Light : Reflection and Refraction

Plane Mirror:

1. Write down four important characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror.

2. Explain why we see the sign in front of some vehicles.
3. The image in a plane mirror is virtual and laterally inverted. What does this statement mean ?
4. David is observing his image in a plane mirror. The distance between the mirror and his image is 4 m.
If he moves 1 m towards the mirror, then the distance between David and his image will be?
5. An incident ray makes an angle of 35° with the surface of a plane mirror. What is the angle of
reflection ?
6. How many images are formed by two parallel mirrors?
7. What kind of mirror is required for obtaining a virtual image of the same size as the object ?
8. What is the name of the phenomenon in which the right side of an object appears to be the left side
of the image in a plane mirror ?
9. A wall reflects light and a mirror also reflects light. What difference is there in the way they reflect light
?
10. Which type of reflection of light leads to the formation of images ?
11. The boy walks towards the mirror at a speed of 1 m/s. At what speed does his image approach him ?
12. If the size of an image is 10cm .What should be the size of a plane mirror to see its full image.
13. Find theta?

14. Draw a ray diagram when an object is placed in front of a plane mirror?
15. Differences between a real and virtual image.

Reflection and Spherical Mirror:

16. Define the term reflection.
17. State the laws of reflection.Define the terms using a ray diagram.
● a. Angle of incidence
● b. Angle of reflection
● c. Plane of incidence
● Point of incidence
18. What is the difference between regular reflection of light and diffuse reflection of light ?
19. What is a Mirror and spherical mirror ? Distinguish between a concave mirror and a convex mirror.
20. Name the two types of spherical mirrors. What type of mirror is represented by the : (a) back side of a
shining steel spoon ? (b) front side of a shining steel spoon ?
21. Define the following terms in relation to concave spherical mirror:
● a. Pole
 ● b. Centre of curvature
● c. Radius of curvature
● d. Principal axis
● e. Principal focus
● f. Aperture
● g. Focal length
22. Write three uses of concave mirror and convex mirror (each).
23. By which mirror we can see a tall building in small mirror piece?
24. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a convex mirror for seeing traffic at the rear?
25. How can you identify the three types of mirrors without touching them?
26. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its focal length?
27. Name a mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object.
28. Name the spherical mirror used as:
● A. Shaving mirror,
● B. Rearview mirror in vehicles
● C. Reflector in search – fights
● D. Dentist’s mirror
● E. Shop security mirror

29. Draw all 8 ray diagrams related to Concave and Convex Mirror(1 marks each ray diagram).
30. With the help of a ray diagram, show the formation of the image of an object by a concave mirror
when it is placed at the centre of curvature.
31. Differentiate between reflection and refraction of light.
32. Define Magnification.Magnification of a spherical mirror is -1.5.What does it mean?
33. Copy this figure in your answer book and show the direction of the light ray after reflection

34. Draw the following diagram in your answer book and show the formation of image of the object AB
with the help of suitable rays

