, many leaders of Congress joined Home Rule, and Annie Besant was
made President of Congress in 1917.
Importance/Significance of Home Rule Movement:
❖ Both leagues are aware of people politically throughout the year.
❖ There was also huge support.
❖ The Home Rule Movement was started without the support of the Congress.
❖ This movement proved that the without support of Congress, people could start the movement.
❖ Many congress leaders joined the Home Rule Movement such as G.S. Kharparde, M.ALI. Jinnah, and S.
Subhramaniam.
❖ In 1917, Both leagues were merged.
❖ Both moderates and Extremists took part in it along with the Muslim League.
❖ The political awareness was spread, and for the first time demand for Home Rule was seen.
Causes of the Failure:
❖ A number of causes were responsible for the failure of this movement.
❖ It was not a mass movement, as all sections of society did not participate.
❖ It was not supported by all Muslims, though it was supported by leagues.
❖ It was also not supported by Anglo Indians.
❖ The Congress did not support this movement openly.
❖ It was more popular among the educated people.
❖ Tilak was compelled to travel to London for a case related to Valentine Chirol, the author of "India Unrest."
❖ Gandhi Ji did not support this movement.
❖ Montague’s Declaration:
➢ He was the secretary of state.
➢ He made an announcement that dominion status would be given soon.
➢ Annie Besant suspended her league.
 3

Montague’s Declaration:
❖ During World War I in Europe, the growing demands of the Home Rule movement in India exacerbated
tensions and added pressure on the British government. To address this, Montague issued a declaration
promising Dominion status (Self-Rule) soon. Annie Besant suspended her league following the declaration,
while Surendra Nath Banerjee welcomed it and distanced himself from the Congress by forming the Indian
National Liberal League. However, Tilak opposed the declaration, advocating for the continuation of the
Home Rule Movement.
Advent of Gandhi:
❖ We have to cover topics such as:
➢ Basics of Gandhi Ji
➢ Gandhi Ji in South Africa
➢ Moderate Phase of Gandhi ji in South Africa.
➢ Passive resistance by Gandhi ji in South Africa.
➢ Advent of Gandhi Ji in India.
➢ Early movements of Gandhi ji like Champaran, Ahmedabad, and Kheda.
➢ The main movements of Gandhi ji like Khilafat, and the Non-Cooperation movement.
Basics of Gandhi:
❖ The full name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.
❖ He was born on 2 October 1869, in Porbandar [Princely State of Kathiawar].
❖ His father was Diwan of Porbandar State, and his name was Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi.
❖ His Mother's name was Putlibai Gandhi.
❖ His wife, Kasturaba Gandhi, died in 1944 at Aga Khan Place, Poona.
❖ He was a Law Graduate from the University of Bombay, then the University College London
❖ GaGandhijias sent by a merchant name Dada Abdulla to South Africa in connection with a case.
Gandhi ji in South Africa:
❖ Many Indian labourers & Merchants lived in South Africa.
❖ They faced Racial Discrimination there.
❖ They accept racial discrimination as a part of their daily existence.
❖ They did not have voting rights
❖ They are not allowed to move freely. They had to live in a Presorted location which was insanitary and
congested.
❖ They could not use public foot paths and in some areas, and they were not allowed to stay out of the doors
after 9 pm.
❖ Gandhi's South Africa visit can be covered under the following headings:
➢ Moderate Phase- (1894-1906)
➢ Passive Resistance - (1906-1914)
❖ Satyagraha:
➢ Satyagraha against Registration certificates (1906).
➢ Campaign against Restriction on Indian Migration.
 4

➢ Campaign against Poll Tax.

➢ Campaign against Invalidation of Indian Marriages.
➢ Protest against the Transvaal Immigration Act.
Moderate Phase-(1894-1906):
❖ Gandhiji adopted a Moderate way to solve problems.
❖ He sent a petition to the authorities in South Africa and Britain.
❖ Purpose To highlight the pitiable condition of Indians and hope that the British government . will redress
their grievances.
❖ He set up the Natal Indian Congress.
❖ He also started a paper - Indian Opinion.
Passive resistance-1906-1914:
❖ In this phase, Gandhiji changed his policy and adopted the method of Civil Disobedience or Satyagraha to
disobey laws in a civil manner.
❖ Satyagraha against Registration Certificates (1906):
➢ According to one law, Indians had to carry a certification of registration with their fingerprints.
➢ Gandhi Ji formed the Passive Resistance Association to conduct the campaign against it and was ready to
bear all penalties. This was the first time. Satyagraha, or devotion to truth, was seen.
➢ Certificates were burned under the leadership of Gandhiji.
➢ Gandhiji was arrested for that.
❖ Campaign Against Restrictions on Indian Migration:
➢ Licences were registered for Indians for crossing over from one province to another.
➢ Indian Refused to produce a licence, and result many of them were arrested.
❖ Campaign Against Poll Tax:
➢ A poll tax was imposed on poor ex-indentured Indians.
➢ It was very difficult to pay for them as they earned less than 10 shillings a month.
➢ (Ex-indentured means Relating to an agreement in which someone else until they have paid back in debt,
especially in the past when poor people worked for someone in another country in return for being taken
to the country: (indentured labourers, servants, workers),.
❖ Invalidation of Indian Marriages:
➢ According to the order of SC, all the marriages would be illegal and would not be conducted according to
Christian rites.
➢ A campaign was started by all Hindus, Muslims, and Parsis against the order.
❖ Protest against the Transvaal Immigration Act:
➢ Indians protested against the Transvaal Immigration Act.
➢ This Act placed restrictions on Indians entering the Transvaal from other provinces.
➢ Gandhiji started a campaign against it, and it was suspended in 1911.
Gandhi's Technique of Satyagraha:
❖ The technique of Satyagraha was evolved by Gandhiji during his visit to South Africa.
❖ This technique was a blend of Indian Tradition and Christianity. Gandhiji read a lot of the literates of Tolstoy,
who said that 'Evil could be best countered by non-violent resistance.
 5

❖ Basic Principles of Satyagraha:

➢ It is based on truth, tolerance, and nonviolence.
➢ Under Satyagraha, a mass agitation was launched that was based on truth, non-violence, and tolerance.
➢ Satyagraha supported true causes and struggled against injustice.
✓ According to this philosophy, force (physical force) is not required to fight with tyrant.
➢ Methods of satyagraha include. Non-payment of taxes, declining honours, and positions of authority.
➢ A Satyagrahi is always ready to bear pain and suffering, considering them a part of his love for truth.
➢ A satyagrahi must not adopt any kind of violence, both mentally and physically.
Gandhiji in India:
❖ Returned on 9th January 1915 from South Africa.
❖ Both educated and common people were aware of Gandhiji's contribution in South Africa.
❖ Gandhi decided:
➢ Not to accept the chair of any party.
➢ To roam in the country for the next year.
❖ He was not in favour of home rule agitation, as Britain was in the middle of the war.
❖ He also said that he would join no political organisation unless it accepted the principle of non-violent
satyagraha.
Early Movement of Gandhiji:
❖ During 1917 and 1918, Gandhi was involved in 3 struggles before launching the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
Champaran:
❖ Rajkumar Shukla, the local leader, invited Gandhiji.
❖ The purpose is to look into the problem of Indigo farmers in Champaran (Bihar).
❖ The peasants were forced to cultivate indigo on 3/20 of the total land. [called Tinkathia system].
❖ Deadlock: Germany developed synthetic indigo as a result, the demand of Natural indigo decreased.
❖ European planters demanded:
➢ high rents, and
➢ Illegal dues from the peasants to make up for their loss.
Ahmedabad Mill Strike:
❖ It was held in March 1918.
❖ Disputed between:
➢ Cotton mill owner
➢ Workers
❖ Causes:
➢ Discontinuation of play Bonus.
➢ Demand to increase wages by 50%.
❖ Wartime inflation doubled the price of food grain.
❖ The workers went on strike, and now mill owners decided to bring weavers from Bombay.
❖ The worker went to Anusuya Sarabhai, a social worker and sister of one of the Mill owners Ambalal Sara
Bhai.
 6

Kheda Satyagraha (1918):

❖ Due to drought, the crop failed.
❖ Peasants had to pay full tax.
❖ Gandhiji made intervention, and finally, tax was suspended for a year.
❖ Gandhiji started Satyagraha with the following leaders Rajendra Prasad, J.B. Kriplani, Narhari Parekh,
Mahadev Desai, and Mazhar-ul-Haq.
❖ Gandhiji was ordered to leave the area, but Gandhiji defied and was ready to face the punishment. Finally,
with the intervention of Gandhi, planters were ready to pay 25% of the money back to peasants.
❖ Within a decade, the planters left the area.
❖ Gandhiji was the first battle of avid disobedience.
❖ She went to Gandhiji.
❖ Gandhiji and the mill owners were friends.
❖ Gandhiji requested that workers to go on strike and demand 35% instead of 50%.
❖ Gandhiji initiated his first fast unto death. Ultimately, the matter was resolved through negotiation, resulting
in a 35% increase in wages for the workers.
Rowlatt Act:
Basic:
❖ In 1917, the government created a commission chaired by Sydney Rowlatt to examine and repress the
country’s revolutionary movements.
❖ The purpose was to check terrorist activities in India after World War I.
❖ The Central Legislative Assembly passed this act, which was called the Anarchial, and Revolutionary Crime
Act 1919 (It was also called the Rawlatt Act, or Black Act).
Main Provisions:
❖ Key aspects include apprehension and expulsion solely on suspicion, warrantless searches, summary trials,
absence of bail, and indefinite imprisonment.
Role of Gandhi:
❖ Gandhi ji was in Bombay, and he took strike.
❖ On April 6th, 1919, he established the Satyagraha Sabha, prompting protests across India, including in
Delhi, Bombay, Ahmedabad, and various other regions.
❖ Gandhi Ji was arrested in Haryana (Palwal).
Opposition of Gandhi Ji:
❖ Gandhi Ji's decision to Satyagraha was opposed by a few leaders, such as D.E. Wacha, S.N. Banerjee, T.B.
Sapru, Shrinivas Sashtri, and Annie Besant.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
❖ The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre also referred to as the Massacre of Amritsar, took place on April 13, 1919,
when British soldiers opened fire on a large gathering of unarmed Indians in the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar,
shooting many people and wounding many more.
❖ Causes and Timeline of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919: On 9 April 1919, two local Congress leaders
from Amritsar, Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr Satyapal, who were protesting the atrocity, were detained.
 7

❖ Banning of Assemblies and Gathering: These arrests occurred at the same time as Gandhi’s, exacerbating
the situation in Punjab. The city was given over to Lieutenant Governor of Punjab Michael O’Dwyer, who had
banned public gatherings and assemblies. On Baisakhi day, 13 April 1919, a large number of protesters
assembled at Jallianwala Bagh to protest.
❖ Open Fire on Protesters: When Brig. General Reginald Dyer saw a large number of protesters, he ordered
the Gurkha forces to open fire on the nonviolent protesters.
❖ According to official estimates, 379 people were killed, however, the figure was far too high. The savagery
has not yet reached its apex. After that, Rabindra Nath Tagore dropped his title “Sir”, and Shankar Nayar
resigned from the Council of Viceroy.
Hunter Commission:
❖ The Hunter Commission, consisting of eight members, comprised five English members and three Indian
members.
❖ Udham Singh the person who killed Michael O'Dwyer.
Khilafat Movement:
❖ Meaning of Khilafat:
➢ In World War I, Turkey fought against Britain and was defeated in the war.
➢ The head of Turkey was called Khalifa.
➢ They started a movement to create pressure on Britain like:
✓ Not to provide bad treatment to Khalifa.
✓ Khalifa should be given peace of land to protect Islam.
❖ The main objectives of the Khilafat Movement-
➢ To raise anti-British feelings among the Muslims of India.
➢ To save the Ottoman Empire and preserve the Khilafat.
❖ Causes of the Khilafat Movement:
➢ The cause of the Khilafat Movement in 1919 was the mistreatment of the Caliph of Turkey by the
British Government.
➢ Caliph was considered the religious leader of all Muslims in the world.
❖ Gandhiji and Khilafat Movement:
➢ Gandhiji advised the Khilafat committee to launch a non-cooperation movement against the British
Government in 1920.
➢ 9th June, 1920 his advice was considered, and Mahatma Gandhi was made president of the All Indian
Khilafat Committee.
➢ Gandhiji viewed the Khilafat Movement as an opportunity to integrate Hindus and Muslims, which will
not appear again within the coming hundred years, and wanted to start a joint movement to put pressure
on the British Government.
➢ Gandhi Ji used the statement, “Such type of opportunity never comes but once in a hundred years”.
❖ 3 Demands of Mohammad Ali:
➢ All three demands were made by Mohammad Ali as a diplomat in Paris in March 1920.
✓ Turkish Sultan-Khalifa must retain control over the Muslim sacred places.
✓ Must be left with sufficient territory to enable him to defend the Islamic faith.
✓ The Jazirat-ul-Arab (Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Palestine) must remain under Muslim sovereignty.
❖ Ali brothers were arrested after they made appeal to Muslims not to join British army.
 8

❖ Who Started the Khilafat Movement ?

