DRAFT

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSEMENT ESIA

OF
PROPOSED SUGAR MILL IN GAGARAWA, JIGAWA STATE
BY
GREAT NORTHERN AGRIBUSSINESS

SUBMITTED
TO
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, ABUJA, NIGERIA
SEPTEMBER, 2018

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT

ASSESSEMENT
OF

PROPOSED SUGAR MILL IN GAGARAWA, JIGAWA

STATE
PREPARED
BY
PREPRA NIGERIA LIMITED
222A, JIGIRYA, YANKABA
KANO, KANO STATE
www.prepraconsult.com
Email prepra live.com
08091310041
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Table of content iii-v

List of tables Vi
List of figures vii-viii
List of plates ix
List of abbreviations and acronyms x-xii
Preparers Xiii
Acknowledgement xiv
Executive summary xv-xxv
1.0 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1-6
1.2 The proponent 6
1.3 Terms of reference of the ESIA 7
1.4 Objectives of the ESIA study 7-8
1.5 Scope of the ESIA 8-9
1.6 Administrative, policy and legal framework 9-11
1.7 Policy and legal framework 11-18
1.8 Nigerian social policies and legislations 18-20
1.9Nigerian sugar sector policies and legislations 20
1.10 International treaties and conventions on the environment 21-22
1.11 Structure of the ESIA report 23
2.0 CHAPTER TWO PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 24
2.1 The need for the project 24-25
2.2 Benefits of the project 25-26
2.3 Value of the project 27
2.4 Envisaged sustainability 27-29
2.5 Project alternatives and development options 29-34
2.6 Development options 34-35
3.0 CHAPTER THREE PROJECT DESCRIPTION 36
3.1 The nature and Description of the project 36-38
3.2 Project objectives 39
3.3. Project development schedule 39-40
3.4 The sugar mill 40-51
4.0 CHAPTER FOUR DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE PROJECT AREA 52
4.1 Project area of influence 52
4.2 Data acquisition method 52
4.3 Steps of data generation 52-55
4.4 Types of data collected 55
4.5 Data sources 55-56
4.6 Field data collection 56
4.7 Sampling design 56
4.8 Sample collection 57
4.9 Soil sample 57
4.10 Vegetation sampling 57
4.11 Water sample collection and analysis 57-58
4.12 Air quality 58
4.13 Noxious gases 58
4.14 Noise level 58
4.15 Climate 58-59
4.16 Socio-economic and community health survey 59
4.17 Focus group discussion (FGD) 59-61
4.18 In-depth interview 61-63
4.19 Sample frame and size 63
4.20 Entry point and contact persons 63-64
4.21 Selection of supervisors and enumerators 64-65
4.22 Data collection method 65-66
4.23 Data analysis 66
4.24 Quality assurance and control(Qa/Qc) 67
4.25 Physical characteristics of the environment 67-70
4.26 Ambient Air Quality 70-72
4.27 Discussion of result of data collection 73
4.28 Air quality 73-74
4.29 Noise Quality 74-75
4.30 Soil Quality 76-80
4.31 Geology and Hydrogeology 81
4.32 Hydrology 81
4.33 Groundwater 81-86
4.34 Vegetation 86-88
4.35 Wildlife 88-89
4. 36 Socio – economic setting 90-108
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS 109
5.1Impact identification 109
5.2 Method of impact assessment 109-117
5.3 Potential positive environmental and socio- economic impacts 118-127
5.4 potential positive environmental impacts 127-129
5.5 potential negative environmental impact 129-138
5.6 Cumulative Impacts 139-153
6.0 CHAPTER SIX MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES 154
6.1 Assessment of Mitigation and Enhancement measures 154-155
6.2 Mitigation and Enhancement measures 155
6.3 Mitigation Measures for Potential Negative Environmental Impacts 155-164
6.4 Mitigation measures for potential negative social impacts land acquisition 164-172
6.5 Residual Impacts 172
6.6 Enhancement Measures For Potential Positive Environmental Impacts 172-173
6.7 Enhancement Measures For Potential Social Environmental Impacts 173-203
7.0 CHAPTER SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 204
7.1The concept of Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMP 204-205
7.2 Implementation of the ESMP in GNA 205-209
7.3 Environmental Training Plan 209
7.4 Environmental Reporting 209-211
7.5 Emergency Response 211-213
7.6 Checking and Corrective action 213
7.7 Contingency plan 214
7.8 Safety plan 214-232
7.9 Institutional arrangement in the implementation of the emp 233-234
7.10 Internal communication 234
7.11 External communication 235
7.12 Stakeholder engagement 235
7.13 GREIVANCES REDRESS MECHANISM 235-236
7.14 Management Review 236
7.15 Environmental Monitoring plan 236-237
8.0 CHAPTER EIGHT: ABANDONMENT, DECOMMISSIONING AND REMEDIATION 239
PLAN
8.1 Decommissioning program 239-243
9.0 CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSION 244-245
References 246-250
Appendix1 TOR 251-265
Appendix II Site Verification letter 266
Appendix III Data Collection Letter 267-268
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Nigeria‘s Annual Sugar Import 3
Table 1.2: Nigeria's present sugar situation And F u tu r e Target 4
Table 1.3: Approved Fiscal Tariff For The Plan Period. 4
Table 1.4 Timelines For Raw Sugar Import Substitution By Old Refineries 5
Table 1.5: Timelines For Raw Sugar Import Substitution By New Refineries 5
Table 4.1: Summary of proposed Type of Survey and Respondents 66
Table 4.2 Air Quality 71
Table 4.3 Noise Level 74
Table: 4.4 Soil Quality Indicators 78
Table 4.5 Groundwater Quality Parameters 86
Table 4.6: Vegetation Cover Analysis Of The Proposed GNA Project 88
Table 4.8 Poverty Status In The Study Area 99
Table 5.1: Legal/Regulatory Requirement Criteria 111
Table 5.2: Description Of Probability 112
Table 5.3: Frequency Criteria 113
Table5.4: Importance Criteria 114
Table 5.5: Public Interest/Concern & Perception Criteria 115
Table 5.6 Potential Positive And Negative Environmental And Socio-Economic 138-139
Impact Of The Project
Table 5.7 Impact Evaluation And Characterization Of The Proposed Project 144-153
Table 6.1: NESREA Recommended Personnel Protective Equipment According To 161
Hazard Type
Table 6.2 Enhancement Measures For The Positive Environmental And Socio- 179-198
Economic Impacts Of The Proposed Sugar Mill
Table 7.1: Training Programme - Summary Of Training Needs Of GNA 206
Table 7.2 Reporting Plan - Process Summary 207
Table 7.3: Emergency Response Plan 208-210
Table 7.4: Environmental And Social Management Plan 213-243
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 The Value chain in the sugar industry 5
Figure 2.1 The reasons for the need for the proposed project 25
Figure 3.1 Project lay out plan 38
Figure 3.2: Organic Fertilizer plant (From Mud, Bagasse and other waste) 38
Figure 3.3: Particle Board plant(For Furniture Manufacture) 39
Figure 3.4 Gourmet powder plant: (From Molasse as Raw Material) 39
Figure 3.5: Utility facilities: Vocational School, clinic, fire station and Mosque 39
Figure 3.6 A typical milling process. 42
Figure 3.7: Cane Extraction and Juice Clarification Machineries 43
Figure 3.8 Major water flows in a sugar mill 44
Figure 3.9 Pan boiling and centrifugal system of the proposed GNA mill 45
Figure 3.10: Plant Auxiliaries and Automated System 46
Figure 3.11: Boiler, Turbine Generator and Auxiliaries 47
Figure 4.1 Satellite image of the project site 52
Figure 4.2 Schematic plan of this ESIA study 53
Figure 4.3 Sample points for data collection 55
Figure 4.4 The spheres of the Earth system 56
Figure4.5: Average Monthly Rainfall for the Study Area (1981- 2016) Source: 67
JARDA 2017
Figure 4.6Average Monthly Maximum and Minimum Temperature for Study 68
Area (1981- 2016) Source JARDA2017
Figure 4.7 Average monthly relative humidity. Source. JARDA, 2017 68
Figure 4.8 Average wind speed in the project area Source JARDA,2017 69
Figure4.5:Average Monthly Sunshine Hours in the Study Area(1981- 2016) 69
Source JARDA, 2017
Figure 4.6: Age Distribution of the Respondents 89
Figure 4.7: Gender of the Household Heads 89
Figure 4.8: Income Generating Activities 90
Figure 4.9 Source of income in the study area 91
Figure 4.10: Marital Status of the Respondents 91
Figure 4.11: Household Size Distribution of the Respondents 92
Figure 4.12: Economic Activities in the community 93
Figure 4.13: Membership of Cooperative Group 93
Figure 4.14 : Types of Housing in the Communities 94
Figure 4.15: Sources of Water 95
Figure 4.16: Access to Electricity, Health and Educational Services 95
Figure 4.17: Current Status of Access Roads 96
Figure 4.18: Distances to Important Places in the Communities 97
Figure 4.19: Annual Income from Household Activities 97
Figure 4.20: Sources of Capital 98
Figure 4.21: Sources of Information on Agricultural Activities 101
Figure 4.22: Effectiveness of the Information Sources 101
Figure 4.23: Natural Resources in the Community 102
Figure 4.24: Beneficiaries of Natural Resources 103
Figure 4.25: Conditions of Natural Resources 103
Figure 4.26: Methods of Conflict Resolution 104
Figure 4.27: Awareness on the Sugarcane Project 105
Figure 4.28: Sources of Information about the project 105
Figure 4.29: Perception on Benefits of the Project 155
Figure 4.30: Perceived Benefits of the Sugarcane Project 199
Figure 4.31: Project Sustainability 200
Figure 4.32: Contribution in Project Sustainability 204
 LIST OF PLATES

Plate 3.1 Architectural illustration of the proposed GNA sugar mill and associated 37
facilities
Plate 4.1 Elders sitting during one of the FGD session 59
Plate 4.2 Members of the community at a FGD session in Gagarawa 59
Plate 4.3 A member of the community making a contribution in a FGD session 60
Plate 4.4 An interview session 60
Plate 4.5 An interview session 61
Plate 4.6 In-depth interview session with an elder 97 years old 61
Plate 4.7 Group photograph with participants at a FGD session 61
Plate 4.8 Group photograph with another group after a FGD session 62
Plate 4.9 Courtesy call on the Hakimi prior to the commencement of the study 63
Plate 4.10 Group photograph with Hakimi prior to the commencement of the study 63
Plate 4.11 Selection process of the enumerators 64
Plate 4.12 Training session of the selected enumerators 65
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BSES Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations
BIP Backward Integration program
CHO Carbohydrate
CMS Condensed Molasses Soluble
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CRE Corrected Reduced Extraction
CSA Cane Supply Agreement
CSI Corporate Social Investment
CBO Community Based Organizations
CCDI Community Conservation and Development Initiatives
CCTV Closed Circuit Television
CDA Country Development Associates
CDIL CPCS Development International Limited
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CHEW Community Health Extension Worker
CIA Cumulative Impact Assessment
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species
CLO Community Liaison Officer
COD Chemical oxygen demand
C of O Certificate of Occupancy
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
DO Dissolved Oxygen
DS Dry Substance or Dissolved Solids (Brix)
EC Electrical Conductivity
ECP Erosion Control Plan
EHA Environmental Health
EHO Environmental Health Officer
EHS Environmental Health and safety
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EB-EIA Evaporative binding enzyme immunoassay
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
Et Evapotranspiration
EPC Engineering, Procurement and Construction
ESA Environmentally Sensitive Area
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
ESMS Environmental and Social Management System
FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency
FGD Focus Group Discussion
FGN Federal Government of Nigeria
FMARD Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment
FML Federal Ministry of Labor
FRSC Federal Road Safety Corporation
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FSC Forest Stewardship Council
GNA Great Northern Agribusiness
GIIP Good International Industry Practice
GIS Geographic Information System
GRC Grievance Redress Committee
GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism
GCV Gross Calorific Value
GHG Greenhouse gas
GMP Good Management Practice
GPS Global Positioning System
RALRP Resettlement Action and Livelihood Restoration Plan
RAM Risk Assessment Matrix
RFP Request for Proposal
RoW Right of Way
RTA Road Traffic Accident
HP High Pressure
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HWT Hot Water Treatment
HSE Health, Safety and Environment
IMM Impact Mitigation & Monitoring
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ISSS International Society of Soil Science
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
IVMP Integrated Vegetation Management Plan
ICUMSA International Commission for Uniform Methods of
Sugar Analysis
ILO International Labor Organization
IOAS International Organic Accreditation Service
ISSCT International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists
JISEPA Jigawa State Environmental Protection Agency
JSME Jigawa State Ministry of Environment
LEMP Labor and Employment Plan
L&FS Life and Fire Safety
LGA Local Government Area
LGC Local Government Committee
MC Moisture Content
MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NSCDC Nigeria Security and Civil Defense Corps
NSDC Nigeria Sugar Development Council
NSMP Nigeria Sugar Master Plan
NESREA National Environmental Standards Regulations
Enforcement
Agency
OHS Occupational Health and Safety
OHSP Occupational Health and Safety Plan
PAP Project Affected Persons
PCB Polychlorinated biphenyls
PHC Primary Health Care
PM Project Manager
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PS Performance Standard
PSD Particle Size Distribution
QA/QC Quality Assurance & Quality Control
QHSE Quality, Health, Safety and Environment
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SEP Stakeholder‘s Engagement Plan
SMP Security Management Plan
SPERP Spill Prevention and Emergency Response Plan
SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
STD Sexually Transmitted Disease
STI Sexually Transmitted Infection
SS Sampling Station
TBC Total Bacterial Count
TCC Total Coli form Count
TDS Total Dissolved Solution
TMP Traffic Management Plan
ToR Terms of Reference
TS Technical Standard
TSP Total Suspended Particulates
TSS Total Suspended Solids
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
USD United State Dollar
USDA United State Department of Agriculture
VCT Voluntary Counseling and Testing
VECs Valued Ecosystem Components
WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development
WHO World Health Organization
WMP Waste Management Plan
 LIST OF PREPARERS