35. State where an object must be placed so that the image formed by a concave mirror is : (a) erect and
virtual. (b) at infinity. (c) the same size as the object.
36. Discuss the position and nature of the image formed by a concave mirror when the object is moved
from infinity towards the pole of the mirror.
37. If the image formed by a mirror for all positions of the object placed in front of it is always erect and
diminished, what type of mirror is it? Draw a ray if image formed is real. Express it in terms of relation
between v and u
38. Draw ray-diagrams to show the formation of images when the object is placed in front of a concave
mirror (converging mirror) : (i) between its pole and focus (ii) between its centre of curvature and
focus.
39. An object is placed at the following distances from a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm.
(a) 10 cm(b) 20 cm(c) 30 cm(d) 40 cm
 Which position of the object will produce:
(i) Virtual image (ii) A diminished real image(iii) An enlarged real image(iv) An image of same size.
40. If an object is placed at a distance of 8 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm, discuss the
nature of the image formed by drawing the ray diagram.
41. Make labelled ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of : (a) a real image by a converging mirror. (b)
a virtual image by a converging mirror. What is the minimum number of rays required for locating the
image formed by a concave mirror for an object?
42. Name the mirror which can give : (a) an erect and enlarged image of an object. (b) an erect and
diminished image of an object.
43. Describe the New Cartesian Sign Convention used in optics. Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate this
sign convention.
44. Giving reasons, state the ‘signs’ (positive or negative) which can be given to the following : (a) object
distance (u) for a concave mirror or convex mirror (b) image distances (v) for a concave mirror (c)
image distances (v) for a convex mirror.
45. A concave mirror produces a three times magnified (enlarged) real image of an object placed at 10
cm in front of it. Where is the image located ?
46. An object is placed 15 cm from a convex mirror of radius of curvature 60 cm. Find the position of the
image and its magnification.
47. An object 2 cm high is placed at a distance of 16 cm from a concave mirror which produces a real
image 3 cm high. (i) What is the focal length of the mirror ? (ii) Find the position of the
image.(iii)height of image (iv) draw ray diagram.
48. Define Magnification. The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1. What does this mean ?
49. . Fill in the following blanks with suitable words : (a) If the magnification has a plus sign, then image
is...............and............. (b) If the magnification has a minus sign, then the image is............and.............
50. How far should an object be placed from the pole of a converging mirror of focal length 20 cm to form
a real image of exactly 1/4 th the size of the object ?
51. When an object is placed at a distance of 50 cm from a concave spherical mirror, the magnification
produced is, – 1/2 . Where should the object be placed to get a magnification of, - 1/5 ?
52. When an object is placed at a distance of 60cm from a convex mirror, the
magnification produced is 1/2. Where should the object be place to get a
magnification of ⅓?
53. The image formed by a convex mirror of focal length 30cm is a quarter of the object. What is the
distance of the object from the mirror?
54. A 4.5 cm needle is placed 12 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Give the location
of image and magnification. Describe what happens to the image as the needle is moved farther from
the mirror.
55. (a) A concave mirror produces three times enlarged image of an object placed at 10 cm in front of it.
Calculate the focal length of the mirror.(b) Show the formation of the image with the help of a ray
diagram when object is placed 6 cm away from the pole of a convex mirror.
56. A student wants to project the image of a candle flame on a screen 60 cm in front of a mirror by
keeping the flame at a distance of 15 cm from its pole.
a. Write the type of mirror he should use.
b. Find the linear magnification of the image produced.
c. What is the distance between the object and its image?
d. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
57. An erect image 3 times the size of the object is obtained with a concave mirror of radius of curvature
36cm. What is the position of the object?
 58. When an object is placed 20 cm from a concave mirror, a real image magnified three times is formed.
Find : (a) the focal length of the mirror. (b) Where must the object be placed to give a virtual image
three times the height of the object ?
59. A dentist’s mirror has a radius of curvature of 3 cm. How far must it be placed from a small dental
cavity to give a virtual image of the cavity that is magnified five times ?
60. The radius of curvature of a convex mirror used as a rear view mirror in a moving car is 2.0 m. A truck
is coming from behind it at a distance of 3.5 m. Calculate (a) position, and (b) size, of the image
relative to the size of the truck. What will be the nature of the image ?
Refraction of light:

61. Define refraction.What is the cause behind this phenomena.

62. Name the phenomenon due to which a swimming pool or a coin appears less deep than it really
is.Draw ray diagram when coin appears less deep due to refraction.
63. Explain with the help of a diagram, why a pencil partly immersed in water appears to be bent at the
water surface.
64. (a)If a ray of light goes from a rarer medium to a denser medium, will it bend towards the normal or
away from it ? (b) If a ray of light goes from a denser medium to a rarer medium, will it bend towards
the normal or away from the normal ?
65. When a ray of light passes from air into glass, is the angle of refraction greater than or less than the
angle of incidence ?
66. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show how a ray of light passes through a parallel sided glass block :
(a) if it hits the glass block at 90° (that is, perpendicular to the glass block) (b) if it hits the glass block
at an angle other than 90° (that is, obliquely to the glass block).
67. A ray of light passes from a medium X to another medium Y. No refraction of light occurs if the ray of
light hits the boundary of medium Y at an angle of?
68. State two laws of refraction.
69. Define Snell’s law of refraction. A ray of light is incident on a glass slab at an angle of incidence of
60°. If the angle of refraction is 32.7°, calculate the refractive index of glass. (Given : sin 60° = 0.866,
and sin 32.7° = 0.540).
70. What is meant by the refractive index of a substance ?
71. Define absolute and relative refractive index.Explain the term ‘absolute refractive index of a
medium’ and write an expression to relate it with the speed of light in vacuum.

