MVC REVIEW

Chapter 12: Vectors and Geometry in Space

● Vector notation/operations
○ D= √ ❑
○ A vector is its length times its direction
|u ∙ v|
○ comp v u= (dot product/direction vector), scalar
|v|
v |u ∙ v|
○ proj v u=(comp¿¿ v u)( )= v ¿vector of comp
|v| |v|2
● Direction Cosines/Angles of vector 〈 a 1 , a2 , a3 〉
a1
○ cos α=
|a|
a2
○ cos β=
|a|
a3
○ cos γ =
|a|
|u ∙ v|
● Angle between vectors: cos θ=
|u||v|
● Vectors a and b are parallel if
○ a⃗ =k b⃗ , where k is a scalar
○ a⃗ x ⃗b=0
○ a⃗ ∙ ⃗b=|⃗a||⃗b|
● Equations of planes
○ Vector equation: n ∙ r=n ∙ r 0
○ Scalar equation: a (x−x o)+ b( y− y 0)+c (z−z o )=0
○ Standard equation: ax +by + cz+ d=0
○ Possible scenarios to find the equation of plane:
■ Normal and a point are given (on the plane)
■ 3 non collinear points are given (on the plane)
● Find PQ & PR, cross them to find normal, use one of the points
■ Line and point are given (on the plane)
● Same as above, find two parallel vectors (1. direction vector of
line, 2. Point given - random point on line), cross to get normal
■ 2 lines are given
● Cross direction vectors to get normal of plane, find intersecting
point
n 1 ∙ n2 |n1 × n2|
● Angle between planes: cos θ= and sin θ=
|n1||n2| |n1||n2|
 |b ∙ n| |ax +by +cz + d|
● Distance from point to a plane: compn b= ¿
|n| √❑
○ b=〈 x 1−x o , y 1− y o , z 1−z o 〉 (distance from given point to a point on the plane)
● Intersection of planes
○ Always intersect if not parallel
○ The direction vector of any line in a plane is perpendicular to that plane’s normal
○ Find cross product of the normals of the 2 planes to find direction vector of
intersecting line
○ Point found by making one variable = 0, system of equations
■ Find where they both hit the xy plane (unless parallel, then pick another
plane)
● Intersections of line & plane
○ Put line in parametric form
○ Plug in x, y, z values into equation of plane
○ Solve for t, plug back into equation of line
● Applications
○ Work = |F||D|cos θ
○ Torque = |r × F|=|r||F| sinθ
○ Area of parallelogram: magnitude of cross product
■ |a| x |b|
■ Just the magnitudes multiplied (base x height)
○ Area of triangle: ½ (mag of cross product)
■ ½ (parallelogram)
○ Volume of parallelepiped: |STP|
■ a ∙(b× c)
● Equations of lines
○ Line = direction vector + point
○ Vector form = 〈 x 0 , y 0 , z 0 〉+t 〈 a , b , c 〉
x−x 0 y− y 0 z−z 0
○ Symmetric form: = =
a b c
○ Parametric form: x=x 0 +at , y = y 0 +bt , z=z 0 +ct
● Intersection of lines
○ Put both in parametric, change t var of one line to s var, set equal and solve to
find point of intersection
■ Set z=z (or x=x, etc) and solve for t in terms of s (or vice versa)
■ Plug into another equation of t &s
■ Simplify for s or t
■ Plug in the rest
○ Parallel: see if direction vectors are scalar multiples
○ Perpendicular: dot product of direction vectors = 0
○ Skew: neither parallel or intersecting
● Quadric Surfaces
○ Sphere: ¿
 2 2
x y
○ Elliptic cylinder: 2
+ 2 =1
a b
2 2 2
x y z
○ Ellipsoid: 2 + 2 + 2 =1
a b c
2 2 2
x y z
○ Cone: 2 + 2 = 2
a b c
2 2
x y z
○ Elliptic paraboloid: 2 + 2 =
a b c
2 2
z x y
○ Saddle: = 2 − 2
c a b
2 2 2
x y z
○ Hyperboloid of 1 sheet = 2 + 2 − 2 =1
a b c
2 2 2
−x y z
○ Hyperboloid of 2 sheets = 2 − 2 + 2 =1
a b c
○ Trace: Set each variable consecutively as 0, see the 2D version

