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POWER ELECTRONICS

7 CHOPPERS

1. CHOPPERS

A chopper is a static circuit that converts fixed DC input voltage to a variable DC

output voltage directly. Chopper circuits offer smooth control, high efficiency, fast
response and regeneration.
The power semiconductor devices used for a chopper circuit can be
1. Force commutated Thyristor
2. Power BJT
3. Power MOSFET
4. GTO
5. IGBT
In chopper circuits, these power semiconductor devices are represented by a switch
‘SW’ or ‘CH’ with an arrow.

Figure 1: Representation of Chopper Switch ‘SW’

There are mainly two types of chopper:

I. Step-Down chopper or Buck converter

II. Step-Up chopper or Boost Converter

III. Step Up-Down chopper or Buck-Boost Chopper

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1.1. Principle of Operation of Step-Down Chopper:

Figure 2: Step Down Chopper

During Ton period, chopper is ON and load voltage is equal to source voltage Vs.
During Toff period, chopper is off, therefore load current flows through the
freewheeling diode ‘FD’. Hence, load terminals are short circuited and load
voltage becomes zero during turn off period Toff. During Ton, load current rises
whereas during Toff load current decays.

Figure 3: Step Down Chopper (Different Waveforms)

Average load voltage V0 is given by
Ton T
V0(avg.) = V = on Vs = Vs
Ton + Toff s T

V0(avg.) = Vs

Where, Ton = on time; Toff = off-time

T = Ton + Toff = chopping period
Ton
= = duty cycle
T
This load voltage can be controlled by varying duty cycle α.
V0 = f. Ton .Vs

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1
where, f = = chopping frequency
T
NOTE: Variation of Ton means adjustment of pulse width, this is also called
Pulse-Width-Modulation scheme.
Average output current,
V0 Vs
I0(avg.) = =
R R
Power Input = Power delivered
VsIs = VoIo
By putting the expression of output voltage:
Is(avg) = Io
V0
Is(avg) =
R
Rms value of output voltage,
1
T 2
V0(rms) =  on .Vs2 
 T 
V0(rms) =  Vs
1.2. Principle of Operation of Step-Up Chopper:
When the average output voltage V0 greater than input voltage Vs, then the
chopper is called step up chopper.

Figure 4: Step Up Chopper

Case I: When the chopper CH is ON, then the circuit reduces to

During turn on period, inductor will store energy.

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Case II: When chopper CH is OFF, then the circuit reduces to

During turn off time, inductor current cannot die down instantaneously.
Therefore, this current is forced to flow through the diode and load for a time
Toff. As the current tends to decrease, polarity of the emf induced in L is
reversed as shown above.
Therefore, voltage across the load is given by
 di 
V0 = Vs + L  
 dt 
It is clearly seen from the above equation that V0 exceeds the source voltage
Vs.
When CH is ON, current through inductor 'L' increase from I1 to I2 and when CH
is off, current would fall from I2 to I1.
When CH is ON, source voltage is applied to L i.e. VL = VS.
When CH is off, KVL gives
VL – V0 + VS = 0
VL = (V0 – VS)
The energy input to inductor from the source, during the period Ton, is
Won = (Voltage across L) x (Average current through L) x Ton
 I + I2 
Won = Vs  1  Ton
 2 
During the time Toff, when chopper is off, the energy released by inductor to the
load is
Woff = (voltage across L) x (Average current through L) x Toff
 I + I2 
Woff = ( V0 − VS )  1  .Toff
 2 
Considering the system to be lossless, these two energies will be equal
Won = Woff
 I + I2   I1 + I2 
VS  1  Ton = ( V0 − Vs )   .Toff
 2   2 

VS. Ton = (V0 – VS) × Toff

V0Toff = VS(Ton + Toff) = VS .T

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T T 1
V0 = VS = VS = VS
Toff T − Ton 1−

 1 
V0 =   VS
1 −  
1.3. Step Up-Down Chopper:

Figure 5: Step Up/Down Chopper

Figure 6: Load Current Waveform for Step Up-Down Chopper

Case I: When chopper is ON:
Circuit behaves as

Current flows from source VS to CH, L and back to VS.

