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INSTRUCTION MANUAL

DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT PROTECTION RELAY

GRD140

© TOSHIBA Corporation 2004

All Rights Reserved.

( Ver.0.7)
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Safety Precautions
Before using this product, please read this chapter carefully.
This chapter describes the safety precautions recommended when using the GRD140. Before
installing and using the equipment, this chapter must be thoroughly read and understood.

Explanation of symbols used

Signal words such as DANGER, WARNING, and two kinds of CAUTION, will be followed by
important safety information that must be carefully reviewed.

DANGER Indicates an imminently hazardous situation which will result in death or

serious injury if you do not follow the instructions.

WARNING Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which could result in death or

serious injury if you do not follow the instructions.
CAUTION Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which if not avoided, may result in
minor injury or moderate injury.
CAUTION Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which if not avoided, may result in
property damage.

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DANGER
• Current transformer circuit
Never allow the current transformer (CT) secondary circuit connected to this equipment to be
opened while the primary system is live. Opening the CT circuit will produce a dangerously high
voltage.

WARNING
• Exposed terminals
Do not touch the terminals of this equipment while the power is on, as the high voltage generated
is dangerous.

• Residual voltage
Hazardous voltage can be present in the DC circuit just after switching off the DC power supply. It
takes approximately 30 seconds for the voltage to discharge.

• Fiber optic
When connecting this equipment via an optical fiber, do not look directly at the optical signal.

CAUTION

• Earth
The earthing terminal of the equipment must be securely earthed.

CAUTION

• Operating environment
The equipment must only used within the range of ambient temperature, humidity and dust
detailed in the specification and in an environment free of abnormal vibration.

• Ratings
Before applying AC voltage and current or the DC power supply to the equipment, check that they
conform to the equipment ratings.

• Printed circuit board

Do not attach and remove printed circuit boards when the DC power to the equipment is on, as this
may cause the equipment to malfunction.

• External circuit
When connecting the output contacts of the equipment to an external circuit, carefully check the
supply voltage used in order to prevent the connected circuit from overheating.

• Connection cable
Carefully handle the connection cable without applying excessive force.

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• Modification

Do not modify this equipment, as this may cause the equipment to malfunction.

• Disposal
When disposing of this equipment, do so in a safe manner according to local regulations.

环保使用期限标识是根据《电子信息产品污染控制管理办法》以及《电子信息产品污染控制标识要求》
(SJ/T11364-2006)、《电子信息产品环保使用期限通则》制定的，适用于中国境内销售的电子信息产品的标识。
只要按照安全及使用说明内容在正常使用电子信息产品情况下，从生产日期算起，在此期限内产品中含有的有毒
有害物质不致发生外泄或突变，不致对环境造成严重污染或对其人身、财产造成严重损害。
产品正常使用后，要废弃在环保使用年限内或者刚到年限的产品，请根据国家标准采取适当的方法进行处置。
另外，此期限不同于质量/功能的保证期限。
The Mark and Information are applicable for People's Republic of China only.

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Contents
Safety Precautions 1
1. Introduction 8
2. Application Notes 10
2.1 Overcurrent and Undercurrent Protection 10
2.1.1 Non-directional Overcurrent Protection 10
2.1.2 Directional Overcurrent Protection 17
2.1.3 Scheme Logic 21
2.1.4 Phase Undercurrent Protection 44
2.1.5 Thermal Overload Protection 46
2.1.6 Broken Conductor Protection 49
2.1.7 Breaker Failure Protection 52
2.1.8 Cold Load Protection 55
2.1.9 CT Requirements 58
2.2 Overvoltage and Undervoltage Protection 60
2.2.1 Phase Overvoltage Protection 60
2.2.2 Phase Undervoltage Protection 63
2.2.3 Zero Phase Sequence Overvoltage Protection 66
2.2.4 Negative Phase Sequence Overvoltage Protection 69
2.3 Frequency Protection 71
2.4 Trip and Alarm Signal Output 73
2.5 Autoreclose 75
2.5.1 Scheme Logic 75
2.5.2 Sequence Coordination 76
2.5.3 Setting 77
3. Technical Description 80
3.1 Hardware Description 80
3.1.1 Outline of Hardware Modules 80
3.2 Input and Output Signals 84
3.2.1 AC Input Signals 84
3.2.2 Binary Input, Output Signals 84
3.2.3 Binary Output Signals 88
3.3 Automatic Supervision 89
3.3.1 Basic Concept of Supervision 89
3.3.2 Relay Monitoring 89
3.3.3 CT Failure Supervision 90
3.3.4 VT Failure Supervision 91
3.3.5 Trip Circuit Supervision 92
3.3.6 Circuit Breaker Monitoring 93
3.3.7 Failure Alarms 94
3.3.8 Trip Blocking 95
3.3.9 Setting 96