72. The refractive indices of kerosene, turpentine and water are 1.44, 1.47 and 1.33, respectively. In
which of these materials does light travel fastest ?
73. The refractive indices of four materials A, B, C and D are 1.33, 1.43, 1.71 and 1.52 respectively.
When the light rays pass from air into these materials, they refract the maximum in ?
74. . Light enters from air into diamond which has a refractive index of 2.42. Calculate the speed of light
in diamond. The speed of light in air is 3.0 × 108 ms–1.
75. The speed of light in air is 3 × 108 m/s. In medium X its speed is 2 × 108 m/s and in medium Y the
speed of light is 2.5 × 108 m/s. Calculate: (a) air nX (b) air nY (c) xnY
76. As the velocity of light increases, the refractive index of the medium decreases. Light enters from air
to water having refractive index 4/3. Find the speed of light in water. The speed of light in vacuum is 3
108 # m/s.
77. The refractive index of a medium 'x' with respect to 'y' is 2/3 and the refractive index of medium 'y'
with respect to 'z' is 4/3. Calculate the refractive index of medium 'z' with respect to 'x'.
78. The refractive index of glass with respect to air is 3/2 and the refractive index of water with
respect to air is 4/3 . The refractive index of glass with respect to water will be ?
 79. A light ray containing both blue and red wavelengths is incident at an angle on a slab of
glass.(a)which one has maximum speed (b) which one has minimum angle of refraction.
80. Absolute refractive indices of medium A and medium B are na and nb respectively, what is the
refractive index of medium B with respect to medium A? How does the velocity of light vary with
change in the optical density of the media?
81. For the same angle of incidence 45°, the angle of refraction in two transparent media; I and II is
20° and 30° respectively. Out of I and II, which medium is optically denser and why?
82. (a) Water has refractive index 1.33 and alcohol has refractive index 1.36. Which of the two
medium is optically denser? Give reason for your answer. Draw a ray diagram to show the path
of a ray of light passing obliquely from water to alcohol. (b) The absolute refractive index of
diamond is 2.42 and the absolute refractive index of glass is 1.50. Find the refractive index of
diamond with respect to glass.
83. The path of a light ray from three different media A, B and C for a given angle of incidence is
shown below. Study the diagrams and answer the following questions:

(i) Which of the three media A, B or C has maximum optical density?

(ii) Through which of the three media, will the speed of light be
maximum? (iii) Will the light travelling from A to B bend towards or
away from the normal? (iv) Will the refractive index of B relative to C
be more than unity or less than unity?

Spherical lens and Power of lens:

84. An object is placed at the focus of a convex lens. Draw a ray diagram to locate the position of the
image formed, if any. State its position and nature.
85. If on applying Cartesian sign convention for spherical lenses, the image distance obtained is negative,
state the significance of the negative sign.
86. A student focused the image of a candle flame on a white screen by placing the flame at various
distances from a convex lens. He noted his
observations:

a. From the above table, find the focal length of

lens without using lens formula.
b. Which set of observations is incorrect and
why?
c. In which case the size of object and image
will be same? Give reason for your answer.
87. . Analyse the following observation table
showing variation of image distance (v) with
object distance (u) in case of a convex lens and answer the
questions that follows, without doing any calculations :
 (a) What is the focal length of the convex lens? Give reason in support of your answer. (b) Write the
serial number of that observation which is not correct. How did you arrive at this conclusion? (c) Take
an appropriate scale to draw a ray diagram for the observation at S. No. 4 and the approximate value
of magnification.

88. (a) Define power of a lens and write its SI unit. (b) A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a
needle at a distance of 50 cm from it. Where is the needle placed in front of the lens, if image size is
equal to the object size? Also, find the power of the lens.(c) . A student uses a lens of focal length 40
cm and another of -20 cm. Write the nature and power of each lens.
89. An object of height 5 cm is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal length
10 cm. If the distance of the object from the optical centre of the lens is 20 cm, determine the position,
nature and size of the image formed using the lens formula.
90. The nature, size and position of image of an object produced by a lens or mirror are as shown below.
Identify the lens/ mirror (X) used in each case and draw the corresponding complete ray diagram,
(size of the object about half of the image).