By applying KVL, VS – VL = 0
VS = VL
Energy stored in inductor during Ton

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I + I 
Won = VS  1 2  .Ton
 2 
Case II: When chopper is OFF
Inductor current rends to decrease

By KVL, +VL – V0 = 0
VL = V 0

I + I 
Woff = V0  1 2  .Toff
 2 
Inductor stored energy now discharges through the path, load, diode D and L
during the time chopper OFF.
Assuming the system to b lossless, the energy balance equation
Won = Woff
VS. TON = V0TOFF
TON
V0 = VS.
TOFF

For step down chopper, V0 = αVS

1
For step of up chopper, V0 =  
 .VS
 1 −  

 
For step up-down chopper, V0 =   .VS
1 −  
For 0 < α < 0.5, circuit works as step down chopper.
For 0.5 < α < 1, it operates as a step-up chopper.
Example 1: For a step-down chopper, dc source voltage = 200V, load
resistance is 10 Ω. (Assume voltage drop in chopper 2V). For duty cycle of 0.6,
Calculate
(a) Average and RMS value of output voltage
(b) Average diode current.

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Solution:
Consider step down chopper.

Average output voltage

(Vs − 2) TON
=
T
= (200 – 2) 0.6
V0 = 118.8 V
1/2
 (V − 2)2 TON 
RMS output voltage  3 
 T 

= (200 – 2) 0.6
Vr = 153.37V
Vo 118.8
Average output current, Io = = = 11.88 A
R 10
Io  TON
Average diode current = = 0.6  11.88
T
Ip avg = 7.128 A

Example 2: A step up chopper has load voltage of 600 V and is supplied from a
constant input dc source of 150V. If the OFF-time of chopper is 60 msec.

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Complete the on time for the same frequency, if standard output voltage
change to 300V.
Solution:
For step-up chopper,
V1 150
Vo = ⇒ 600 =
1− 1−
3
a=
4
TON 3 T − TOFF 3
= ⇒ =
T 4 T 4
T
TOFF =
4
T = 4 × 60 = 240 msec
Now if desired output voltage is (300 V) then,
150
300 =
1−
1
1–a=
2
a = 0.5 ⇒ TON = 0.5T = 0.5 × 240
TON = 120 msec.

2. FIRST QUADRANT OR TYPE-A CHOPPER

Figure 7: Type A Chopper

• When CH1 is on, V0 = VS and current i0 flows in positive direction.
• When CH1 is off, V0 = 0 but i0 in the load continues flowing in the same direction
through freewheeling diode FD.
• This chopper is suitable for only motoring applications.
Note: This chopper is also called step down chopper.

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3. SECOND-QUADRANT OR TYPE-B CHOPPER

Figure 8: Type B Chopper

• In this chopper load must be of RLE nature. When CH2 is on V0 = 0 but load
voltage E drives current through L and CH2. Inductor L stores energy during Ton of
CH2.
di
• When CH2 is off, V0 = E + L  exceeds source voltage Vs. As a result, diode D2 is
 dt 
forward biased.
This type of chopper is used for regenerative breaking process where power is
• transferred from load side to source side.
4. TYPE C CHOPPER (OR) TWO QUADRANT TYPE -A CHOPPER

Figure 9: Type C Chopper

• This type of chopper is obtained by connecting Type A and Type B chopper in

parallel as shown in figure.

• The output voltage V0 is always positive because of the presence of freewheeling

diode D1 across the load.

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• When CH1 is on, or freewheeling diode D2 conducts, output voltage V0 = Vs

• When CH2 is on, or freewheeling diode D1 conducts, output voltage V0 = 0.

• The load current i0 can, however, reverse its direction load current is positive

when CH1 is on or FD conducts. Load current is negative if CH2 is on or D2

conducts.

5. TYPE -D CHOPPER (OR) QUADRANT TYPE -B CHOPPER

Figure 10: Type D Chopper

• The output voltage V0 = VS when both CH1 and CH2 are ON and V0 = –VS when

both choppers are off but both diodes D1 and D2 conduct.

• The direction of load current is always positive.

▪ In case Ton > Toff, α > 0.5, V0 is positive.

▪ In case Ton < Toff, α < 0.5, V0 is negative.

▪ In case Ton = Toff, α = 0.5, V0 is zero.

