Complex Numbers

Chapter 1: Complex Numbers

First Year of Engineering Program

Department of Foundation Year

2020-2021

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 1 / 20

 Definition

Definition I
Definition
A complex number is of the form x + iy where x, y ∈ R and i 2 = −1.
For a complex number z = x + iy ,
x is called the real part of z and denoted by Re(z)
y is called the imaginary part of z and denoted by Im(z)
The set of all complex number is denoted by C.

Theorem
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 where x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 ∈ R.

z1 + z2 = (x1 + iy1 ) + (x2 + iy2 ) = (x1 + x2 ) + i(y1 + y2 )

z1 z2 = (x1 + iy1 )(x2 + iy2 ) = (x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i(y1 x2 + x1 y2 )

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 2 / 20

 Basis Algebraic Properties

Basis Algebraic Properties I

Theorem
Let z, z1 , z2 , z3 ∈ C.
1 z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 and z1 z2 = z2 z1
2 (z1 + z2 ) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3 )
3 z(z1 + z2 ) = zz1 + zz2
4 z + 0 = z and z · 1 = z
5 z1 − z2 = z1 + (−z2 )
1 x −y
= x 2 +y 2 + i x 2 +y 2 for z = x + iy and x, y 6= 0.
6
z

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 3 / 20

 Basis Algebraic Properties

Basis Algebraic Properties II

Theorem
For k ∈ Z, we have

i 4k = 1, i 4k+1 = i, i 4k+2 = −1, i 4k+3 = −i

Theorem
Let x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 ∈ C.
(
x1 = x2
x1 + iy1 = x2 + iy2 ⇐⇒
y1 = y2

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 4 / 20

 Moduli

Moduli I

Definition (Moduli)
For a complex number z = x + iy , we define the norm or modulus or
absolute value of z by
p
|z| = x 2 + y 2

P
Im z
|z |
x
O Re z

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 5 / 20

 Moduli

Moduli II

Theorem
Let z = x + iy , z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 .
p
1 |z1 − z2 | = (x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2
2 Re z ≤ | Re z| ≤ |z| and Im z ≤ | Im z| ≤ |z|
3 |z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 | and |z1 /z2 | = |z1 |/|z2 |, z2 6= 0
4 |z1 ± z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 |
5 |z1 ± z2 | ≥ ||z1 | − |z2 ||

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 6 / 20

 Moduli

Moduli III

Theorem
Let z, z 0 ∈ C. We have

 Re(z) = Re (z 0 )
z = z0 ⇔ |z| = |z 0 |
sgn(Im(z)) = sgn (Im (z 0 ))


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 Complex Conjugates

Complex Conjugates I

Definition (Complex Conjugates)

Let z = x + iy . The complex conjugate of z is denoted and defined
by z = x − iy .

y
x + iy
x
x − iy

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 Complex Conjugates

Complex Conjugates II

Theorem
Let z, z1 , z2 and z3 are complex numbers. Then,
1 z̄¯ = z and |z̄| = |z|
2 z1 ± z2 = z1 ± z2
3 z1 z2 = z1 z2
 
z1
4
z2
= zz12 where z2 6= 0
5 z z̄ = |z|2
6 z + z̄ = 2 Re(z) and z − z̄ = 2i Im(z)

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 9 / 20

 Exponential Form

Exponential Form I

Definition (Polar Form or Trigonometric Form)

Let r and θ be polar coordinates of the point (x, y ) that corresponds
to a nonzero complex number z = x + iy . The polar form or
trigonometric form of the complex number z is

z = r (cos θ + i sin θ)
p
where r = x 2 + y 2 and tan θ = yx .

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 10 / 20

 Exponential Form

Exponential Form II

Definition (Principal argument)

Each value of θ of a complex number z in polar form is called an
argument of z, and the set of all such values is denoted by arg z. The
principal value of arg z or the principal argument of z, denoted by
Arg z, is that unique value such that −π < Arg z ≤ π

arg z = Arg z + 2kπ, k ∈ Z

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 11 / 20

 Exponential Form

Exponential Form III

Definition (Exponential Form or Euler’s Form)
The symbol e iθ , or exp(iθ), is defined by means of Euler’s formula as

e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ

where θ measured in radians.

The exponential form of a complex number
z = x + iy = r (cos θ + i sin θ) is then defined to be

z = re iθ

Note
e iθ + e −iθ e iθ − e −iθ
cos θ = , sin θ =
2 2i

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 12 / 20

 Products and Quotients in Exponential Form

Products and Quotients in Exponential Form I

Theorem (Products and Quotients in Exponential Form)

Let z1 = r1 e iθ1 and z2 = r2 e iθ2 . Then,

z1 z2 = r1 r2 · e i(θ1 +θ2 ) y z1 z2
r1
z1 z2 = · e i(θ1 −θ2 )
r2
and so, z2
z1
arg(z1 z2 ) = arg z1 + arg z2 θ2 θ1
  x
z1
arg = arg z1 − arg z2
z2

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 13 / 20

 Products and Quotients in Exponential Form

Products and Quotients in Exponential Form II

Theorem (de Moivre’s formula)

(e iθ )n = e inθ , n ∈ N

Example
Write cos(5θ) in terms of cos θ.

Example
Write tan(7θ) in terms of tan θ.

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 Roots of Complex Numbers

Roots of Complex Numbers I

Theorem (Roots of Complex Numbers)

The n-th roots of a complex number z0 = r0 e iθ0 are
wk
2π
√
 
θ0 2kπ
 n wk−1
wk = n
r0 exp i +
n n

√
where k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1 and n r0 denotes the unique posotive
n-th root of the positive real number r0 .

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 15 / 20

 Roots of Complex Numbers

Roots of Complex Numbers II

Example (Roots of unity)

The n-th roots of unity, z n = 1, are
 
2kπ
wk = exp , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1
n

If we denote ω = exp 2π


n
then

wk = ω k , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1

That is the n-th roots of unity can be listed as

1, ω, ω 2 , . . . , ω n−1

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 16 / 20

 Roots of Complex Numbers

Roots of Complex Numbers III

In particular, the cube roots of unity are
√ √
1 3 2 1 3
1, ω = − + i ,ω = − − i
2 2 2 2
For n = 3, 4 and 6, the n-th roots of unity can be depicted as

ω
ω ω2 ω

1 ω2 1 ω3 1

ω2 ω3 ω4 ω5
Third roots of unity Forth roots of unity Sixth roots of unity

Calculus 1 Complex Numbers 17 / 20

 Region in the Complex Plane

Region in the Complex Plane I

Example
Let r > 0 be a positive real number. The regions represent the
inequality |z| < r and |z| ≤ r are

r r

respectively.

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 Region in the Complex Plane

Region in the Complex Plane

Example
Let r > 0 be a positive real number. The region represents the
inequality |z − z0 | ≤ r is

z0 r

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 Region in the Complex Plane

Region in the Complex Plane

Example
Let r be a real number. The region represents the inequality Re z > r
in complex plan is

x =r

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