Power point

presentation

TOPIC :-Structural modification

of root and stem

Name:-Anupreet
Class:-B.ed(II sem)
Roll no:-222496
Uni.Roll no:-22055335
Structural Modification of Roots
1.ROOT MODIFICATON:-
Root Modifications is the roots change their
shape and get modified to absorb and
transport water and minerals from the soil
to different parts of the plant. They are
also modified for support, food storage, and
respiration.

*Modification in tap root system:-

1.For Food Storage And Respiration:-
In some plants, the roots become fleshy
due to the absorption of food material. The
aerial parts of these plants are worn out
due to unfavourable conditions. When the
conditions are favourable again new buds
emerge either from the fleshy root or from a
small bit of stem above.
For eg. the taproots of carrot and turnip get
swollen to store food.
Depending upon their shapes, they are
classified as:-
 Conical roots are broad at the base
and conical at the apex. eg.carrot
 Fusiform roots are swollen in the
middle and tapering towards both the
ends. eg. radish
 Napiform roots are spherical at the
base and taper towards the apex.
eg.turnip.
  Tuberous roots have no specific
shape. They appear thick and fleshy.
eg.sweet potato.
In some halophytes,Rhizophora that grow
in swampy areas.the roots emerge out of
the ground and grow upwards to get
oxygen for respiration. The root tips of
these plants have minute pores called
lenticels through which they respire.

2.Nodulated(tuberculate)Roots:-
That type of taproots are irregular
swollen.in this primary,secondary and
tertiary tap roots are swollen and are called
“root nodules”.these tap nodules are consist
of millions of nitrogen-fixing bacteria of
genus rhizibium. The nitrogen is present
in the atmosphere cannot be utilized
by the plants directly so,
the Rhizobium present in the root
nodules help to convert this nitrogen
into form which can be easily utilised.
They pick up free nitrogen from the
atmosphere and convert into organic
compounds of nitrogen, a process
known as ‘nitrogen fixation.’The
leguminous plants take up some
amount of nitrogen from their roots.
This nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria
in exchange for food and shelter.
Such type of relationship in which
both the organisms are benefitted is
known as ‘mutualism.’
They mostly occur in leguminous
plants eg.
 Pea (Pisum Sativum)
 Gram (Cicer arietinum)
 Groundnut (Peanut, Arachis
hypogea)
 Methi (Medicago falcate)
 Soya Bean (Glycine max)

Non-leguminous plants containing

root nodules eg. Parasponia and
Actinorhizal plants such as alder and
bayberry.
 3.Pneumatophores:-
Pneumatophores are the aerial
taproots which come out of the soil
and help the plant to breathe.they
are known as respiratory
roots.They are found in those
plants which are growing in
mangrove or swamps. The soil of
the mangrove is clayey and sticky
which does not allow the air to pass
through it.the roots of such plants
come out of the soil for
respiration.Pneumatophores grow
vertically upwards. They
show negative geotropism. The
surface of the root contains small
pore-like structures known as the
lenticels or the pneumathodes
which help in the exchange of
gases. The remaining surface of the
root is covered by cork.eg. Avicenni
germinans (The black
 mangrove),Sonneratia,Heriteria and
bald cypresses.


*Modification in Adventitious root:-

Adventitious roots modified
for mechanicalsupport,climbing, cl
inging and perform other vital
functions. The adventitious roots are
modified so as to.
1.Storage food:-
Tuberous roots:- Tuberous roots are
the modification of adventitious roots.
They are fleshy, do not have any
particular shape and often get
swollen. In case of tuberous roots,
shoots sprout from one end while
roots arise from the other end.

Fasiculated roots:- Fasciculated roots

occur in the form of clusters. These
clusters arise from the base of the
stem.eg. Dahlia
Moniliform roots:- Another
modification of the adventitious roots
is the moniliform roots. These roots
are also swollen. However, the
swelling in moniliform roots occurs at
regular intervals which renders a
beaded appearance to the
roots.eg Rose moss (Portulaca
grandiflora)
Nodulose roots:- Nodulose roots are the
modification of adventitious roots
which are swollen at the apex or tips.
They possess a characteristic shape.