S/N NAME Role

1 Dr. Aliyu Baba Nabegu, mni Professor, Environmental Lead Consultant

Management Field Data Head
ESIA Report Preparation
2 Dr. Ibrahim Yakubu T/Wada PhD Agronomy Project Manager
Soil and Water quality
Assessment
3 Dr. Unar Haruna Agricultural Economics and Extension Socio- Economic Assessment

4 Ismaila Umar Gaya MSc Ecology Biodiversity(Vegetation)

Assessment
5 Bala Abdulhadi HND Agric,MSc GIS Biodiversity(Wildlife)
Assessment
6 Dr.Garba Lawal Remote Sensing and GIS Application. GIS and Land Use

7 Bello Ibrahim MSc Geography Air Quality and Noise Level

Assessment
8 Kabiru Ahmad Kabo MSc Soil Science Water Quality
Assessment
9 Mr Idris Muhammad MSC Pollution Management Impact Analysis
ESIA Report Preparation
10 Mr.Lawal Umar B.Eng Civil Engineering HSE Assessment
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Chairman, Board of Directors and entire management of Great

Northern Agribusiness Ltd (GNA) profoundly acknowledges the
painstaking detail, professionalism and dedication of all the staff of its
environmental consultant–PREPRA NIGERIA LTD and therefore expresses
its appreciation for the successful execution of the Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Study of its proposed Sugar mill in
Gagarawa, Jigawa State. The invaluable contributions, cooperation and
support of many others notably, the Federal Ministry of Environment,
Jigawa State Ministry of Environment, JigawaInvest, The District head of
Gagarawa, the Chairman, Gagarawa local government,
Community Based Organizations and other relevant stakeholders are also
appreciated
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
Background Information
The proposal for this project by GNA is to construct a sugar mill with a
crushing capacity of 14000 TCD (7000 TCD in Phase 1 and 7000 TCD in
Phase 2 in Gagarawa, Jigawa state. The source of the sugarcane is the
sugarcane plantation owned by GNA located in the area. In addition,
there are downstream factories that will use the by product from the
sugar mill in the 2nd phase of the project to produce organic fertilizer,
particle board, gourmet powder and generate electricity from bagasse.
The total area approved for the project is 1000ha out of which 100ha will
be used for the mill and associated plants.
Sugar milling in Nigeria started with two established by government
starting with Bachita in 1961 and Savannah sugar, Numan in 1981 which
were privatized in the 1990s due to inadequate production. Despite the
privatization and entry of new private companies, domestic sugar
production remained low at 70,000 tons while, sugar consumption in
Nigeria rose from 43,000 tons in1955 to about 450,000tons in 1974 an 1.5
million tons by 2009. To meet up with the increasing demand, Nigeria
relied on imports which amounted to N 53.6, 73.0 and 101.9 billion in
2009and 2010 and 2011 respectively.
In a bid to redress the deficiency in sugar production in Nigeria, a National
Sugar Devel opm ent Cou nc il ( NSDC) w as es tabl is hed which
s u bs equentl y developed a strategic roadmap for the development of
the sugar sector. The Master Plan covered a comprehensive evaluation of
all facets of the sugar industry with a view to making Nigeria self sufficient
in sugar by 2020. The project being proposed by GNA falls in line with the
aspiration of the Federal government of Nigeria in general particularly the
National sugar master plan as it intends to develop a modern mill together
with the associated factories to produce other products.
Project Proponent
Great Northern Agribusiness or GNA was incorporated in Nigeria in May
2014, as a subsidiary company wholly owned by Lee Group. The core
business of GNA is agribusiness particularly sugarcane cultivation, milling
and its derivatives production in Nigeria. Under an MOU signed between
the Jigawa state government and Great Northern Agribusiness limited on
30th June 2015. GNA committed itself to establish a 100,000 tons sugar mill
in Jigawa state. Lee Group, the holding company of GNA has experience
in sugarcane production as it is a share holder in Guangxi Boqing Food
Company of China since 2000.
ADMINISTRATIVE, POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The ESIA study was carried out in accordance with FMEnv‘s relevant
policies, regulations and guidelines particularly the EIA Procedural
Guidelines and Sectorial Guidelines and other relevant international
treaties and agreements to which Nigeria is a party as well as relevant
manufacturing and sugar sector policies.
PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
The Need for the Project
The need for the proposed project is primarily the recognition that Africa
in general and Nigeria in particular is potentially competitive in sugarcane
production as a result of low cost of production relative to other
competitors. This is significant for Nigeria as the potential will reduce
dependency on imported sugar. Other reasons for the need in pursuing
sugar mill in Nigeria include
 The mill will stimulate job creation and rural development, which are
particularly important for Jigawa state and Nigeria
 This project is needed because generation of clean electricity from
bagasse is a good project under the Clean Development Mechanism
Carbon financing as a carbon emissions reduction strategy that allows
emission reduction projects in developing countries such as this project to
earn certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one
ton of CO2. These CERs can be traded and sold, and used by
industrialized countries to meet a part of their emission reduction targets
under the Kyoto Protocol.
 The utilization of the by-products to manufacture valuable products
such as particle board, organic fertilizer and gourmet powder envisaged
in the proposal will enhance resource use.
Benefits of the Project
The benefits of the project being proposed by GNA to manufacture sugar
from its sugarcane plantation include the following
•Sugar is a very important raw material that is used as a food supplement
as well as in many industrial sectors such as pharmaceuticals,
confectionery, food and beverage, dairy etc.
• Byproducts of the sugar mill being proposed by GNA will be used in the
production of other useful products
• Nigeria can make huge savings in foreign exchange that i s n o w spent
on sugar importation
• Will generate huge employment opportunity in the area of the project
and beyond.
•Poverty reduction, social infrastructure, rural industrialization etc
• Prevent dumping of cheap sugar into Nigeria thereby giving opportunity
for more sugar mills to be established
• Reduce current over reliance on imported raw sugar (accounting for
over 98% of total sugar need of Nigeria)
 Increased revenue generation to government through taxes
 Electricity generated can be exported to communities thereby
enhancing social and economic activities in the area.
 Use of bagasse to generate electricity reduces the fossil fuel use and
hence reduction in emission of pollutants thereby preventing
environmental degradation.
Value of the Project
The total project cost initially was eighty million Dollars (USD80million) but
has risen to USD 150 million. A substantial part of the cost of the project will
be spent in Nigeria and will thus improve the overall national and regional
socio-economic conditions, trade and revenue generation. The project
cost also includes cost of setting up and implementation of Corporate
Social Responsibility (CSR) programs to improve livelihood and make life
better especially for the project‘s host communities
ENVISAGED SUSTAINABILITY
Environmental Sustainability
A sugar mill processes sugarcane to white sugar. In the sugar industry,
residues are generated, in particular filter cake, boiler residues, molasses,
bagasse effluent water some cleaning and regeneration chemicals, spent
solid adsorbent and miscellaneous waste. Sugar processing has the
advantage that no toxic or hazardous wastes are produced. Wastes
generated in the sugar mill are normally used to produce other products.
For instance in this proposal by GNA, electricity will be produced using
bagasse as fuel leading to a reduction in carbon dioxide emission. Other
products to be produced from the waste include fertilizer from mud,
gourmet from molasses and particle board from the thrash leading to
efficient utilization of environmental resources.
Economic Sustainability
The locally produced sugar from the proposed project will make
available cheap and readily available sugar to Jigawa state, Nigeria and
the region as well as reduce the dependence on foreign supply thereby
reducing the food insecurity, dependency and drain to Nigeria‘s foreign
exchange. The employment generation and the additional infrastructures
associated with the project will improve livelihood of the rural community
thereby ensuring its economic sustainability.
Social Sustainability
A stakeholders‘ engagement process designed for the proposed project
will ensure social sustainability of the project. GNA is especially committed
to Corporate Social Responsibility programs targeted at improving the
socio-economic and health status in project affected communities.

Technical Sustainability
In order to ensure technical sustainability, GNA will construct the plant in
line with the most stringent Nigerian and international standards using tier-
one equipment and experienced Engineering, Procurement and
Construction (EPCs) contractors.
PROJECT ALTERNATIVES AND DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS
Site Alternatives
Alternative Site 1 Gagarawa
The first site considered is site 1 in Gagarawa. The land is approximately
1000 hectares of farm land with no settlement. The site is adjacent to the
experimental farm and is separated from the sugarcane plantation by
the highway linking Gagarawa with Gumel. This site is not viable due first,
to its considerable distance with the source of sugarcane and secondly it
is separated from the plantation by a public highway. The result of the
location will result in higher transport cost, high emission and enormous risk
of RTA.
Alternative Site 2: Dannani
The alternative site 2 is located in the center of the plantation near
Dannani. It offers the advantage of short distance to source of sugarcane
and less risk of RTA. It is the preferred site because it will have much less
socio-economic and environmental impact.
Sugar production Technology Alternatives
Mills have traditionally been differentiated on the basis of production
technology. In traditional sugar mills backpressure turbo generators are
used which results in the underutilization of energy. Modern cogeneration
involves installing higher efficiency electric drivers in order to decrease
electrical power consumption and more energy efficiency.
Preferred Sugar processing Technology
The cogeneration systems which vary based on specific needs is the
preferred technology for the GNA mill because the technologies can
generate more power and involves usage of all the available bagasse
during the crushing season and allows production of surplus power even
during off-season.
Development Options
No Project Option
The no- project option implies that the proposed project will not be
implemented. This option if adopted will represent a major setback for the
initiatives and efforts of Federal Government of Nigeria as contained in
the NSDC and the NSMP.
Delayed Project Option
The delayed project option implies that the project will be suspended and
implemented in the future. This option may prolong the realization of
target set in the NSMP. Furthermore, this option is not economically
sustainable as the initial expenditure on preliminary studies and
investigations regarding the project will go to waste.
Immediate Project Implementation
This option implies that the project will go ahead as planned. Adopting
this option will ensure the realization of the numerous benefits of the
project especially the associated socio-economic benefits to the project
are, Jigawa state and the nation as a whole
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The GNA proposed project is the establishment of a sugar mill described
as category 1 project based on the ToR approved by the FMEnv. The
project area approved covers an area of 1000ha out of which 100ha will
be used to construct the mill and other auxiliaries and facilities. The
project is to manufacture white sugar granules from sugarcane in
Gagrawa, Jigawa state. The sugarcane will come from a plantation
located in the area owned by GNA in addition to supply of sugarcane
from out growers. In the second phase of the project by products from the
mill will be used to produce high quality fertilizer, particle board. Bagasse
will also be used as fuel to generate electricity.
Project Development
The proposed project development schedule is arranged systematically
with consideration to the synergy of the various interrelated units and
infrastructure needed by the project
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT
BIO-PHYSICAL CHARASTERISTIS OF THE PROJECT AREA
The annual mean rainfall is between 800 mm and 900 mm. The maximum
day time temperature for the year is under 40 °C(104.0°F).The average
monthly relative humidity is between 51.7%to74.2% while average monthly
wind speed ranged between 6.88to11.79Knots. The average sunshine
hours recorded is between 7.08 hours with an average of 7.91 sunlight
hours for each day. The average annual sunshine is about 2,843 hours.
Ambient Air Quality
Composite Air quality measured from 30 sampling points show the values
of CO,SPM,VOC,NO 2 and CO2 were all within the FMEnv permissible limit
.H2S and SO2 were not detected.
Noise level
The measured noise level in the study area in comparison with FMEnv
noise exposure showed a mean level of 51.69dB(A) and a range between
45.5dB(A)and 66.1dB (A). These levels are below FMEnv permissible noise
level of 90 dB (A) for 8-hour working period.

