5 Characteristics of Life Terms:

1.​ Organization Atoms → cells → tissue → organs →

2.​ Uses Energy organ system → organism →
3.​ Grow - Develop - Reproduce population → community →
4.​ Homeostasis ecosystem → biosphere
5.​ Adaptability/Evolution
Cells
Emergent Properties -​ The fundamental building
-​ An entity gains this property blocks/unit of life
when it becomes part of a
bigger system. In which, Homeostasis
increases their chance of -​ State of balance
survival.
[for humans: relate to brains]
Atom
-​ Smallest chemical unit of a
Taxonomy type of pure substance
-​ Scientific study of naming and
classifying organisms

Prokaryotic Cells Molecule

-​ Are w/out nucleus; instead, has -​ Group of atoms
nucleoid (kind of same as nucleus
but more messy and isn’t Organelle
membrane bound) -​ Membrane-bound structure
-​ All cellular chromosomes. asexual that has a specific function

Eukaryotic Cells Cell Membrane

-​ w/ nucleus (contains DNA; -​ Contain: transport protein,
membrane bounded) enzymes, {recognition,
-​ Assemble their genetic adhesion, and receptor}
material proteins. Made up of
phospholipids
Domain Bacteria & Archea
- Cells lack nuclei; instead, has Endomembrane
capsules. Most are unicellular. - a system that consists of the
nuclear envelope, endoplasmic
Domain Eukarya reticulum, golgi apparatus,
- (Protista) unicellular or multicellular. lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell
Eg., autotrophs (produce own food via membrane.
light, water, etc.) and heterotrophs (eat
autotrophs) Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (RER)
Animalia - network of membranous sacs
- Heterotrophs by ingestion. Have and tubules. proteins
cells w/ nuclei synthesized; has ribosomes

Fungi Smooth Endoplasmic

- Heterotrophs by external digestion Reticulum (SER)
(fungi releases enzymes that break down - w/out ribosomes. becomes
the things near it; then it’ll be absorbed smooth without ribosomes; else
back) present then it becomes rough.

Plantae
Vesicles
-​ autotrophs
- bubbles of membrane
[occurs only when proteins is
Phospholipids exiting the organelle]
- Molecule that makes/composes into
a cell membrane(s) Vacuoles
- Has 2 regions. Namely, hydrophilic - where cellular digestion
head (polar bonds attached to water) occurs. help regulate size and
and hydrophobic (nonpolar bonds, water balance of plant cells
repel water) tails
[Phospholipid bilayer] Golgi Apparatus
- stack of membrane sacs
Cell Theory
acting as a "processing center"
1.​ All organisms are composed of
one or more cells.
Lysosome
2.​ Cells come from pre-existing
- cell's recycling center; where
cell
3.​ Cells are the basic unit of cellular digestion occurs
structure and organization of
an organism Cell Wall
4.​ All cells carry genetic - allows plants to withstand
information water. This also makes the
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
NOTE: not all cells are equal rigid (if they have)
Robert Hooke Peroxisomes
-​ Scientist that observed cork cells. - aid in digestion. originate at
Coined ‘cells’ the ER and contain enzymes
that break down toxic
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek substances.
-​ responsible for improving the
microscope and making detailed Mitochondria
observations - matrimonial. Has its own DNA.
[liver can regrow! wow!]
Power House; use sugar
Isotonic Solution
-​ Solute = solvent se sunlight to feed plants
NOTE: water universal solute (photosynthesis)

Hypertonic Solution Cytoskeleton

-​ solute>solvent (less water) - network of protein tracks and
tubules.
Hypotonic Solution
Function:
-​ solute<solvent(more water)
a.​ Structural support
Adenosine Triphosphate & Adenosine
b.​ Aids in cell division
Diphosphate c.​ Organelle transport
Energy produced and used. Source of d.​ Cell movement
energy; needed in circular activity In short, movement and structure
[eg., microfilaments, microtubules, etc…]

Chemotaxis
-​ Allows white blood cells to migrate Plasmodesmata
to area of infection - where plant cells
communicate and nutrients go
Element through here.
- Substance that cannot be broken down
_____________________________________ Gap Junctions
Unnecessary terms:
- animals cells are analogous
Zygote - fertilized cell
Ovum - human egg to the plasmodesmata
Spermatocyte - human sperm
Histones - a protein that wraps around the Tight Junctions
DNA
- fuse the membranes of
Alleles - Alternative versions of the same gene
[Asexual = cloning] adjacent animal cells together,
[Sexual → diversity] not allowing substances to flow
Dizygotic twins - 2 zygote between the cells.
Monozygotic twins - 1 zygote
Autosomes - numbered chromosomes
______________________________________
Anchoring Junctions
- use intermediate filaments to
hold cells together
Homologous Pair
- Carry the same sequences of genes for the same traits; from mother & father cell

Sex Pili
- specialized organelle for bacteria and this helps them in evolution or
adaptations; bridge(??)