➢ The Khilafat Movement was mainly started by Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
➢ Abul Kalam Azad, Hasrat Mohani, and Ajmal Khan were the other leaders of the Khilafat
Movement.
❖ Role of Amir Amanullah:
➢ Amir Amanullah who fought a brief war with British India in May 1919, was related to Afghanistan.
➢ Muslims rose against the British in 1919 for two reasons:
✓ First: Khilafat issue.
✓ Second Issue of Amanullah: He was the Amir of Afghanistan, developed contact with Bolshevik
Russia, and fought with British India. In June 1920, no less than 2000 Muslim Muhajir trekked from
Sind and North-West Frontier Province into Afghanistan in a massive hijrah away from the
government, which had dishonoured the Khalifa.
❖ Some Important Points:
➢ Hindu-Muslim unity in political action was seen from 1916 onward.
➢ A staunch Arya Samaj leader Swami Shradhanand was asked by the Muslims to preach from the pulpit
of the Jama Masjid at Delhi.
➢ Dr. Kitchlew, a Muslim leader was given the keys of the Golden Temple. At Amritsar, such political unity
had been brought about by governmental repression.
❖ Khilafat and Views of Gandhiji and Tilak:
➢ Gandhiji looked upon the Khilafat agitation as "an opportunity of uniting Hindus and Mohammedans as
would not arise in a hundred years" (Source: Old NCERT, page no. 228).
➢ Tilak is also in the favor of Hindu-Muslim unity, like Gandhiji.
❖ End of Khilafat Movement:
➢ The Khilafat movement continued even after the incident of Chauri-Chaura.
➢ Kamal Pasha abolished the Caliphate in 1924.
➢ Very soon, the Khilafat question also lost relevance. The people of Turkey rose up under the leadership
of Mustafa Kamal Pasha and, in November 1922, deprived the Sultan of his political power. Kamal Pasha
took many measures to modernise Turkey and make it a secular state.
➢ He abolished the Caliphate and separated the state from religion by eliminating Islam from the
Constitution.
➢ He nationalized education, granted women extensive rights, introduced legal codes based on European
models, and took steps to develop agriculture and introduce modern industries. All these steps broke the
back of the Khilafat agitation.
Non-cooperation movement:
❖ Meeting in Allahabad:
➢ On 20th June 1920, a meeting was held in Allahabad, and talked about Hindu-Muslim unity.
➢ During the Khilafat movement, non-cooperation was adopted as a weapon.
Mahatma Gandhi and Non-Cooperation:
❖ Mahatma Gandhi gave up the title of Kaiser-i-Hind and returned all the war medals awarded to him by the
British for his war services during the First World War as a symbolic gesture of protest and solidarity with
the Khilafat Movement when the Central Khilafat Committee organized a general all-India hartal on August
1, 1920.
 9

❖ The following prominent leaders who left the Congress during the period of Khilafat and Non-
cooperation movements are:
➢ Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
➢ G.S. Khaparde,
➢ Bipin Chandra Pal and
➢ Annie Besant.
❖ Gandhiji was against strikes (hartal) during non-cooperation (Primary Source: Article on 'Strikes', Young
India, 16 February 1921, and Secondary Source: Sumit Sarkar)
❖ Gandhiji promised to get freedom within a year in the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.
Non-Cooperation:
❖ Tilak died at the beginning of the non-cooperation movement.
❖ In September 1920, Congress met in Calcutta in a special session in which Gandhi proposed the Non-
cooperation resolution, which was opposed by C. R. Das.
❖ The leaders who stood against Gandhiji, such as G.S. Khaparde, Bipin Chandra Pal, Tej Bahadur, Moti Lal
Nehru, and Annie Besant
❖ But in the annual session of Congress held in Nagpur in December 1920, C.R. Das himself moved the non-
cooperation resolution.
➢ The Nagpur session of Congress had three main points, such as:
✓ Demand of Swaraj
✓ Formation of Congress working committee (300-member committee).
✓ Adaptation of constructive programmes was further divided into:
i. Removal of untouchability.
ii. Hindu-Muslim Unity.
iii. To promote Swadeshi and Khadi.
❖ In this way, the first Non-Cooperation movement was launched by INC in 1920 (in a special Session of
Calcutta) presided over by Lala Laj Pat Rai.
❖ The main objective of the Non-Cooperation Movement was to attain Swaraj in a year.
❖ Major outcome:
➢ It was known for the Growth of Hindu-Muslim unity.
➢ Removal of fear of the British might come from the minds of the people.
➢ British Government's willingness to grant political concessions to Indians
➢ It was targeted to collect one crore in a year.
✓ Within six months one crore was collected.
✓ Tilak Swaraj Funds was used to run a non-cooperation movement.
Causes of the Movement:
❖ Rawlatt Act
❖ Jaliawala Bagh massacre
❖ Khilafat Movement
❖ Role of Gandhi Ji (Cooperation to Non-cooperation)
 10

Progress of the Movement:

❖ non-cooperation movement was started on August 1, 1920, and on the same day, Tilak took his last breath
at the age of 64.
❖ Jamunadas Bajaj surrendered his title to Rai Bahadur.
❖ Around 6,000 people were arrested.
❖ There were many leaders who left the court, such as
➢ J.L. Nehru, and Moti Lal Nehru from U.P.
➢ C.R. Das from Bengal.
➢ Vallabh Bhai, Vitthal Bhai from Gujarat.
➢ C. Rajagopalachari from Madras.
➢ Aruna Asaf Ali from Delhi.
➢ Rajendra Prasad from Bihar.
❖ The movement was also seen in provinces like:
➢ Akali movement in Punjab
➢ In Bengal, peasants stood against the British government.
➢ In Assam strike was in the Garden Industry.
➢ Mopalas (Muslim peasants) revolted in Kerala.
➢ Women, students, peasants, labours, and government servants boycotted the foreign products/services.
Concept of Swaraj:
❖ Congress leader and famous poet Hasrat Mohani was the first activist to demand complete independence
(Poorna Swaraj) from the British in 1921 from an All-India Congress Forum.
Suspension of Non-Cooperation:
❖ The non-cooperation movement was suspended after the incident of Chauri-Chaura on February 5, 1922,
by Mahatma Gandhi.
❖ On 12 February 1922, the meeting of the Congress working committee was held in Bardoli, and the decision
was taken to suspend the movement.
❖ Gandhiji was arrested in March 1922 and charged with spreading disaffection against the government. He was
sentenced to six years of imprisonment.
❖ On May 5, 1924, Gandhiji was released from jail on the grounds of poor health.
❖ On February 24, 1922, the Working Committee met in Delhi and decided to ban violent activities that were
frequently seen in India. In the same meeting, Dr. Moonje tabled a vote of censure (not agree) against Gandhi
for calling off the non-cooperation movement.
❖ Balakrishna Shivram Moonje, (1872-1948) was a leader of the Hindu Mahasabha. He was born at Bilaspur,
currently in Chattisgarh state. Dr. Moonje was a prominent freedom fighter and a strong supporter of
Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Significance of the Non-Cooperation:
❖ It was the first mass movement in India, in which all sections of society participated.
❖ The unity was seen between moderates and extremists.
❖ Revolutionaries also joined this movement peacefully.
❖ Rise of Gandhi: Gandhi Ji was recognised as a national leader.
❖ Hindu-Muslim unity was seen.
 11

❖ Sudden suspension proved harmful as Muslims lost faith in Gandhi.

❖ Terrorist movements and activities were seen just after 1922.
Non-Cooperation and Rabindranath Tagore:
❖ Rabindranath Tagore opposed the burning of foreign clothes during the Non-Cooperation Movement. He
supported the creative programme of Gandhiji.
Non-Cooperation and Subhash Chandra Bose:
❖ ‘The Indian Struggle’ is an autobiography of Subhash Chandra Bose. He wrote these lines in the context of the
sudden suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922.
❖ "To sound the order of retreat just when public enthusiasm was reaching the boiling point was nothing
short of a national calamity.”
Four Phases of Non-Cooperation Movement:
❖ Between 1921 to 1922, it developed in four phases.
❖ First Phase: January-March 1921. In this phase, emphasis was on:
➢ Students left government-controlled schools and colleges.
➢ Lawyers gave up practice. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru gave up their practice.
➢ Use of charkha.
❖ Second Phase: April-July, 1921:
➢ In the Vijayawada session, the AICC decided to concentrate on raising Rs. One crore for the Tilak
Swaraj Fund.
❖ Third Phase:
❖ July to October, 1921. In this phase, the following things were decided.
➢ Boycott of the coming visit of the Prince of Wales in November.
➢ Non-payment of taxes.
➢ Gandhiji called for flooding the prisons with volunteers.
❖ Fourth Phase: November, 1921 to February 1922:
➢ Hasrat Mohani and Ali Brother were arrested. In the Karachi Khilafat Conference held in July, an appeal
was made by him to leave the British Army. He also demanded 'Complete Independence'.
➢ He said that we should leave the path of non-violence. As a result, the movement became violent. Finally,
Gandhiji suspended the movement after hearing the news of the burning- alive of 22 policemen by angry
peasants at Chauri Chaura, in the Gorakhpur district of U. P. on 5 February 1922.
Boycott Programme:
❖ Initially, the most successful programme of the movement was; the boycott of foreign education.
➢ The educational boycott was more effective, particularly in Bengal, where about 20 headmasters and
teachers were resigning per month until April 1921, and almost 11,157 out of 103,107 students left
government educational institutions.
Educational Programme:
❖ It is the correct statement. This impact was mainly on the higher level rather than the primary level. During
this period, a number of national schools and colleges were opened.
➢ Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh; later, it was shifted to Delhi.
➢ Kasi Vidyapith at Banaras
➢ Gujarat Vidyapith
 12

Economic Programme:
❖ The economic boycott was far more intense and successful than in 1905-08, with the value of imports of foreign
clothes falling from Rs 102 crores in 1920–21 to Rs 57 crores in 1921–22.
Tilak Swaraj Fund:
❖ Congress was able to increase funds in the Tilak Swaraj Fund with the support of businessmen. The AICC had
only Rs. 43000 in its coffers (funds) in 1920, but was able to collect more than 130 lahks between 1921 and
1923 from the business class. Bombay contributed 37.5 lakh to the Tilak Swaraj Fund.
Leaders who were against of Non--Cooperation:
❖ A significant section of big business, however, still remained hostile and went against the movement. An Anti-
Non-Cooperation Association was started in 1920 by Purushottamdas Thakurdas, Jammadas Dwarkadas,
Cowasji Jehangir, and Pheroze Sethna.
Nagpur session in 1920:
❖ Congress changed its constitution in the Nagpur session in 1920. Before 1920 the target of Congress was to
get 'Self Government' in constitutional ways, but in 1920, Congress demanded 'Swaraj' in non-violent ways.
Subhash Chandra and Non-Cooperation:
❖ Subhash Chandra Bose became the Principal of the National College of Calcutta.
Main Leaders of Non-Cooperation:
❖ A number of Lawyers gave up their practice, including Moti Lala Nehru. The Lawyers who left their
practice were:
➢ C. R. Das
➢ Rajendra Prasad
➢ Saifuddin Kitchlew
➢ C. Rajagopalachari
➢ Sardar Patel
➢ T. Prakasam
➢ Asaf Ali and
➢ Motilal Nehru
Some points:
❖ Lala Lajpat Rai played a pivotal role in the Indian Independence movement.
❖ He was popularly known as Punjab Kesari.
❖ In Punjab during 1919, the Sikhs lead a movement known as the Akali movement, to remove corrupt mahanis
from the Gurudwaras, their places of worship.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 36
Swaraj Party, and Act of 1919
 2

Swaraj Party, and Act of 1919

Swaraj Party:
The Causes of Rise:
 The cause of the rise of Swaraj party was the sudden suspension of the Non-Cooperation movement.
 Motilal and C.R. Das wanted to boycott the assembly election.
 There were three elections to be held such as 1923, 1926, and 1930.
 Other leaders of Congress did not want to allow them to take part in assembly elections, including Gandhiji.
 Leaders were divided into two groups such as:
 Changers, and
 No Changers.
 The Changers presented their demand during the Gaya session of the Congress in 1922, which was
subsequently rejected. Following this, Motilal and C.R. Das resigned from the Congress, establishing their
own party in March 1923.
 Permission was granted for the special session of the Congress to take place in Delhi.
Election of 1923:
 Swarajists won 42 seats out of the 101 elected seats in the Central Legislative Assembly.
 They got a clear mandate in Central Province. Swaraj Party emerged as the largest party in Bengal. They had
success in Bombay and U.P.
Achievements of the Swarajist Party:
 They used to reject the budget every year.
 The governor had to pass the budget every year with his veto power.
 Vithal Bhai Patel became the president of the Central Legislative Assembly.
 Moti Lal Nehru became the president of the Screening Committee (Formed to examine the expenditure of
the Military).
Election of 1926:
 The Swarijist party could not perform well in the election of 1926 due to the following reasons:
 Members of the party, including Motilal and Vithalbhai, began accepting positions in the
administration.
 The sudden death of C.R. Das before the election.
 The Swarajist party was unable to make any significant progress regarding the Public Safety Bill.
Election of 1930:
 Following the initiation of the Civil Disobedience Movement by Gandhi Ji, they resigned from their
positions and actively participated in the movement.
Swaraj Party:
Some Important Points:
 Formation of Swaraj Party:
 Swaraj Party was formed in December 1922 by Moti Lal Nehru and C.R. Das.
 C.R Das (Deshbandhu) was the President of this party while Motilal Nehru was Secretary.
 3