Soil Quality
The results of the laboratory analysis of the major soil parameters assessed
indicate that soil pH (H2O) ranged from 4.52 to 6.77, with a mean value of
5.908. The electrical conductivity (EC) ranged from 0.01 to 0.17 (ds/m) with
a mean value of 0.047(ds/m), while for organic carbon the values ranged
from 0.04 to 0.75% with a mean value of 0.352%.
Geology
The project area is located in the north western part of Nigeria which falls
within the Chad formation and consist predominantly of recent Aeolian
deposits.
Hydrology
Jigawa State is blessed with both surface and subsurface water resources,
with its greatest potential based on ground water.
Ecology and Biodiversity
The typical natural vegetation of the study area is the savanna vegetation
which is a response to the long dry season. The vegetation is
characterized by expanse of short grasses, usually 1.0 to 1.5 meters tall
and scattered low trees with wide canopies. Continuous cultivation which
has been in practice for centuries has all but destroyed the natural
vegetation giving way to man-made vegetation consisting of his cropped
land, reserved forests, planted forests, shelterbelts and other such
establishment.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AREA
Age
The mean age of the respondents in the study area is 39 years, with
minimum and maximum of 17 and 75 years, respectively, with more than
62% being between the ages bracket of 17 and 40 years.
Gender
The gender distribution is highly male dominated with 96% of the heads of
the households being males and only 4% being females a reflection of the
religious and cultural influence.
Marital status
The results of the study indicated that 84% of the respondents interviewed
were married, while only 13.5% were single
Occupation
Agriculture Is the predominant economic activity in the area with (90%) of
the respondents indicating it as the major economic activity distantly
followed by livestock rearing at 55.3%.
Type of houses
Most of the houses were made from mud with thatched roofs which
accounts for 41%, closely followed by those of mud and zinc roofs (36%)
Condition of roads in the area
80% of the respondents hinted that the roads in the community where the
sugar mill project is sited is motorable (through without asphalt pavement)
while 20% argued that the roads were not motorable.
Poverty status
The poverty status of the households showed that majority (73.60%) were
poor using the income approach. The qualitative (FGDs and KHs) sources
also reported similar findings (of more than 80% being poor).
Common natural resource
Majority (62.8%) of the households reported common forest as the major
natural resource available in the area. 90% of the households reported
that there was no conflict over a long period of time in the area. This
implied that most of the communities were peaceful and would allow the
small and large scale production activities to flourish.
Awareness of the sugar mill project
Findings indicated majority (94%) were aware of the project while only
very few (6%) households were not aware of the project.
Perception of the benefits of the sugar mill project
The households‘ perception on project benefits indicated that majority
(89.2%) of the households in the area believe it is highly beneficial.
STAKEHOLDERS ENGAGEMENT
In line with international best practice, consultations were held with
relevant government Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) as well
as communities and social groups within the study area.
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
GNA is committed to corporate social responsibility and shall allocate
funds for the development and implementation of CSR related projects
for the benefit of the local communities. Such funds shall be managed by
a body that is representative of the affected communities as well as
vulnerable groups.
ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS
The proposed development will be a source of cheap locally produced
sugar as well as other products such as gourmet powder, particle board.
It will also be a source of employment and thus is expected to have highly
positive environmental and social impacts for the affected communities,
people of Jigawa State and Nigeria at large. However the project will
inevitably have some adverse impacts on the biophysical and social
environment. The adverse impacts will largely be localized in spatial
extent, short term and occurring within less sensitive environmental areas.
These adverse negative impacts are manageable through the
application of appropriate mitigation measures.
POTENTIAL POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT
฀ Cheap locally produced sugar
฀ Useful products from by products such as fertilizer, particle board and
gourmet powder
฀ Renewable Electricity generation from bagasse which will reduce fossil
fuel use and its attendant carbon emission as well as increase supply of
energy to the communities
฀Employment opportunities, increased economic activity, improved
livelihood and poverty reduction
฀Infrastructural development including improved access road
฀Increased revenue generation and cost savings for government
POTENTIAL NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
Impact on Air Quality and Noise Level
- Deterioration of local air quality due to the release of fugitive dusts
and gaseous pollutant emissions
- Noise disturbances from equipment and truck traffic
Impact on Soil
- Soil erosion from activities such as site clearing, excavation, soil
stockpiling and vehicular traffic
- Soil contamination from accidental leakages or spills of hazardous
materials
Impact on Ecology and Biodiversity
- Loss of vegetation/habitat fragmentation resulting from site
clearing activities.
Potential Negative Social Impacts
- Loss of farm land.
- Loss of land based livelihood
- Loss of economic trees including medicinal herbs
- Grievance and conflicts over land and compensation.
- Traffic congestion and increased risk of RTA and injuries.
- Risk of security breaches and threat to lives and properties.
- Risk of communicable and vector borne diseases such as STDs
including HIV/AIDS.
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR POTENTIAL NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Mitigation Measures for Air Quality Deterioration
฀ Implement dust suppression techniques such as
(i) Use of water suppression for control of loose soil material on unpaved
surfaces
(ii) Use of covered trucks for transporting loose materials that may
generate dust.
฀ Implement routine preventive maintenance including tune-ups on all
heavy equipment
฀ Ensure speed limits are reduced and enforced especially on
unpaved roads
Mitigation Measures for Noise
฀Restrict all haulage and noise generating activities to working hours
during the day when noise is better tolerated
฀ Site stationary noise generating construction equipment with
consideration of distances from the noise sources to nearby communities
and sensitive receptors
฀ Provide and enforce the usage of hearing protection devices
(earplugs/muffs) for workers exposed to noise levels>90dB (A) for a
duration of more than 8hours/day.
฀Institute a Hearing Protection Program for workers in work areas with
noise in excess of 85 dB (A)
Soil
฀ Reduce or control ground- disturbing activities and developing an
Erosion Control Plan
฀ Ensure compliance with all applicable national and international laws
and regulations and conform to relevant industry standards
฀ Prepare and implement a Spill Prevention and Emergency Response
Plan (SPERP) to address the possibility of accidental releases of all
hazardous materials stored on-site. The plan shall
- Contain procedures for timely notification of appropriate authorities
- Provide spill/emergency contingency planning for
abatement/stabilization of release, recovery of spilled product and
remediation of affected area
Solid Waste Generation
฀ Ensure compliance with all applicable national and international laws
and regulations on non-hazardous and hazardous waste management
฀ Ensure the WMP address all solid and liquid waste likely to be generated
during the implementation of the project
Ecology and Biodiversity
฀ Avoid the removal of natural vegetation and trees,
฀ Restrict the removal of natural vegetation to necessary site only and
Retain native root structure within the project area to facilitate recovery of
vegetation cover ฀ Develop and implement a project specific Integrated
Vegetation Management Plan (IVMP

MITIGATION MEASURES FOR POTENTIAL NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACTS

Land Acquisition
฀ Develop and implement Livelihood Restoration Plan (RALP) to
compensate affected persons and/or communities.
฀ Ensure all issues relating to compensation are handled in a transparent,
consistent and equitable manner.
฀ Ensure adequate engagement with affected persons and communities
throughout the process of land acquisition.
฀ Ensure disclosure of relevant information and participation of affected
communities and persons continue through implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of compensation payments.
฀ Ensure affected land owners are adequately compensated for loss of
land and economic crops at full replacement cost.
Road Traffic
฀ Ensure regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer
approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents such as those
caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure
฀ Engage drivers with appropriate class of driving license and at least
three years of driving experience.
฀ Train drivers on defensive driving techniques, haulage safety and
pedestrian safety
฀ Develop and implement a Traffic Management Plan (TMP).
฀ Safe traffic control measures to include:
- Establishment and strict enforcement of speed limits
Landscape Disruption and Visual Intrusion
฀ Retaining natural vegetation wherever possible within the project area
฀ Ensuring paintings and surface treatments of associated buildings blend
with the existing form, line, color, and texture of the landscape as much as
possible
฀ Ensuring grouped buildings and structures are painted the same color to
reduce visual complexity and color contrast
Community Infrastructure
฀ Promote access to community services by supporting infrastructural
development in host communities
Culture
฀ Development of an induction program including a code of conduct for
all workers
Community Health, Safety and Security
Attention to establishing procedures which limit the opportunity for injuries
or exposure to harmful chemicals.
Sexually Transmitted Infections/HIV/AIDS
฀ Institution of HIV prevention program to include peer education and
Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT)
฀ Undertaking health awareness and education initiatives on STIs amongst
workers and in affected communities.
Security Challenges
฀ Fencing of all facilities from surrounding communities
฀ Disclosure of on-site security arrangements to the public especially
members of nearby communities
Occupational Health and Safety
฀ Provision of health and safety orientation training and hazard specific
training
฀ OHS Communication including Incident/Accident reporting
฀ Provision and enforcement of use of PPE
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
An environmental and social development plan ESMP is a management
tool that is commonly employed to ensure avoidable negative impacts of
a proposed project are prevented and benefits of the project are
enhanced. ESMP is a critical component of the EIA process. It aims to
prevent adverse impacts from happening and to keep those that do
occur within an acceptable level.
ABANDONMENT, DECOMMISSIONING AND REMEDIATIONPLAN
Decommissioning is the process of removing all the operating assets of a
project from the site after completion of its life. The planned life span for
the proposed GNA mill is approximately 35 years. However, the life span
can be extended well beyond that limit with proper maintenance. GNA
shall develop a comprehensive abandonment, decommissioning and
remediation plan that is specific to the project taking into account the
most cost-effective and practicable methods, environmental
considerations, legal requirements and industry practices.
CONCLUSIONS
The ESIA study for the proposed one hundred thousand metric tons mill in
Gagarawa, Jigawa State has been carried out in line with the EIA Act
Cap E12 LFN 2004, EIA Sectoral Guidelines for Manufacturing and sugar
Sector, as well as other relevant national and international standards on
Environmental and Social Sustainability. The proposed project is expected
to have highly positive social impacts on the affected communities,
people of Jigawa State and Nigeria at large. Specifically, the proposed
project will be most beneficial to the local economy as it will promote
industrial growth and provide direct and indirect employment
opportunities and thereby improve livelihood and enhance poverty
reduction especially in affected communities. The most notable negative
social impacts are those related to land acquisition for the project while
significant negative environmental impacts include air quality
deterioration, loss of vegetation, soil erosion and waste generation.
Negative environmental impacts are largely localized in spatial extent,
short term and occurring within less sensitive environmental areas. They
can be managed by the application of appropriate mitigation measures
proposed in this ESIA Report. Inconsideration of the above therefore, there
is no major environmental or social issue to impede the implementation of
the proposed project.
 1.0CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

 BACKGROUND

The proposal by GNA is to construct a sugar mill to be sited in Gagarawa,

Jigawa state. The mill is expected to have a sugarcane crushing capacity
of 14000 TCD 7000 TCD in Phase 1 and 7000 TCD in Phase 2. The source of
the cane is the sugarcane plantation owned by GNA located in
Gagarawa, Garki, Sule Tankarkar and Taura Local Government areas of
Jigawa state as well as from independent out growers. In addition, there
are downstream factories that will use the by product from the sugar
processing in the 2nd phase of the project to produce organic fertilizer,
particle board, and gourmet powder. The mill will also use bagasse waste
from sugar processing to generate electricity. The total area approved for
the project is 1000ha out of which 100ha will house in addition to the mill
and associated factories, offices and utilities for water supply, effluent
treatment, clinic, vocational school, fire station, mosque, market and staff
houses etc.

Sugar milling is not new to Nigeria as the first Nigerian sugar company,
Bacita, was established by government in 1961. The second was the
Savannah Sugar company Numan, which was established in 1981.
Government also established two other sugar companies at Lafiagi and
Sunti. The Jigawa State Government also established a 1500tcd sugar
factory at Hadejia in 2005 but it was never completed. In addition, many
mini sugar plants with capacities ranging from 10 to 250 tcd were
established by both private and state governments but their combined
production is very insignificant. Currently, Nigeria‘s three main sugar
players are Flour Mills of Nigeria, BUA Group, and Dangote Group.
Due to poor production of the mills, the Nigerian government in the late
1990s, decided to privatize all its sugar companies. However, despite the
privatization in and entry of new private companies, domestic sugar
production remained insignificant at only 70,000 tons per a num.
Meanwhile, sugar consumption in Nigeria has risen from 43,000tonnes in
1955 to about 450,000 tons in 1974. By 1982 the demand had risen to
almost 1.0 million which again steadily rose to about 1.5million tons by
2009. To meet up with the increasing demand Nigeria relied on imports.
Table 1.1 shows that in 2009, 2010 and 2011, Nigeria expended N53.6
N73.0 and N101.9 billion on sugar importation respectively. In addition to
being a major drain on Nigeria‘s foreign exchange, the low level of
domestic sugar production had adverse effect on employment, poverty
alleviation and rural development. In a bid to redress the deficiency, a
National Sugar Development Council (NSDC) was established which
subsequently developed a strategic roadmap for the development of the
sugar sub-sector known as the National Sugar Master Plan (NSMP). The
road map titled, ―Roadmap to Local Manufacturing of Sugar covered a
comprehensive evaluation of all facets of the sugar industry. Specifically,
the plan incorporated current status of the industry and the anticipated
situation in 2020 shown in table 1.2.