91. One half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper. a. Show the formation of image of an object
placed at 2Fp of such covered lens with the help of ray diagram. Mention the position and nature of
image. b. Draw the fay diagram for same object at same position in front of the same lens, but now
uncovered. Will there be any difference in the image obtained in the two cases? Give reason for your
answer.
92. (a) Calculate the distance at which an object should be placed in front of a convex lens of focal
length 10 cm to obtain a virtual image of double its size. (b) In the above given case, find the
magnification, if image formed is real. Express it in terms of relation between v and u
93. An object of height 4.0 cm is placed at a distance of 30 cm from the optical centre ‘O’ of a convex lens
of focal length 20 cm. Draw a ray diagram to find the position and size of the image formed. Mark
optical centre ‘O’ and principal focus ‘F’ on the diagram. Also find the approximate ratio of size of the
image to the size of the object.
94. (a) A thin converging lens forms a - Real magnified image. - Virtual magnified image of an object
placed in front of it. Write the positions of the objects in each case. (b) Draw labelled ray diagrams to
show the image formation in each case. (c) How will the following be affected on cutting this lens into
two halves along the principal axis? - Focal length - Intensity of the image formed by half lens.
95. You are given a convex lens of focal length 30 cm. Where would you place an object to get a real,
inverted and highly enlarged image of the object? Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation,
(c) A concave lens has a focal length of 20 cm. At what distance an object should be placed so that it
forms an image at 15 cm away from the lens?
96. Which lens can be used as a magnifying glass? For which position of object does a convex lens
form: a. a virtual and erect image? b. a real and inverted image of same size as that of object? Draw
labelled ray diagrams to show the formation of the required image in each of the above two cases.
97. (a) Explain the following terms related to spherical lenses: (i) Optical centre (ii) Centres of curvature
(iii) Principal axis (iv) Aperture (v) Principal focus (vi) Focal length (b) A converging lens has focal
length of 12 cm. Calculate at what distance should the object be placed from the lens so that , it forms
an image at 48 cm on the other side of the lens.
98. A converging lens forms a real and inverted image of an object at a distance of 100 cm from it. Where
should an object be placed in front of the lens, so that the size of the image is twice the size of the
object? Also, calculate the power of a lens.
99. The lens A has a focal length of 25 cm whereas another lens B has a focal length of 60 cm. Giving
reason state, which lens has more power ?
100. The optician’s prescription for a spectacle lens is marked + 0.5 D. What is the : (a) nature of
spectacle lens ? (b) focal length of spectacle lens ?
101. The power of a combination of two lenses X and Y is 5 D. If the focal length of lens X be 15 cm :
(a) calculate the focal length of lens Y. (b) state the nature of lens Y.
102. (a) Two lenses have power of (i) +2D (ii) -4D. What is the nature and focal length of each lens?
(b) An object is kept at a distance of 100 cm for a lens of power -4D. Calculate image distance.
103. What happens when a concave lens and a convex lens of the same power are combined?
104. Which position of the object will produce : (i) a diminished real image (ii) a magnified real image ?
(iii) a magnified virtual image ? (iv) an image of the same size as the object ?
105. An object placed 4 cm in front of a converging lens produces a real image 12 cm from the lens.
(a) What is the magnification of the image ? (b) What is the focal length of the lens ? (c) Draw a ray
diagram to show the formation of the image. Mark clearly F and 2F in the diagram.
106. A student did an experiment with a convex lens. He put an object at different distances 25 cm, 30
cm, 40 cm, 60 cm and 120 cm from the lens. In each case he measured the distance of the image
from the lens. His results were 100 cm, 24 cm, 60 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm, respectively. Unfortunately
his results are written in wrong order. (a) Rewrite the image distances in the correct order. (b) What
would be the image distance if the object distance was 90 cm ? (c) Which of the object distances
gives the biggest image ? (d) What is the focal length of this lens ?
107. In order to obtain a magnification of, – 3 (minus 3) with a convex lens, the object should be placed
108. Take down this figure into your answer book and complete the path of the ray.