 No Changers' leaders who opposed Council entry. They were:

 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
 Dr. Ansari
 Babu Rajendra Prasad
 Kasturiranga Iyengar
 Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Sardar Vithalbhai Patel, etc demanded Congress
participation in Council elections. They were called 'Changers'.
 In the beginning, the following demands were made by 'Changers leaders'. They were also called 'Swarajist
Leaders'.
 The nationalists should end the boycott of the Legislative Councils.
 After getting entry, obstruct their work according to official plans.
 Expose the weakness of the British government.
 Force the British government to introduce reforms.
 Vithal Bhai Patel:
 Vithal Bhai Patel was appointed as President of Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly in August
1925.
 He was also elected to the Central Legislative Assembly in 1923 and 1925.
 He was the co-founder of the Swaraj Party and elder brother of Sardar Patel.
 Patel won a seat on the Bombay.
 Gandhi ji and Swaraj Party:
 Gandhiji was released from prison on 5 February 1924. on grounds of poor health.
 Initially, Gandhiji was against council entry. According to him, this policy was against of Non-violent,
and Non-cooperation policies.
 Later, Gandhji allowed Swarajists to work in councils under Congress in the Belgaum Congress Session
(November 1924), presided over by Mahatma Gandhji.
 Performance of Swarajists:
 They failed to make their name in Punjab and Madras due to the wave of communalism.
 Poor Performance of Swarajists:
 The Swarajists suffered a major loss when C.R. Das died on 16 June 1925.
 Widespread communal riots across the country were seen. As a result feeling of nationality vanished.
The result was that the growing feeling that all people were Indians first received a setback.
 There was also a split among the Swarajists themselves on Responsivist and Non-Responsivist lines. A
group known as 'Responsivist', including Madan Mohan Malaviya, Lala Lajpat Rai, and N.C.
Kelkar, offered cooperation to the government so that the so-called Hindu interests might be
safeguarded. They accused Motilal Nehru of letting down Hindus, of being anti-Hindu, of favoring
cow slaughter, and of eating beef.
 Some Points:
 Amid communal riots in September 1924, Gandhiji went on a 21-day' Fast at Delhi in Maulana
Muhammad Ali's house. He observed fast to do penance for the inhumanity revealed in the communal
riots.
 4

 Gandhiji took retirement from the political life in 1924.

 The Swarajists were not against of Congress. They want to get council entry to highlight the exploitative
nature of Government.
 Their program was not different from Congress. They adopted the same program of Congress. They
simply demanded council entry, which was not included in the program of congress.
 Responsivist-Non Responsivist lines:
 The Swarajists suffered a major loss when C.R. Das died on 16 June 1925.
 There was also a split among the Swarajists themselves on communal and Responsivist-Non Responsivist
lines.
 A group known as 'Responsivist', including Madan Mohan Malaviya, Lala Lajpat Rai, and N.C.
Kelkar, offered cooperation to the government so that the so-called Hindu interests might be
safeguarded. They accused Motilal Nehru of letting down Hindus, of being anti-Hindu, of favouring
cow slaughter, and of eating beef.
 They got the office of profit.
Home Rule to Nehru Report:
 The demand for self-government arose during the Home Rule Movement in 1916. Subsequently, Montague's
declaration in 1917 promised imminent self-government. The Government of India Act of 1919 outlined
provisions including provincial self-rule, elections allowing Indians to form governments, and the
establishment of a commission after 10 years to assess Indian capability for self-governance. The Simon
Commission was dispatched in 1927, followed by the Nehru Report in 1928. The Lahore Session of the
Congress took place in 1929, preceding the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.
After Home Rule to the Act of 1919:
Expectations of Indians:
 During World War I, India provided support to the British forces.
 Now Indians Are waiting to recognize their demand for self-government from the British Govt.
 However, the British government applied the policy of carrot and stick.
 Passing insubstantial Montague Chelmsford Reform (1918-19) represents carrot.
 Passing Rowlatt Act represents the stick.
Act of 1919, Montague Chelmsford Reform:
 The Home Rule movement was started by Indian To get the demand of Home Rule of self Govt.
 1917, Montague's announcement to provide Home Rule of self Govt or Dominion Status soon.
 In 1918, Montagu Chelmsford Reforms announced Constitutional Reform.
 Finally, in 1919, the Government of India Act 1919 was passed.
 The main provisions were:
 Provincial Government "Introduction of Dyarchy"
 Centred Government "No Responsible Government"
 Provincial Govt:
 This Act introduced dyarchy for the executive at the level of the provincial government.
 Executive:
 Rule of two (dyarchy)
 The governor was the executive head of the province.
 Ministers were to be responsible to the Legislature and had to resign if a no-confidence motion was
passed against them in the Legislature.
 Executive Councillors were not responsible to the Legislature.
 5

 Legislature:
 The provincial Legislative Council was extended and 70% of the members were to be elected.
 Women were given the Right to vote.
 The Legislature enjoyed the Freedom of speech.
 The Legislative Council could reject the budget, but the Governor could restore it.
 The Legislative Councils could make laws, but the Governor had veto power.
 Subjects were divided into two lists such as:
 Reserved, and
 Transferred
 Reserved:
 Law & order
 Land Revenue
 Finance
 Irrigation
 Reserved subjects were to be administered by The Governor through his Executive Councils of
Bureaucrats.
 Transferred:
 Education
 Health
 Local Government
 Agriculture
 Industry
 Excise
 Transferred subjects were to be administered by Ministers, and Ministers were nominated by the elected
Members of the Legislative Council.
 In the event of the failure of constitutional machinery, the governor could take over the administration of
all subjects.
 The Secretary of State and Governor General could interface in reserved subjects, but not in
transferred subjects.
 Centre Government:
 No responsible government at the all-India level.
 Executive:
 The Governor General was to be the chief Executive Authority.
 The Governor General's Executive Council comprises both European and Indian members.
 The Governor General has full central authority over reserved subjects in the Provinces.
 The Governor General was given the power to issue ordinances.
 6

 Legislature:
 A bicameral arrangement was introduced.
 The Lower House:
i. Also called the Central Legislature Assembly
ii. Comprising a total of 145 members, with 41 being nominated and 104 elected (52 general, 30
Muslim, 2 Sikh, and 20 Special).
iii. There was a 3-year tenure of the lower house.
 Upper House:
iv. The Upper House, comprising 60 members, is constituted, with 26 being nominated and 34
elected. Among the elected members, 20 are chosen generals, 10 from the Muslim community,
3 from the European community, and 1 from the Sikh community.
v. The tenure of the upper house was 5 years.
Note:
 The Paris Peace Treaty and other peace agreements highlighted the reluctance of imperialistic powers to
relinquish control over their colonies, particularly in the face of resurgent movements and militant activity
observed in Asian and African nations such as Afghanistan, Burma, Egypt, India, Malaya, China, Iran,
Ireland, Indonesia, Korea, and the Philippines.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 37
Simon Commission, Nehru
Report, and Lahore Session
 2

Simon Commission, Nehru Report, and Lahore Session

Simon Commission (1927):
❖ Simon Commission can be understood under the following headings:
➢ Why before two years?
➢ Important dates.
➢ Basics of Simon Commission.
➢ Response of the Congress.
➢ Response of the Unionist Party.
➢ Response of justice party.
➢ Response of Muslim League.
➢ Report of Simon Commission.
➢ Opinion of Subhash, and J.L. Nehru.
Why was Simon Commission appointed 2 years before its scheduled date?
❖ As we know, according to the Act of 1919, a commission will be set up after 10 years to check the progress
and the ability of the Indians Provincial court.
❖ Simon Commission was appointed two years before its appointment date. Elections were to be held in Britain
and it was expected that the Labour Government would return to power. That is why the Conservative
Government was in haste to appoint this commission.
Important Dates:
❖ Simon's commission was appointed in Britain on 8 November 1927.
❖ 3 February 1928 it landed in Bombay, and it submitted its report in 1930.
❖ This commission visited many places, and Lala Lajpat Rai was seriously injured during the protest against
Simon Commission, and he died on 17 November 1928.
Basics of Simon Commission:
❖ It had 7 members, and all of them were European. It is also called the White Commission.
❖ No Indians were its members, and the head of the commission was J.A. Simon.
Response of Progress:
❖ The Congress rejected it.
❖ The people of India agitated against the arrival of the Simon Commission because there was no Indian member
in the Simon Commission.
❖ All members were Europeans.
Response of Unionist Party:
❖ They supported the Simon Commission.
❖ The Unionist Party was from Punjab.
Response of Justice Party:
❖ They supported the Simon Commission.
❖ The Justice Party was from Madras.
Response of Muslim League:
❖ Muslim League had divided opinion, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah boycotted it because the Muslim League was
in favour. Another section of Muslim League was in favour of it.
 3

❖ Muhammad Ali Jinnah gave his support to boycott the Simon Commission.
Report of the Simon Commission:
❖ The Simon Commission prepared its report, and it was discussed in three round table conferences.
Opinion of Subhash Chandra and Jawahar Lal Nehru:
❖ They also rejected it.
Nehru Report (1928):
❖ We need to cover the following topics:
➢ Background of the Nehru Report.
➢ Recommendation of Nehru Report.
➢ Lahore Session.
❖ Background of the Nehru Report:
❖ The Simon Commission was met with rejection by Indians, and Lord Birkenhead challenged them, and he said
that “Indians were unable to draft a proposal of constitutional reforms which can be accepted by all”.
❖ He said that Indians were not united.
❖ Motilal Nehru rose to the challenge, collaborating with 30 parties to draft what would become known as the
Nehru Report. Seven members diligently compiled the report, which garnered signatures from all parties
except the Muslim League.
Recommendations of Nehru Report:
❖ The report demanded 'Dominion Status' for India but the Youth and extremist Nationalists opposed the
Nehru Report. The youth brigade of Congress demanded 'Complete Independence' instead of Dominion
Status.
❖ Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose founded 'The Independence for India League for the same
purpose in 1928.
❖ They demanded responsible government in the Centre, and provinces.
❖ The Central Executive, vested with supreme authority, was led by the Emperor, while the Viceroy acted as the
executor of this power on the Emperor's behalf. Supporting them were councils tasked with providing
assistance and guidance in governance.
❖ The group of councils consists of 1 PM and 6 ministers.
❖ After a group of councils, there will be two houses such as:
➢ Upper House
✓ Upper House, known as the Senate, was elected through an indirect process.
➢ Lower House
✓ The Lower House, also referred to as the Representative Assembly was elected through a direct
voting process.
❖ Under the Nehru Report, they demanded a Joint electorate instead of a separate electorate, which is why
the Muslim League did not sign it.
❖ It also advocated Fundamental rights for the citizens of the country.
❖ They also made the request not to send cases to the Privy Council.
❖ Nehru's report demanded setting up a Supreme Court for India.
❖ The Supreme Court will:
➢ To end the dispute between the two states, and
➢ To define law.
 4

Reactions to the Nehru Report:

❖ Congress accepted it and said that if the government did not accept it within a year then Congress would be
free to change its demand from dominion status to complete independence.
❖ The Muslim League declined to accept it due to the rejection of their demand for a separate electorate.
❖ Gandhi Ji gave one year to the government to accept it.
Lahore Session of Congress 1929:
❖ It can be understood under the following heads:
➢ Detail of the Congress session of 1929.
➢ Why was this session was important?
➢ Tri-Colour flag
➢ Civil Disobedience Movement, and Lahore session.
➢ Gandhi, and Lahore Session
➢ First Independence Day
➢ Role of Gandhi Ji
The Basics of the Lahore Session:
❖ It was held in Lahore in 1929.
❖ The 1928 session took place in Calcutta with Moti Lal Nehru as the President, while in 1929, the session
was held in Lahore with J.L. Nehru serving as the President.
❖ This session was important because of:
➢ Demand for complete independence.
➢ This session was known for the declaration of Indian Foreign Policy.
➢ Preparing to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Tri-Colour Flag:
❖ The newly adopted tri-colour flag of freedom was first hoisted on 31st December 1929. It was presided
over by Jawaharlal Nehru.
Civil Disobedience Movement, and Lahore Session:
❖ The Congress Session of 1929 also announced the launching of a civil disobedience movement. But it did not
draw up a programme of struggle. That was left to Mahatma Gandhiji.
First Independence Day:
❖ It was celebrated on January 26th, 1930, marking the occasion of a public declaration made on that same
day to attain complete independence.
❖ First Independence Day was celebrated on 26 November 1930 which was to be celebrated every year with
the people taking the pledge that it was 'a crime against man and God to submit to British rule'.
Role of Gandhi Ji:
❖ Gandhiji took retirement from political life after the Non-Cooperation movement, and then Gandhiji
returned during the Calcutta session in 1928. Subsequently, he was granted permission by Congress to initiate
the Civil Disobedience Movement.
 5

Simon Commission, and Nehru Report:

Some Important Points:
Why did the Simon Commission send India?
❖ Montague-Chelmsford Act 1919 (The Government of India Act) introduced the system of Diarchy to govern
the provinces of British India.
❖ This Act had a provision that, after 10 years, a commission would be constituted to see the progress of
government in provinces for further reforms.
Simon Commission and Nehru Report:
❖ It recommended the replacement of the diarchy with a responsible government in the provinces.
❖ Simon Commission was announced on 7 November 1927.
❖ It was appointed according to the Act of 1919.
❖ Its chairman was Sir John Simon.
❖ The Congress boycotted the Simon Commission. The Simon Commission did not have a single Indian
member.
❖ Practically all established political groups decided to boycott the Simon Commission except the Justice Party
in Madras and the Punjab Unionists Party.
❖ All party meetings were organised against the boycott of the Simon Commission in February and December
1928.
❖ They finalised Nehru's report. It was mainly drafted by Motilal Nehru and Tej Bahadur Sapru.
❖ Muslim demand for a separate electorate was not fulfilled, and Jinnah stepped out and presented his 14
points in March 1929.
Nehru Report:
❖ The Nehru Report failed to solve the communal problem as it failed to get the support of the Muslim
League.
❖ However, it is considered the first major Indian effort to draft a constitutional framework for the country.
❖ It talked about lists of central and provincial subjects.
Lahore Session of Congress in 1929:
❖ Complete Independence of India. It was not demanded in the Nehru Report (1928). It was demanded in the
Lahore Session of Congress in 1929.