In order to both stimulate and protect local investment in the sugar sector,
a regime of fiscal tariff has been approved from 1st January, 2013. The
tariff structure is presented in Table 1.3. The tariff was intended to compel
sugar importers to backward integrate promptly and thereby stop paying
stiff tariff. The plan is expected to reduce current over reliance on
imported raw sugar (accounting for over 98% of total sugar imports) which
makes the country lose all the benefits of sugar production including
employment creation, foreign exchange savings, renewable energy, rural
poverty alleviation, rural development etc (NSDC, 2006).
In addition, following the enormous success of the backward integration
program (BIP) carried out for the Cement Industry which resulted in
massive increase in local cement production from 2.1 million in 2002 to
28.6 million tons in 2012, the BIP companies granted approval for
importation of sugar are expected to commence investing in
backward integration projects immediately with a view to replicating the
success achieved in the cement industry.

Table 1.1 Nigeria‘s annual sugar import

ANNUAL SUGAR IMPORTATION FROM 1990 - 2016

Year Consumption Production Importatio Average Importation Per Capital
(Tons) n Consumption
(Tons) (Tons) UnitPrice($)/ Cost ($) Kg-Raw value)
MT

1990 645,248 41,478 603,770 440 265,658,800 n/a

1991 773,463 44,893 728,570 290 211,285,300 n/a

1992 598,986 32,420 566,566 280 158,638,480 n/a

1993 405,590 28,576 377,014 300 113,104,200 5.9

1994 360,060 22,814 337,246 340 114,663,640 5.5

1995 358,038 20,000 338,038 410 138,595,580 4.5

1996 525,985 12,104 513,882 370 190,136,340 5.2

1997 552,573 15,805 535,768 320 171,445,760 5.5

1998 773,264 9,850 763,414 310 236,658,340 7.4

1999 781,782 10,000 771,782 240 185,227,680 6.0

2000 771,890 36,000 735,890 270 198,690,300 6.6

2001 1,209,480 0 1,209,480 260 314,464,800 8.2

2002 1,009,165 0 1,009,165 260 262,282,900 10.8

2003 988,441 0 988,441 260 256,994,660 8.3

2004 865,000 0 865,000 265 229,225,000 9.1

2005 1,301,494 0 1,301,494 216 281,416,777 9.2

2006 1,176,698 50,000 1,126,698 175 197,172,150 9.0

2007 1,258,996 55,000 1,203,996 260 313,038,960 9.3

2008 1,393,668 35,000 1,358,668 241 327,438,988 11.2

2009 1,220,080 39,000 1,220,041 324 395,293,284 8.7

2010 985,675 30,000 955,675 505 482,615,875 7.1

2011 1,139,410 35,000 1,104,410 595 657,123,950 7.6

2012 1,108,980 10,843 1,098,137 471 517,222,527 6.6

2013 1,374,338 10,000 1,374,338 377.6 518,950,028.80 8.1

2014 1,433,471 12,345 1,433,471 441.39 632,719,764.69 8.6

2015 1,498,212 13,488 1,484,724 372.15 552,540,036.60 8.7

2016 1,559,573 25,000 1,559,573 330.96 516,156,280.08 9.1

Table 1.2: Nigeria's Present Sugar Situation and f u tu r e target

PARAMETERS WHERE WE ARE (2010) WHERE WE ARE GOING (2020)

Estimated Sugar Demand (MMT) 1.41 1.75

Sugar Importation (MMT) 1.05 0

Sugar Production (MMT) 0.03 1.797

No. of Sugar Factories 2 28

Total Cane Area (000 ha) 6 224.0

Total Jobs Available 1750 Permanent 37,378 Permanent

3000 Casual 79,803 Casual

Res & Tech Innovation Low through Collaboration & poor -

World Class Through Collab
funding
oration-& better Funding

Table 1.3: Approved fiscal tariff for the plan period.

YEAR RAW SUGAR REFINED SUGAR LOCAL PRODUCTION AS % OF DEMAND

DUTY % LEVY % DUTY % LEVY %

2012 5 0 20 10 2.1
2013 10 50 20 60 5 - 10
2014-2015 10 70 20 75 20 - 30
2016-2018 10 80 20 85 40 - 75
2019-2020 10 30 20 75  – 102

Tables 1.4 and 1.5 show the approved timelines for raw sugar import
substitution under the BIP program for old and new refineries respectively
Table 1.4 Timelines for raw sugar import substitution by old refineries
Years after refinery Local production as % of Raw sugar import quota as %
commissioning refinery capacity utilization of refinery capacity utilization
1 Year 0% 100%
2 Years 10 90%
3 ― 20% 80%

4 ― 30% 70%

5 ― 40% 60%

6 ― 50% 50%

7 ― 60% 40%

8 ― 70% 30%

9 ― 80% 20%
10 100% 0

Table 1.5: Timelines for raw sugar import substitution by new refineries
 Years after Local production as % of Raw sugar import quota as %
refinery
refinery capacity utilization of refinery capacity utilization
commissioning
1 Year 0% 100%
2 Years 0% 100%
3 ― 0% 100%

4 ― 10% 90%

5 ― 20% 80%

6 ― 40% 60%

7 ― 55% 45%

8 ― 65% 35%

9 ― 75% 25%

10 ― 100% 0%

The NSMP also as part of its strategy has adopted the 'Value Chain
Approach' as the most effective means of driving the sugar industry
covering forward and backward linkages among key players illustrated in
figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 The Value chain in the sugar industry

Clearly the project being proposed by GNA falls in line with the aspiration
of the Federal government of Nigeria in general particularly the National
sugar master plan as it intends to develop a modern mill together with the
associated factories to utilize the byproducts including bagasse that will
be used to generate steam in the proposed project thus reducing fossil
fuel use. In addition GNA has already commenced the process of
establishing a 12,000ha sugarcane plantation i.e., it has already
backward integrated. Although the proposed mill by GNA is timely, there
is also little doubt that the project is a large one as it will involve large
scale manufacturing processes, influx of people from different cultures
and sensibilities, enormous use of energy including boilers and a large
number of stakeholders, which may trigger major environmental and
socio - economic impact. In r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c ts
a n d i n compliance with the provisions of the Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992 (as amended by EIA Act Cap E12
LFN 2004), GNA commissioned this ESIA study to identify and assess the

potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed sugar mill

project, evaluate alternatives and propose appropriate measures to
mitigate the significant adverse effects and enhance potential benefits
in order to ensure that the proposed project is environmentally and socio-
economically sustainable.

1.2 THE PROPONENT

Great Northern Agribusiness or GNA was incorporated in Nigeria in May
2014 as a subsidiary company wholly owned by Lee Group. The core
business of GNA is agribusiness particularly sugarcane plantation, sugar
milling, commercial sugar and its derivatives production in Nigeria. Under
an MOU signed between the Jigawa state government and Great
Northern Agribusiness limited on 30th June 2015, GNA committed itself to
establish a 1000,000 mt/year a sugar mill in Jigawa state. Lee Group, the
holding company of GNA has experience in sugarcane production as it is
a share holder in Guangxi Boqing Food Company of China since 2000.

1.3 TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE ESIA

 The Terms of Reference (ToR) for the ESIA study was prepared and
submitted to the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in line with the
requirements of the National EIA Procedural Guidelines. The ToR defined
the objectives and highlighted the scope, approach, methodology and
reporting format for the ESIA study.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA STUDY
Environmental protection is a rapidly growing concern internationally as
man‘s impact on natural resources is better understood and becomes
more pronounced (Kingston et al 2007). The potential for negative off-site
impacts by the sugar mills has led to ever-increasing scrutiny from
regulatory agencies (Anon 1994) and community and consumer groups
concerned about environmental and socio-economic sustainability. The
general objective of this ESIA is to assess the potential environmental
and socio-economic impacts of the proposed project by GNA with a
view to ensuring that it causes insignificant or no adverse impact on the
environment and socio-economic setting of the project area. The specific
objectives of the ESIA are to ensure GNA:
- Comply with all applicable national laws and regulations as well as
international requirements for environmental and socio-economic
sustainability
- Obtain environmental and socio-economic baseline data that will form
the basis for assessing the existing state of the project area
- Identify and eval ua te the po tential risks of t h e propos ed project
activities on the environment and socio-economic setting in the project
area
- Proffer appropriate measures to avoid, minimize, compensate for or
offset potential negative impacts
- P r o f f e r a p p r o p r i a t e m e a s u r e s t o enhance positive impacts of
the proposed project during its construction and operation phases
- Develop appropriate and project specific Environmental and Social
Management Plan (ESMP) that includes a monitoring plan for the
proposed project
- Provide all necessary answers to stakeholders that are likely to be
affected d i r e c tl y o r i n d i r e c tl y by the proposed project
- Provide means for adequate engagement with affected communities by
the project
- Ensure relevant environmental and socio-economic information is
disclosed and disseminated to all stakeholders
1.5 SCOPE OF THE EISA
The scope of work for the ESIA study includes:
฀ Reconnaissance survey to acquaint the ESIA team with the environmental
and socio-economic setting of the project area of influence
฀ Review of project-specific background documents and relevant
literatures
฀ Identification and review of extant national and international laws,
regulations and guidelines governing environmental protection relevant
to the project
฀ Scoping exercise to establish the scope and the boundaries of the ESIA
study
฀ One Season field data gathering (in accordance with the ToR
approved by FMEnv) and laboratory analysis of environmental data to
establish necessary information
฀ Description of the existing bio-physical and socio-economic environment
of the project area of influence
฀ Obtain primary data from field survey, FGD and laboratory analysis of soil
and water samples collected from field work as well as air quality and
noise level measurement in the project area
฀ Obtain secondary data from previous report in the area namely NSPDL
2016, JARDA for climate data and Investjigawa for socio-economic
information
฀ Full description of project activities and identification of
potential impacts associated with construction and operation phases of
the project
฀ Qualification of potential impacts, their prediction and evaluation of
their significance
฀ Identification of effective measures to avoid or reduce the effect
of identified impacts on the environment and affected communities
฀ Identification of interested and affected parties within the project area
for effective consultation and engagement
฀ Developmentof a comprehensive ESMP
฀ Preparation of ESIA report
1.6 ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The ESIA study was carried out in accordance with FMEnv‘s relevant
policies, laws, regulations and guidelines particularly the EIA Procedural
Guidelines and Sectorial Guidelines and other relevant international
treaties and agreements to which Nigeria is a party for the manufacturing
and the sugar sector.
1.6.1 Federal Ministry of Environment
The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) came into existence in
1999 with the mandate to coordinate environmental protection and
natural resources conservation for sustainable development in Nigeria. It
is the apex policy organ for all environmental policies in Nigeria. It ensures
that all local, states and Federal agencies as well companies that
operate in Nigeria comply with all extant regulations. The regulations that
govern the various human activities on the environment are vested in
many agencies under the Ministry. The main agencies are the National
 Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA)
and the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA). In
addition there is also the directorate responsible for regulation of
Environmental impact assessment EIA in the Ministry.
1.6.2 National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement
Agency (NESREA)
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency
(NESREA) was established by NESREA Act No 25 of 2007 as an agency of
the then Federal Ministry of Environment, Housing and Urban
Development (now FMEnv). By the NESREA Act, the Federal
Environmental Protection Agency FEPA Decree 58 of 1988 as amended
by Decree 59 of 1992 was repealed. NESREA is charged with the
responsibility of enforcing all environmental laws, guidelines, policies,
standards and regulations in Nigeria. It also has the responsibility to
enforce compliance with provisions of international agreements,
protocols, conventions and treaties on the environment to which Nigeria
is signatory
1.6.3 Jigawa State Ministry of Environment
The Jigawa State Ministry of Environment (JSME) was created in
September 2007. The mandate of the Ministry include to:
- Ensure sustainable development of the environment of the State
- Ensure a qualitative and healthy environment thereby ensuring the well-
being of the people of Jigawa State.
- Conserve, protect and enhance the environment, the ecosystem and
ecological processes essential for the preservation of biological diversity.
- Control and monitor all forms of environmental degradation.
- Ensure sustainable management of the State forest to meet economic,
social and ecological needs of the people of the state.
- Cooperate and collaborate with the Federal, Local Governments
and Non - Governmental Organizations (NGO), private sector and
individuals on environmental matters.
1.6.4 Jigawa State Environmental Protection Agency (JISEPA)
The Jigawa State Environmental Protection Agency (JISEPA) was
established in August, 2009 by the Jigawa State Environmental
Protection Agency Law of January 2009. The functions of the Agency
include to:
- Promote a healthy environment by ensuring sanitary solid waste
management
- Minimize waste generation and promote sorting at source, re-
use, recycling and energy recovery
- Ensure safe and nuisance free disposal of urban and rural domestic
and industrial waste in order to adequately protect public health
- Prevent or stop illegal felling of trees, encroachment into pavements,
forest reserves and plantation without the Agency‘s approval
- Issue permits, licenses, and approvals and to administer certification
system and operation procedures as may be required by law
1.6.5 Jigawa State Ministry of Lands, Housing, Urban Development and
Regional Planning
The Ministry was established to ensure proper land administration and
management in the State. The responsibilities of the Ministry include the
following:
- Establishment of a sustainable land information system that will ensure
easy access to land related data on all parcels of land in the state
towards easing the preparation of Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) on
Government land owned by individuals and corporate bodies.
- Ensuring access to land for infrastructural development
- Operation of a smooth land administration system that is customer-
friendly and one that is capable of enhancing and promoting the socio-
economic growth
- Provision of survey plans on all land parcels owned by Governments,
individuals and corporate institutions all over the state.
1.6.6 G a g a r a w a Local Government
Gagarawa Local Government where the proposed project will be sited is
one of the 27 LGAs in Jigawa State. The LGA has a Local Government
Committee (LGC) on Environment and a Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
(WASH) that is responsible for environmental issues within the LGA.
Environmental matters at the local government level are essentially
guided by the JISEPA law.
1.7 Policy and Legal Framework
The following are the extant environmental and social policies and
legislation that are applicable to the proposed project
1.7.1National Policy on the Environment 1989 (Revised 1999 and 2018)
The National Policy on the Environment describes the conceptual
framework and strategies for achieving the overall goal of
sustainable development in Nigeria. It underscores the need to put in
place policies, strategies and management approaches that will ensure
amongst others that:
- Environmental concerns are integrated into major economic decision
- making process
- Environmental remediation costs are built into major development
projects
- Economic instruments are employed in the management of natural
resources
- Environmentally friendly technologies are applied
- Environmental Impact Assessment is mandatorily carried out before
any major development project is embarked upon
The goal of the Policy in particular is to:
฀ Secure a quality of environment adequate for good health and well-
being
฀ Conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the
benefit of present and future generations
฀ Restore, maintain and enhance the ecosystems and ecological
processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve
biological diversity and the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the
use of living natural resources and ecosystems
฀ Raise public awareness and promote understanding of the essential
linkages between the environment, resources and development and
encourage individual and community participation in environmental
improvement efforts
฀ Co-operate with other countries, international organizations and
agencies to achieve optimal use of trans-boundary natural resources
and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental
degradation.

