Chapter 1: Periodic Table Properties and Variation

1. What is the Modern Periodic Law?

2. State and explain Mendeleev’s Periodic Table.
3. What is the relationship between atomic number and periodicity?
4. Explain the periodic trend in atomic size across periods and groups.
5. Define ionization energy. How does it vary across a period and group?
6. What is electron affinity? Discuss its periodic trends.
7. Define electronegativity and explain its periodic trends.
8. How does atomic radius change across a period and down a group?
9. What are the general properties of alkali metals?
10. Explain the periodic trends in metallic and non-metallic character.
11. Why does the ionization potential increase across a period?
12. What is the significance of the position of Hydrogen in the periodic table?
13. Define the terms ‘transition elements’ and give examples.
14. Compare metals, non-metals, and metalloids based on their properties.
15. What is the trend in the reactivity of alkaline earth metals?

Chapter 2: Chemical Bonding

1. Explain the formation of an ionic bond with an example.

2. Describe the covalent bond and provide an example.
3. What are the characteristics of ionic compounds?
4. What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?
5. Explain the concept of bond length and bond energy.
6. What is VSEPR theory and how does it predict the shape of molecules?
7. Define hybridization. Describe the types of hybridization with examples.
8. Explain the dipole moment of a molecule.
9. What is the Lewis structure? How is it used to represent molecules?
10. Define resonance and explain with an example.
11. Explain the concept of formal charge in molecules.
12. What are coordinate bonds? Provide an example.
13. How does the octet rule explain the formation of molecules?
14. Explain the bond angles in methane, water, and ammonia.
15. Discuss the concept of polar covalent bonds with examples.

Chapter 3: Acid, Base and Salt

1. Define acids and bases according to the Arrhenius theory.

2. What are the properties of acids and bases?
3. Explain the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases.
4. What is the Lewis theory of acids and bases?
5. Define neutralization and give examples.
6. What are salts? Classify salts based on their formation.
7. Write the reaction for the preparation of salts from acids.
8. Explain the concept of acidic and basic radicals in salts.
9. How is the pH of a solution related to its acidic or basic nature?
10. What is the effect of an acid or base on litmus paper?
11. Define pH and explain its significance.
12. Describe the preparation of a buffer solution.
13. What are the uses of common acids and bases in daily life?
14. What is the role of acids and bases in industrial processes?
15. Describe the common methods of salt preparation.

Chapter 4: Analytical Chemistry

1. Define qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis.

2. What is a precipitate in analytical chemistry? Give examples.
3. How is the flame test used in qualitative analysis?
4. Describe the process of gravimetric analysis.
5. Explain the principle of volumetric analysis.
6. What is titration and how is it used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution?
7. Explain the role of indicators in titrations.
8. What are the different types of titration used in analytical chemistry?
9. How do you determine the presence of common ions like chloride or sulfate in a solution?
10. What is the principle behind colorimetry?
11. How is absorption spectroscopy used in chemical analysis?
12. Discuss the importance of purity in chemicals used in analytical methods.
13. Explain how chromatography is used to separate mixtures.
Chapter 5: Mole Concept

1. Define the mole and explain its significance in chemical reactions.

2. What is Avogadro’s number and how is it used in the mole concept?
3. Calculate the number of molecules in 8 grams of oxygen.
4. What is molar mass? Explain how it is calculated.
5. How is the percentage composition of a compound calculated?
6. Explain the concept of empirical and molecular formula.
7. How do you determine the empirical formula from the percentage composition of a compound?
8. Define molarity and explain its significance.
9. What is normality and how is it calculated?
10. How are moles related to volume and pressure for gases?
11. Calculate the number of moles in 32 grams of oxygen.
12. Explain the concept of limiting reagent and how it affects chemical reactions.
13. What is the relationship between molecular weight and molar mass?
14. Discuss the concept of molar volume for gases.