Demand for Complete Independence:

Some Important Points:
1929 Session of Indian National Congress:
❖ The 1929 Session of the Indian National Congress is of significance in the history of the Freedom Movement
because the attainment of Poona Swaraj was adopted as the goal of the Congress on 31 December 1929.
❖ Abolition of untouchability was not included in the resolutions of the Lahore Session of Congress in 1929.

 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 38
Civil Disobedience Movement
 2

Civil Disobedience Movement

Civil Disobedience Movement:
❖ Civil Disobedience Movement can be understood under the following heads:
➢ Background/Circumstances/Causes
➢ The conciliatory approach of Gandhi Ji presented 11 demands before Lord Irwin -31st Jan 1930.
➢ Dandi March (12 March 1930)
➢ Programmes of the movements.
➢ Expansion of the movements like:
✓ Role of women
✓ Role of Rani Gaidinliu
✓ Role of Muslims
✓ Movement in Bengal, Assam, Malabar, Tanjore, Chota Nagpur, Machalipattnam
✓ Role of Ambedkar
✓ Start No rent, No tax movement
✓ Cunningham Circular
✓ Role of the Red Shirt Movement
✓ Tri-colour
✓ Who said Gandhi was a failure?
✓ Gandhi Irwin Pact (5th March 1931)
✓ Was CDM unsuccessful?
Background/Circumstances/Causes:
❖ Non-acceptance of the Nehru Report, in which we demanded dominion status, but they refused.
❖ During the Lahore session of 1929, our demand shifted to complete independence, and we strategized to
initiate a movement aimed at achieving this goal.
❖ “We had already told to the British Government to start a movement in case of Non -Acceptance of Nehru
report within a year”.
Beginning of CDM:
❖ The main resolutions of the Lahore Session of Congress in 1929 were:
➢ Declaration of India's foreign policy.
➢ Declaration of complete independence.
➢ Preparing to launch the civil disobedience movement.
❖ In this way, the Congress Session of 1929 announced the launching of a civil disobedience movement. But it
did not draw up a program of struggle. That was left to Mahatma Gandhi.
Dandi March:
❖ In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi started the Civil Disobedience Movement from Dandi.
❖ The Civil Disobedience Movement was started by Gandhi on 12 March 1930 with his famous Dandi
March.
 3

❖ Together with 78 chosen followers, Gandhi walked nearly 375 Km from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a
village on the Gujarat sea coast.
❖ On 6 April, Gandhiji reached Dandi, picked up a handful of salt, and broke the salt law as a symbol of the
Indian people's refusal to live under British-made laws and therefore under British rule.
Programmes of the Movement:
❖ Complete boycott of:
➢ The movement's agenda included a comprehensive boycott of wine shops, foreign schools, foreign
clothing, and foreign officers. Additionally, peaceful protests were planned in front of liquor shops,
along with the nonviolent defiance of the salt law.
Why break the Salt Law?
❖ Gandhiji broke the salt law as a symbol of the Indian People's refusal to live under British-made laws
and therefore under British rule.
❖ Indians broke salt laws, refused to pay taxes, and peasants refused to pay land revenue and rent.
Gandhiji presented 11 points as an ultimatum:
❖ Gandhiji presented an 11-point ultimatum that did not include the demand of Purna Swaraj on 31st
January 1930.
❖ An 11-point ultimatum was given during the time of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
❖ The main Demands in the 11 points were:
➢ 50% cuts in army expenses and Civil service salaries.
➢ Total prohibition of intoxicants
➢ Release of Political prisoners,
➢ Reform of the C.I.D department
➢ Changes in the Army Act allowing popular control of the issue of firearms licenses
➢ 50% reduction in land revenue
➢ Abolition of the salt tax and government salt monopoly.
➢ Lowering of the rupee-sterling exchange ratio to 1s 4d
➢ Textiles protection
➢ Reservation of coastal shipping for Indians.
➢ Issue licenses of arms to citizens for self -protection.
❖ Gandhiji was only allowed to draw a strategy to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement by the Congress
Working Committee.
CDM and the Role of Women:
❖ A notable feature of the movement was the wide
participation of women. Thousands of them left
the seclusion (privacy) of their homes and offered
Satyagraha.
❖ Around thousands of women came out of their
houses.
❖ They took an active part in picketing (protest)
shops selling foreign cloth or liquor. They marched shoulder to shoulder with the men in processions.
 4

➢ Sarojini Naidu,
➢ Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and
➢ Kamladevi Chattopadhyaya also participated in the Salt Satyagraha of Gandhiji.
CDM and Rani Gaidinliu (Jiatrang Movement):
❖ Rani Gaidinliu was from Nagaland and revolted against British Rule during the Civil Disobedience.
❖ She was arrested and given lifetime imprisonment.
❖ She was just 13 years old when she responded to the call of Gandhi and the Congress and raised the
banner of rebellion against foreign rule.
❖ The young Rani was captured in 1932 and sentenced to life imprisonment.
❖ She was released after independence in 1947.
❖ The movement started by Rani was called the 'Jiatrang Movement'.
CDM and Muslim:
❖ Muslims did not take part in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
❖ Movement remained weak in Sindh, as the Muslims largely kept aloof.
❖ In Punjab, Muslims, particularly those affiliated with the Unionist Party, kept their distance from the
movement.
❖ In Punjab, the Sikh community exhibited division:
➢ Under Dara Singh's leadership, Sikhs supported the Congress.
➢ Under Kharak Singh's leadership, however, there was opposition to the Congress.
CDM and Bengal (Chaukidari Movement):
❖ Salt Satyagraha suffered a lot due to the Monsoon in Bengal.
❖ The Chaukidari Movement and Anti-Union Board Movement were seen in Bengal. People of eastern
India stopped to pay tax for Chaukidar.
❖ Chaukidars were the assistants of the Police and worked with them.
❖ They used to provide protection to the villages, but they were not liked by the villagers as they provided the
information to the British Government. Moreover, Chaukidars supported to Zamindars for their work.
CDM and Assam:
❖ The Civil Disobedience Movement could not
spread in Assam.
❖ Leaders of Congress in Assam were against of it.
Congress Leader, Tarun Ram Phukan was
hostile to the Civil Disobedience Movement, and
N. C. Bardoloi was unenthusiastic. Moreover,
the struggle between Hindus and Muslims also proved harmful.
CDM and Malabar:
❖ Kelappan organized the salt march in Malabar.
❖ He was a Congress leader who had established contacts with lower-caste Ezhavas through the Vaikom
temple Satyagraha of the mid-1920s.
❖ Vaikom temple Satyagraha was to get entry into the temple.
 5

CDM and Tanjore Coast:

❖ C. Rajagopalachari organized a march from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam the Tanjore coast to break the
salt law in April 1930.
❖ He was a Gandhian, No-Changer leader who had established his headquartered at Tiruchengodu asrama in
Salem district in 1925.
CDM and Chotanagpur:
❖ There was notorious dacoit Mangal Singh conducted a revolt for two reasons such as:
➢ To reduce a land tax
➢ Against the Zamidars
❖ Bonga Majhi and Somra Majhi started a socio-religious reform movement in (Hazaribagh)
Chotanagpur.
❖ They were from the tribal belt. Her followers were asked to give up meat and drink and use Khadi only.

CDM and Non-Tax movement in Chhatarpur:

❖ Notorious dacoit, Mangal Singh started a Non-tax movement and demanded a reduction in land revenue
as well as a separate state, was from Chhatarpur, Bundelkhand.

CDM and Thota Narasaiah Naidu (Wrestler):

❖ Another main leader was Thota Narasaiah Naidu. Thota Narasaiah Naidu was an Indian Freedom
Fighter resident of Pagolu taluk, Machilipatnam.
❖ He was a wrestler by profession and served in the court of Challapalli Zamindar.
❖ In May 1930 there rioting across India due to the arrest of Mahatma Gandhi for leading the Dandi
March.
CDM and Untouchable Mahars community:
❖ B. R. Ambedkar was the leader of the Untouchable Mahar community who demanded for separate
electorate for them in Round Table Conferences in 1930.
CDM and Cunningham Circular:
❖ A strong Movement was started against Cunningham Circular in Assam by students.
❖ In this circular, students and their parents were compelled to give their character certificates.
CDM and 'No-rent, no-tax':
❖ 'No-rent, no-tax' campaign was started in December 1931 by Jawaharlal Nehru in Uttar Pradesh. 'No-tax'
appeal was made to Zamindars as they had to pay tax to the British Government, while a 'No-rent'
appeal was made to peasants as they had to pay rent.
❖ J.L. Nehru made a request to refrain from paying both.
❖ The 'No-rent' appeal became more successful than the 'No-tax' as most of the Zamindars remained loyal
to the British Government.
CDM and tri-colour flag:
❖ J. L Nehru was related to the hosting of the India tri-colour flag movement, especially in December
1929, Lahore.
 6

Khudai Khidmatgars:
❖ During the Indian Freedom Struggle, the Khudai Khidmatgars, also known as Red Shirts called for; the
Pathan regional nationalist unity and a struggle against colonialism.
❖ The movement reached the extreme north-western corner of India and stirred the brave and hardy
Pathan.
❖ Under the leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, popularly known as 'the Frontier Gandhi', the Pathan
organized the society.
❖ Khudai Khidmatgars (or Servants of God), known popularly as Red Shirt, was pledged to non-violence
and the freedom struggle.
❖ They wanted to improve the condition of wage earners.
❖ The frontier Gandhi was called Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.
CDM and Forest Movement:
❖ Forest Movement was started in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Central India. These movements were
reported on a large scale. A lot of restrictions were imposed on tribes regarding the use of forests.
CDM and Punjab:
❖ The Civil Disobedience Movement could not become powerful in Punjab.
❖ Congress failed to get the support of Muslims and Sikhs.
❖ Congress failed to mobilize Muslims and Sikhs as there were no unifying religious issues like Khilafat or
purification of Gurdwara management. The Unionist block was firmly loyal to the British Government
while Akali attitudes varied. Tara Singh backed the Congress while Kharak Singh kept aloof.
CDM and Indian Army:
❖ During the Civil Disobedience Movement, nationalism was beginning to penetrate the Indian army.
❖ Two platoons of Garhwal soldiers refused to open fire on a non-violent mass demonstration even though it
meant facing a court martial and long terms of imprisonment. Their leader was Chandra Singh Garhwali.
This episode showed that nationalism was beginning to penetrate the Indian army which was the chief
instrument of British rule.
❖ In this way feeling of nationalism was seen in the British Army.

Who said- "The Mahatma as a political leader has failed', in May 1933:
❖ The statement 'The Mahatma as a political leader has failed', was made by Vithalbhai Patel and
Subhash Bose in 1933 when Gandhiji suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement in May 1933.
 7

Was CDM unsuccessful?

❖ The Civil Disobedience Movement could not be considered unsuccessful.
❖ Their impacts were seen in the form of the release of political prisoners and the success of Congress in the
election of 1937.
❖ In 1934 political prisoners were released and they were welcomed by Indians.
❖ In the election of 1937, the Congress was in majority in 6 provinces out of 11.