1.7.2 EIA Act No 86 of 1992 (as amended by EIA Act Cap E12 LFN 2004)
The EIA Act No. 86 of 1992 as amended by EIA Act Cap E12 LFN 2004 is
the principal legislative instrument relating to E S I A process. The Act sets
the goals and objectives of Environmental and social impact assessment
ESIA and procedures including the minimum requirements for the
conduct of ESIA of public or private projects. The Act makes ESIA
mandatory for all major development projects likely to have adverse
impacts on the environment and gives specific powers to FMEnv to
facilitate environmental assessment of projects in Nigeria.
1.7.3 Forestry Act, 1994
The Act provides for the preservation of forests and the setting up of
forest reserves. The Act makes it an offence, punishable with up to 6
months imprisonment to cut down trees over 2 feet in girth or to set fire to
forest except under special circumstances
1.7.4 Endangered Species (Control of International Trade and Traffic) Act
No. 11 of 1985
In pursuant to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species (CITES) of wild fauna and flora, to which Nigeria is a signatory, the
Federal Government of Nigeria enacted the Endangered Species
(Control of International Trade and Traffic) Act No. 11 of 1985. The Act
amongst others provides for the conservation and management of
Nigeria‘s wild life and the protection of some of her species in danger of
extinction as a result of over-exploitation
1.7.5 Harmful Wastes (Special Criminal Provisions etc.) Act No. 42 of 1988
An Act to prohibit the carrying, depositing and dumping of harmful
waste on any land, territorial waters and matters relating thereto.
Section 6 of the Act spells out the penalty for offences under the Act to
include life imprisonment for individual and appropriate punishment for
corporate bodies.

1.7.6 NESREA Act No. 25, 2007

The NESREA Act No. 25 of 30th July, 2007 established NESREA and
empowers her with the responsibility of enforcing all environmental laws,
guidelines, policies, standards and regulations in Nigeria. The Act spells
out the functions, powers, structure, staffing of the Agency as well as
financial and other miscellaneous provisions.
1.7.7JISEPA Law, 2009

The JISEPA Law promulgated on the 6th of January, 2009, established the
JISEPA and empowered it to be responsible for ensuring a sustainable
environment in Jigawa State. The Law spells out the powers and
functions of JISEPA and makes provision for the establishment of a
Board for the Agency as well as State and Local Committees on
Environment.
1.7.8 EIA Procedural Guidelines, 1995
In furtherance to its mandate of protecting the environment and
conserving natural resource, the FMEnv developed procedural and
Sectorial guidelines for developmental projects in major sectors of the
nation‘s economy in order to ensure the environmental sustainability of
these sectors through the EIA Act. The Procedural Guidelines indicate the
steps to be followed in the EIA process from project conception to
commissioning in order to ensure that the project is implemented with
maximum consideration for the environment. The Guidelines also include
the categorization of environmental projects. Projects are classified into
three categories as follows:
฀ Category I projects: Projects that will require a full EIA.
฀ Category II projects: Projects that may require only a partial EIA,
which will focus on mitigation and environmental planning measures,
unless the project is located near an ―Environmentally Sensitive Area‖
(ESA) in which case a full EIA is required.
฀ Category III projects: Projects that are considered to have ―essentially
beneficial impacts‖ on the environment, for which an Environmental
Impact Statement (EIS) will be prepared by the FMEnv.
The proposed project has been classified by the FMEnv into Category I
requiring mandatory EIA studies and a panel review meeting.
1.7.9 EIA Sectorial Guidelines for manufacturing Sector, 2013
The EIA Sectorial Guidelines for manufacturing Sector apply to this
project. These guidelines were designed to assist project proponents in
conducting detailed environmental assessment of projects with
emphasis on the significant associated and potential impacts of
such projects on the environment and Mitigation plans and measures
for minimizing or alleviating any adverse impacts as well as future
monitoring program for the sustainability of th e project area.
1.7.10 Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in
Nigeria, 1991
The Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in
Nigeria, was promulgated in March 1991 to serve as a basic instrument
for monitoring and controlling industrial and urban pollution. They relate to
six areas of concern, namely:
• Effluent limitations
• Industrial water uses at point of intake
• Industrial emission limitations
• Noise exposure limitations
• Management of solid and hazardous wastes
• Pollution abatement in industries
Specifically, it provides effluent limitation guidelines for various categories
of industries as well as water quality requirements for various industries and
processes. It also provides gaseous emissions and ambient air quality
limitations as well as guidelines for the management of solid and
hazardous wastes. It provides interim permissible limits as protective
measures against indiscriminate discharge of particulate matter and
untreated industrial effluents.
1.7.11 National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement
i n I n d u s t r i e s a n d Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulations, 1991
(S.I.No.9)
The Regulations impose restrictions on the release of toxic substances
and stipulates requirement for pollution monitoring units, machinery for
combating pollution and contingency plan by industries; requirement of
permit by industries for storage and transportation of harmful toxic
wastes; the generators liability; strategies for waste reduction; solid wastes
to be disposed of in environmentally safe manner; protection of workers
and safety requirements; and penalty for contravention.
1.7.12 National Environmental Protection (Management o f Solid
and Hazardous Wastes) Regulations, 1991 (S.I.No.15)
This Regulation makes provisions for the handling and management of
solid hazardous waste. It defines the objectives of hazardous waste
management, the functions of appropriate Governmental agencies and
the obligations of industries. It also contains the dangerous waste lists
and guidance on the management of spills and discharges into the
environment. It requires a manifest system for waste that should
include information on packaging, labeling and marking. It defines the
requirements of ground water p r o t e c t i o n , s u r f a c e i m p o u n d m e n t ,
land t r e a t m e n t , w a s t e p i l e s , e t c . It a l s o describes the hazardous
substances tracking program with a comprehensive list of acutely
hazardous chemical products and dangerous waste constituent. It also
states the requirements and procedure for inspection, enforcement and
penalty.
1.7.13 National Environmental (Sanitation and Wastes Control) Regulations,
2009, (S.I. No.28)
The purpose of the Regulation is the adoption of sustainable and
environment friendly practices in environmental sanitation and waste
management to minimize pollution. The Instrument amongst others
makes provisions for the control of solid wastes, hazardous wastes and
effluent discharges. It in addition, spells out roles and responsibilities of
State and Local Government Authorities.
1.7.14 National Environmental (Sugar Sector) Regulations, 2011(S.I.No. 25)
The principal thrust of this Regulation is to prevent and minimize pollution
from all operations and ancillary activities of the sugar Sector. The
principles of the Regulations are anchored on the 5Rs which are Reduce,
Re-use, Recycle and Recover as the primary drivers of the sector.
1.7.15 National Environmental (Soil Erosion and Flood Control)
Regulation, 2011 (S.I. No.12)
The purpose of this Regulation is to establish technically feasible and
economically reasonable standards and procedures to achieve
appropriate level of management and conservation practices to abate
soil erosion, siltation and sedimentation of the waters of Nigeria, due to
soil erosion and flood aggravated by non-agricultural earth-disturbing
activities. Part I of the Regulation apply to general information on soil
erosion and flood, while Parts II and III apply to regulated activities to
enforce soil erosion and flood control.
1.7.16 National Environmental (Noise Standards and Control) Regulations,
2009 (S.I.No. 35)
The objective of the Regulations is to ensure maintenance of a healthy
environment for all people in Nigeria, the tranquility of their surroundings
and their psychological wellbeing by regulating noise levels and generally
to elevate the standard of living of the people. The Instrument prescribes
maximum permissible noise levels of a facility or activity to which a person
may be exposed and provides for the control of noise mitigating
measures for the reduction of noise.
1.7.17 National Environmental (Surface and Ground Water Quality
Control ) Regulations, 2011 (S.I. No. 22)
The purpose of this Regulations is to protect groundwater sources by
regulating the discharge of hazardous wastes, fossil fuels and any
other substances having the potential to contaminate groundwater. The
Regulations also include amongst others, the application and general
provisions of water quality standards for various uses such as agriculture,
industrial, aquatic life and recreation.
1.7.18 National Guidelines and Standards for Water Quality in Nigeria,
FMEnv
The National Guidelines and Standards for Water quality in Nigeria was
developed by FMEnv to guide water management with regards to
maintaining safe quality of water for various uses throughout the country.
It sets out water quality guidelines and standards for various uses in order
to prevent pollution and regulate the availability of good water for
multipurpose uses. It covers major uses of water such as drinking,
recreational, fresh water aquatic life, agriculture and industrial.
1.8 NIGERIAN SOCIAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONS
1.8.1 N a t i o na l Policy on Occupational Safety and Health, 2006
The National Policy on Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is the
government‘s approach for achieving a National Development
philosophy of building a united, self-reliant and egalitarian economy
through minimizing so far as is reasonably practicable, the causes and
effects of hazards inherent in the working environment. The OSH policy
recognizes the role of the different stakeholders in achieving a safe and
healthy work environment. The objectives of the policy are to:
- Create a general framework for the improvement of working
conditions and the working environment
- Prevent accidents arising out of or the course of the work
- Ensure the provision of occupational safety and health services to
workers in all sectors of the economy.
1.8.2 Land Use Act 1978 (Modified 1990)
The Land Use Act 1978 reviewed under Cap 201, 1990 is the legal
framework for land acquisition and resettlement in Nigeria. The following
are selected relevant sections: Section 1: Subject to the provisions of this
Act, all land comprised in the territory of each State in the Federation are
hereby vested in the Governor of that State and such land shall be held
in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians
in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
Section 2: (a) All land in urban areas shall be under the control and
management of the Governor of each State; and (b) all other land,
subject to this Act, shall be under the control and management of the
local government within the area of jurisdiction in which the land is
situated. The Act gives the government the right to acquire land by
revoking both statutory and customary rights of occupancy for the
overriding public interest. In doing so, the Act specifies that the State or
Local Government should pay compensation to the current holder or
occupier with equal value.
1.8.3 Factories Act (CAP F1), 2004
The Factories Act (CAP. F1), 2004 establishes a legal framework to
provide for the registration of factories, factory workers and a wider
spectrum of workers and other professionals exposed to occupational
hazards; to make adequate provisions regarding the safety of workers to
which the Act applies and to impose penalties for any breach of its
provisions. All workplaces are covered by this Act. The Act is subdivided
into eleven (11) parts which includes general and special provisions for
Health, Safety and Welfare of workers as well as notification and
investigation of accidents and industrial diseases. All industrial
accidents and dangerous occurrences are expected to be reported to
the Director of Inspectorate or the nearest factory inspector for proper
investigations.
1.8.4 Labor Act, 1990
The Labor Act (1990) is the primary law protecting the
employment rights of individual workers. The Labor Act makes general
provisions for the protection of wages, contracts of employment as well
as terms and conditions of employment. It also makes provisions for
recruitment and identifies special classes of workers.
1.8.5 Public Health Law, 1958
This provides justification for the execution of developmental projects
under guidelines that promote health by protecting the environment
and safeguarding the humans‘ health. The Public Health Laws
empower Medical Officers of Health (operating at the local
government council, under the supervision of the State and Federal
Ministries) to ensure the promotion of good health.
1.9 NIGERIAN SUGAR SECTOR POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONS
1.9.1National Sugar Development Council NSDC Policy, 2001
The National Sugar Development Council (NSDC) was established
by Decree 88 of 1993, now an Act of the National Assembly, Act Cap. No.
78 LFN of 2004, amended in 2015,to catalyze the development of the
sugar industry with a view to ensuring that Nigeria attains at least, 70% self-
sufficiency in her sugar requirement within the shortest possible time and
even export to earn foreign exchange. The Council serves as the main
focal agency responsible for the regulation of all activities in the sugar
sub-sector ranging from production, marketing, importation and
enforcement of relevant industry standards in collaboration with relevant
government agencies. The NSDC Act was amended in 2015 to capture
and provide legal backing to some of the provisions of the Nigeria Sugar
Master Plan (NSMP).
1.9.2 National Sugar Master plan NSMP
The National Sugar Master Plan (NSMP) is a backward integration program
with projections for the development of local sugarcane plantation and
sugar production over a 10-year period. The National Sugar Development
Council Act was amended in June 2015 to support the Nigeria Sugar
Master Plan. The implementation of the NSMP started with the
commencement of one of its main strategies which is the Sugar Backward
Integration Program (BIP) in January 2013. Three (3) Refineries were
approved as BIP operators and made to sign formal commitments,
detailing a number of indicators by which their performance will be
measured. Raw sugar quotas at the concessionary tariff of 5% Duty and
5% Levy was to be allocated to operators on the basis of performance of
their BIP projects and as incentive to encourage Operators to plough
back profits to their BIP projects. The concessionary tariff was to last for 3
years in the first instance.
1.10 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
1.10.1 International Labor Organization Conventions on Occupational
Safety and health
Since its foundation in 1919, the International Labor Organization (ILO)
has elaborated and adopted a large number of international labor
Conventions directly concerned with Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH) issues. The ILO Conventions on OSH provide essential tools for
government and employers to establish practices that will protect
workers from illness, disease and injury that may arise from the workplace,
thereby ensuring maximum safety at work. ILO has adopted more than 40
conventions specifically dealing with OSH.
1.10.2 Labor Inspection Convention, 1947 (No.81)
This convention sets out a series of principles respecting the
determination of the fields of legislation covered by labor inspection, the
functions and organizations of the system of inspection, recruitment
criteria, the status and terms and conditions of service of labor inspectors,
their powers as well as obligations.
1.10.3 Tripartite Consultation (International Labor Standards) Convention,
1976 (No.144)
This convention sets forth the meaning of "representative organizations" of
employers and workers and requires ratifying states to operate
procedures that ensure effective consultations between representatives
of the government, of employers and of workers on matters regarding
OSH. Employers and workers are to be represented on an equal footing
on any bodies through which consultations are undertaken.
1.10.4Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155)
This convention provides for the adoption of a coherent national
occupational safety and health policy, as well as action to be taken by
governments and within enterprises to promote occupational safety and
health and to improve working conditions