Chapter 13: Vector Functions

● Limits and domain, space curves

○ lim ⃗
r (t)=lim 〈 f (t), g (t), h(t )〉
t →a t→a

○ Vector valued function: r (t )=〈 x (t), y (t), z(t)〉

■ Height varies w time
r 1 ' (t)∙ r 2 '(t)
○ Angle of intersection of curves: cos θ=
|r 1 ' (t)||r 2 '(t)|
● Derivatives and integrals
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
○ ∫ r (t)dt=〈 ∫ f (t)dt ,∫ g(t)dt ,∫ h (t)dt 〉+C
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
d
○ [u(t )∙ v (t )]=u '(t)v (t)+u( t) v ' (t)
dt
d
○ [u(t )× v (t)]=u '(t )× v (t)+u (t)× v ' (t)
dt
d
○ u(f (t))=f ' (t)u ' (f ' (t))
dt
○ Tangent line at a point: point + direction vector: r '( t)=r (t )+ t(T (t ))
b b b
○ Displacement: 〈 ∫ v x (t)dt , ∫ v y (t)dt ,∫ v z (t)dt 〉
a a a
b
○ Distance = ∫|v (t)|dt (take mag of speed)
a
● Arc length & reparametrization
 t t
○ Arc length function s(t )=∮|r ' (u)|du=∫ √ ❑
a a
b b
○ Arc length L=∫|r ' (t)|dt =∫ √ ❑
a a
d
○ s (t)=|r '(u)|
dt
○ Position in terms of arc length (distance along the curve):
○ Steps:
■ Find r '(t)
■ Find |r ' (t)|
t
■ s(t )=∫ ❑|r ' (u)| du
0
■ Answer to that integral = s
■ Solve for t
■ r (s)=¿plug t in terms of s into given r (t )

■
r ' (t )
● Tangent Vector: ⃗
T=
|r ' (t )|
T '(t)
● Normal vector: ⃗
N=
|T '(t)|
● Binormal vector = ⃗
B=T⃗ × ⃗ N
● Planes
○ Normal plane: contains the normal and the binormal. Find the tangent & point
■ Or find velocity vector
○ Osculating plane: contains the tangent and the normal. Find the binormal & point
■ Or take cross of velocity and acceleration
○ Use scalar equation: a (x−x o)+ b( y− y 0)+c (z−z o )=0
● Curvature
1
○ Curvature κ=
r
■ Bigger radius = smaller curvature
○ Formulas:
 ■ κ= | |dT
ds
|T ' (t)|
■ κ=
|r ' (t )|
● Easier cuz we don't have to reparametrize for s
|r '(t)× r ' ' (t)|
■ κ= 3
|r ' (t)|
■ κ (x )=¿|f ' '(x )|
¿¿
○ Osculating circle:
■ Find κ (use the formula for function in terms of x) and get r by doing
1
κ=
r
■ To find center: point + r(unit normal)
■ Plug into circle formula: ¿
● Acceleration vector
r ' ∙r' '
○ a T=
|r '|
|r ' × r ' '|
○ aN =
|r '|
⃗
○ a (t)=aT T ⃗ + aN ⃗N
■ T and N are unit vectors (see formulae above)
■ Set equal to acceleration of function at that point (r’’(t))
■ Use algebra to solve for a component