 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
MODERN HISTORY

Lecture – 39
R. T. Conferences, Gandhi-Irwin
Pact, Karachi Session, Communal
Award and Poona Pact
 2

R. T. Conferences, Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Karachi Session,

Communal Award and Poona Pact
Round Table Conferences:
Round Table
Round I Round II Round III
Conferences
Purpose To discuss the report of To discuss the report of the To discuss the report of the Simon
the Simon Commission Simon Commission Commission
Time November 1930 - September 1931 - December November 1932 - December 1931
January 1931 1931
Place St. James Palace, St. James Palace, London St. James Palace, London
London
King George V George V George V
Headed by Ramsay McDonald Ramsay McDonald Ramsay McDonald
Participant ❖ Muslim League: ❖ Muslim League: Aga ❖ Few Delegates participated,
Aga Khan and Khan, Jinnah, and but the Indian National
Jinnah Muhammad Iqbal Congress and the Labour
❖ Anglo-Indian: K. ❖ Anglo-Indian: K. J. Paul Party in the United Kingdom
J. Paul ❖ Sikh: Sardar Sawarn decided not to participate.
❖ Sikh: Sardar Singh
Sawarn Singh ❖ Dalit: B. R. Ambedkar
❖ Dalit: B. R. ❖ Hindu Mahasabha:
Ambedkar Jaykar
❖ Hindu ❖ Congress: Gandhi,
Mahasabha: Ranga Swami Iyengar,
Jaykar Madan Mohan Malviya.
❖ Congress: No ❖ Women: Sarojini Naidu.
participation.
Result of the Round Table Conferences (RTC):
❖ India would be made a federation
❖ The Federal Government would be responsible for the Federal
Legislature.
❖ If Indians fail to solve the Communal Problems, the provinces
would enjoy Autonomy.
Some Important Members who Participated in the RTC:
❖ Members of Depressed Classes: B. R. Ambedkar, and
Rettamalai Srinivasan.
❖ Indian Christian: K. T. Paul.
❖ Participants of Liberal: Tez Bahadur Sapru, and J. N. Basu.
 3

Causes of Failure of the Round Table Conferences:

❖ Due to Communal Issues, minorities failed to solve their problems.
❖ B. R. Ambedkar and Muslim League demanded a ‘Separate Electorate System’.
Round Table Conferences and Princely States:
❖ The Princely States surprised everyone as they made a request to make India as a Federation.
❖ The demand was mainly raised by the Diwan of Hyderabad (Akbar Hydrai), and Diwan of Mysore (Mirza
Ismail).
Gandhi-Irwin Pact:
Basics:
❖ It was signed between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931.
❖ The purpose of the Pact was to support the Congress.
Background:
❖ Congress didn’t attend the first
Round Table Conference, and
without Congress, the RTC failed to
reach any conclusion. The British
government knew the importance of
Congress.
❖ In India, the Civil Disobedience
Movement went on smoothly and
peacefully and it remained non-
violent. It created tension for the
Britishers because they failed to apply
force to suppress non-violent
movements.
❖ Due to the Civil Disobedience
Movement (CDM), the Britishers
were bearing Economic Loss.
❖ The demand for the “Swaraj” was
becoming popular.
❖ As a result, the government released
many leaders, along with Gandhiji
from Jail.
❖ Lord Irwin signed a pact with Gandhiji.
❖ The draft of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was prepared by Jwaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose.
Main Provisions of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact:
The following points were decided in the Gandhi-Irwin Conference:
❖ Irwin on behalf of the government agreed on–
➢ Immediate release of all political prisoners not convicted of violence;
➢ Remission of all fines not yet collected;
➢ Return of all lands not yet sold to third parties;
 4

➢ Lenient treatment to those government servants who had resigned;

➢ Right to make salt in coastal villages for personal consumption (not for sale);
➢ Right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing; and
➢ Withdrawal of emergency ordinances passed during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
❖ The viceroy, however, turned down two of Gandhi’s demands:
➢ The public inquiry into police excesses, and
➢ Commutation of Bhagat Singh and his comrades’ death sentence to life sentence (which then took place
on 23rd March 1931).
❖ Gandhi on behalf of the Congress agreed:
➢ To suspend the civil disobedience movement, and
➢ To participate in the next Round Table Conference on the constitutional question around the three lynch-
pins of the federation, Indian responsibility,
➢ Congress to discontinue the boycott of Foreign Products.
➢ Congress got surety to fulfil the demands of people.
Evaluation of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact:
❖ This pact was criticised by Leftists by saying that ‘it was a diplomatic victory of the British’.
❖ Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged till death on 23rd March 1931.
❖ The British didn’t do anything for Swaraj.
❖ The Britishers did not end the Salt Tax. In fact, the people living in the Coastal Area were also arrested for
making salt.
❖ But Gandhiji considered it successful because the Government knee downed before the non-violent protests
in India.
The Movement Started Again:
❖ After signing the Pact, Gandhi attended the Second Round Table Conference, but he was not satisfied and
returned as the Minorities were unable to get ‘Separate Electorate’.
❖ He started the movement again on 28th December 1931.
❖ Soon after, Gandhi was arrested.
❖ As a result, the movement became weak year after year and finally, it was suspended in 1934.
Karachi Session of Congress:
❖ It was an annual session of Congress held in Karachi on 31st December, 1931.
❖ It was headed by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.
❖ Importance of Karanchi Session:
➢ Acceptance of Complete Swaraj in this session.
➢ Acceptance of Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
➢ Resolution was passed for Fundamental Rights and Duties
➢ Resolution for adopting Economic Policy was also passed.
   
 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 40
Communal Award || Poona Pact
|| Election of 1936 || Individual
Satyagraha || August Offer
 2

Communal Award || Poona Pact || Election of 1936 || Individual Satyagraha ||

August Offer
Communal Award and Poona Pact (24th September 1932)
Communal Award and Poona Pact can be understood under the following heads:
1. Basics (background)
2. Role of Gandhi
3. Harijan Sevak Sangh
4. Dalits were given a new name by Gandhi i.e., Harijan
5. Gandhi started a magazine named Harijan.
Communal Award and Poona Pact
❖ Background:
➢ Baba Saheb B.R. Ambedkar demanded a Separate Electorate for Dalits.
➢ British PM Ramsey Macdonald took it as an opportunity and passed the Communal Award.
➢ The purpose of passing the Communal Award was:
✓ To provide a Separate Electorate for Dalits.
✓ In this, it was another tool to divide and rule in Indian society.
❖ The role of Gandhi: Gandhi stood against it, and did the following things:
➢ Anti-touchable Movements: Started an anti-touchable movement in 1932 against communal awards. He
observed fast unto death on 20th September 1932.
➢ Signed Poona Pact: Finally Poona Pact was signed between Gandhi and Ambedkar on 24th September
1932. Under this Poona Pact, a separate electoral system was not given, and seats were reserved in
assemblies.
✓ There were 147 seats reserved for the Provincial assemblies and 18% of seats were reserved for the
Central legislative assemblies.
❖ Harijan Sevak Sangh:
➢ On 30 September 1932, Gandhiji founded “All India Anti Untouchability League”, to remove
untouchability in the society, which was later renamed Harijan Sevak Sangh (Servants of Harijan
Society).
➢ Its first president was an industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla.
❖ Named Dalits to Harijan: Gandhiji gave a new name to Dalits i.e., Harijan.
❖ Gandhiji Published Magazine: Gandhi started a weekly magazine named Harijan in 1933.
Provincial Election
❖ Under the Act of 1935, Provincial Elections were held in 1936-37 to give provincial management to Indians.
❖ The following main parties participated:
➢ Congress,
 3

➢ Muslim League
➢ Unionist Party of Punjab (Leader - Sikander Hayat Khan)
➢ Krishak party of Bengal (Leader - Fazal-Ul-Huq)
➢ Independent Labour Party (Leader - B. R. Ambedkar)
❖ Results of election:

Muslim League Congress

They could not perform well. They performed well and got the absolute majority in 5
Provinces: Bihar, United Provinces, Orissa, Madras, and
Central Provinces.

They got only 2 seats in Punjab and 33 seats in They won 721 seats out of 1585.
Sindh.

They formed a government in Punjab with the Congress formed government in all Provinces, except
Unionist Party under the leader Sikander Hayat Bengal and North Provinces
Khan.

Only 482 seats were reserved for the Muslim Finally, they formed a government in 8 provinces.
League, and they won just 109 seats.

Resignation of Congress
❖ The Congress resigned on 22nd October 1939 (23rd September 1939).
❖ The reason behind the resignation was ‘The declaration of India as a World War Member without
consulting them.
❖ The Muslim League celebrated this resignation as ‘Mukti Diwas’, or, ‘Thanks Day’, or ‘Deliverance Day’.
❖ Now congress leaders started “Individual Satyagraha” instead of mass movement.
❖ Two satyagraha were started mainly by: J. L. Nehru and Vinoba Bhave
❖ League’s annual session was held in Lahore in 1940 and they passed a Resolution to get Separate State i.e:
Pakistan.
 4

August Offer (8th august 1940)

❖ Congress resigned and demanded that the British set up a ‘National Government’ at the Centre.
❖ The Congress was ready to compromise, asking the British government to let it form an interim government
during the war period but the government was not interested.
❖ The government came up with its own offer to get the cooperation of India in the war effort.
❖ Lord Linlithgow announced the August Offer (August 1940) which proposed:
➢ Dominion status as the objective for India;
➢ Expansion of the viceroy’s executive council, which would have a majority of Indians (who would be
drawn from major political parties);
➢ Setting up of a constituent assembly after the war where mainly Indians would decide the constitution
according to their social, economic, and political conceptions, subject to fulfilment of the obligation of
the government regarding defense, minority rights, treaties with States, all Indian services; and
➢ No future constitution is to be adopted without the consent of minorities.
❖ Response:
➢ The Congress rejected the August Offer, and did not want to trust on future promises.
➢ The Muslim League welcomed the veto assurance given to the League and reiterated its position that
partition was the only solution to the deadlock.
❖ Importance of August Offer:
➢ Demand of Constituent Assembly accepted: For the first time, the demand of Congress to make a
Constituent Assembly was accepted.

ASPECT:
1. Why did Lord Linlithgow offer an August Offer to Congress and what was the reaction of the Congress?
2. Why did the Indians reject August offer?

Cripps Mission-22 march 1942

❖ Background:
➢ As we know World War - II was going on.
➢ There was a weak position of friendly countries in the war.
➢ Four pressures were created on Churchill to send Cripps Mission in order to get the support of
Indians:
1. Pressure 1: Japan had entered into war. As a result, the Eastern Border became vulnerable
2. Pressure 2: The President of America, Roosevelt also created pressure on Britain to get the support
of Indians.
3. Pressure 3: President Chiang-Kai-Shek of China put pressure on Britain to take support of India.
He also visited India in 1942 and requested to support Britain.
4. Pressure 4: On the other hand, Subhash Chandra Boss created the Indian National Army (INA)
in Japan, which also created pressure on Churchill. The motive of INA was to make India free
 5

➢ Finally, an announcement was made by Churchill in the Parliament on 11th March 1942.
➢ In March 1942, a mission headed by Stafford Cripps was sent to India with constitutional proposals to
seek Indian support for the war.
➢ Stafford Cripps was a left-wing Labourite, the leader of the House of Commons, and a member of the
British War Cabinet who had actively supported the Indian national movement.
❖ Recommendations: The main proposals of the mission were as follows.
➢ India as a Dominion Status: An Indian Union with a dominion status would be set up; it would be free
to decide its relations with the Commonwealth and free to participate in the United Nations and other
international bodies.
➢ Formation of Constituent Assembly: After the end of the war, a constituent assembly would be
convened to frame a new constitution. Members of this assembly would be partly elected by the provincial
assemblies through proportional representation and partly nominated by the princes.
➢ Accept the new constitution subject: The British government would accept the new constitution subject
to two conditions:
1. Separate constitution for a separate Union: Any province not willing to join the Union could have a
separate constitution and form a separate Union, and
2. New constitution-making body: The new constitution-making body and the British government would
negotiate a treaty to effect the transfer of power and to safeguard racial and religious minorities.
➢ Defence of India would remain in British: In the meantime, defence of India would remain in British
hands and the governor-general’s powers would remain intact.
❖ Rejections:
➢ Congress: Both demands of Congress were to be fulfilled after the end of the war, and Congress did not
want to trust their future promises.
➢ Gandhi described the scheme as “a post-dated cheque”.
➢ Nehru pointed out that the “existing structure and autocratic powers would remain and a few of us
will become the viceroy’s liveried camp followers and look after canteens and the like”.
➢ Liberals: They considered the secession proposals to be against the unity and security of India.
➢ Hindu Mahasabha criticised the basis of the right to secede.
➢ Depressed Classes thought that partition would leave them at the mercy of the caste Hindus.
➢ Sikhs were also against Cripps Mission. They objected to the idea that partition would take Punjab
away from them.
➢ Muslim League: They rejected it because though the demand of Separate State was fulfilled, it was not
clear. League wanted only the Muslim Population would decide in the case of Partition.