1.10.5 Occupational Health Services Convention, 1985 (No. 161)

This convention provides for the establishment of enterprise-level
occupational health services which are entrusted with essentially
preventive functions and which are responsible for advising the
employer, the workers and their representatives in the enterprise on
maintaining a safe and healthy working environment.
Other applicable ILO OSH Conventions to which Nigeria is not signatory to
include:
- Working Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration) Convention,
1977 (No. 148)
- Chemicals Convention, 1990 (No.170)
- Safety and Health in Construction Convention, 1988 (No. 167)
- Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents, 1993 (NO.174)
1.10.6Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1989
The objective of the Basel Convention is to protect human health and the
environment against the adverse effects of hazardous wastes. Its scope of
application covers a wide range of wastes defined as ―hazardous wastes‖
based on their origin and/or composition and their characteristics, as well
as two types of wastes defined as ―other wastes‖ - household waste and
incinerator ash.
1.10.7 The United Nations Environmental Guidance Principles 1972
Provide guidelines for protecting the integrity of the global environment
and the development system
1.10.8 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity 1992
Places general obligations on countries to observe sustainable use and
equitably share the plants and animals of the earth
1.10.9United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1994
It calls on developed countries and economies to limit their emissions of
the greenhouse gases which cause global warming

1.11 STRUCTURE OF THE EISA REPORT

In line with the FMEnv EIA Procedural Guidelines, this ESIA Report is
structured into nine chapters as follows:
฀ Chapter One: Background to the project, ToR, objectives and scope of
the ESIA, applicable administrative, policy and legal framework.
฀ Chapter Two: Justification and the need
for the project.
฀ Chapter 3: Description of the proposed project, the project objectives,
components and activities of the different phases of the project.
฀ Chapter 4: The existing environment and socio-economic characteristics
of the project area
฀ Chapter 5: The Potential and Associated Environmental and Social
Impacts of the proposed project
฀ Chapter 6 : The m i ti g a ti o n and e n h a n c e m e n t m eas u res for
i d e n ti f i e d impacts
฀ Chapter 7: The ESMP and the Monitoring program.
฀ Chapter 8: Abandonment, decommissioning and remediation plans
฀ Chapter 9: Conclusions

2.0 CHAPTER TWO PROJECT JUSTIFICATION

 2.1 THE NEED FOR THE PROJECT
The need for the proposed GNA is a reflection of the phenomenal
expansion in the global sugar industry fueled by the need for sugar in
many industrial activities. In this particular project, the trend is reinforced
by the realization that Africa in general and Nigeria in particular is
competitive in sugarcane cultivation and sugar production as a result of
low cost of production relative to other competitors. Figure 2.1 illustrates
the main reasons for the need for the sugar in a developing country like
Nigeria

Figure 3.1 The reasons for the need for the proposed project
Other reasons for the need of sugar mill specific to the GNA project
include
 The mill will stimulate job creation and rural development, which are
particularly important for Jigawa state and Nigeria
 Carbon dioxide emission will be reduced as fossils based energy is
replaced by bagasse as a fuel for electricity generation
 This project is needed because under the Clean Development
Mechanism Carbon financing as a carbon emissions reduction strategy
 allows emission reduction projects in developing countries such as the
generation of electricity from bagasse in place of fossil fuel with its
attendant emission of gassess envisaged in this project to earn certified
emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one ton of CO2.
These CERs can be traded and sold, and used by industrialized countries
to meet a part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto
Protocol.
 The utilization of the by-products to manufacture valuable products such
as particle board, organic fertilizer and gourmet powder envisaged in the
proposal will enhance resource use.
 A further need for the GNA proposed project stems from global quest to
place of Africa on an all inclusive development has in recent years
focused on the need to improve the productivity of agriculture, in
particular the sugar sector which is considered the strategic economic
sector in many developing economies including Nigeria where
agricultural activities provide the best potential for labor absorption and
livelihood improvements in rural areas.
2.2 BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT

The benefits of the project being proposed by GNA include the following
•Increased in sugar and other sugar related products is required for
economic development in Jigawa state, Nigeria and the West African
region
• Sugar is a major food item and a source of highly needed calories
•Cane tops and molasses are important dietary supplements for livestock.
•Refined sugar is an essential raw material in food processing, beverage
manufacture and parmaceuticals amongst others.
• Byproducts of the sugar mill being proposed by GNA will be used in the
production of many needed products, such as particle board, gourmet
and organic fertilizer
• Bagasse which has proved to be a nuisance to sugar mills in terms of
disposal will be combusted to produce steam and electricity thus
providing an alternative method of disposal for the mill.
• By using the bagasse to generate steam the plant will be self sufficient in
energy requirements and hence providing an alternative renewable
energy source
• Production of renewable non fossil energy will reduce carbon emission
and hence a cleaner environment
• Nigeria can make huge savings in foreign exchange that i s n o w
spent on sugar importation through import substitution.
 Employment opportunities both direct and indirect are one of the
long-term major impacts of the project that will be realized from the
proposed project.
• Poverty reduction, social infrastructure, rural industrialization etc, are
other gains from the sugar sector.
• Prevent dumping of cheap sugar into Nigeria thereby giving opportunity
for more sugar industries to be established

• Reduce current over reliance on imported raw sugar (accounting for

over 98% of total sugar need of Nigeria), thus ensuring food security for
Nigeria

 Improved livelihood i n t h e p r o j e c t a r e a a n d J i g a w a s t a t e
through the provision of improved economic opportunities.
 Acquisition of new skills through technology transfer to Nigerians.
 Boost to local and regional economy through award of
contracts for project development.
• The improvement in local infrastructure, heath centers, schools and
other social amenities are expected to come up as a result of the project
implementation will open up of marginal areas and eventually an
increase in rural development.
• The project will also act as a check to rural urban migration from the
area through direct participation of the rural families in the project area.
•The proposed project is expected to boost security within and around
the neighborhood as it will improve the lighting in the surrounding areas; in
addition, there will be several security guards on duty hence enhancing
security.
• There will be positive gain in government revenue from the various taxes
which include income taxes, Value Added taxes (VAT), local government
rates, etc.
2.3 VALUE OF THE PROJECT
The total project cost was initially Eighty million Dollars (USD 80 million), but
has risen to USD150million. A substantial part of the cost of the project will
be spent in Nigeria and will thus improve the overall national and
regional socio-economic conditions, trade and revenue generation. The
project cost also includes cost of setting up and implementation of
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programmes to improve livelihood
and make life better especially for the project‘s host communities.
2.4 ENVISAGED SUSTAINABILITY
2.4.1Environmental Sustainability
A sugar mill processes sugarcane to white sugar. In the sugar industry,
residues are generated, in particular filter cake, mud, boiler residues,
effluent water some cleaning and regeneration chemicals, spent solid
adsorbent and miscellaneous wastes. Molasses is a co-product of sugar
mills. Sugar processing has the advantage that no toxic or hazardous
residues or wastes are produced. In addition, carbon dioxide emission is
reduced where fossils is replaced by bagasse/trash as a fuel source for
electricity as envisaged in this project (Allen et al. 1997, Rogers et al.
2001).Wang et al. (2008) estimated an emission reduction of 78 % relative
to gasoline. Other products to come from the waste include organic
fertilizer, gourmet powder, animal feed and particle board leading to
efficient utilization of environmental resources.
In addition, the environmental sustainability of the proposed project by
GNA will be assured by ensuring GNA will establish the best practice to
manage all the identified waste from the operation by ensuring that they
are avoided, minimized, compensated for or offset through the effective
implementation of mitigation measures.
2.4.2 Economic Sustainability
The proposed project is the production of sugar using sugarcane
available within the project area specifically from the plantation owned
by GNA as well as from out growers in the vicinity and beyond. The
readily available locally produced sugar from the proposed project will
make cheap and readily available sugar to Jigawa state and Nigeria as
well as reduce the dependence on foreign supply thereby reducing food
insecurity, dependency and drain to Nigeria‘s foreign exchange. The
employment generation and the additional infrastructures associated
with the project will improve livelihood of the rural community thereby
ensuring economic sustainability. In addition, various industries that use
sugar as input such as confectionary, beverages, that hitherto use
imported sugar with attendant shortages and price fluctuation as a
result of volatility in foreign exchange price will be assured of steady
supply. Furthermore, Increased business, commercial and income
generation envisaged will inevitably lead to increased government
revenue at the Local, State and Federal government levels. In addition
the proposed project has the potential of skill transfer to Nigerians not only
on the technical level but in the managerial and marketing spheres. The
skill transfer will in the long term increase the capacity of Nigerians for the
long term sustainability of its economy.
2.4.3 Social Sustainability
A stakeholders‘ engagement process designed for the proposed project
will ensure social sustainability of the project. GNA is especially committed
to Corporate Social Responsibility programmes targeted at
improving the socio-economic and health status in project affected
communities. The program will promote education and development of
human capacity. It will also employ as many local inhabitants of Jigawa
State as possible during all phases of the project and transfer replicable
skills to Nigerians and inhabitants of Jigawa state to the greatest degree
possible. The project once in operation will provide the Jigawa state,
Nigeria and the West African region with an indigenous and cheap
source of sugar, particle board and gourmet powder which will in turn
enhance social development.
2.4.4 Technical Sustainability
Research remains a key element of a successful and technically
sustainable industry, as demonstrated by the Brazilian example that over
the last 35 years not only diversified into ethanol but other derivatives of
biomass and molasses. GNA in realization of the need to be sustainable
will leverage on the latest technological research by its subsidiaries and
associated sugar mills in China. Further, in view of the regulatory
requirements in place in Nigeria vide the extant rules and regulations in
the EIA act and other regulations by the FMEnv, GNA will ensure that is in
compliance to all extant regulations and will thus ensure all its production
takes place in a technically sustainable environment. To further ensure
technical sustainability of the project, GNA will construct the plant in line
with the most stringent Nigerian and international standards using tier-
one equipment and experienced Engineering, Procurement and
Construction (EPCs) contractors.
2.5 Project Alternatives and Development Options
2.5.1 Project Alternatives
2.5.1.1Site Alternatives
Two possible sites were initially identified and assessed for the proposed
GNA sugar mill project. The two sites are: (I) Site No. 1 Gagarawa (ii) Site
No. 2 Dannani. The sites are shown in figure 2.1