109. When a fork is seen through lenses A and B one by one, it appears as shown in the diagrams.
What is the nature of (i) lens A, and (ii) lens B ? Give reason for your answer.
 Human Eye and Colourful World

Human Eye:
1. Draw a simple diagram of the human eye and label clearly all the parts and also write the
function of each of the parts.
2. Give the scientific names of the following parts of the eye : (a) carries signals from an eye to
the brain. (b) muscles which change the shape of the eye-lens. (c) a hole in the middle of the
iris. (d) a clear window at the front of the eye. (e) changes shape to focus a picture on the
retina.
3. Define the term “power of accommodation” of the human eye.
4. Write property of Image form on retina?
5. What is the : (a) far point of a normal human eye ? (b) near the point of a normal human eye ?
6. What is the range of vision of a normal human eye ? Name the part of our eyes which helps
us to focus near and distant objects in quick succession.
7. How does the eye adjust itself to deal with light of varying intensity ?
8. A person walking in a dark corridor enters into a brightly lit room : (a) State the effect on the
pupil of the eye. (b) How does this affect the amount of light entering the eye ?
9. How does the convex eye-lens differ from the ordinary convex lens made of glass ?
10. There are two types of light-sensitive cells in the human eye : (a) Where are they found ? (b)
What is each type called ? (c) To what is each type of cell is sensitive ?
11. Why is a normal eye not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25 cm ?
12. What do you mean by persistence of eye?
13. An object is moved closer to an eye. What changes must take place in the eye in order to
keep the image in sharp focus ?
14. Why is a blind spot called so?

DEFECTS OF VISION AND THEIR CORRECTION:

15. (a)Explain with the help of labelled ray diagram, the defect of vision called myopia or near
sightedness and how it is corrected by a lens.
(b)Explain with the help of labelled ray-diagram, the defect of vision called hypermetropia or
far sightedness, and how it is corrected by a lens.
16. A person suffering from the eye-defect myopia (short-sightedness) can see clearly only up to a
distance of 2 metres. What is the nature and power of lens required to rectify this defect ?
17. A person cannot see things clearly which are further than 200cm. Name the defect in his eye
and describe a corrective lens.also find its power.
18. The near-point of a person suffering from hypermetropia is at 50 cm from his eye. What is the
nature and power of the lens needed to correct this defect ? (Assume that the near-point of
the normal eye is 25 cm).
19. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of
the lens required to correct the defect ?
20. The near point of a hypermetropic eye is 1 m. What is the nature and power of the lens
required to correct this defect ? (Assume that the near point of the normal eye is 25 cm).
21. A person needs a lens of power, – 5.5 dioptres for correcting his distant vision. For correcting
his near vision, he needs a lens of power, +1.5 dioptres. What is the focal length of the lens
required for correcting (i) distant vision, and (ii) near vision ?
 22. A person can read a book clearly only if he holds it at an arm’s length from him. Name the
defect of vision : (a) if the person is an old man (b) if the person is a young man
23. What is presbyopia ? Write two causes of this defect. Name the type of lens which can be
used to correct presbyopia.
24. What is Astigmatism ? Write two causes of this defect. Name the type of lens which can be
used to correct presbyopia.
25. What is the number of receptors contained in the retina?
26. Name the condition resulting due to the eye lens becoming cloudy.

DISPERSION OF LIGHT:
27. Define dispersion of light.What is the cause behind this phenomena.
28. What is spectrum of light.
29. As light rays pass from air into a glass prism, are they refracted towards or away from the
normal ?
30. Draw a diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass prism. On this diagram, mark (i)
incident ray (ii) emergent ray, and (iii) angle of deviation.
31. (a)What is a rainbow ?(b) Name a natural phenomenon which is caused by the dispersion of
sunlight in the sky.(c)What are the two conditions necessary for the formation of a rainbow in
the sky ? (d) What acts as tiny prisms in the formation of a rainbow ? (e) Name the process
which is involved in the formation of a rainbow. (f) What are the seven colours seen in a
rainbow ?
32. Explain this phenomena briefly. And what are the main processes that happen in this
phenomena?
33. What did Newton demonstrate by his experiments with the prism ?
Or

Describe an experiment to discuss the recombination of dispersed light.