 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 41
Quit India Movement
 2

Quit India Movement

The Cripps Mission:
❖ The main proposal of Cripps Mission:
➢ Cripps's mission promised to provide Dominion Status to India after the War.
➢ The mission also promised that a Constitution-making body would be elected after the War consisting
of provincial assemblies and princely states.
➢ Provision to sign a separate agreement with Britain if any state did not accept the new Constitution.
With this provision, Cripps Mission accepted the demand of Pakistan.
❖ Cripps Mission:
➢ Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister sent the Cripps Mission to India to seek the active
cooperation of Indians in the War but the mission failed in its aim as its proposals were rejected by
all Indian leaders.
➢ A mission was sent headed by a Cabinet minister Stafford Cripps who supported the Indian National
Movement. This mission promised the Indian leader to grant dominion status and the making of a
Constituent Assembly after the War.
➢ The plan of Sir Stafford Cripps envisaged that after the Second World War India should be given
Dominion status.
❖ India Negotiators with Cripps Mission:
➢ Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad were the official Congress negotiators with Cripps Mission but
they were not satisfied with the proposal of this mission. They stick to their demand of 'Complete
Independence'.
❖ Circumstances under which Cripps Mission was sent:
➢ Cripps Mission was sent to India. British Government wanted to get support from India in WW II.
➢ At the beginning of 1942, the war situation worsened. The threat of a Japanese invasion on India was
looming and Indian support was essential for Britain's war efforts. The President Roosevelt of the USA,
the President Chiang Kai-Shek of China, and the Labour Party of Britain started putting pressure
on Churchill to seek the active cooperation of India in the War. As a result, a mission was sent headed
by a Cabinet minister Stafford Cripps who supported the Indian National Movement.
❖ Mahatma Gandhi on Cripps Mission:
➢ Mahatma Gandhi called the declaration of Cripps Mission 'a post-dated cheque' as its proposal was
related to post-war.
 3

Quit India Movement:

Background, circumstances, and Causes.
The Resolution of the Quit India Movement.
The appeal of Gandhi
Spread of the Movement.
Government Repression.
The causes of the failure of the movement.

Cause for Launching QIM:

➢ Quit India Movement was launched in response to Cripps Proposals. Most of the Indian leaders were
not satisfied with the proposals of Cripps's mission.
➢ Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister sent Cripps Mission to India to seek the active cooperation of
India in the War but the mission failed in its mission as its proposals were rejected by all Indian
leaders.
➢ Entry of Japan in World War II; while capturing many southeast countries, japan also started to move
toward India which also forced Indian leaders to launch Quit India.
➢ A mission was sent headed by a Cabinet minister Stafford Cripps who supported the Indian National
Movement. This mission promised the Indian leader to grant dominion status and the making of the
Constituent Assembly after the War.
➢ During this war inflation and shortage of commodities were seen.
➢ Inhuman treatment of India, as to avoid possible attack from Japan, and British governments seized boats
and stopped water with the help of dams so that problem was faced in Agriculture and transportation.
➢ Britain faced significant challenges and setbacks during World War II, with numerous battles resulting in
defeats, suggesting the possibility of their eventual downfall.
❖ The Resolution of the Quit India Movement:
➢ In 1939, when World War II was started, Subhash Chandra wanted to start a movement, but
Gandhi Ji said that it was not the right time.
❖ Wardha Meeting:
➢ Congress Working Committee met in Wardha to pass the 'Quit India Resolution' of 14th July 1942.
❖ Bombay Meeting, 8th August 1942:
➢ Wardha's proposal was to be ratified in the Bombay meeting, and finally Quit India Movement was
started. It is also called the August Movement.
➢ All main leaders were arrested under zero hours which is why the Quit India Movement was also called
the Leaderless movement.
 4

❖ 3 Phases of QIM:
➢ The Quit India Movement can be understood under three main phases.
➢ In all phases, it remains non-violent.
➢ The Quit India Movement can be understood under three main phases and in each phase, a different nature
was seen.
❖ First Phase:
➢ It was started on 9 August and continued in the middle of this month.
➢ It was massive and violent and quickly suppressed.
➢ It was predominantly urban and known for holding strikes, and clashes with the police and army.
➢ Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Patna, Lucknow, Kanpur, Nagpur and Ahmedabad were affected. Hartals
and strikes were seen in these cities.
➢ Tata Steel Unit was completely closed.
➢ It was spearheaded (started) by students and the urban middle class was extremely prominent in this
phase.
❖ Second Phase:
➢ In the Second Phase movement was mainly seen in villages.
➢ Mode of transportation and communication were destroyed.
➢ Also damaged railway tracks, and roads.
➢ In the middle of August, the flame of the movement was shifted to the countryside areas of Banaras,
Patna, Northern and Southern Bihar, Eastern UP, Bengal (Midinapur), Maharashtra, Karnataka
and Orissa.
➢ Peasants revolted against authority and destroyed communication on a massive scale, strongly
reminiscent in some ways of 1857.
❖ Third Phase:
➢ The movement entered its third phase in September. It is the longest as well as least formidable phase.
➢ In this phase, the movement became weak as it was suppressed brutally.
➢ The main characteristic of this phase was terrorist activities by educated youth. They destroyed
communications and police and army installations.
➢ In some areas, Parallel Government functioned for a long time such as:
✓ Balia in UP: It was the first National Government under the leadership of Chittu Pandey. It
succeeded in getting the Collector to hand over power and release all the arrested Congress leaders.
✓ Tamluk in Midnapur: In Tamluk, the Jatiya Sarkar in Midnapur (Bengal) came into existence
on 17 December 1942 and lasted till September 1944. This Jatiya Sarkar undertook cyclone
relief work, gave grants to schools and organized an armed Vidyut Vahini. It also set up
arbitration courts and distributed the surplus paddy of the well-to-do to the poor.
 5

✓ Satara in Maharashtra: The government which was set up here, continued for the longest time.
Y.B. Chauhan started his parallel government in Satara. He runs Prati Sarkar (Parallel
Government).
✓ Talcher in Orrisa: In Orrisa another parallel government was seen.
✓ Western U.P, and Bihar: In Azamgarh, Baliya, Gazipur people captured a police station.
❖ Underground Activities:
➢ On November 9th, 1942, two leaders escaped from Hazari Bagh jail and initiated underground activities.
These individuals were J.P. Narayan and Parmanand Mishra.
❖ Repression and crackdown by the government:
➢ The government had to suppress the movement with an iron hand.
➢ 91836 people were arrested, and 5 people were killed in firing.
❖ Use of Aeroplanes:
➢ Aeroplanes were used by the British government to suppress the Quit India Movement in 1942. It was
the first time in Indian history that the government used air bombs in Tamluk, Giriak, Bhagalpur,
Patna, Nadia and Talcher to suppress revolt.
❖ QIM and Radio:
➢ During the Quit India Movement, the secret radio station was run for three months in Bombay by
Usha Mehta.
➢ Usha Mehta was the first woman who started radio, and other people associated with radio such as:
✓ Aruna Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kriplani, and Ram Manohar Lohiya were also associated.
❖ QIM and Lord Linlithgow:
➢ Lord Linlithgow described the August Movement of 1942 as the most serious rebellion since the
Sepoy Mutiny. After the Revolt of 1857, the Quit Indian Movement was considered the most serious
rebellion by Governor General Linlithgow in his private papers as the whole of India stood against the
British Government.
❖ QIM and Peasant:
➢ There was a massive upsurge of the peasantry in certain areas.
➢ The Quit Indian Movement was mainly the movement of Peasants. The participation of peasants made
the movement formidable. Due to the increased activities of peasants, government officials had to declare
the 'Saran' district of Bihar as a criminal district. The movement has seen less participation of Labour,
Merchants, and middle-class students.
➢ The participation of peasants was more than any other class in the Quit India Movement. Labour,
Merchants and Middle-class Students, Zamindars, and Women took part in it. But peasant's
participation was more than others. 'Attack on Private properties as well as public was very common.'
The characteristic feature of this movement was that private property was not attacked.
❖ QIM and 'Do or Die':
➢ The slogan 'Do or Die' is associated with the Quit India Movement. It was given by Gandhiji.
➢ It means “We shall either free India or die in the attempt.”
 6

❖ Instructions of Gandhi ji during QIM:

➢ Gandhiji gave the following instructions to different sections of the people on the eve of the launch
of the Quit India Movement:
✓ Government servants would not resign, but they should openly declare their allegiance to the
Congress.
✓ Soldiers won't leave their posts, but they would refuse to fire on our own people.
✓ Princes were asked to accept the sovereignty of their own people instead of paying homage to a
foreign power. And the people of the Princely States were asked to declare that they were part
of the Indian nation.
✓ The student would leave their study only if they stayed on their decision for a long time.
✓ Peasants: Those who support the British government often waive rent payments, while those who
align with the Congress party typically uphold their rent obligations to landlords.
❖ Gandhi's Views on Political Strikes:
➢ Gandhiji was always against holding political strikes. Gandhiji was ready to hold a general political strike
if it was necessary in 1942. Gandhiji expressed his view in his interview which was given on 6 August
1942.
❖ Regarding Violence: In general Gandhi Ji was against it, but during the Quit India Movement, Gandhi Ji
refused to criticize the violent activities.
❖ He was referring to the slogan “Karo ya Maro”.
❖ Regarding Fast: Gandhi Ji observed a fast on 13 Feb 1943 in Jail for 21 days.
❖ Leaders who opposed QIM:
➢ All leaders of different parties supported the 'Quit India resolution' except Communist leaders. Bulabhai
Desai and Rajaji (C. Rajagopalachari) resigned in July 1942.
❖ The Areas where QIM did not spread:
➢ Punjab and N.W.F.P. remained quiet during the Quit India Movement for the following reasons;
➢ Punjab: Politics in Punjab was already set hard in the communal mould, Hindu, Muslim or Sikh, while
wartime army employment and rising grain prices kept quiet a peasantry which had developed a
prosperous kulak-type upper stratum.
➢ N.W.F.P: Congress failed to get Muslim support here.
➢ Other areas that either remained quiet or less revolted against the British Government were:
✓ Madras: In some areas of Madras the movement remained weak.
✓ C. Rajagopalachari was against the launch of the Quit India Movement. Sri C Rajagopalachari
(Rajaji) also opposed the resolution and he even quit the Congress. (Rajaji joined back Congress
later) Rajaji was telling Congress that the time was not the right time to go for civil disobedience,
as the entire world was engaged in World War II, and India under British Control was also under
attack.
 7

❖ Main four storm centres of the Quit Indian movement:

➢ The main four storm centres of the Quit Indian movement where formidable mass rebellion was
seen, were:
✓ Bihar-east UP
✓ Midnapur in Bengal
✓ Orissa and
✓ Maharashtra, and Karnataka.
❖ QIM and Matangini Hazara:
➢ Considerable participation of tribal was seen in the Quit India Movement.
➢ Matangini Hazara was the widow of the tribal leader who led the revolt in Tamluk. Matangini Hazara
was a 73-year-old poor peasant widow (not a tribal widow) in Tamluk who kept the national flag
aloft even after being shot.
❖ The member who resigned from the Council of Viceroy:
➢ The three members of the Viceroy's Executive Council, M.S Aney, N.R. Sarkar and H.P Mody gave
their resignation on the issue of not releasing Gandhiji from prison. Their resignation was in the form
of a big blow to the prestige of the British Government. Though they were supported by the Government
in its suppression of the 1942 movement, but were in no mood to be a party to Gandhjiji's death.
➢ Finally, Gandhiji was released on 6 May 1944, on medical grounds.
❖ Gandhiji and Violence:
➢ Gandhiji had been constantly exhorting to condemn the violence of people in the Quit Indian movement,
but he refused to condemn it because he considered the British government responsible for it.
➢ In Francis Hutchins' view, Gandhiji's major objection to violence was that its use prevented mass
participation in a movement, but that, in 1942, Gandhiji had come around to the view that mass
participation would not be restricted as a result of violence.
❖ QIM and Women:
➢ The following women were actively involved in underground activities during the Quit India Movement:
✓ Usha Mehata: An important member of the small group that ran the Congress Radio in Bombay.
✓ Sucheta Kripalani and Aruna Asaf Ali were involved in underground activities.
❖ QIM and Women and Zamindars:
➢ Big Zamindars kept a stance of neutrality towards the Quit India Movement. Peasants did make their
target to Zamindars.
❖ Causes of Failure:
➢ Britain was performing well in World War II.
➢ The movement operated without a central leader, especially during zero hours, when the primary leaders
were apprehended.
➢ Government servants started supporting the British government and gave information to the British
Government.
➢ Left, and Muslims did not take part in the Quit India Movement.
➢ Government repression was very strong, and merchants were suppressed.
➢ There was also a lack of constructive programmes in the Quit India Movement.
 8

❖ Some Facts:
➢ The British army was defeated in South-East Asia. Europeans controlled all means of transport while
retreating from Malaya, Singapore and Burma. Indians were left by them in lurch and they had to face
atrocious conditions to trek forests and mountains.
➢ Racial ill-treatment and cases of rape by the majority of British, American and Australians were seen.
The Congress repeatedly protested against the molestation of women by foreign soldiers.
➢ Terrible famine of 1943 in Bengal.
➢ On the one hand prices of essential commodities were shooting up, on the other hand, the imports of rice
from Burmese had stopped as a result terrible famine of 1943 in Bengal was seen in which around 3
million people were killed.
➢ All boats of the Bengal were seized and destroyed to prevent their being used by the Japanese.
➢ It is also known as the August Revolution as this revolution was started on 8 August.
➢ The 'Do or Die' slogan was given by Mahatma Gandhi and not by Jawaharlal Nehru to spread the
movement.
➢ This movement was called a leaderless movement as most of the main leaders were arrested on 9 August.
➢ Peasants took a great part in the movement, and as a result, QIM was called the Peasant movement.

