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ASME PTC 19.1-2005

(Revision of ASME PTC 19.1-1998)

Test Uncertainty

A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L STA N DA R D

Copyright c 2007 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.
 This is a free page sample. Access the full version online.

Copyright c 2007 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.
 This is a free page sample. Access the full version online.

Date of Issuance: October 13, 2006

The 2005 edition of ASME PTC 19.1 will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of
the next edition. There will be no Addenda issued to ASME PTC 19.1-2005.
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CONTENTS

Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Section 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1-2 Harmonization With International Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1-3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Section 2 Object and Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2-1 Object. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2-2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Section 3 Nomenclature and Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3-1 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3-2 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Section 4 Fundamental Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4-1 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4-2 Measurement Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4-3 Measurement Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4-4 Pretest and Posttest Uncertainty Analyses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Section 5 Defining the Measurement Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5-1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5-2 Selection of the Appropriate “True Value” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5-3 Identification of Error Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5-4 Categorization of Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5-5 Comparative Versus Absolute Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Section 6 Uncertainty of a Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6-1 Random Standard Uncertainty of the Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6-2 Systematic Standard Uncertainty of a Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6-3 Classification of Uncertainty Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6-4 Combined Standard and Expanded Uncertainty of a
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Section 7 Uncertainty of a Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7-1 Propagation of Measurement Uncertainties Into a Result. . . . . . . . . . 22
7-2 Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7-3 Random Standard Uncertainty of a Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7-4 Systematic Standard Uncertainty of a Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7-5 Combined Standard Uncertainty and Expanded Uncertainty of a
Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7-6 Examples of Uncertainty Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Section 8 Additional Uncertainty Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8-1 Correlated Systematic Standard Uncertainties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8-2 Nonsymmetric Systematic Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8-3 Fossilization of Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8-4 Spatial Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

iii

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8-5 Analysis of Redundant Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

8-6 Regression Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Section 9 Step-by-Step Calculation Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9-1 General Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9-2 Calculation Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Section 10 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
10-1 Flow Measurement Using Pitot Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
10-2 Flow Rate Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
10-3 Flow Rate Uncertainty Including Nonsymmetrical Systematic
Standard Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
10-4 Compressor Performance Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
10-5 Periodic Comparative Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Section 11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Section 12 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Figures
4-2-1 Illustration of Measurement Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4-2-2 Measurement Error Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4-3.1 Distribution of Measured Values (Normal Distribution) . . . . . . . . . . 8
4-3.3 Uncertainty Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5-3.1 Generic Measurement Calibration Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5-4.3 Difference Between “Within” and “Between” Sources of Data
Scatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7-6.2 Pareto Chart of Systematic and Random Uncertainty Component
Contributions to Combined Standard Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8-2.1 Schematic Relation Between Parameters Characterizing
Nonsymmetric Uncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8-2.2 Relation Between Parameters Characterizing Nonsymmetric
Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8-5.1 Three Posttest Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10-1.1 Traverse Points (Example 10-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
10-2.1 Schematic of a 6 in. ⴛ 4 in. Venturi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
10-4.1 Typical Pressure and Temperature Locations for Compressor
Efficiency Determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
10-4.7 The h-s Diagram of the Actual and Isentropic Processes of an
Adiabatic Compressor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
10-5.1-1 Installed Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
10-5.1-2 Pump Design Curve With Factory and Field Test Data Shown . . . . . 64
10-5.1-3 Comparison of Test Results With Independent Control Conditions . 64
10-5.2 Comparison of Test Results Using the Initial Field Test as the
Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Tables
6-4-1 Circulating Water Bath Temperature Measurements (Example
6-4.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6-4-2 Systematic Uncertainty of Average Circulating Water Bath
Temperature Measurements (Example 6-4.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7-6.1-1 Table of Data (Example 7-6.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7-6.1-2 Summary of Data (Example 7-6.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7-6.2-1 Table of Data (Example 7-6.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7-6.2-2 Summary of Data (Example 7-6.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8-1 Burst Pressures (Example 8-1-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

iv

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