34. Draw a diagram to show how white light can be dispersed into a spectrum by using a glass
prism. Mark the various colours of the spectrum.
35. In the formation of spectrum of white light by a prism : (i) which colour is deviated least ? (ii)
which colour is deviated most ? Why?
36. Why do you not see a spectrum of colours when light passes through a flat plane of glass ?
37. In the figure given alongside, a narrow beam of white light is shown to pass through a
triangular glass prism. After passing through the prism, it produces a spectrum YX on the
screen. (a) State the colour seen (i) at X, and (ii) at Y. (b) Why do different colours of white
light bend through different angles with respect to the incident beam of light ?(c)The coloured
light having the maximum speed in glass prism
SCATTERING OF LIGHT:

38. Define scattering of light.What is the cause behind this phenomena. Write the main Condition
of this phenomena.
39. What is the colour of the sunlight : (a) scattered by the dust particles in the atmosphere ? (b)
scattered by the air molecules in the atmosphere ?
40. Which of the two is scattered more easily : light of shorter wavelengths or light of longer
wavelengths ?
41. What colour does the sky appear to an astronaut ? Why?
42. Why does the sky appear blue on a clear day ? How would the sky appear in the absence of
earth’s atmosphere?
43. Why does the sun appear red at sunrise and sunset ?
44. Why are the ‘danger signal’ lights red in colour ?
45. Why do clouds appear white?
46. What is tyndall effect ? Explain with an example.
47. What happens when a beam of sunlight enters a dusty room through a window ?
48. Which effect is illustrated by the observation that when a beam of sunlight enters a dusty
room, then its path becomes visible to us.
 Electricity

Charge and Conductors:

1. Define electric charge. Write its 4 main properties.SI unit?
2. What is quantisation of charge?
3. Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge.
4. What is meant by conductors and insulators ? Give two examples of conductors and two of
insulators. Which of the following are conductors and which are insulators ?
Sulphur, Silver, Copper, Cotton, Aluminium, Air, Nichrome, Graphite, Paper, Porcelain,
Mercury, Mica, Bakelite, Polythene, Manganin.
5. The atoms of copper contain electrons and the atoms of rubber also contain electrons. Then
why does copper conduct electricity but rubber does not conduct electricity ?
Electric Potential:

6. Define Electric potential and potential difference. Write its SI unit.

7. Define one volt.
8. By what other name is the unit joule/coulomb called ?
9. Name a device that helps to measure the potential difference across a conductor.How is it
connected in a circuit ? Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.
10. How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a 6 V battery ?
11. (a)State the relation between potential difference, work done and charge moved. (b) Calculate
the work done in moving a charge of 4 coulombs from a point at 220 volts to another point at
230 volts.
12. How much work is done in moving a charge of 2 coulombs from a point at 118 volts to a point
at 128 volts ?
Current:
13. Define Current. Write its SI unit.
14. Define one ampere.
15. Name a device that helps to measure the current across a conductor.How is it connected in a
circuit ? Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.
16. (a) In which direction does conventional current flow around a circuit ? (b) In which direction
do electrons flow ?
17. What does an electric circuit mean. Distinguish between an open and close circuit.
18. (a) How many milliamperes are there in 1 ampere ? (b) How many microamperes are there in
1 ampere ?
19. An electric bulb draws a current of 0.25 A for 20 minutes. Calculate the amount of electric
charge that flows through the circuit.
20. If the charge on an electron is 1.6 × 10–19 coulombs, how many electrons should pass through
a conductor in 1 second to constitute 1 ampere current ?
21. Find Total charge from the following graph.
Ohm's law:
22. State Ohm's law. Explain how it is used to define the unit of resistance
23. Name the law which relates the current in a conductor to the potential difference across its
ends.
24. Keeping the potential difference constant, the resistance of a circuit is halved. By how much
does the current change ?
25. Draw a simple circuit using bulb, cell, Rheostat, and two resistor(first connect in parallel and
then in series),key.
26. How we will experimentally verify ohm's law.
27. A bulb cannot be used in place of register to verify ohm's law why?
28. An electric circuit consisting of a 0.5 m long nichrome wire XY, an ammeter, a voltmeter, four
cells of 1.5 V each and a plug key was set up. (i) Draw a diagram of this electric circuit to
study the relation between the potential difference maintained between the points ‘X’ and ‘Y’
and the electric current flowing through XY. (ii) Following graph was plotted between V and I
values :
What would be the values of V/I ratios when the potential difference is 0.8 V, 1.2 V and 1.6 V
respectively ? What conclusion do you draw from these values ? (iii) What is the resistance of
the wire ?

28.The V-I graph for a series combination and for a parallel combination of two resistors is as shown in the
figure below: Which of the two, A or B, represents the parallel combination? Give a reason for you answer.

29. Two students perform the experiments on series and parallel combinations of two given
resistors R1 and R2and the following V-I graphs.