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 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 42
C.R. Formula, Wavell Plan, and
Shimla Conference
 2

C.R. Formula, Wavell Plan, and Shimla Conference

C. Rajagopalachari Formula:
❖ Lord Linlithgow made an appeal to end the differences between the Congress, and Muslim league.
❖ C. Rajagopalachari, a prominent leader within the Congress, sought to reconcile the differences between the
Congress and the Muslim League.
❖ The Muslim League remained steadfast in its insistence on partition, while the Congress staunchly opposed
the idea.
❖ To end the deadlock, C. Raj Gopalachari introduced a solution known as the Raja Ji Formula (C.R.
Formula).
❖ Important points of C.R Formula:
➢ The Muslim League will support the Congress to form a Provisional Government.
➢ After the end of the war, a commission will be set up, and a plebiscite will be conducted.
❖ Raja Ji was the first Congress leader who accepted the demand of the Muslim League for the creation of a
separate state.
❖ The Muslim League has rejected this formula.
Swatantra Party:
❖ Following independence, two prominent leaders of the Congress resigned from the party to form their own,
called the Swatantra Party (formed in 1959). These leaders were M. G. Ranga and C. Rajagopalachari.
❖ He wrote a song that was sung in Carnatic music, and the name of the song was Kurai Ondrum Illai.

Note:
❖ New Chronology:
➢ Cripps Mission (March 1942)
➢ C. R. Formula (10 July 1944)
➢ Wavell Plan (14th June 1945)
➢ Shimla Conference ( 25 june 1945)
➢ Cabinet Mission (24th March 1946)

Wavell Plan:
❖ Wavell was the viceroy of India, and by 1944, Britain's wartime situation was showing signs of improvement.
❖ The war ended in Europe in May 1945.
❖ Now, Britain wanted to use the energy of Indians to support Britain, and Churchill gave the signal to Lord
Wavell to start a discussion with Indian leaders.
 3

Recommendations under the Wavell Plan:

❖ The British government wanted to end the deadlock by providing Self-rule to India.
❖ After the end of the war, a constituent assembly will draft the constitution by Indians only.
❖ The executive council of the Viceroy would be reconstructed with all members being Indian, except for the
Governor General and the Commander-in-Chief.
❖ The council aimed to ensure a balanced representation of all Indians, including caste Hindus and Muslims.
❖ Foreign departments will be in the hands of Indians.
❖ A conference will be held in Shimla to discuss Wavell's plan.
Shimla Conference:
❖ A Shimla Conference was held in Shimla to discuss the Wavell Plan on 25th June 1945.
❖ The Congress objected to the provision that allowed for the inclusion of only caste Hindu members,
excluding Muslims while the Muslim league wanted to send all Muslims.
❖ Gandhi Ji did not attend the conference.

 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 43
Cabinet Mission
 2

Cabinet Mission
Cabinet Mission
Background: The background leading up to the Cabinet Mission Plan in 1946 was marked by significant
events, as outlined:
 September 1945: World War II ended, shifting global dynamics and bringing attention to colonial territories
like British India.
 Post-war British election: The Labour Party, led by Clement Attlee, won the election, leading to Attlee
becoming the Prime Minister of Britain.
 Formation of the Cabinet Mission: To address the growing demands for independence in India, a three-
member Cabinet Mission was sent to India in 1946. The members were Stafford Cripps, A.V. Alexander,
and Pethick Lawrence, each holding key positions in the British government.
 Stafford Cripps: President of the Board of Trade
 A.V. Alexander: Head of the Navy
 Pethick Lawrence: Secretary of State
 Objective: The mission was tasked with finding a way to transfer power from British hands to Indian control,
aiming to address the complexities of India’s diverse religious and cultural landscape.
Recommendations
The recommendations of the Cabinet Mission Plan were aimed at resolving the constitutional deadlock in
British India and facilitating the transfer of power. The key recommendations are:
 Formation of a Federation: India would be constituted as a federation, comprising both British Indian
provinces and princely states.
a. Structure of the Federation: The federation would have an executive and a legislature.
 Constituent Assembly: A Constituent Assembly would be established, consisting of elected representatives
from the people:
b. The Constituent Assembly would have 389 members
c. 292 members from provincial assemblies
d. 4 members from the chief commissioners
e. 93 members from princely states.
 Provincial Autonomy: Provinces would have the right to draft their constitutions, grouped into three
categories with joint meetings:
 Group A: Madras, Bombay, Joint Province, Central Province, Bihar, Orissa(Hindu Majority
Provinces)
 Group B: North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Sindh, Punjab(Muslim Majority Provinces)
 Group C: Bengal, Assam(Muslim Majority Provinces)
 3

 Interim Government: A provisional or interim government would be formed at the centre, consisting of
members from all political parties, to oversee central departments.
 Central Control: The central government would have control over defence, communications, and foreign
affairs.
 Communal Representation: Communal questions in the central legislature would be decided by a simple
majority of both communities present and voting.
 Membership in the Commonwealth: After gaining independence, India would be free to join the
Commonwealth.
These recommendations aimed to provide a framework for the peaceful transfer of power and to address the diverse
interests and concerns within British India.
Indian Reaction
The Indian reaction to the Cabinet Mission Plan was mixed and evolved over time:
 Early Optimism: Initially, there was a sense of optimism as the Indian leadership agreed to convene the
Constituent Assembly in Delhi to work towards framing a constitution for independent India.
 Muslim League’s acceptance and subsequent distancing: Initially, the Muslim League, led by Muhammad
Ali Jinnah, gave its acceptance to the Cabinet Mission Plan on June 6th. However, as discussions
progressed, the League began to distance itself from both the Cabinet Mission and the Constituent Assembly.
The main point of contention was the perceived lack of clarity on the provision for the creation of Pakistan,
the separate Muslim-majority state demanded by the Muslim League.
Overall, while there was initial acceptance and cooperation from some quarters, including the Muslim League, the
evolving dynamics and unresolved issues, particularly concerning the demand for Pakistan, led to increasing
tensions and a breakdown in consensus over the Cabinet Mission Plan.
Election for Constituent Assembly
 July 1946 Election: The election for the Constituent Assembly, as per the Cabinet Mission Plan, took
place in July 1946. The Indian National Congress won a significant majority, securing 208 out of 296 seats.
While the Muslim League Won 73 seats, 8 seats were won by Independent candidates.
 4

 First Meeting of the Constituent Assembly: The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in
Delhi. Sachidanand Sinha presided over this initial meeting as the temporary President. The second
meeting of the Constituent Assembly also took place in Delhi. During this meeting, Dr. Rajendra Prasad
was elected as the first permanent President of the Constituent Assembly in India.
These events marked significant milestones in India’s journey towards drafting its constitution and achieving
independence.
Attlee’s Announcement
Clement Attlee’s announcement on February 20, 1947, in the British Parliament marked a significant moment
in the process of decolonization in British India. The explanation of his announcement:
1. Background: As Prime Minister of Britain, Attlee, a member of the Labour Party, was tasked with overseeing
the transfer of power in British India. This process was initiated with the sending of the Cabinet Mission to
address the constitutional deadlock in India.
2. Muslim League Boycott: Despite the British government’s efforts, the Muslim League, led by Muhammad
Ali Jinnah, boycotted the Cabinet Mission, expressing dissatisfaction with its proposals and pushing for the
creation of Pakistan.
3. Announcement of Deadline: Attlee’s announcement on February 20, 1947, set a clear deadline for the
transfer of power in British India. The deadline was set for June 30, 1948, providing a timeline for the
process to be completed.
4. Power Transfer Commitment: Importantly, Attlee emphasised that regardless of whether Indian leaders
reached an agreement by the deadline, power would be transferred to Indian hands. This commitment
demonstrated Britain’s determination to relinquish control and grant independence to India.
5. Appointment of Mountbatten: To oversee the transition and negotiate with Indian leaders, Attlee appointed
Lord Louis Mountbatten as the new Viceroy of India. Mountbatten was tasked with facilitating discussions
and ensuring the smooth transfer of power.
Attlee’s announcement signalled Britain’s recognition of India’s right to self-determination and its commitment to
facilitating a peaceful transition to independence, despite the challenges and complexities involved.

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 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 44
Cabinet Mission Plan (Part 02)
 2

Cabinet Mission Plan (Part 02)

Mountbatten Plan (3 June 1947):
❖ Lord Mountbatten arrived in India and successfully facilitated discussions with Indian leaders including
Nehru, Gandhi, and Patel, ultimately garnering their agreement on the partition. Subsequently, he
returned to London and later came back on May 31st to present the Mountbatten Plan after further
consultations with the Congress and the Muslim League.
❖ The Plan consisted of:
➢ The British aimed to transfer power to a responsible government swiftly, prioritizing a smooth
transition within the Constituent Assembly proceedings.
➢ It was made clear by the British government that no coercion would be imposed upon any Princely
states or provinces.
➢ A list of provinces unwilling to accept the constitution was compiled by the government.
➢ The Punjab and Bengal Legislative Assemblies were to convene separately into Hindu and Muslim
groups for voting.
➢ Partition would only proceed with the agreement of both the groups..
➢ In the event of partition, two dominion states would be established.
➢ Sindh was granted the autonomy to make its own decisions regarding partition.
➢ Referendums were provided for in two areas: the North-West Frontier Province and Sylhet
(Bengal).
➢ Finally, the Indian Independence Act of 1947 led to the independence of India, resulting in the
creation of two dominions: Hindustan and Pakistan.
Revolutionary Activities:
❖ The revolutionary activities can be divided into two phases such as:
➢ Phase I (1905-19)
➢ Phase II (1922-30)
❖ Phase I: Cause of the rise of Revolutionary Activities:
➢ In the first phase, the Partition of Bengal was seen.
➢ There were two ideologies seen in Congress Moderates and Extremists.
➢ Extremist leaders provoked the people.
➢ Revolutionary activities were occurring not only within India but also beyond its borders, including
regions such as Russia, and Ireland, and the revolution was also seen in countries like Britain,
Germany, and America. The areas within India, such as Maharashtra, Bengal, Delhi, and Punjab,
were also active in such movements.
❖ Phase II: Causes:
➢ The sudden suspension of the non-cooperation movement.
➢ The main terrorist activities like:
 3

✓ Hindustan Republican Association.

✓ Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.
✓ Activities of Surya Sen.
Maharashtra (Main Terrorist activities):
❖ Maharashtra was the first state, in which Terrorist activities were started.
❖ Role of Chapekar Brothers:
➢ Damodar and Balkrishna were Chapekar brothers.
➢ They were Chitpawan Brahmins.
➢ They were associated with Hindu Dharma Singh.
➢ They killed Poona plague commissioner Mr Rand, and his assistant Amhest on 22nd June 1897,
because they were misbehaving with women in the name of plague relief.
➢ Both brothers were hanged to death.
❖ Role of Tilak (1856-1920):
➢ He was also from the Chitpawan Brahmins.
➢ Main work of Tilak:
✓ He started the Ganpati festival (1892), and Shivaji Festival (1895).
✓ He got titles like Lokmanya and King of India.
✓ He also published two Newspapers such as Mahratta (English), and Kesari (Marathi).