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3.4 Recording Function 97

3.4.1 Fault Recording 97
3.4.2 Event Recording 98
3.4.3 Disturbance Recording 99
3.5 Metering Function 101
3.6 Fault locator 103
3.6.1 Application 103
3.6.2 Distance to Fault Calculation 103
3.6.3 Starting Calculation 104
3.6.4 Displaying Location 104
3.6.5 Setting 105
4. User Interface 106
4.1 Outline of User Interface 106
4.1.1 Front Panel 106
4.1.2 Communication Ports 108
4.2 Operation of the User Interface 109
4.2.1 LCD and LED Displays 109
4.2.2 Relay Menu 112
4.2.3 Displaying Records 115
4.2.4 Displaying the Status 120
4.2.5 Viewing the Settings 126
4.2.6 Changing the Settings 127
4.2.7 Testing 170
4.3 Personal Computer Interface 173
4.4 Relay Setting and Monitoring System 173
4.5 IEC 60870-5-103 Interface 174
4.6 Clock Function 174
5. Installation 175
5.1 Receipt of Relays 175
5.2 Relay Mounting 175
5.3 Electrostatic Discharge 175
5.4 Handling Precautions 175
5.5 External Connections 176
6. Commissioning and Maintenance 177
6.1 Outline of Commissioning Tests 177
6.2 Cautions 178
6.2.1 Safety Precautions 178
6.2.2 Cautions on Tests 178
6.3 Preparations 179
6.4 Hardware Tests 180
6.4.1 User Interfaces 180
6.4.2 Binary Input Circuit 180
6.4.3 Binary Output Circuit 181
6.4.4 AC Input Circuits 182

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6.5 Function Test 184

6.5.1 Measuring Element 184
6.5.2 Protection Scheme 195
6.5.3 Metering and Recording 195
6.6 Conjunctive Tests 196
6.6.1 On Load Test 196
6.6.2 Tripping and Reclosing Circuit Test 197
6.7 Maintenance 199
6.7.1 Regular Testing 199
6.7.2 Failure Tracing and Repair 199
6.7.3 Replacing Failed Relay Unit 200
6.7.4 Resumption of Service 201
6.7.5 Storage 201
7. Putting Relay into Service 202

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Appendix A Programmable Reset Characteristics and Implementation of Thermal

Model to IEC60255-8 203
Appendix B Directional Earth Fault Protection and Power System Earthing 207
Appendix C Signal List 213
Appendix D Event Record Items 221
Appendix E Details of Relay Menu and LCD & Button Operation 225
Appendix F Case Outline 241
Appendix G Typical External Connection 243
Appendix H Relay Setting Sheet 249
Appendix I Commissioning Test Sheet (sample) 263
Appendix J Return Repair Form 267
Appendix K Technical Data 271
Appendix L Symbols Used in Scheme Logic 279
Appendix M IEC60870-5-103: Interoperability 283
Appendix N Inverse Time Characteristics 291
Appendix O Ordering 297

„ The data given in this manual are subject to change without notice. (Ver.0.7)

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1. Introduction
GRD140 series relays provide four stage non-directional and directional overcurrent protection
for distribution networks, and back-up protection for transmission and distribution networks.