Figure 2.1 Sites location considered

Alternative Site 1 Gagarawa
The proposed site by GNA is site No.1, Gagarawa. The land is
approximately 1000 ha of farmland with no settlement out of which 100 ha
will be used for the mill and its auxiliaries. The site is adjacent to the
experimental farm and is on the highway linking Gagarawa with Gumel.
A major disadvantage of the site is that it is separated by the main
Gagarawa – Gumel highway from the plantation. The consequence of
this is that based on the projected 1,000,000 tons per a num of sugarcane
from the plantation, a truck will cross the highway to the mill every 2
minutes – this clearly portends enormous risk to members of the
community and all other people using the highway. The risk of RTA
accident is thus evident. Secondly, the increased traffic movement will
bring about enormous use of fuel to power the vehicles which will result in
substantial emission that will lead to significant carbon footprint by the
project. The cost of fuelling and the number of required are so high that it
will make the operation costly and economically unsustainable. Also since
sugarcane haulage in this site will occur on public road, the local traffic
rules and regulations have to be obeyed to prevent accidents and
damage to the infrastructure and this can inevitably prevent GNA from
the use of long trailers which are more efficient. Use of such vehicles can
lead the number of vehicles needed to move cane to the mill in this site to
be reduced by 50 %. Thus this site is socially, economically and
environmentally not sustainable.
Alternative Site 2: Dannani
The alternative site No., 2 is Dannani and consists of expanse of
farml and in the center of the proposed GNA sugarcane
pl antation. A major advantage of the site is the reduction in the
transport sorties from the plantation to the mill. Because harvesting and
transport operations is usually a cost unit of sugarcane production. For
instance, in a typical mill harvesting and transport accounts for 27%, of the
total cost of operation while cane production accounts for 31% and sugar
processing 42%, consequently, every effort should be made to optimize
this system and keep costs to a minimum. It is also critical that the system
feeding the mill should ensure that there is a consistent supply of clean,
fresh sugarcane. A further reason for selection of the site is the realization
that during the harvesting season sugar mills operates in a continuous
process where the sugarcane is supplied from several production areas
known as ―harvesting fronts‖. Regardless of the harvesting system used,
manual or mechanized, these units are responsible for harvesting and
loading the stalks in trucks and trailers for transportation to the mill. The
―harvesting fronts‖ need to be strategically located so as to have an
average weighted transport distance compatible with the fleet capacity
to keep the mill in constant operation, in a condition that could be
considered as just in time, working with very low machinery idle time, a
sugarcane stock close to zero, and each operation fully depending of the
activities before and after it. It is common, in some mills, to have
discontinuity between the delivery of cane to the mill and the milling
operation throughout the day due to transport distance with negative
impacts on investment and labor costs.
In addition the considerably longer distance to be covered if site 1 were
chosen has negative impact on emission levels and cost of diesel.
According to Macedo et al. (2008) the fuel consumption for operations
involving the production of one ton of sugarcane was 2.64 l/t over 10 km
and accounts for about 30% of the diesel used throughout the agricultural
cycle. The distance covered and fuel use are directly correlated with the
amount of green house gas emission, thus locating the mill as close as
possible to the source of sugarcane will substantially reduce costs as well
as emission and will ensure environmental sustainability of the project.
Furthermore, locating the harvest fronts and the harvesting areas, as close
as possible to the the mill will minimize the risk of RTA substantially.
Preferred site
The preferred site is the alternative site No. 2 Dannani which is within the
center of the plantation. The site was considered as the more viable
because it is the site likely to pose fewer environmental and social
concerns such as reduced risk of RTA, emission of noxious gases and cost
of transport as opposed to the other site 1 in Gagarawa which may have
larger environmental, social and economic footprints particularly in view
of the significant transport sortie required.
2.5.1.2 Sugar production Technology Alternatives
Alternative 1 – Traditional technology

In traditional sugar mills backpressure turbo generators are used.This results

in the energy contained in sugarcane to be underutilized because such
mills are designed in such a way that they utilize almost all the bagasse
they produce for thermal energy and electrical power generation which
hinders making use of the energy in the excess bagasse that could have
been generated. A typical traditional sugar mill can produce 250-280 kg
bagasse per ton of cane processed and this in turn can be used for the
generation of 500-600 kg of steam per ton of cane (i.e., about 2kg steam/
kg bagasse). A sugar mill can produce as high as 320 kg of bagasse per
ton of cane processed (ISO, 2009). Also in such mills having excess
bagasse in the end of the season is not practical as during off-season
there is no possibility to utilize the bagasse for energy purposes other than
to sell to other stakeholders as a fuel, for example in pellet form. This
makes the cogeneration system in traditional mills inefficient as they will
be forced to utilize almost all the bagasse they produce. Besides, such
mills are built as stand-alone units and where there is no national grid
connection, it will limit the mill from generating surplus power even if the
potential for this is present. The other reason why the energy in sugarcane
is not fully exploited in the traditional mills is due to the fact that, during
harvesting of the cane, the cane trash (tops and leaves) which contain
1/3 of the energy contained in sugar cane plant are burned in the field in
the case of countries that do not use mechanized harvesting. The fact
that energy demand is increasing worldwide especially in developing
countries such as Nigeria in general and the project area, looking into the
energy potential of sugar mills has been one alternative to address the
shortage of energy supply in a form of electric power (Kamate and
Gangavati, 2009). Besides, the energy demands of sugar mills themselves
have increased as more downstream activities (effluent treatment plants,
etc.) are being developed. Although, most traditional sugar mills where
modern equipment like high pressure boilers and turbo alternators are not
installed are usually self-sufficient in their power generation and in some
well operated mills they can even generate excess power during crushing
seasons, such mills cannot however, guarantee year round excess power
production due to the fact that sugar cane harvesting is seasonal.
Alternative 2 More efficient Co-generation system
Introducing more efficient cogeneration systems which consists basically
of high pressure Steam Rankine Cycle cogeneration systems (Kamate and
Gangavati 2009, Deshmukh, et. al., 2013) is the most widely practiced
method of generating surplus electric power based on cogeneration are
well matured and suited to fuels like bagasse. This method has been
widely implemented in countries like Brazil (Brazilian Sugarcane industry
Association (UNICA) 2013). Mauritius [ISO, 2009], and India (Kamate and
Gangavati, 2009). Most modern cogeneration units of sugar mills operate
with boilers having live steam parameters as high as 45-80 bar and over
450ᵒC. This indicates that the boiler efficiencies in the modern
cogeneration improves greatly resulting in the generation of surplus
power owing to the fact that the higher steam parameters of the live
steam have been expanded in the power turbines. The combined use of
high pressure boilers with condensing steam extraction turbines, electric
drives instead of steam drives, and other steam reduction measures results
in even more surplus power (Kamate and Gangavati, 2009). Furthermore,
improvements of using the cogeneration systems have been developed
which include: steam consumption reduction in the crystallizers, installing
continuous vacuum pans, increasing the number of effects of multiple
evaporators and use of maximum vapor bleeding in multiple effect
evaporators. Regarding energy efficiency measures at the cogeneration
unit of sugar mills, the most common modifications in the cogeneration
units include, installing higher efficiency boilers, introducing more
compact and efficient electric drives that replace the conventional
steam turbines that produce mechanical power, installing cane diffusers
in place of mill rollers in order to decrease electrical power consumption,
use of condensing steam extraction turbines together with high efficiency
boilers, and bagasse drying (ISO,2009).
Preferred Sugar processing Technology

The cogeneration systems which vary based on specific needs is the

preffered technology for the GNA mill. These technologies can generate
more power and involves usage of all the available bagasse during the
crushing season and allows production of surplus power even during off-
season by operating the turbine in condensing mode (Pippo and Luengo,
2013). Kamate (2009) states that BIG-CC/GT/STIG systems have a potential
to generate up to 270-275 kWh electrical energy/tc whereas sugar mills
using condensing extraction turbines can generate 115-120 kWh electrical
energy/tc. ISO (2009) has further shown that the surplus electrical energy
production potential of BIG-GT system is 250-300 kWh/tc and that of the
existing high pressure technology is only120 kWh/tc. According to
Deshmukh et al., (2013) conventional CEST cogeneration systems with 30
bar, 340 ᵒC, and mechanical drives can generate a net electrical energy
of 46 kWh/tc and out of this 26 kWh/tc can be exported to the grid. On
the other hand, modern CEST cogeneration systems with the same steam
parameters but equipped with electric drives, can generate a net
electrical energy of 82 kWh/tc and out of this 45 kWh/tc can be exported
to the grid. The study also shows that, modern CEST cogeneration systems
with higher steam parameters (80 bar,480ᵒC) and electric drives, can
generate a net electrical energy of 103 kWh/tc. Out of this, surplus
electrical energy can amount 66 kWh/tc.
2.6 Development Options
2.6.1 No Project Option
This option implies that the proposed project will not be implemented.
This option if adopted will represent a major setback for the initiatives and
efforts of Federal Government of Nigeria as contained in the NSDC of
2003 and the NSMP of 2006. These are frameworks that the Nigerian
government have put together to encourage private sector participation
in the systematic exploitation of the sugar sector through the whole value
chain of plantation cultivation, processing marketing and allied products.
The target set in the NSMP specifies expected contribution of locally
produced sugar to account for 90% of Nigerian total sugar need by
2020. If the proposed project is not implemented, the nation will be
denied the inherent economic benefits of the project including job
creation, improved livelihood, poverty reduction and increased revenue
generation to government. In addition, adopting this option will lead to
the loss of the initial investment made so far by the proponent. This option
is thereby considered not socially, economically and environmentally
favorable and therefore rejected.
2.6.2 Delayed Project Option
The delayed project option implies that the project will be suspended
and implemented in the future. This option may prolong the realization of
target set in the NSMP as indicated above. In addition, the situation of
sugar supply in Nigeria will remain the same with grave implication for the
economic development of Nigeria. Furthermore, this option is not
economically sustainable as the initial expenditure on preliminary studies
and investigations regarding the project will go to waste. The project cost
may also increase significantly given the unstable currency and
exchange rate of Nigeria. This option is thereby rejected because it is
socially and economically unsustainable.
2.6.3 Immediate Project Implementation
This option implies that the project will go ahead as planned. Adoption
of this option will ensure the realization of the numerous benefits of
the project especially the associated socio-economic benefits to the
project are, Jigawa state and the nation as a whole.

3.0 CHAPTER THREE PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 THE NATURE AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

The GNA proposed project is the establishment a sugar mill described as
category 1 based on the ToR approved by the FMEnv. Plate 3.1 shows an
architectural illustration of the mill and its associated plants
Plate 3.1 Architectural illustration of the proposed GNA sugar mill and
associated facilities
The project covers an area of 1000ha out of which 100 ha will be used for
the construction of the mil and its auxiliaries. The layout of the site is shown
in figure 3.1. The project is to manufacture white sugar granules from raw
sugarcane in Gagrawa, Jigawa state. The raw sugarcane will come from
a plantation located in the area owned by GNA in addition to supply of
sugarcane from out growers. In the second phase of the project by waste
generated from the mill will be used to produce high quality fertilizer,
particle board, and gourmet powder. Figures 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6
show some of the machinery to be used in proposed GNA project.

Figure 3.1 Project lay out plan

Figure 3.2: Organic Fertilizer plant (From Mud, Bagasse and other waste)

Figure 3.3: Particle Board plant(For Furniture Manufacture)

Figure 3.4 Gourmet powder plant: (From Molasse as Raw Material)

Figure 3.5: Utility facilities: Vocational School, clinic, fire station and
Mosque

3.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of the p r o p o s e d project is to e s t a b l i i s h a
s u g a r m i l l t o p r o c e s s s u g a r c a n e i n t o white sugar granules for
human consumption and to produce allied products specifically organic
fertilizer, gourmet powder, particle board and electricity from the
byproducts generated. The Specific objectives of the project are to:
฀ Construct a sugar mill to meet the most stringent extant Nigerian and
international standards using tier-one machinery and latest process
technology
฀ Deliver a return to shareholders that adequately reflects the risk of their
investment
฀ Minimize wherever possible physical and/or economic displacement of
local people in accordance with FMEnv guidelines
฀ Provide the State of Jigawa and surrounding areas with an indigenous
source of sugar, fertilizer, gourmet powder, and particle board at a
reasonable price, which will in turn enable further economic
development.
฀ Endeavour to employ as many local inhabitants of Jigawa State as
possible during all phases of the project, and to transfer replicable
skills to Nigerians especially inhabitants of Jigawa State to the greatest
degree possible.
3.3. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE
The proposed project development schedule is arranged systematically
with consideration to the synergy of the various inter related units and
infrastructure needed by the project. Table 3.1 shows the project
schedule.
The main components of the project are
 Construction of phase 1 of the sugar mill factory. The design and
construction of all structures and associated facilities for production will
take place from 2017 – 2020
 Test operation of phase 1 of the sugar mill between 2021 – 2022
 Full operation of sugar mill at full capacity between 2022 - 2023
Table 3.1 GNA Sugar mill project schedule
Activities 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Construction of Sugar
 Factory (Phase 1)
Test Operation of
Sugar Factory (Phase
1)

Full Operation of
Sugar Factory (Phase
1)

3.4 THE SUGAR MILL

A typical sugar production process involves sugar cane harvesting, cane
preparation, juice extraction, clarification, filtration, evaporation, sugar
boiling (crystallization), centrifugation and sugar drying. Figure 7 illustrates
a simplified production process from sugar cane. Figure 3.6 is schematic
figure of a typical milling process.