 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 45
Revolutionary Movements, and
Subhash Chandra
 2

Revolutionary Movements, and Subhash Chandra

Role of Tilak (1856-1920):
❖ He also started a non-tax movement (1896-97), and after this movement, he was given the title Lokmanya.
❖ He was imprisoned for three times.
➢ Ist: He was sent to jail when he criticized the Maharaja of Sholapur in his paper/magazine.
➢ IInd: He was given 18 months in jail when he supported the killing of Mr. Rand by the Chapekar
Brothers.
➢ IIIrd: He was sent to Mandley jail for 6 years after the end of the Swadeshi Boycott movement and Surat
Split.
❖ He wrote the ‘Geeta Rahasya’ in jail.
❖ Tilak never became the President of Congress.
❖ Valentine Cherol identified the Tilak as the most unsettling element for India.
Mitra Mela/Abhinav Bharat:
❖ Mitra Mela was a revolutionary organization, which was started by V.D. Savarkar.
❖ Later, it was known as Abhinav Bharat.
❖ Nasik Conspiracy Case:
➢ One of the members of Abhinav Bharat was Anant Laxman Karkare. He opened fire at Jackson, the
magistrate of Nasik, and the case was registered as Nasik Conspiracy Case.
Bengal (Revolutionary Activities):
❖ Beginning:
➢ The famous persons started terrorist activities in Bengal such as:
✓ Bhupendra Nath Dut (Younger brother of Swami Vivekananda), and
✓ Barindra Kumar Ghosh (Younger brother of Aurobindo Ghosh).
➢ Both started Anushilan Samiti (Paper/Samiti).
❖ Samities:
➢ During the period of partition of Bengal, Swadeshi, and the Boycott movement, there were few secret
samities developed in Bengal.
➢ There were mainly five samities such as Dacca, Anushilan, Suhrid, Vrati, and Swadeshi Bandhab.
➢ Suhrid Samiti: It was set up by Suresh Chandra Bose.
➢ Swadesh Bandhab: It was set up by Ashwini Kumar Dutta.
❖ Papers:
➢ Sandhya was published by Brahmabandhav Upadhyay.
➢ Bande Matram was published by Aurobindo Ghosh.
➢ Yugantar was published by Bhupendra Nath Dutt.
 3

❖ Efforts to kill Kingsford:

➢ Kingsford the magistrate of Bihar.
➢ Two young boys less than 15 years old tried to kill him, and their names were Prafull Chaki and Khudi
Ram Bose.
➢ Prafull Chaki committed suicide while Khudi Ram Bose was hanged to death.
❖ Alipore Conspiracy Case:
➢ 34 persons were arrested at Manicktolla.
➢ The manufacturing facility in Manicktolla was involved in producing explosive devices, potentially
established by Kanungo.
➢ A case was registered as Alipore Conspiracy Case, and the two persons were associated such as:
✓ Barindra Kumar Ghosh (Given lifetime imprisonment), and
✓ Aurobindo Ghosh (Released due to lack of evidence).
Delhi (Terrorist Activities in Delhi):
❖ As we know in 1911 the capital was being transferred.
❖ A conspiracy was hatched by the two servants Mannat Kumar, and Basant Kumar.
❖ A bomb was thrown at the caravan of Lord Harding, but he escaped, and his two servants were killed.
❖ A case was registered with the name Delhi Conspiracy Case, in which the following persons were given
Capital Punishment like Master Amir Chand, Bhai bal Bihari Mukund, and Awadh Bihari Dutta.
Revolutionary Activities in Outside of India:
In Britain:
❖ Indian Home Rule Society:
➢ It was set up by the Shyama Ji Krishna Verma in 1905.
➢ Three persons were also associated with this society such as;
✓ Lala Hardayal,
✓ V.D. Savarkar
✓ Madan Lal Dhingra.
➢ V.D. Savarkar:
✓ He was a student at India House Hostel, which was set up by the Shyama Ji Krishna Verma.
✓ He wrote a book Indian War of Independence, in which he criticized British Rule. After that, he
was arrested.
❖ Madan Lal Dhingra:
➢ He killed Curzon Wyllie as a patriotic act and in revenge for the inhumane killings of Indiansby the
British Government in India.
In Germany:
❖ In Germany, Madam Bhikaiji Kama played a very important role in spreading feelings of Nationalism.
❖ She went to Germany in order to take part in the meeting of the International Socialist Congress.
 4

❖ The meeting was held in the famous city of Germany called Stuttgart.
❖ In the meeting, she hoisted the Tri-Colour flag of India (Red, Yellow, and Green).
❖ Madam Bhikaiji kama left India in 1902.
In America:
❖ Revolutionary activities were taking place in America.
❖ The organization was called the Hind Association of America by Sohan Singh Bhakana, Lala Hardayal, Ajit
Singh, and Bhai Parmanad.
❖ Under this organization, a magazine was published called Gadar in memory of the revolt of 1857.
❖ Later, the entire movement was known as Gadar, and the magazine became more popular.
Second Phase of Revolutionary Activities (1922-30):
Cause of Rise:
❖ The abrupt end of the Non-cooperation movement emerged as the primary catalyst, leading to the initiation
of terrorist activities by disillusioned youth disillusioned with native politics.
❖ Terrorist activities were going on in many countries such as Egypt, Turkey, Ireland, and Russia.
❖ Indian Revolutionaries got the motivation and tried to British rule with the help of bombs and guns.
Activities:
❖ The activities were seen in two areas such as:
➢ North India, and
➢ Bengal
❖ North India:
➢ In north India, it was seen in Punjab, UP, and Bihar.
➢ Hindustan Republican Association was set up in October 1924.
➢ Hindustan Socialist Association was set up in September 1928.
❖ Bengal:
➢ Indian Republican Army was set up in 1930 by Surya Sen.
➢ The role of women was also seen.

 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture – 46
Revolutionary Movements and
Subhash Chandra (Part 02)
 2

Revolutionary Movements and Subhash Chandra (Part 02)

Factors Contributing To The Rise Of Lower Class Movement:
❖ A number of factors are responsible for creating awareness to uplift their condition in the 19th century. The
following circumstances are responsible for that
➢ British policy of divide and rule.
➢ Growth of the Western education system
➢ Introduction of the Indian Penal Code (1860) and the Code of Criminal Procedure (enacted in 1973),
which establishes equality.
➢ Introduction of railway
➢ Administrative policies
➢ Political thoughts based on equality and social egalitarianism.
❖ Due to an increase in awareness, the caste system has become soft. A number of leaders come forward to uplift
their status and condition such as:
Jyotiba Phule:
❖ Jyotiba Phule was born in 1827 in Pune in the Mali caste.
❖ He was called Phule because he provided flowers to the Peshwa family.
❖ Source of motivation: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Vasudev Blawant Phadke, and George Washington.
❖ Jyotiba Phule was the founder of ‘Satyashodhak Samaj’.
❖ He was against the Brahmins because of an insult in one of the marriage ceremonies.
❖ In 1851, he had to close his office due to opposition by Brahmins
❖ He had to vacate his home due to the pressure created by Brahmins.
❖ He became a member of the municipal committee in 1876
❖ He was given the title ‘Mahatma’
The Work of Jyotirao Phule:
❖ In 1851, he opened a school to uplift the status of the lower class and women. But later, he had to close it.
❖ He wrote the book ‘Gulamgiri’ in 1872. It was the book that challenged the dominance of Brahmins or Upper
castes.
❖ Other books he wrote:
➢ Apart from Gulamgiri, he wrote 10 more books. A few examples are as follows:
✓ Ishara
✓ Biography of Shivaji
✓ Tritiya Ratna
✓ Satsar
✓ Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Pustak
Satyashodhak Samaj:
❖ Founded in 1873
❖ The aim was to get justice for depressed classes.
Vaikom Satyagraha:
❖ It was started in Kerala at a place called Vaikom by Narayana Guru.
❖ Purpose: It was started to get entry into Shiva Temple, where the depressed class was not allowed.
 3

❖ Main Leaders: Narayan Guru, N. Kumar, and T.K. Madhavan

❖ Gandhiji and Vaikom Satyagraha:
➢ In 1924, Gandhiji visited the Travancore riyasat and started the satyagraha.
➢ Gandhiji signed an agreement with the Queen of Travancore in this regard for the entry of the depressed
class into the Temple
Narayan Guru and SNDP movement (also called as ‘Ezhava’ movement):
❖ Started by Narayana Guru in 1903
❖ He set up Sri Narayan Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) to uplift the level of the depressed class.
❖ Purpose:
➢ To uphold the level of the Ezhava community
➢ Few leaders came forward to solve this issue:
✓ To end the evil practice of Untouchability
✓ To build the temples, which will be open to all
✓ Simplify the marriage, Funeral, and other rituals.
❖ He gave the slogan, ‘One religion, One caste, and One god for all community or mankind’
Justice Party:
❖ It was started by P. Theagaraya and Dr. T. M. Nair in 1917
❖ They first started the party named ‘South Indian Liberal Federation’. Later, it was named as Justice Party.
❖ E. V. Ramaswami Naicker:
➢ He became the head of the Justice Party in 1937
➢ He was called a crusader for social equality
➢ The main works are:
✓ Called Purana as fairytales
✓ He was against the caste system
✓ He emphasised social equality
✓ Condemned myths and superstitions
✓ He was against the Hindi language being used by Dravidians
✓ He took part in the Non-cooperation movement.
❖ He himself called ‘Periyar’ ('Respected one' or 'Elder') and ‘Than Thai’ (Father)
Anna Durai & DMK:
❖ He was a follower of Naicker as well as a good friend of him
❖ He was from the lower (weaver) class
❖ Dravida Kazhagam:
➢ In 1944, the Justice Party was renamed Dravida Kazhagam
➢ The party was split in 1949. A new party was formed by Annadurai and that was named as Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam.
➢ The party contested the election in 1967 and formed the government.
➢ Anna Durai became the Chief Minister.
B. R. Ambedkar:
Basics:
❖ Born on 14th April 1891 in Mhow, Madhya Pradesh, His caste was Mahar
 4

❖ He was a Law Graduate from Bombay University

❖ He completed his MA and Ph.D. at Colombia University
❖ He performed two marriages:
➢ Ramabai (First wife). She was lower caste and died in 1935
➢ Dr. Sharda Kabir (Second wife). She was from a Brahmin family.
Organizations Formed:
❖ Bihishkrit Hitkarni Sabha (1924)
➢ To remove untouchability
➢ To uplift moral and materialistic program
❖ All India Depressed Classes Association (1930)
❖ Schedule Caste Federation (1942)
➢ It became the first all-India party of Ambedkar
❖ Independent Labour Party (1936)
The works of B. R. Ambedkar:
❖ Mahar Movement
❖ Took part in roun
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DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Modern History

Lecture - 47
Lower Class Movement
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Lower Class Movement

Role of Gandhiji and Congress to uplift the level of depressed people:
 As we know, several movements were going on to uplift the condition of the depressed classes by many
reformists including B.R. Ambedkar but the active participation of Gandhiji made their movement a pan-
Indian movement.
 In 1917, the All India Congress passed a resolution to remove the impediments to uplift the condition of the
depressed class.
 In 1921, congress again talked about protecting their rights and abolishing untouchability.
 In 1922, Gandhiji made a committee to make provisions to establish social and political equality in the society.
 In 1931, the Karachi session of the Congress passed a resolution on fundamental rights and talked about equal
opportunity for all to get government jobs.
 In 1932, Gandhiji called them Harijan(People of god)and founded Harijan Sevak Sangh: its founder was
Ghanshyam Das Birla.
 In 1932, Gandhiji set up the All-India Anti-Untouchability League(Harijan Sevak Sangh) and adopted a
girl child of a depressed class.
 In 1932, Gandhiji stood against the communal award of Ramsay MacDonald and signed a post-name poona
pact with Ambedkar, and few seats were reserved in the legislature instead of the separate electorate..
 In 1933 Gandhiji started a weekly paper in a journal named Harijan in English.
 Finally, untouchability was made illegal due to Article 17 of the Indian constitution.
 In this way, the contribution of Gandhiji to uplift the condition of the depressed class can not be forgotten.
The second phase of Revolutionary Activities:
The causes of the rise:
 The sudden suspension of the non-cooperation movement made revolutionaries heartbroken and they inclined
towards revolutionary activity finding no option.
 The young got motivation from the revolutions going on in Russia, China, Turkey, Egypt, etc, most of them
were against the British.
Area:
Bandi Jivan:
 It is the name of a book written by Sachindra Nath Sanyal. This book was a great source of motivation for
revolutionaries.
 This book is published in Guru Mukhi, Hindi, Bengali
Hindustan Republican Association:
 It was founded in October 1924 by three people Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Chandra Shekhar, and Ram
Prasad Bismil.
 Motive:
 They wanted to end the British government through revolution and wanted to set up a federal republic.
 On 9th August 1925, they conducted the Kakori robbery. It was the first activity of the Hindustan
Republic Association.
 All revolutionaries were arrested except Chandra Shekhar Azhad.
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Hindustan Socialist Republican Association:

 Chandra Shekhar Azad founded it in September 1928 at Firoz Shah Kotala Delhi.
 The word socialist was added by the Baghat Singh.
 Motive: establishment of a Socialist Republic.
 Activities:
 On 17 December 1927, John Saunders was killed by Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Raj Guru.
 Throwing of a Bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on 8th April 1929 by Bhagat Singh and
Battukeshwar Dutt.
 Motive: Fear Creation against the Public Safety Bill.
 Slogan: Inquilab Jindabad
 Lahore Conspiracy case against Bhagat Singh and Rajguru as they killed Saunders.
 Capital punishment was given on 23 March 1931.
Revolutionary activities in Bengal:
Indian Republican Army:
 An armed force named the Indian Republican Army was established in 1930 under the leadership of Surya
Sen. He was a teacher in Chittagaong, Bengal.
 Activity: Chittagong Armory Raid.
 He set up the first interim government.
 In 1934 he was arrested and hanged to death.
Role of women:
 Pritilata Waddedar: involved in the Chittagong Armory raid.
 Kalpana Dutta: she was arrested with Surya Sen.
 Suniti Chaudhary and Santi Ghoshe: They opened fire at the Magistrate of Comilla.
 Beena Das: she fired at the Governor of West Bengal.

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