The GRD140 series has three models and provides the following protection schemes in all models.
• Directional overcurrent protection and directional zero phase sequence overcurrent
protection for earth fault with definite time or inverse time characteristics
• Instantaneous directional overcurrent protection and instantaneous directional zero phase
sequence overcurrent protection for earth fault
Model 110 provides directional earth fault protection and directional sensitive earth fault
protection.
Model 400 provides three-phase directional phase fault protection and directional earth fault
protection.
Model 420 provides three-phase directional phase fault protection, and directional earth and
sensitive earth fault protection.
All models include multiple, high accuracy, overcurrent protection elements (for phase and/or
earth fault) with inverse time and definite time delay functions. All phase, earth and sensitive earth
fault overcurrent elements can be independently subject to directional control.
In addition, GRD140 provides multi-shot, three phase auto-reclose, with independent sequences
for phase fault, and earth fault and sensitive earth fault. Auto-reclosing can also be triggered by
external protection devices.
Other protection functions are available according to model type, including thermal protection to
IEC60255-8, negative sequence overcurrent protection, under/overvoltage and
under/overfrequency protections. See Table 1.1.1 for details of the protection functions available
in each model.
All models provide continuous monitoring of internal circuits and of software. External circuits
are also monitored, by trip circuit supervision, CT and VT supervision, and CB condition
monitoring features.
A user-friendly HMI is provided through a backlit LCD, programmable LEDs, keypad and
menu-based operating system. PC access is also provided, either for local connection via a
front-mounted RS232 port, or for remote connection via a rear-mounted RS485 or fibre optic port.
The communication system allows the user to read and modify the relay settings, and to access
data gathered by the relay’s metering and recording functions.
Data available either via the relay HMI or communications ports includes the following functions.

The GRD140 series provides the following functions for all models.
• Metering
• Fault recording
• Event recording
• Disturbance recording (available via communications ports)

Table 1.1.1 shows the members of the GRD140 series and identifies the functions to be provided
by each member.

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Table 1.1.1 Series Members and Functions

Model Number GRD140 -

110 400 420
Directional Phase Fault O/C OC1 – OC4 (67/50P, 67/51P) 9 9
Directional Earth Fault O/C EF1 – EF4 (67/50N, 67/51N) 9 9 9
Directional Sensitive Earth Fault SEF1 – SEF4(67/50N, 67/51N) 9 9
Phase Undercurrent UC1, UC2 (37P) 9 9
Thermal Overload THM (49) 9 9
Directional Negative Phase Sequence Overcurrent NOC1, NOC2 (67/46) 9 9
Phase Overvoltage OV1, OV2 (59) 9 9
Phase Undervoltage UV1, UV2 (27) 9 9
Zero Phase Sequence Overvoltage ZOV1, ZOV2 (59N) 9 9 9
Negative Phase Sequence Overvoltage NOV1, NOV2 (47) 9 9
Under/Overfrequency FRQ1 – FRQ4 (81U/81O) 9 9
Broken Conductor BCD 9 9
Circuit Breaker Fail CBF (50BF) 9 9
Cold Load Protection 9 9
Auto-reclose (79) 9 9 9
Fault Locator 9 9
CT Supervision 9 9
VT Supervision 9 9
Trip circuit supervision 9 9 9
Self supervision 9 9 9
CB State Monitoring 9 9 9
Trip Counter Alarm 9 9 9
∑Iy Alarm 9 9
CB Operate Time Alarm 9 9 9
Four settings groups 9 9 9
Metering 9 9 9
Fault records 9 9 9
Event records 9 9 9
Disturbance records 9 9 9
IEC60870-5-103 Communication 9 9 9

Available functions above are depends on the scheme switch [APPL] setting in models 400 and
420.

CAUTION:
Do not change the APPL setting under service condition of the relay.