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6. FOUR QUADRANT CHOPPER OR TYPE E CHOPPER

Figure 11: Type E Chopper

Figure 11: Region of Operation of Four Quadrant Chopper

The power circuit diagram for a four-quadrant chopper is shown in above circuit. It
consists of four semiconductor switches CH1 to CH4 and four diodes D1 to D4 in
antiparallel. Working of this chopper in the four quadrants is explained as under:
First quadrant: For first-quadrant operation CH4 is kept on, CH3 is kept off and
CH1 is operated. With CH1, CH4 on, load voltage V0 = Vs (source voltage) and load
current i0 begins to flow. Here both v0 and i0 are positive giving first quadrant
operant.
Second quadrant: Here CH2 is operated and CH1, CH3 and CH4 are kept off. With
CH2 on, reverse (or negative) current flow through L, CH2, D4 and E. Inductance L

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stores energy during the time CH2 is on. When CH2 is turned off, current is fed back
 di 
to source through diodes D1, D4 Note that here  E + L is more than the source
 dt 
voltage V4 As load voltage V0 is positive and Io is negative, it is second quadrant
operation of chopper. Also, power is fed back from load to source.
Third quadrant: For third-quadrant operation, CH1 is kept off, CH2 is kept on and
CH3 is operated. Polarity of load EMF E must be reversed for this quadrant working.
With CH3 on, load gets connected to source Vs so that both V0, i0 are negative leading
to third quadrant operation. When CH3 is turned off, negative current freewheels
through CH2, D4. In this manner V0 and i0 can be controlled in the third quadrant.
Fourth quadrant: Here CH4 is operated and other devices are kept off. Load emf E
must have its polarity to that shown in for operation in the fourth quadrant.
With CH4 on, positive current flow through CH4, D2, L and E. Inductance L stores
energy during the time CH4 is turned off, current is fed back to source through
diodes D2 D3. Here load voltage is negative, but load current is positive leading to
the chopper operation in the fourth quadrant. Also, power is fed back from load to
source.

7. STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF STEP-DOWN CHOPPER

7.1. For continuous conduction mode:

Figure 12

V0 = α VS (average output voltage)

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Vor =  VS (Rms value of output voltage)

VS 1 − e− Ton /Ta  E
Imax =  −
R  1 − e− T /Ta  R

V  eTon /Ta − 1  E
Imin = S  T /Ta −
R e −1  R

Where, Ta = load time constant

L
Ta =
R

Current ripple,

( I) = Imax − Imin

VS  1 − e− Ton /Ta   e Ton /Ta − 1  
I =  − T /Ta 
−  T /T 
R  1 − e   e
a
− 1  

V
= S  −
(
1 − e− Ton /Ta eTon /Ta 1 − e− Ton /Ta ) 
R  1 − e− T /Ta
 (
eT /Ta 1 − e− T /Ta ) 


V
= S  −
(
1 − e− Ton /Ta e−( T − Ton ) /Ta 1 − e− Ton /Ta ) 
R  1 − e− T /Ta
 (
1 − e− T /Ta ) 


=
(
VS  1 − e

− Ton /Ta
) (
− e− Toff /Ta 1 − e− Ton /Ta ) 
R 
 (
1 − e− T /Ta ) 


I =
VS  1 − e

(
− Ton /Ta
)(
1 − e− Toff /Ta ) 
R 
 (
1 − e− T /Ta ) 


Ton = α T

Toff = (1 – α)T

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Per unit ripple (or) Ripple is a function of duty cycle 'α'. Ripple is minimum at α

= 0, increases maximum at α = 0.5 and decrease at α = 1.0. For α = 0.5, ripple

would be maximum.
(
VS  1 − e )(
−0.5x
1 − e−0.5x )   T 
( I)max = R 

1 − e− x 
 Let,
Ta
= x
   

VS  R 
( I)max = R
tanh  
 4fL 

In case 4fL ≫ R, then

R R
tanh 
4fL 4fL

Under this condition maximum value of ripple current is

VS R V
Imax = . = S
R 4fL 4fL
VS
Imax =
4fL
Hence, maximum value of ripple inversely proportional to frequency and the
circuit inductance.
7.2. Limit of Continuous Conduction
In a chopper, if Ton is reduced, Toff increases for a constant chopping period T. At
some low value of Ton the value of Toff is large and the current ‘I’ may fall to
zero. Since the current in type-A chopper cannot reverse, it stays at zero. The
limit of continues conduction is reached is obtained by equating Imn in Eq.
(7.15) to zero. Therefore,
Vs  eTon /Ta − 1  E
Imn =  − =0
R  eT /Ta − 1  R

eTon /Ta − 1 E
or T /Ta
= =m
e −1 VS
Ton /Ta
or e = 1 + m(eT /Ta − 1)
Ton T
or  = = a ln[1 + m(eT /Ta − 1)]
T T
7.2. For discontinuous Conduction Mode:

When the inductor is not having the sufficient energy to support the conduction

throughout OFF time interval, then the load current becomes discontinuous.

