Tuguegarao Archdiocesan Schools System

Saint Joseph’s College of Baggao, Inc.

MODULE 6
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
And
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
I. Overview
All living things, from simple organism to a complex one like man, are made up of cells. A cell is
the basic unit of the human body. A group of cells of the same kind form a tissue. Tissues with specific
job or function form an organ. A group of organs make up a system, and different systems make up an
organism.
Skeletal system made up of all the bones of the body. It is our body’s framework.
The muscular system works hand in hand with the skeletal system to allow body movements. It
gives shape to the body and is considered as a force behind the skeletal system.
II. Intended Learning Outcomes:
a. identify the parts and functions of the skeletal and muscular system;
b. enumerate the common ailments of the skeletal and muscular system and how to prevent and
control them.
III. Learning References:
1. T.R.E.K. 6 Technology. Research. Experiment. Knowledge
By: Emely J. Lagdamen
IV. Content/ Lecture: (4 hours)
Hello kids! Good day.
For today’s lesson, you will learn about the two of the different human body systems: the
skeletal system and the muscular system.
The Skeletal System
Our body is composed of 206 bones which vary in size and shape. The size and shape of each
bone matches its function.
Skeleton is made up of all the bone of the body. It is our body’s framework. Together with the
muscles and skin, the skeleton gives your body shape, support, and allows movement to place. This is
the reason you can stand, sit, walk, run and jump.
The Bones
All bones are made up of bone cells surrounded by proteins and minerals. The proteins make
the bones flexible, while calcium and phosphorus make them strong and hard. Most bones and hollow
and are filled a soft tissue called marrow. Fats are stored in yellow marrow and most red blood cells
are produced in the red marrow of some bones. Calcium and phosphorus are stored in the bone itself.
When these minerals are needed by the body, they are released by the bones to the blood and carried
to all parts. In case of a broken bone, calcium flows toward the injured part to speed up the recovery.
 Some bones are coated with a smooth and slippery fibrous tissue called cartilage.it acts as a
shock absorber and cushion between bones. It produces a certain fluid called synovial fluid. That
lubricates the bones. Cartilage gives shape to the ears and the tip of the nose.
 Joints is where two of more bones meet. These joints are connected by ligaments.
 Ligaments is a tough connective tissues that can be stretched.
 Tendons are the muscles connected to the bones by connective tissues. They are made up of
tough materials so body movements are made possible.
Parts of Skeleton
The bone in our body are divided into two parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular
skeleton.
Axial skeleton is composed of the skull, backbone, sternum or breastbone and the ribs. It is made up
of 80 bones in all.
 The Skull
Skull composed of the cheek, nose and jawbones, encases and protects the brain. It is also made
up of 23 connected bones fused at lines called sutures.
 Spinal Column
Vertebra is a series of 26 hollow bones. It supports the head and trunk that allow them to bend,
turn and protect the spinal cord.
 The Rib Cage
The rib cage is composed of the sternum or breastbone and the ribs. It contains 12 pairs of ribs,
10 of them are attached to the sternum. The remaining 2 pairs are unattached and are called floating
ribs.
Sternum is a flat long bone found in the middle of the chest.
Appendicular skeleton is composed of collar bone, shoulder blades, hip bones and the bones of the
arms and legs. A total of 126 bones make up the appendicular skeleton.
The Bones of the Arms and Legs
The shoulder girdle is composed of the collar bones or clavicles and the shoulder blades or
scapulae. These bones stabilize the rib cage and connect the shoulder to the arm.
The arms are made up of three bones, which include the upper bone called humerus and the
lower are bones called ulna and radius.
Below our waist is the hip bone or pelvis. The hip bone supports the weight of the body and
connects the backbone and the legs. It is big and strong.
The leg bones are made up of an upper leg bone called the femur that extends from the hips to
the knees and is the longest bone of the body. The lower leg bones are called tibia and fibula. Between
the upper leg and the lower leg rests the patella or kneecap.