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2. Application Notes
2.1 Overcurrent and Undercurrent Protection
2.1.1 Non-directional Overcurrent Protection

GRD140 provides distribution network protection with four-stage phase fault and earth fault
overcurrent elements OC1 to OC4, EF1 to EF4, sensitive earth fault elements SEF1 to SEF4, and
two-stage negative sequence overcurrent elements NOC1 and NOC2 which can be enabled or
disabled by scheme switch setting. The OC1, EF1 and SEF1 elements have selective inverse time
and definite time characteristics. The protection of local and downstream terminals is coordinated
with the current setting, time setting, or both.
The characteristic of overcurrent elements are as follows:

Stage 4

Stage 1
0 I

Note: NOC provides two stage overcurrent elements.

Figure 2.1.1 Characteristic of Overcurrent Elements

2.1.1.1 Inverse Time Overcurrent Protection

In a system for which the fault current is practically determined by the fault location, without
being substantially affected by changes in the power source impedance, it is advantageous to use
inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) overcurrent protection. This protection provides
reasonably fast tripping, even at a terminal close to the power source where the most severe faults
can occur.
Where ZS (the impedance between the relay and the power source) is small compared with that of
the protected section ZL, there is an appreciable difference between the current for a fault at the far
end of the section (ES/(ZS+ZL), ES: source voltage), and the current for a fault at the near end
(ES/ZS). When operating time is inversely proportional to the current, the relay operates faster for
a fault at the end of the section nearer the power source, and the operating time ratio for a fault at
the near end to the far end is ZS/(ZS + ZL).
The resultant time-distance characteristics are shown in Figure 2.1.2 for radial networks with
several feeder sections. With the same selective time coordination margin TC as the download
section, the operating time can be further reduced by using a more inverse characteristic.

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Operate time

TC
TC

A B C

Figure 2.1.2 Time-distance Characteristics of Inverse Time Protection

The inverse time overcurrent protection elements have the IDMT characteristics defined by
equation (1):
⎧⎡ ⎤ ⎫
⎪⎢ k ⎥ + c ⎪⎬
t = TMS × ⎨
⎩⎣
( )
⎪⎢ I Is − 1⎥⎥ ⎪
⎢ a

⎦ ⎭
(1)

where:
t = operating time for constant current I (seconds),
I = energising current (amps),
Is = overcurrent setting (amps),
TMS = time multiplier setting,
k, a, c = constants defining curve.

Nine curve types are available as defined in Table 2.1.1. They are illustrated in Figure 2.1.3.
Any one curve can be selected for each IDMT element by scheme switch [M∗∗∗C].

Table 2.1.1 Specification of IDMT Curves

Curve Description k a c kr b
IEC Normal Inverse (NI) 0.14 0.02 0 - -
IEC Very Inverse (VI) 13.5 1 0 - -
IEC Extremely Inverse (EI) 80 2 0 - -
UK Long Time Inverse (LTI) 120 1 0 - -
IEEE Moderately Inverse (MI) 0.0515 0.02 0.114 4.85 2
IEEE Very Inverse (VI) 19.61 2 0.491 21.6 2
IEEE Extremely Inverse (EI) 28.2 2 0.1217 29.1 2
US CO8 Inverse 5.95 2 0.18 5.95 2
US CO2 Short Time Inverse 0.02394 0.02 0.01694 2.261 2
Note: kr, b are used to define the reset characteristic. Refer to equation (2).

In addition to above nine curve types, GRD140 can provide a user configurable IDMT curve. If
required, set the scheme switch [M∗∗∗C] to “CON” and set the curve defining constants k, a, c.