Chapter 14: Partial derivatives

● Limits, Domain/Range, Level Curves

○ Sketch level curves:
■ Set the fxn equal to k
■ Manipulate the equation with x and y on one side and k and any other
constants on the other side
■ Choose equidistant (constant) values of k
■ Sketch the contour plot - all the level curves on the xy-plane and label k’s
○ Limits
 ■ Plug in
■ Find couple of paths, hope to get different limits (meaning fxn is
discontinuous)
● e.g. (x= y lim
, y)→(0 , 0)
.. .
● Paths must go through the point u care abt
● Try fixing x or y to a constant & evaluate
● If still equal, “relate” x and y
○ Ex: if n=x2 + y2 do (x=lim ¿
y , y)→¿

● Partial derivatives
○ Hold the var ur not finding constant
○ Higher order derivatives
■ f xyz read →
3
∂ f
■ read ←
dzdydx
○ Clairnaut’s Theorem
■ If the derivatives are continuous then mixed derivatives are equal (var
cant be repeated)
■ f yx =f xy
○ Implicit partial derivatives
dz
■ z is dependent (the var implicitly derivitized), the var not shown (in
dx
this case y) is constant
○ Laplace’s Equation: sum of the second partial derivatives (not mixed) equal 0
2 2 2
∂ u ∂ u ∂u
■ 2
+ 2 + 2 =0
∂ x ∂ y ∂z
■ If satisfies then its a harmonic function
● Tangent Planes: z−z 0=f x (x 0 , y 0 )( x−x 0)+ f y (x 0 , y 0 )( y− y 0)
● Linear Approximations: L(x , y )=f (x 0 , y 0)+ f x (x−x 0 )+f y ( y− y 0 )
● Total differential: df =f x dx+ f y dy
○ For questions like approx change in z when (x,y) changes from blah to blah
■ Put original values in x and y
dz dz dx dz dy
● Chain Rule: = ⋅ + ⋅ (use tree diagrams)
dt dx dt dy dt
● Implicit differentiation
○ For F(x, y) = C , where y = g(x)
■ Make sure to set to constant
−∂ F
dy dx −F x
■ = =
dx ∂F Fy
dy
○ For F(x, y, z) = C, where z = f(x,y)
 dz −F x dz −F y
■ = , =
dx F z dy Fz
● Directional Derivatives
○ D u f (x , y , z )=f x (x , y , z)a+ f y (x , y , z )b+ f z (x , y , z)c ❑
○ Basically the partials ∙ normal unit vector (don't forget to divide by mag to get unit
vector)
○ The amount of velocity going in <a,b,c> direction at a point.
○ Max value: |▽ f | , Min value: −|▽ f |
● Gradient vectors
○ Dot product of the gradient vector ( ▽ f ) with the deriv of the level curve vector:
▽ f ∙r ' (t)=0
○ ▽ f is always perpendicular to the tangent plane
○ Direction of normal line is ▽ f
x−x 0 y− y 0 z−z 0
■ = = ,〈a,b,c〉is the gradient vector in this case
a b c
● Critical points, local and absolute extrema (boundaries)
○ Critical points → ❑f{ f x =0
y =0
} solve system
○ Local extrema:
f xx f yy −¿ f xx >0 relative min ☺

f xx f yy −¿ f xx <0 relative max ☹

f xx f yy −¿ saddle point

■ Might not be in bounds

○ Absolute extrema
■ 1. Find all critical points within bounded set and determine value
■ 2. Find all extrema on boundary + value
● BT , B B , B L , B R → f (1 , y )
● Ex. if boundary on y=1, plug in 1 for y and take the derivative.
■ 3. Determine highest & lowest values from first and second step
● Lagrange Multipliers
○ Set up system of equations

○ Find x and y in terms of λ, plug into equation to find λ, plug back into x and y,
plug into function, find abs max and abs min

Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

● Iterated Integrals
○ Volume Calculations
■ IF:
● the integrand is an integer or forms a 3-d shape
● the bounds create a discrete 3-d region
■ THEN:
4 3
● use a volume formula like V = π r or V =xyz
3

○ Rectangular Integrals
b d
■ ∫∫ f ( x , y)dydx pretty self-explanatory
a c
■ You’re evaluating the volume a surface creates over a 3-d boundary

○ Fubini's theorem
■ Swap the order of integration between iterated integrals
b d d b
● ∫∫ f ( x , y)dydx = ∫∫ f ( x , y)dxdy
a c c a
■ Only works when the bounds are constants
■ Make sure your swapped bounds still cover the same region!