2.Mechanical strength:-
Prop roots:- These are the type of
adventitious roots which grow
downward from the branches of the
trees. These roots are modified to
support the thick and heavy
branches. Prop roots have root
caps on their tips. As the prop roots
reach the soil, they become thick and
pillar-like. At this point, it becomes
difficult to distinguish between the
trunk and prop roots.eg.Banyan tree


Stilt roots:- These roots arise from the

basal node of the stem and then
penetrate the soil. These roots are
short but thick and are modified to
support the plant. After penetrating
the soil, they get modified into the
fibrous roots and help in water and
mineral absorption.eg.
Sugarcane,Maize, Sorghum

 Climbing roots:- These roots are found

in climbers. climbing roots
penetrate the cracks or fissures of
the support and help the plant to
climb. These roots form claw, swell,
or secrete sticky juice from their tip
to hold the support
firmly.eg.climbing fig,ivy,tecoma
 Floating roots:-these roots are found in
aquatic plants. roots store water and
become inflated. The inflated roots
come out of the water surface and
help the plant to float.eg.Ludwigia

Mycorrhizal roots:- Mycorrhizae refer

to the symbiotic association of a
fungus with a higher plant. The
nutrients from the soil are absorbed
by the fungus. The plant, in turn,
support the fungus with organic
food.eg.pine and snow plant

Modification in stem
The stem helps in providing structure and
support to the plant.

*Underground modification of stem:-

plants produce underground stems
for perennation and food storage.
They produce aerial shoots annually.
1.Rhizome:- It is fleshy, non-green
underground stem. It has distinct
nodes and internodes. The nodes bear
dry scale leaves with axillary buds.
Terminal buds also present. e.g.
Ginger, turmeric

2.Bulb:- A cluster of adventitious

roots arise from the base of the
bulb. bulb is covered by a sheath of
dry membranous scale leaves called
tunic e.g onion
3.Tuber: Stem tuber is a swollen tip of
an underground lateral Stem. It is
covered by a corry Skin with a
number small depressions called
eyes’.Adventitious roots are usually
absent e.g Potato.
*Subaerial modifications of Stem:-
In subaerial modifications, the stem is
partly aerial and partly underground.
Short aerial branches and
adventitious roots develop at the
nodes.
1.Runner: It is a creeping stem with
long internodes, running horizontally
on the soil surface. Runner arises
from an axillary bud.

2.Sucker: It arises from the basal,

underground part of the main stem. It
develops a leafy shoot and
adventitious roots before separating
from mother.
3. Stolon: It is a weak lateral branch
that arises from the base of main
stem. The common stolon bearing
plants are Jasmine, Colocasia, and
Vellisneria etc.

* Aerial modifications of Stem: the

aerial stem or buds get modified to
perform special functions like
climbing, protection, food storage,
vegetative propagation etc.
1. Stem tendrils: branches get
modified into green thread like
leafless structures called tendrils
which are meant for climbing.

Stem tendrils are of four types:

(a) Axillary tendrils-e.g Passiflora
(b) Extra-axillary tendrils-e.g
Cucurbita, Luffa
(c) Leaf-opposed or Apical bud
tendrils, e.g Grapevine (Vitis)
(d) Floral bud or Inflorescence
tendrils – e.g Antigonon,
Cardiospermum (Balloon vine
2. Thorns: These are straight, pointed,
hard or woody structures sometimes
they bear leaves, flowers or even may
be branched.

3.Bulbil: bulbils are condensed

axillary buds while in Agava and lily
the floral buds develop into bulbil.
They detach to become new plants.
3.Phylloclades: These are
fleshy,green flattened or cylindrical
branches of unlimited growth. The
leaves are modified into spines or
scales to check transpiration.
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