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The following table shows the setting ranges of the curve defining constants.
Curve defining constants Range Step
k 0.000 – 30.000 0.001
a 0.00 – 5.00 0.01
c 0.000 – 5.000 0.001
kr 0.000 – 30.000 0.001
b 0.00 – 5.00 0.01

IEC/UK Inverse Curves IEEE/US Inverse Curves

(Time Multiplier = 1) (Time Multiplier = 1)
1000 100

100

10
Operating Time (s)

Operating Time (s)

10
LTI

NI
1
MI
1 VI
VI
CO2
CO8
EI
EI
0.1 0.1
1 10 100 1 10 100
Current (Multiple of Setting) Current (Multiple of Setting)

Figure 2.1.3 IDMT Characteristics

Programmable Reset Characteristics

OC1, EF1 and SEF1 have a programmable reset feature: instantaneous, definite time delayed, or
dependent time delayed reset. (Refer to Appendix A for a more detailed description.)
Instantaneous resetting is normally applied in multi-shot auto-reclosing schemes, to ensure correct
grading between relays at various points in the scheme.
The inverse reset characteristic is particularly useful for providing correct coordination with an
upstream induction disc type overcurrent relay.
The definite time delayed reset characteristic may be used to provide faster clearance of
intermittent (‘pecking’ or ‘flashing’) fault conditions.

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Definite time reset

The definite time resetting characteristic is applied to the IEC/IEEE/US operating characteristics.
If definite time resetting is selected, and the delay period is set to instantaneous, then no
intentional delay is added. As soon as the energising current falls below the reset threshold, the
element returns to its reset condition.
If the delay period is set to some value in seconds, then an intentional delay is added to the reset
period. If the energising current exceeds the setting for a transient period without causing tripping,
then resetting is delayed for a user-definable period. When the energising current falls below the
reset threshold, the integral state (the point towards operation that it has travelled) of the timing
function (IDMT) is held for that period.
This does not apply following a trip operation, in which case resetting is always instantaneous.

Dependent time reset

The dependent time resetting characteristic is applied only to the IEEE/US operate characteristics,
and is defined by the following equation:

⎡ ⎤
⎢ kr ⎥
t = RTMS × ⎢ ⎥ (2)
⎢ ⎛I ⎞ ⎥
b

⎢⎣1 − ⎜⎝ I S ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦

where:
t = time required for the element to reset fully after complete operation (seconds),
I = energising current (amps),
Is = overcurrent setting (amps),
kr = time required to reset fully after complete operation when the energising current is zero
(see Table 2.1.1),
RTMS = reset time multiplier setting.
b = constants defining curve.

Figure 2.1.4 illustrates the dependent time reset characteristics.

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IEEE Reset Curves

(Time Multiplier = 1)
1000.00

100.00

Time (s)
EI
VI

10.00
CO8
MI

CO2

1.00
0.1 1
Current (Multiple of Setting)

Figure 2.1.4 Dependent Time Reset Characteristics

2.1.1.2 Definite Time Overcurrent Protection

In a system in which the fault current does not vary a great deal in relation to the position of the
fault, that is, the impedance between the relay and the power source is large, the advantages of the
IDMT characteristics are not fully utilised. In this case, definite time overcurrent protection is
applied. The operating time can be constant irrespective of the magnitude of the fault current.
The definite time overcurrent protection consists of instantaneous overcurrent measuring elements
and delayed pick-up timers started by the elements, and provides selective protection with graded
setting of the delayed pick-up timers. Thus, the constant time coordination with the downstream
section can be maintained as shown in Figure 2.1.5. As is clear in the figure, the nearer to the
power source a section is, the greater the delay in the tripping time of the section. This is
undesirable particularly where there are many sections in the series.
Operate time

TC

TC

A B C

Figure 2.1.5 Definite Time Overcurrent Protection

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2.1.1.3 Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection

In conjunction with inverse time overcurrent protection, additional overcurrent elements provide
instantaneous or definite time overcurrent protection.
OC1 to OC4 and EF1 to EF4 are phase fault and earth fault protection elements, respectively. Each
element is programmable for instantaneous or definite time delayed operation. (In case of
instantaneous operation, the delayed pick-up timer is set to 0.00.) The phase fault elements operate
on a phase segregated basis, although tripping is for three phase only.