During the period current is zero, output voltage is equal to E.

The waveform for the discontinuous conduction mode is shown in figure below:

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Figure 13: Waveform for Discontinuous Conduction

The average output voltage for the discontinuous current mode as shown in

figure

1  on 
T T tx T
1
V0 =  V0.dt =   VS.dt +  0.dt +  E.dt 
T0 T  0 Ton tx 

V0 = VS
Ton
+E
( T − tx )
T T

 t 
V0 = VS + E 1 − x  volts
 T

Note: Average value of output voltage will be more in discontinuous conduction

compared to continuous conduction.

AC ripple voltage Vr
2
Vor = Vrms − V02

Vrms = Vr is the rms value of output voltage

V0 = average value of output voltage

Vr =  VS

V 0 = α VS

Vor = VS2 − 2 VS2 = VS  − 2

Ripple Factor: It is defined as the ratio of ac ripple voltage to average voltage.

It is given as

Vor V  − 2 1− 1
= s = = −1
V0 Vs.  

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8. SWITCHED MODE REGULATORS OR CONVERTERS

DC converters are also used as switched mode regulators which are used to convert
a fixed DC voltage, to a regulated dc output voltage. There are three basic switching
mode regulators are:
I. Buck Converter
II. Boost Converter
III. Buck Boost Converter
8.1. Buck Converter:

Figure 14: Buck Converter

Figure 15: Output Waveforms of Buck Converter

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In Buck regulator, the average output voltage V0 is less than the input voltage
VS .
As in on period, voltage across inductor is (Vs - Vo)

I =
( VS − V0 ) TON
L

I =
( S Vs ) T
V −
L
Vs (1 −  ) 
I =
fL
TON
As for Buck chopper, V0 = VS = VS
T
Where ΔI = I2 – I1 is the peak to peak current ripple of the inductor L.
VS  (1 −  )
The peak to peak ripple current is I =
fL
VS (1 −  )
The peak to ripple voltage of the capacitor is VC =
8LCf 2
Condition for continuous inductor current and capacitor voltage:
If IL is average inductor current, the inductor ripple current ΔI = 2IL
At verge of discontinuous conduction, IL = Io
VS  (1 −  ) Vs
= 2Io = 2
fL R

Which gives the critical value of the inductor LC as L C = L =

(1 −  ) R
2f
If VC is the average capacitor voltage, the capacitor ripple voltage ΔVC = 2V0,
1−
which gives the critical value of capacitor CC as CC = C =
16Lf 2

8.2. Boost Converter:

In boost regulator the output voltage is greater than the input voltage.

Figure 16: Boost Converter

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Figure 17: Output Waveforms of Boost Converter

I =
VS TON ( V − VS ) TOFF
= 0
L L
Where ΔI = I2 – I1 is peak to peak ripple current of the inductor L.
The average output voltage,
T  1 
V0 = VS =  VS
TOFF 1 −  
VS
The peak to peak current ripple is, I =
fL
I0
The peak to peak ripple voltage of capacitor, VC =
fC

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Condition of continuous inductor current and capacitor voltage:
If VC is the average capacitor voltage, the capacitor ripple voltage ΔVC = 2V0,

which gives the critical value of the capacitor CC as CC =
2fR
8.3. Buck Boost Converter:

Figure 18: Buck – Boost Converter

Figure 19: Output Waveforms of Buck - Boost Converter

Buck - Boost regulator gives an output voltage that may be less than or greater
than the input voltages.

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VS TON −V0 TOFF

I = =
L L
Where ΔI = I2 – I1 is the peak to peak ripple current of inductor L.
VS
The average output voltage is, V0 = −
1−
VS
The peak to peak current ripple is, I =
fL
I0
Peak to peak ripple voltage of the capacitor is, VC =
fC
Condition of continuous inductor current and capacitor voltage:
If VC is the average capacitor voltage, the capacitor ripple voltage, ΔVC = 2V0,

which gives the critical value of the capacitor CC as CC = .
2fR
Example-3: For a step-down chopper supplied from 200 V sources with 0.4 as
duty ratio. The chopping frequency is 10 KHz. The load resistance is 10 . If the
load current is at the verge of discontinuity, then the value of critical inductance
will be:
Solution:
The graph can be drawn as:

At verge of discontinuity, Imin will be zero.

I1
I1avg = = Ioavg
2
(1 − ) Vs
IL =
fL
(1 − ) Vs  Vs
=
2fL R
(1 − ) R 0.6 x 10
Lc = =
2f 2 x 10x 103
⇒ Lc = 0.3 mA

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9. DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE

9.1. Buck Converter:

→ When we decrease the value of inductance, Imin decrease.