● eg.

○ No-name Theorem
■ Two multiplied functions in the integrand can be multiplied as two
separate, single integrals.
● Polar Iterated Integrals
○ The boundary R is a circular or ellipsoid region, like x 2+ y 2=r 2
○ The bounds of a region must also be in r and theta
○ Transpose the integrand and its variables into polar values,
■ x=rcos θ , y=rsinθ , r 2=x 2 + y 2

○ Pay the price with multiplying a “r” variable in the integrand

■ You cannot use Fubini to swap the variables!
θ2 r2

○ ∫∫ f (rcos θ , rsin θ)r drd θ

θ1 r1

● Triple Rectangular Integrals

b d f
○ ∫∫∫ f (x , y , z)dzdydx pretty self-explanatory- just double integrals with another
a c e
○ You can use Fubini and No-name theorems with this

● Cylindrical Form
θ r z
○ Add another z-integral to the normal polar coordinates ∫ ∫ ∫ f (r , θ , z ) dzrdrd θ
❑ ❑ ❑
○ You’re calculating for the “volume” of a shape when the integrand is 1
○ You’re calculating for the “hypervolume” of a region when the integrand is NOT 1
■ You cannot use Fubini to swap the variables!
● Spherical Form
θ ϕ ρ
○ ∫∫∫ f (ρ , ϕ ,θ)d ρ d ϕ d θ
❑ ❑ ❑
○ z= pcos ϕ , r= psin ϕ , x= psin ϕ cos θ , y =psin ϕ sin θ
○ Find the bounds of a region by transforming the rectangular equations/values to
spherical and solving for θ , ϕ , and p

● Jacobian Transformation
○ use to transform a region that would be hard to integrate like a rectangle
○ change variables (x, y) → (u, v)
1
○ Trick: J (x , y) =
J (u ,v )
 ● Applications
❑ ❑

○ ∫∫ P(x , y)dA=mass
❑ D

○ The lamina, or P(x,y), is your integrand in a mass integral

❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

○ Moment x ¿ ∫ ∫ yP(x , y)dA Moment y ¿ ∫ ∫ xP(x , y)dA

❑ D ❑ D

M y Mx
○ Center of Mass = ( , )
mass mass
❑ ❑

○ Surface Area = ∫ ∫ √❑
❑ D

Chapter 16A: Vector Calculus

● Gradient Vector Fields

○ Draw the start and move table and arrows of movement
○ ∇ƒ(a) = (∂ƒ/∂x(a), ∂ƒ/∂y(a))
○ To draw vector fields: pick a point, plug into the gradient function, then plot the
vector starting at the original point.
● Steps for Line Integrals:
1. Parametrize C and write in vector form ~r(t)~
■ Also, define your start and stop for the integral bounds !!!!!
2. Find r’(t)
3. Find |r’(t)|
4. Set up integral (replace original function with parameterized equivalent)
b

5. ∫ f (r ( t))|r ' (t)|dt

a

■ Take |r’(t)| outside of the integral if it’s a constant

USEFUL PARAMETRIZATIONS:

● Line Integrals for Work

t=b

○ W = ∫ F (r ( t))∙ r ' (t)dt

t=a

● Conservative stuff
○ F is conservative if F = ∇f (potential fxn)
❑
○ Conservative → independent of path → ∫ F ∙ dr =0
C