Selective Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection

When they are applied to radial networks with several feeder sections where ZL (impedance of the
protected line) is large enough compared with ZS (the impedance between the relay and the power
source), and the magnitude of the fault current for a local end fault is much greater (3 times or
more, or (ZL+ZS)/ZS≧3, for example) than that for a remote end fault under the condition that ZS
is maximum, the pick-up current can be set sufficiently high so that the operating zone of the
elements do not reach the remote end of the feeder, and thus instantaneous and selective protection
can be applied.
This high-set overcurrent protection is applicable and effective particularly for feeders near the
power source where the setting is feasible, but the longest tripping times would otherwise have to
be accepted.
As long as the associated inverse time overcurrent protection is correctly coordinated, the
instantaneous protection does not require setting coordination with the downstream section.
Figure 2.1.6 shows operating times for instantaneous overcurrent protection in conjunction with
inverse time overcurrent protection. The shaded area shows the reduction in operating time by
applying the instantaneous overcurrent protection. The instantaneous protection zone decreases as
ZS increases.

Operate time

TC
TC

A B C

Figure 2.1.6 Conjunction of Inverse and Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection

The current setting is set 1.3 to 1.5 times higher than the probable maximum fault current in the
event of a fault at the remote end. The maximum fault current for elements OC1 to OC4 is
obtained in case of three-phase faults, while the maximum fault current for elements EF1 to EF4 is
obtained in the event of single phase earth faults.

2.1.1.4 Staged Definite Time Overcurrent Protection

When applying inverse time overcurrent protection for a feeder system as shown in Figure 2.1.7,
well coordinated protection with the fuses in branch circuit faults and high-speed protection for
the feeder faults can be provided by adding staged definite time overcurrent protection with
time-graded OC2 and OC3 or EF2 and EF3 elements.

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Fuse

GRD140

Figure 2.1.7 Feeder Protection Coordinated with Fuses

Configuring the inverse time element OC1 (and EF1) and time graded elements OC2 and OC3 (or
EF2 and EF3) as shown in Figure 2.1.8, the characteristic of overcurrent protection can be
improved to coordinate with the fuse characteristic.
Time (s)
OC1
OC2

OC3

Fuse

Current (amps)

Figure 2.1.8 Staged Definite Time Protection

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2.1.2 Directional Overcurrent Protection

In a system including parallel feeder circuits, ring main circuits or sources at both line terminals,
the fault current at the relay location can flow in either direction. In such a case, directional control
should be added to overcurrent elements.
GRD140 provides directional control for phase fault and earth fault overcurrent elements OC1 to
OC4, EF1 to EF4, SEF1 to SEF4, NOC1 and NOC2 which can be enabled or disabled by scheme
switch setting. The directional characteristic can be selected to “Forward” or “Reverse” or “Non”
by scheme switch setting [∗∗∗-DIR]. The OC1, EF1 and SEF1 elements have selective inverse
time and definite time characteristics.

2.1.2.1 Application of Directional Overcurrent Protection

Parallel Feeder Circuits

If non-directional protection were applied to the circuit shown in Figure 2.1.9, then a fault at F
would result in both feeders being tripped at points A and B, and total loss of supply to the load.
Directional relays can be applied to look back into the feeder, thereby ensuring that only the faulty
feeder is disconnected. The relays at A and B would normally be set to operate at 50% of the full
load current of the circuit, via their inverse time elements OC1 and EF1, with a directional
characteristic looking in the direction shown by the arrows.
The various overcurrent elements of GRD140 are independently programmable for directional
operation. Therefore, elements OC2 and EF2 could be set for non-directional operation to provide
time-delayed back-up protection for the load.