30. A student carries out an experiment and plots the V-I graph of three samples of nichrome
wire
with resistances R1, R2 and R3 respectively Figure. Which of the following is true?

Which of the graph(s) is/are correctly labelled in terms of the words series and parallel? Justify
your answer.
31.V-I photo wire a and b are shown in the figure if the both wires are made up of same material and are of
equal thickness which of the two is of more length?
 29. (a) is the ratio of potential difference and current known as ? (b) The values of potential
difference V applied across a resistor and the correponding values of current I flowing in the
resistor are given below :
Potential difference, V (in volts) : 2.5 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Current, I (in amperes) : 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Plot a graph between V and I, and calculate the resistance of the resistor.
(c) Name the law which is illustrated by the above V–I graph.
30. A simple electric circuit has a 24 V battery and a resistor of 60 ohms. What will be the current
in the circuit ?
31. When a 12 V battery is connected across an unknown resistor, there is a current of 2.5 mA in
the circuit. Calculate the value of the resistance of the resistor.
32. An electric iron draws a current of 3.4 A from the 220 V supply line. What current will this
electric iron draw when connected to the 110 V supply line ?

Resistance:
33. Define resistance of a conductor.
34. Name the unit of electrical resistance and give its symbol.
35. Which has less electrical resistance : a thin wire or a thick wire (of the same length and same
material) ?
36. Distinguish between good conductors, resistors and insulators. Name two good conductors,
two resistors and two insulators
37. What is the general name of the substances having infinitely high electrical resistance ?
38. Define specific resistance of a wire. It's SI unit?
39. How we can determine the specific resistance of a conductor.
40. State the factor on which the resistance of a metallic wire depend and how is the resistance of
a wire affected if (a) it's length is doubled (b) it's radius is doubled
41. A wire of 10 ohm stretched twice of its original length. Find its new resistance after stretching.
42. A wire of 10 ohm is stretched so that it's area of cross section decrease by 20% of its original.
Find its new assistance.
43. A wire of 36 ohm have diameter 4 mm and its length is 500cm find specific resistance of that
wire.
44. A resistor has a resistance of 176 ohms. How many of these resistors should be connected in
parallel so that their combination draws a current of 5 amperes from a 220 volt supply line ?
45. Show how you would connect two 4 ohm resistors to produce a combined resistance of (a) 2
ohms (b) 8 ohms.
46. Find total or equivalent and resistance for following circuit.
 47. Calculate :
(i) the value of current through each resistor.
(ii) the total current in the circuit.
(iii) the total effective resistance of the circuit.

48. How would the reading of voltmeter (V) change, if it is connected between B and C? Justify
your answer.

49. In the circuit diagram shown, the two resistance wires A and B are of same length and same
material, but A is thicker than B. Which ammeter A1 or A2 will indicate higher reading for
current? Give reason.

Heating effect of current:

50. Explain the term heating effect of electric current. Drive an expression for the heat
produced by electric current and state Joule's law.
51. The voltage V and current I v graphs for a conductor at two different temperatures T
1 and T 2 T1andT2 are shown in the figure. The relation between T 1 and T 2 .
 52. Fuse of 3A,5A and 10A are available. Calculate and select the fuse for operating an
electric iron of 1 kw power at 220 V.
53. Explain why an inert gas like argon is filled in bulbs
54. What is fuse. Write two main properties to construct a fuse.

55. Why is tungsten used exclusively for filament of electric lamp.

56. Why are the conductors of electric heating devices such as bread toaster and
electrical iron made of an alloy rather than a pure metal.
57. Why does the connecting call of an electrical heater not glow hot while the heating
element does.
58. Calculate the amount of heat generated when 7200 coulombs of charge is
transferred in 1 hour through a potential difference of 50 volt.
59. Two conducting wires of same material and of equal length and equal diameters are
first connected in series and then in parallel in a circuit across the same potential
difference, the ratio of heat produced in the series and parallel combination would
be?
60. A circuit has a fuse of 5 A. What is the maximum number of 100 W (220 V) bulbs that
can be safely used in the circuit ?
61. An electric kettle rated as 1200 W at 220 V and a toaster rated at 1000 W at 220 V are
both connected in parallel to a source of 220 V. If the fuse connected to the source
blows when the current exceeds 9.0 A, can both appliances be used at the same time
? Illustrate your answer with calculations.