Chapter 6: Electrolysis

1. What is electrolysis? Explain with an example.

2. Write the reactions occurring at the anode and cathode during the electrolysis of water.
3. What is Faraday’s First Law of Electrolysis?
4. Explain Faraday’s Second Law of Electrolysis.
5. Describe the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.
6. What are the products of the electrolysis of copper sulfate solution?
7. How is electrolysis used in electroplating?
8. What is the importance of electrorefining in the extraction of metals?
9. Explain the process of electrolysis used in the extraction of aluminium.
10. Discuss the applications of electrolysis in industry.

Chapter 7: Metallurgy

1. What is metallurgy? Discuss the steps involved in the extraction of metals.

2. Describe the process of extraction of aluminium from bauxite.
3. What is the role of flux in the extraction of metals?
4. Explain the concept of roasting and calcination with examples.
5. How is copper extracted from its ore?
6. What is the process of refining and why is it important in metallurgy?
7. Explain the extraction of iron from its ore.
8. What are the methods used for the extraction of metals from ores?
9. How is zinc extracted from zinc blende?
10. Describe the role of carbon in the extraction of metals.

Chapter 8: Study of Compounds - Hydrogen

1. What are the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen?

2. How is hydrogen prepared in the laboratory?
3. Describe the reaction of hydrogen with halogens.
4. What is the industrial preparation of hydrogen?
5. What are the uses of hydrogen in industries?
6. Explain the role of hydrogen in fuel cells.
7. What is water gas and how is it prepared?
8. Discuss the properties of hydrogen as a reducing agent.
9. Explain the formation of hydrogen peroxide and its uses.

Chapter 9: Study of Compounds - Ammonia

1. What are the physical and chemical properties of ammonia?

2. How is ammonia prepared in the laboratory?
3. Describe the industrial preparation of ammonia by the Haber process.
4. What are the uses of ammonia in fertilizers?
5. How does ammonia react with acids?
6. What is ammonium hydroxide and how is it formed?
7. Explain the reaction of ammonia with chlorine.
8. What is the role of ammonia in the nitrogen cycle?
9. Describe the properties of ammonium salts.

Chapter 10: Study of Compounds - Nitric Acid

 1. What are the physical and chemical properties of nitric acid?
2. How is nitric acid prepared in the laboratory?
3. What is the industrial preparation of nitric acid?
4. Discuss the uses of nitric acid.
5. Explain the reaction of nitric acid with metals.
6. What is the role of nitric acid in the formation of fertilizers?
7. How is ammonium nitrate prepared using nitric acid?
8. What are the safety precautions while handling concentrated nitric acid?

Chapter 11: Study of Compounds - Sulfuric Acid

1. What are the physical and chemical properties of sulfuric acid?

2. How is sulfuric acid prepared in the laboratory?
3. Explain the industrial preparation of sulfuric acid by the Contact Process.
4. What are the uses of sulfuric acid in industry?
5. How does sulfuric acid react with metals and non-metals?
6. Discuss the dehydration property of sulfuric acid.
7. How is sulfuric acid used in the manufacture of fertilizers?
8. What are oleum and its uses?

Chapter 12: Organic Chemistry

1. Define hydrocarbons and classify them into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
2. Write the IUPAC names for the following compounds:
o CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃
o CH₃-CH=CH₂
3. Explain the preparation of ethene.
4. What is cracking in organic chemistry?
5. Define alcohols and give examples.
6. What is esterification? Provide an example.
7. Explain the reaction of alcohols with acids.
8. What are the properties of aldehydes and ketones?
9. How is acetic acid prepared from ethanol?
10. Explain the formation and uses of soap and detergents.
11. Discuss the structure of benzene and its chemical reactions.
12. What are the uses of ethanol in daily life?
13. Write the IUPAC names for organic compounds with functional groups.
14. What is the process of hydrogenation of alkenes?
15. What are the different types of isomerism in organic compounds?

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