Common Injuries, Diseases, and Discovers of the Skeletal System
The parts of the skeletal system are always subjected to physical stress, since they provide the
body its framework and support. For the common injuries, diseases, and discover of the skeletal
system, refer on your book, page 57-59.
Care for the Skeletal System
On how we should take care of our skeletal system, refer on your book, on page 59.
The Muscular System
 The muscular system works hand in hand with the skeletal system to allow body movements. It
gives shape to the body and is considered as the force behind the skeletal system. Without the
muscles, the body cannot move. It is considered as the force behind the skeletal system.
The muscles are composed of bundles of thin cells called muscle fibers. They are wrapped by a
thin covering of connective tissues have blood vessels and nerve fibers within them. There are
hundreds of muscles in the body responsible for the different body movements. They can contract,
relax and work in pairs.
Skeletal muscles are the muscles connected to the bones that are responsible for our body
movements. They are voluntary muscles, since they move within the control of one’s self. They hold
the body parts together, thus they give our body its shape, too. They make up the arms, legs, face,
neck, chest and abdomen.
The muscles of the face are directly attached to the skull. The muscles of the arms and legs are
attached to the bones through tendons.
Tendons are tough white dense connective tissues that connect muscles to the bones. When the
muscle contracts, the tendon is pulled together with the bone.
Skeletal muscles come in various sizes and shapes and also perform different functions. Some
muscles are weal, while others are strong. The muscles of the thighs and legs are very strong for they
are responsible for walking, running, dancing, and other strenuous physical activities.
Most skeletal muscles work in pairs. When one contracts, the other relaxes. This is the best
illustrated by the muscles of our arms. When we bend it, the upper muscle of our arm called biceps
contracts and shortens, while the lower muscle which is called triceps relaxes and lengthens. When we
put down our arm, triceps that contracts while our biceps relax.
Smooth muscles are muscles which are not attached to the bones. These muscles work
automatically so they are called involuntary muscles. They are found in the walls of the blood vessels,
allowing blood to flow. The walls of the stomach and esophagus are also made of smooth muscles.
Swallowing the foods is made possible through the peristalsis movement of the smooth muscles of the
food tube. Another body part made of smooth muscles is our diaphragm. Breathing, even if we are
asleep, is made possible by our diaphragm.
Cardiac muscles are muscles found only in the heart. They are responsible for the continuous
beating of our heart. They allow the circulation of the blood throughout the body. The normal
heartbeat ranges from 70-80 times per minute. If we exercise or perform physical activities, out heart
beats faster.
Common Injuries, Diseases, and Discovers of the Muscular System
For the common injuries, diseases, and discover of the muscular system, refer on your book,
page 66-67.
V. Learning Activity/Supplementary Activity
On your Science book, answer Cool Down (A-B), on page 61-62
VI. Generalization
 Skeleton is made up of all the bone of the body.
 Joints is where two of more bones meet. These joints are connected by ligaments.
 Ligaments is a tough connective tissues that can be stretched.
 Tendons are the muscles connected to the bones by connective tissues. They are made up of
tough materials so body movements are made possible.
 Skull composed of the cheek, nose and jawbones, encases and protects the brain.
 Vertebra is a series of 26 hollow bones.
 Appendicular skeleton is composed of collar bone, shoulder blades, hip bones and the bones of
the arms and legs.
  The muscular system works hand in hand with the skeletal system to allow body movements.
 Skeletal muscles are the muscles connected to the bones that are responsible for our body
movements.
 Tendons are tough white dense connective tissues that connect muscles to the bones.
 Smooth muscles are muscles which are not attached to the bones. These muscles work
automatically so they are called involuntary muscles.
 Cardiac muscles are muscles found only in the heart.
VII. Assessment
Write the missing letters to complete the word being described.
1. Muscles connected to the bones that are responsible for our body movements.
__E_E___ _US___S
2. A tough connective tissues that can be stretched.
_I__M____
3. It is composed of the cheek, nose and jawbones, encases and protects the brain.
_ K_ _L
4. Made up of all the bone of the body.
_K_L___N
5. Muscles which are not attached to the bones.
S___T_ __S_L__
VIII. Application
On your boob, answer page 69-70