→ The point at which Imin is Zero is the point of discontinuity and the inductance
at that paint is critical inductance (Lcr).
If L< Lcrt, chopper will work in discontinuous conduction mode. The current
waveform is drawn:

Figure 20: Output waveform of buck converter in discontinuous

conduction mode.
During on time:
VL (on) = (Vs - Vo)
Ton = ∝ T
During off time:
VL (off) = –Vo
Toff = (β - ∝) T
Average voltage across inductance will be Zero,
(Vs - Vo) ∝ T – Vo (β-∝) T=0

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 VS
Vo =
β

Note: Vo(avg) in discontinuous conduction mode is greater than Vo(avg) in

continuous conduction mode.
In DCM, IL (max) = ΔIL
9.2. Boost Converter:

Figure 21: Output waveform of boost converter in discontinuous

conduction mode.
In continuous conduction mode:
VS
Vo (avg) =
(1 -  )
During on condition: During off condition:
VL(on)=Vs VL(off) = Vs–Vo
Ton= ∝T Toff = βT–∝T
= (β - ∝)T
Average value of voltage will be zero:
V𝓈 × ∝T + (Vs–Vo) (β–∝)T=0
βV
VO =
β-

During on time:
IL
VL on = Vs = L
T

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 Vs
 IL =
fL
Note: Average output voltage is DCM is greater than CCM.
9.3. Buck-Boost Converter:

Figure 22: Output waveform of buck-boost converter in discontinuous

conduction mode.
In continuous conduction mode:
 V&
VO =
1-
During on condition: During off condition:
VL(on) = Vs VL(off) = -Vo
Ton= ∝T Toff = (β - ∝)T
As average inductor voltage will be zero:
Vs ∝T - Vo (β–∝)T=0
 V&
VO =
β−

Note: The average output voltage in discontinuous conduction mode is greater

than continuous conduction mode.

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Example: 4

In the type A chopper given below, given values are: VS = 50 V, Vo = 40 V, R =

40 Ω,
Duty ratio, ∝ = 0.5. Switching frequency = 10 KHz
Determine:
a) Maximum inductor current
b) The value of L connected
Solution:
In CCM,
VO(avg) = ∝ Vs = 0.5×50 = 25 V
VO (given) > VO (avg) in CCM
Hence, the chopper is working in discontinuous conduction mode.
 VS
VO =
β
0.5  150
β= = 0.625
40
Output power,
VO2
PO = = 40W
R

PO = Pin = VS ISW
40
ISW = = 0.8A
50
ISW (avg) = 0.8 A

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1
 IL   T
ISW(avg) = 2
T
1
0.8 =  I L  0.5
2
ΔIL = 3.2 Amp
During on condition:
 IL
VL(on) = VS − VO = 10 = L
T

3.2  104
L = 10
0.5
L = 156.25 µH

10. CHOPPER COMMUTATION METHODS

There are two types of commutation methods used in chopper circuits namely

I. Forced commutation

II. Load commutation

10.1. Analysis of LC Circuit:

Figure 23

According to KVL,
di ( t ) 1
i ( t ) dt = 0
C
L +
dt

Applying Laplace transform,

1  I(s) CV0 
sLI(s) + − =0 (Taking initial conditions)
C  s s 

 1  V0
I ( s) sL + =
 Cs  s

V0 1 V   
I (s) = 2 2
= 0 . 2 0 2 
L s + 0 0L  s + 0 

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Where,
1
20 =
LC
1
0 =
LC

By applying inverse Laplace Transform,

V
i (t) = sin 0t
0L

V0
i (t) = sin 0t
1
.L
LC

C
i ( t ) = V0 sin 2t
L
di ( t ) d  V0  LV0
VL = L =L  .sin 0t  = 0.cos 0t
dt dt  0L  0L
 d 
VL = V0 cos 0t  d sinn = n.cosn
 
t
1 1 V0
VC =
C
i ( t ) .dt − V0 =
C 0 0L
sin 0t.dt − V0

1 V0  − cos 0t 
t
1 V0  − cos 0t cos 0 
= .  − V0 = . +  − V0
C 0L  0  C 0L  0 0 
 0

= V0 (1 − cos 0t ) − V0
VC = V0 cos 0t

The inductor will conduct for one half cycle. i.e.