∂P ∂Q
○ Conservative if =
∂ y ∂x
● FTOLI
Q

○ ∫ ∇ f dr =f (Q)−f ( P) or for parameterized function: f(r(b)) - f(r(a))

P

● Finding potential function

○ Take integral of P and Q:
❑
∂f
■ ∫ dx = … + g(y)
❑ ∂x
❑
∂f
■ ∫ dy = … + g(x)
❑ ∂ y
■ Match up to see if diff terms for final f and don't forget + C
● Green’s Theorem
❑
○ ∮ ❑ means counterclockwise
❑
❑
○ ∫ ❑ means clockwise
❑
○ Just do the formula below and integrate (the k component of curl)
■ Remember to make the entire double integral negative if it’s clockwise !!
 ● Curl:

○ RyQzPzRxQxPy
■ Rabbits Yield Quick, Zapped Potatoes, Zoe Roasted zippily, Quickly, &
xtravagently, Please, yum!
○ Max rotation: |curl|
1
○ Angular speed: |curl| (rad/sec)
2
○ If curl = 0, the fluid is IRROTATIONAL and is a conservative vector f
● Divergence

○ Terminology
■ Div > 0: SOURCE
■ Div < 0: SINK
■ Div = 0: INCOMPRESSIBLE
● div(curl F) = 0 and curl(grad F) = 0

Chapter 16b: Vector Calculus

 ❑ ❑
● Surface Area: ∫ ∫|r x ×r y|dA
❑ ❑
○ For a parametrized surface
❑ ❑
● For z = f(x,y): ∫∫ √❑
❑ ❑
● Parametrizing
○ z=f (x , y )→r (x , y)=〈 x , y , f (x , y)〉
○ x=f ( y , z)→r ( y , z)=〈 f ( y , z ), y , z 〉
○ y=f (x , z)→r (x , z)=〈 x , f (x , z), z 〉
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
● Surface Integrals: ∫ ∫ f ( x , y , z) dS → ∫∫ f ( x , y , z (x , y )) √❑
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
● Mass: just use density function
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
1 1
○ x= ∫
m❑❑
∫ x ρ( x , y , z ) dS , y= ∫ ∫ y ρ(x , y , z)dS
m❑❑
● Surface Integrals: Flux
○ Have to incorporate the force field
❑ ❑
○ ∫∫ ⃗F ∙ ⃗
dS
❑ ❑
○ Method 1:
∇f
■ Move all variables to one side (blah = 0), call it f and get n⃗ =
|∇ f |
■ Determine dot product: ⃗
F ∙ ⃗n
■ Transform dS into dA: dS= √❑
○ Method 2:
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
∂f ∂f
■ ∫∫ ⃗F ∙ ⃗
dS = ∫ ∫ ⃗
F ∙ ⃗n dS=∫ ∫ (−P
∂ x
−Q
∂ y
+ R)dA
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
● P, Q, R are the components of the curl vector of F
○ Method 3:
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
■ ∫∫ ⃗ dS = ∫ ∫ ⃗
F∙⃗ F∙¿¿¿
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
● Stokes’ Theorem
○ Line integral to surface integral
■ Line integral: use brim of hat
■ Surface integral: use actual hat part
❑ ❑ ❑
○ ∮ F ∙ dr =∫∫ curl ⃗F ∙ ⃗n dS
❑ ❑ ❑
❑ ❑
○ For parametrized surface: = ∫ ∫ curl F ∙|r θ × r z| dA
❑ ❑
○ Use P, Q, R formula
○ Oriented counterclockwise, if not negatize
● Divergence Theorem (G.D.T)
 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
○ ∫∫ ⃗F ∙ ⃗n dS=∫∫∫ ¿ F dV
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
❑ ❑
○ If in this form: ∫ ∫ f ( x , y , z) dS
❑ ❑
∇f
■ find n ( ) and solve for F (since function inside integral = F ∙ n)
|∇ f |
■ Once you have F, you can use G.D.T.