Phago(to eat)ctyosis
-​ Process which a cell engulfs large particles or other cells into vesicles is called.

Phino(to drink)ctyosis
-​ Cell takes in fluids along w/ dissolved small molecules.

Mitotic Cell Division

-​ Regrowing of cell/organ. Replacement

Mitosis
-​ Body cells.
1.​ DNA Replication (has 3 enzymes/major steps)
a.​ Interphase (3 divisions)
-​ G2 Phase (additional growth for division)
-​ G1 Phase (normal cell function and cell growth)
-​ Synthesis Phase (DNA Replication); where wrapping of DNA
occurs
-​ G0 (the resting phase)
​ ​ [Early Interphase - normal functions and another cell division occurs]
b.​ Prophase (start of mitotic cycle)
-​ {early} chromosomes become visible; {late}
nucleus→chromosomes
c.​ Metaphase (part)
-​ Alignment along the equator
d.​ Anaphase (part)
-​ Chromosomes are split (heading toward the opposite poles)
e.​ Telophase (end)
-​ Envelope the separated chromosomes leading to the
reappearance of two nucleus.
​ Cytokinesis
-​ A wall (cleavage furrow) will separate the two nucleus that will then
make two separate cells (daughter cells).
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ In short, division of the cell itself
Meiosis
 -​ Sex cells (sperm & egg)/germ cells
-​ Ends up with four daughter cells
-​ Becomes haploid; nucleus is divided twice​ ​ Haploid cell - only one set of
chromosomes [ ex. gametes];
Diploid cell - two sets of
chromosomes [ex. our body]
—in meiosis—
Prophase I - crossing over. Chromatids
sometimes touch 一 causing them to exchange
alleles/switch

Metaphase I - independent assortment;

meaning alignment is randomly occurring.

Bacteria & Archaea

-​ Divide via Binary Fusion; this just split
apart into two
Transport Mechanism

Passive Transport
-​ Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis. Does not require energy

Diffusion
-​ Particles spread out from high concentration gradient to low. Doesn’t stop
until evenly distributed ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ In short, ↑ to ↓

Osmosis
-​ Absorption. Movement of water only from a higher concentration to lower
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ In short, ↑ to ↓ in water ​
Facilitated Diffusion
-​ Allows larger molecule to enter the cell using transport/carrier proteins
​
Carrier Protein
-​ Can be seen in diffusion and in compounds heavy/big ones like glucose (C6H12O6)

Active Transport
-​ The expansion of low concentration to high
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Needs energy to move gradient
↓ to ↑ (moving against)

Bulk Transport
a.​ Endocytosis
-​ Allows a cell to engulf fluids & large molecules and bring them into the cell.
Act of taking materials. Eg., phagocytosis
b.​ Exocytosis
-​ Leaving of substances
Biomolecule [molecule of life]

Organic molecules category

●​ Carbohydrates - chain of sugar. For quick energy
●​ Proteins - required for all living cell
●​ Nucleic Acids - storage of genetic information
●​ Lipids - fats (excess sugar). Storage of energy for long term use

Monomer
-​ Single unit of a biomolecule
Polymer
-​ Group of monomer

NOTE: All living things use/contain CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen)
NOTE: Requirement for all cellular processes

Monomer Polymer Function

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

[glucose, ribose, - many long chain
fructose, and [cellulose, starch,
galactose] glycogen] /
[Disaccharide :
sucrose, lactose,...]

Proteins Amino Acid Polypeptide

[methionine - start [eg. enzyme]
codon AUG] {primary, secondary,
tertiary, quaternary
structure}

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides DNA/RNA

[ACGTU]

Lipids Glycerol & Fatty a. Triglyceride

acids b. Phospholipids
c. Steroids
d. Wax

PH Acidity
-​ titled as “denatured” if, say, an object doesn’t have its natural ph level.
[low acidity = salinity ]

Dehydration Synthesis
-​ Enzymes bind two monomers to make polymers, releasing a water molecule.
Monomer to polymer
Hydrolysis
-​ Reverse of dehydration synthesis, breaks polymerase to monomers
Polymer to monomer
Catabolism
-​ Building up structure

Metabolism
-​ Breaking down structure

Catalyst
-​ Speeding up chemical reaction; start-up

Oxidation-Reduction

Oxidation
-​ Release/loss of electrons (- charge), gain of proton (+ charge)

Reduction
-​ Loss of proton and gain of electron

Enzyme Speed Reaction

-​ lowering the activation energy required for the reactants to come together
and react.