0t = 

 
t = =
0 1 / LC

t =  LC sec

NOTE:
I. Nature of current is sinusoidal.
C
II. Peak value of current is Ip = V0
L

III. Conduction time of the circuit is  LC sec.

IV. After conduction, voltage across capacitor gets reversed.

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11. FORCED COMMUTATION

There are two types of Forced Commutation methods:

I. Voltage commutated Chopper
II. Current commutated Chopper
11.1. Voltage Commutated Chopper or Impulse Commutation:

Figure 24: Voltage Commutated Chopper or Impulse Commutation

It is similar to step down chopper,
Let T1 be Main thyristor & TA be Auxiliary thyristor
L, C = commutating components, RC be charging resistor
A reverse voltage is applied across conducting SCR due to which current
through SCR becomes zero and it is getting OFF. Hence it is called voltage
commutation or impulse commutation because a high reverse voltage will turn-
off the SCR.
11.1.1. Limitations of Impulse Commutation:
• A starting circuit is required.
• It can't work at no load.

• Main thyristor is required to carry current more than load current.

• Minimum turn on time of chopper =  LC .

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Figure 25: Waveforms for Impulse Commutation

The values of commutating components C and L depends up on turn-off time of

main thyristor T1.

During tc, capacitor voltage changes form –VS to zero linearly.

dv
iC = C
dt

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For a constant load current I0

VS
iC = C
tC

CVs
tc =
Io

The commutation circuit turn off time tC must be greater than thyristor turn off

time

C
Peak current through main SCR = I0 + VS
L
Hence, load current should not be too large.
Icp  I0
C
VS  I0
L

VS C
 L
I0
2
V 
L  S C
 I0 

Key Points:

• Peak current through auxiliary thyristor = I0

C
• Peak current through diode = VS
L

C
• peak current through capacitor = VS
L
• peak instantaneous output voltage = 2VS

• PIV rating of Freewheeling diode = 2VS

• Average load voltage,

 T' 
V0 = VS  on  = ' VS
 T 

where T’on = effective turn on time

 = TON + 2t c
TON
2CVS
 = TON +
TON
I0

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11.2. Current Commutated Chopper:

Figure 26: Current Commutated Chopper

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Figure 27: Waveforms for Current Commutation

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Important Points:
The peak commutating current Icp must be more than the maximum possible
load current Io. This is essential in the commutation circuit is given by

C
ic = VS sin 0t = Icp sin 0t
L
As per the design requirement,

C
Icp = VS  I0
L

C
Or VS = xI0
L
Where x is greater than 1 and it varies from 1,4 to 3, i.e. 1.4  x  3,
I0 is the maximum possible load current that the commutating circuit had to
handle.
Icp
x=
I0

(ii) Circuit turn-off time tc must be greater than thyristor turn-off time for the
main SCR. That is tc = tq + t.
It is seen from the current wave from ic
tc = t4 − t3
or
0tc =  − 21
Also,
Icp sin1 = I0
I 
or 1 = sin−1  0 
I
 cp 
Circuit turn-off time for main SCR,
1
tc = ( − 21 )
0

1   I 
tc =   − 2 sin−1  0  
0   I 
 cp  
Peak capacitor voltage: Waveform of vc reveals that maximum capacitor
voltage xy is reached at t6.
Voltage at t6 = Vcp = voltage at t5 + voltage rise due to the energy transferred
from L to C during (t6 − t5).

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1 2
At t5, energy in L is LI and at t6 this entire energy is transferred to C.
2 0
Thus, the voltage rise of C due to this transfer of energy is
1 1
CVc2 = LI20
2 2

L
or Vc = I0
C

L
Vcp = Vs + V0
C
Example 5: A dc chopper is used to control the speed of separately exited dc
motor, the dc supply voltage is 300 V, armature resistance ra = 0.5  and
motor constant of Ka = 0.06 V/rpm
The motor drives a constant torque load requiring an armature current of 30 A.
Determine
(a) The range of speed control
(b) The range of duty cycle . (Assume the motor current to be continuous).
Solution:
For motor armature circuit,
Vt = Vs = Eb - IaRa
Minimum possible speed of motor = 0 rpm
Eb =0.06 x 0 = 0
 x 300 = 0 + 30 x 0.5
 = 0.05
Maximum possible terminal voltage occurs when, → 1
1 x 300 = Eb + 30 x 0.5
285 = 0.06 x N
N = 4750 RPM
Hence, Range of speed is 0 < N < 4750 RPM
Range of duty cycle is 0.05 <  < 1

****

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