F A

Load
GRD140 GRD140
Non-directional Directional

GRD140 GRD140
Non-directional Directional

Figure 2.1.9 Application of GRD140 to Parallel Feeders

Ring Main Circuits

A ring main circuit is commonly protected by directional overcurrent relays, since current may
flow in either direction past the relaying points. The normal grading procedure is applied
separately in both the clockwise and anti-clockwise directions. Conventionally, two directional
relays would be required at each load connection point, one for each direction.
A simple system is illustrated in Figure 2.1.10 showing definite time grading, although inverse
time can also be applied. Non-directional relays are applied at the in-feeds to the ring. All other
protections are directional relays. It can be seen that a fault at F is cleared by tripping at A in 1.0s
and at B in 0.4s.
Alternatively, since GRD140 provides multiple, independent bi-directional overcurrent stages, a
scheme could be implemented in which a single relay can perform the necessary protection
functions in both directions at each load connection point. Each GRD140 overcurrent element can
be programmed with different settings for forward and reverse direction, thus allowing correct
grading to be achieved in both the clockwise and anti-clockwise directions.

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GRD140

GRD140

GRD140

GRD140
0.1s 1.0s 0.4s 0.7s

GRD140
1.3s
Non-directional

GRD140
1.3s 0.1s
GRD140

GRD140

GRD140

GRD140
Non-directional
1.0s 0.4s 0.7s

A B

Figure 2.1.10 Protection of a Ring Main Circuit

Power Systems with Sources at both Line Terminals

In power systems with sources at both line terminals as shown in Figure 2.1.11, the fault current
flows in from both terminals.

G1 G2

c 1 b 2 a 3
F2 F1

Figure 2.1.11 Protection of a power system with sources at both line terminals

The protection is performed by setting the directional element at points 1, 2 and 3 which operates
only when the fault current (F1: solid lines) flows in from source G1 and at points a, b and c which
operates only when the fault current (F2: dotted lines) flows in from source G2, with grading provided
by time delays.

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2.1.2.2 Directional Characteristics

Figure 2.1.12 illustrates the directional characteristic, with the forward operate zone shaded. The
reverse zone is simply a mirror image of the forward zone. The forward operate zone or reverse
operate zone is selectable by the scheme switch [OC-DIR], [EF-DIR], [SE-DIR] and [NC-DIR].
As shown in Figure 2.1.13, each directional characteristic is composed of forward directional
characteristic, reverse directional characteristic and overcurrent thresholds.
Boundary of Operation Boundary of Operation
(leading) +87.5° (leading)
CA + 90 CA + 90

CA + 60 CA + 60

CA + 30 CA + 30

10 x Is 10 x Is
5 x Is 5 x Is
CA - 180 CA CA - 180 CA

Reverse Forward Reverse Forward

Operate Operate Operate Operate
CA - 30 CA - 30
Zone Zone Zone Zone

CA - 60 CA - 60
CA - 90 CA - 90
Boundary of Operation Boundary of Operation
(lagging) - 87.5° (lagging)
CA: Characteristic angle CA: Characteristic angle

(a) Characteristic of OC, EF and NOC (b) Characteristic of SEF

Figure 2.1.12 Directional Operate Characteristic

Reverse
Stage Directional (Forward)
4
(0 ≤ θ setting ≤ -95) & ∗∗1-4
3
2 Forward
1
+θ: lead angle
0 −θ: lag angle Vpol Directional (Reverse)
θ ∗∗1-4
(95 ≥ θ setting > 0) &
Reverse

Overcurrent (1-4 stage)

Forward

I (Note) NOC provides stage 1 and 2 only.

θ: Characteristic angle

Figure 2.1.13 Directional element

Polarising signals of directional elements are shown in Figure 2.1.14. Polarisation for directional
phase overcurrent element OC is achieved by the 90° quadrature method, whereby each current’s
phase angle is compared with the phase to phase voltage between the other two phases. Since the
voltage inputs to the relay will normally be connected phase to neutral, the polarising phase to
phase voltages are derived internally. The polarizing negative sequence voltage is also derived
internally. The polarizing zero sequence voltage is derived from a residual voltage or internally
depending on the model. Direction is determined in each case by measuring the phase angle of the
current with respect to a suitable polarising quantity. Table 2.1.2 summarises the current inputs
and their respective polarising signals. For details of the relationship between directional earth
fault protection and power system earthing, see Appendix B.

⎯ 19 ⎯