Power:

62. Define power and write its SI unit.

63. Define one Watt.
64. Drive their interrelationship between P,V,I,R
65. What is commercial unit of energy. Write the different names.
66. 1 kilo watt hour equal to how many joules?
67. In a household, 5 tube lights of 40 W each are used for 5 hours and an electric press of 500 W
for 4 hour everyday. Calculate the total energy consumed by the tube lights and press in a
month of 30 days.Find the cost to operate it for 30 days at Rs. 3.00 per unit.
68. Two identical resistors, each of resistance 2 W are connected in turn: (i) in series, and (ii) in
parallel to a battery of 12 V. Calculate the ratio of power consumed in the two cases.
69. An electric bulb is rated 220 V and 100 W. When it is operated on 110 V, the power
consumed will be?
70. Calculate the power used in the 2 resistor in each of the following circuits :
(i) a 6 V battery in series with 1 and 2 resistors.
(ii) a 4 V battery in parallel with 12 and 2 resistors.

71. Two lamps, one rated 100 W at 220 V and the other 60 W at 220 V are connected in parallel
to electric mains supply. What current is drawn from the line if the supply voltage is 220 V ?
72. Which uses more energy, a 250 W TV set in 1 hr or a 1200 W toaster in 10 minutes ?
Bar magnet and Magnetic field lines

1. What is a bar magnet.Write chemical formula of its main ore.

2. Define magnetic field and magnetic field intensity and list two sources of magnetic field.
3. Why are magnetic field lines more crowded towards the pole of a magnet?
4. Write four properties of magnetic field lines and bar magnet (each).
5. How we will represent the magnetic field lines. The magnetic field in a given region is uniform and
draws a diagram to represent it.
6. State the observation made by Oersted on the basis of experiment with current carrying conductor.
7. (a) The diagram shows a bar magnet surrounded by four plotting compasses. Copy the diagram and
mark in it the direction of the compass needle for each of the cases B, C and D.
(b) Which is the north pole, X or Y ?

Magnetic field lines due to straight current carrying wire, circular loop, solenoid

8. Draw magnetic field lines produced by (a)current carrying straight conductor (b) due to a current
carrying loop (ç) due to a solenoid.How does the strength of the magnetic field depend on:
a. radius of the coil
b. number of turns in the coil
c. Distance from wire
d. Magnitude of current.
e. Angle.
9. State Maxwell right hand thumb rule.
10. State loop rule or face rule.

Fleming's left and right hand rule

11. Explain an activity to show that a current carrying conductor experience is a force when placed in the
magnetic field.
12. State Fleming left hand and right hand rule.
13. State the rule which you use to find the direction of induced current or state Fleming’s right hand rule.
14. A stationary charges placed in a magnetic field.Will it experience a force?
15. An alpha particle (+ve charged particle) enters a magnetic field at right angle to it as shown in figure.
Explain with the help of a relevant rule, the direction of force acting on the alpha particle.
 16. An electron enters a uniform magnetic field at right angles to it as shown in the figure below. In which
direction will this electron move? State the rule applied by you in finding the direction of motion of the
electron.

Electromagnetic induction
17. What is induced current.
18. Define electromagnetic induction.
19. Briefly explain all three methods of EMI with a well labelled diagram.
20. Find direction of force.

21. The wire in Figure below is being moved downwards through the magnetic field so as to produce
induced current.

What would be the effect of :

(a) moving the wire at a higher speed ?
(b) moving the wire upwards rather than downwards ?
(c) using a stronger magnet ?
(d) holding the wire still in the magnetic field ?
(e) moving the wire parallel to the magnetic field lines ?

Electric motor
22. Briefly explain (principles,construction,working) electric motor with a well labelled diagram.
23. What will happen on speed of electric motor when we
a. Reverse the polarity of cell .
b. Change the place of magnet pole.
 c. Increase the number of turns in ameture.

AC/ DC

22.Distinguish between alternate current and direct current. Explain why altrate current is preferred
over died current for transmission of long distances? Name some sources of direct current and some
of alternating current.

23.An alternating electric current has a frequency of 50 Hz. How many times does it change its
direction in one second? Give reason for your answer.What is the frequency of A.C. supply in India

24.What is overloading and short circuiting? What is the function of earth wire and fuse. Draw a
household circuit.