Figure 3.6 A typical milling process.

The production of refined sugar starts with the washing of the raw sugar
with near-saturated syrup and sweet water (i.e., water containing
sufficient sugar to remove the thin molasses on the crystal surface). This is
followed by centrifugation, remelting of the affined sugar crystals and
syrup clarification through either phosphatation or carbonation and
decolorization. The clarified and decolorized sugar liquors undergo
evaporation and crystallization processes. Figure 3.7 illstrate the process of
sugar processing.

Figure 3.7 Raw and refined sugar manufacturing process (Yang, El-
Enshasy, and Thongchul, (eds) 2013)

A brief description of a typical sugar process is made as follows:

3.4.1 Harvesting
Harvesting of sugar cane can be done either manually or mechanically.
Sometimes, burning of sugar cane field is done before manual harvesting,
in order to facilitate cutting the cane for field workers. Several countries
are shifting to green harvesting methods (Herrera, CM 1999) as sugar
cane field burning causes environmental pollution and loss of the cane
straw which contains 30 % of the energy available in the sugar cane plant
(Olivério and Ferreira, 2010).
 Cane preparation:
The preparation of sugar cane is a very important step which affects the
extraction of juice during milling. Since the sugar content of the sugar
cane degrades, the cane needs to be delivered to the milling station in
less than 24 hours after harvesting. Before the cane is transferred to the
crushing section, it is usually washed to remove dirt that has been
transported with the cane from the harvest field. Sugar cane plants use
32-316 liters of water per second and the waste water after the cane
washing is either recycled or disposed (U.S. Departement of Health,
Education and Welfare 1959).

 Extraction:
The next step is to chop up the washed cane in preparation for crushing.
This step is skipped if the sugarcane was harvested by machines because
it is usually the harvester that cuts the cane stalks into pieces. These
chopped up cane stalks are then crushed and milled to extract the sugar
juice. Bagasse is produced as a by-product which is usually sent to boilers
for burning. The equipment for milling can involve milling rollers, rotating
knives, and shredders (which require additional energy and equipment).
For the extraction of the juice from the cane, a process called imbibition is
used. This is a process where water or juice is added in counter current
pattern (see Figure 3.8) in order to extract juice as it travels from mill to mill.
Figure 3.8 A simplified illustration of sugar extraction process SKIL (Sugar
Knowledge International,2014).
There are variations in the type of machineries used in the sugar mill.
Figure 3.9 shows the machineries proposed by GNA.

Figure 3.9: Cane Extraction and Juice Clarification Machineries

The juice that leaves the final mill is called mixed juice and its typical sugar
content is 15 % (wt %)(SKILL, 2014). Bagasse contains 46-52% moisture, 43-
52% fiber and some ash (sand and grit from the field (SKILL,2014, WADE,
2004) . A typical sugar cane physical composition can be 12-14% fiber
which generates 25- 30 tons of bagasse (50% moisture content) per 100
tons of cane and 10 tons of sugar (SKILL, 2014). During the milling process,
cane juice is produced which is the main input for sugar production and
ethanol. Not all sugar mills produce sugar and ethanol together. Ethanol is
produced depending on the market demand and the mill design. In Brazil
however, most of the sugar mills (around 430) can produce both products
(Sugarcane, 2014).
3.4.4 Clarification:
This involves separation of impurities from the juice by adding flocculants
which will react with organic material and precipitation of non-sugar
debris (mud) will follow. The clarification process gives clear juice to be
sent to the evaporation process and mud which juice will be filtered
further (Hugot,1986)
3.4.5 Filtration:
This involves the filtration of the mud from the clarification process in order
to separate suspended matter and insoluble salts formed (fine bagasse is
entrained with these) from the juice (Hugot, 1986, SKILL, 2014).
3.4.6 Evaporation:
The clear juice obtained from the filtration and clarification process will be
concentrated to form syrup called molasses by heating it with a low
pressure steam in sets of vessels called multiple effect evaporators. The
use of multiple effect evaporation is a common practice in sugar mills
(typical numbers of effects is quadruple). As can be seen from the stream
lines of the single evaporator vessel in figure 3.10, primarily exhaust steam
(in case of the first vessel) or vapour from previous vessel is fed to a certain
vessel. As the juice travels along the vessels it gets more and more
concentrated as water is evaporated from it. The vapour obtained from
the juice is used in other parts of the sugar/ethanol process (Pellegrini and
Junio, 2011) or is wasted (U.S. Departement of Health, Education and
Welfare 1959).
The parameter juice Brix (expressed in degrees Brix) refers to the weight
percent total solids (both sugar and non-sugar) in the juice (NETAFIM,
2014). The design of the multiple effect evaporators is such that the syrup
has 60-70° Brix for raw sugar production and 50-60° Brix for white sugar
production. The evaporation process is energy intensive (Hugot, 1986).
The principle behind the multiple effect arrangement is that the vapor
produced from previous evaporator vessel is fed to the next vessel to
evaporate the water from the juice and it is operated at a lower
temperature and pressure. The vacuum to be achieved at the last effect
is recommended to correspond to a boiling point of 55°C. As stated by
Hugot (1986), the overall temperature drop (from inlet to outlet of the
whole evaporator set) range of evaporation in the multiple effects is 55-
60°C which means the difference between 115 or 110 and 55°C in
absolute temperatures. The number of effects affects the amount of
exhaust steam that is needed to drive the first effect thus more number of
effects will result in less exhaust steam needed for the first effect (SKILL,
2014).
Figure 3.10 A single evaporator vessel

3.4.7 Crystallization (sugar boiling)

This process involves formation of crystals from the syrup which usually
takes place in simple effect vacuum pans. The steam for the sugar boiling
is usually obtained from the vapor bled from multiple effect evaporators
(Pellegrini and Junior, 2011).
3.4.8 Centrifugation
This process separates the crystals from the molasses to get raw inedible
sugar. Batch centrifuges are more common in traditional sugar mills but
continuous centrifuges are also becoming widely used in newly built sugar
mills (Hugot, 1986). Usually in the conventional sugar mills, a set of
centrifuges is driven by a system where hydraulic motors having
adjustable pumps are driven by motors. The acceleration and
deceleration of the centrifuges can be done by adjusting the pumps. In
such arrangements, a centrifuge which is being accelerated gets
indirectly driven by a decelerating centrifuge as the latter will regain
energy as it decelerates and drives a hydraulic motor which in turn
enables pumping fluid allowing the pump to act as a motor for the
accelerating centrifuge (Kurt and Werner, 1972).

3.4.9 Evaporation
Evaporation is the heart of a sugar mill, and its configuration largely
determines the steam economy (Grimwood, Thewlis and Thompson 2002).
The steam/cane ratio is dependent on the evaporator arrangement;
where no ethanol or power export is involved, the steam requirement is
likely to be around 550 to 600 kg/tonne cane, whereas when energy
efficiency is paramount, this ratio should be < 400 kg/tonne cane
(International Sugar Organization 2001).
3.4.10 Syrup clarification
This is a simple and cost effective process, used particularly where a
better sugar quality is required. It will reduce suspended solids content of
the product sugar and lead to a color reduction in the sugar of around 15
% (Briggs,1997). Additional sulfitation is sometimes used to gain further
color reductions, to produce PWS (Don et. al., 1977). However it invariably
results in the sugar exceeding the SO2 content of the product. Syrup
clarification in conjunction with phosphatation has been used with
success to replace syrup sulfitation in mill producing plantation white
sugar. It produces a lower color sugar and also has the benefit of
significantly reducing the residual SO2 content of the sugar (Jensen and
Schumann, 2001).This is the process proposed by GNA. Figures 3.11 and
3.12 show the machineries proposed by GNA

Figure 3.11 Pan boiling and centrifugal system of the proposed GNA mill
Figure 3.12: Plant Auxiliaries and Automated System
3.4.11 Boiler ash scrubber systems
Boilers are ubiquitous in sugar mills. Figure 3.13 shows the boiler to be used
in the proposed GNA mill. The boiler type is measured by its efficiency
determined by the design of the boiler and the way it is operated. The
most significant effect on efficiency is the degree of heat recovery from
the boiler gases (Dixon,Joyce andTreloar,1998). Older boilers were usually
installed to generate steam at lower pressures, typically 21 bar. New
installations are often at 64 bar; above this pressure the capital costs of
boilers and turbo-alternators show substantial increases. If steam
efficiency is a priority, regular measurements of boiler efficiencies should
be carried out. Measuring losses and subtracting these from 100 is the
easier and more accurate way of measuring efficiency.
Figure 3.13: Boiler, Turbine Generator and Auxiliaries
3.4.12 Drying
Sugar needs to be dried and cooled to improve handling and minimize
loss and color formation in storage, enhanced by temperature and length
of time in storage. Sugar should always go into storage at a temperature
below 40 °C, and preferably lower and so adequate cooling must be
provided. Color formation is lower in high pol than in low quality sugars.
Even at 30 °C, raw sugar color has been observed in some instances to
increase in color by 50 to 100% (Kumar and Rao 2000). Apart from
temperature, the most important parameter is the Safety Factor, SF: SF =
100 x moisture/ (100 – pol) where moisture is the % moisture in the sugar
and pol represents the polarization in °Z. The SF should be < 0.25 to
minimize deterioration in storage; thus at 98.5 pol, moisture must be less
than 0.375% and at 99.3 pol, moisture must be < 0.175%. The type of drier
may be rotary cascade, rotary louver or fluidized bed. The latter is more
often used as a cooler rather than a drier on raw sugar, as this type of
drier does not easily handle occasional feed of wet sugar.
This is the final step in the processing of raw sugar before it is packed. The
drying process facilitates suitable storage of the raw sugar and inhibits
micro-organism development. Prior to drying, raw sugar has a water
content ranging 0.5-2% and after drying with hot air the water content
can be reduced to 0.2 and 0.5%. Drying is done with air which is
preheated with steam. The air should not be heated beyond 95°C-100 °C
(Hugot,1986).
3.4.13 Co-generation in sugar cane industries

Cogeneration is a process of producing both electricity and thermal

energy (heat and /or cooling) from a common fuel input (See Figure 3.14
for co-generation from bagasse). Bagasse cogeneration was pioneered
in Mauritius and Hawaii. In 1926/27, 26 % of Mauritius‘ and 10% of Hawaii‘s
electricity generation was coming from sugar mills.The total efficiency of
the plant increases by about 50% when co-generation is adopted than a
separate generation of electricity and power. Traditional sugar mills are
self-sufficient in generating their own heat and power even if the co-
generation systems of such sugar mills are of low-steam-temperature
installations. On the other hand, high efficiency co-generation units
equipped with higher efficiency boilers enable surplus electricity
generation and allow sugar processing with cheaper heat. Regardless of
the fact that most mills are energy self-sufficient, the traditional equipment
in their cogeneration units are not allowing surplus power production for
sales to the grid. Presently, there is an awareness created regarding the
advantage of having more efficient cogeneration systems in order to
improve the power generation and thus be able to produce surplus
power (Kamate and Gangavati,2009). Traditional sugar mills with no
export of electrical power to the grid generally generate 10-20 kWh
electrical energy/tc and consume 480-550 kg steam/tc(Kamate and
Gangavati, 2009). Modern sugar mills with efficient cogeneration system
installations generate electrical energy in the range of 115-120 kWh/tc.
Another way of increasing surplus power is by adopting process steam
saving techniques. Studies show that reduction of steam consumption
from 500 to 350 kg/tc increases the surplus power by 24%.

Figure, 3. 14 Bagasse co-generation scheme WADE, (2004)

Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel available. It does not lead to
particulate emissions and has very low sulfur content, so SOx emissions are
negligible (BSI, 2008). If coal or fuel oil is to be used, the fuel with the
lowest sulfur content should be chosen. Should the coal have high sulfur
content, particular attention needs to be given the outlet flue gas end of
the boiler due to possible very aggressive corrosion (Field et al. 1992).
Particulate emissions from boilers are probably the most important
emission needing appropriate removal plant and equipment. Gaseous
emissions in most cases are not an issue. Sugar mills are particularly
fortunate in being able to utilize bagasse as a fuel to supply all their
energy needs. This represents a great cost saving and results in products
with a very small carbon.
Bagasse contains most of the fibrous material in the cane fed to the mill,
from which a large proportion of the juice has been removed (Magasiner
1996). It has a low bulk density and, being fibrous in nature (Kong et, al.,
2001), is difficult to handle as a solid. It also produces dust, which can
represent a serious fire hazard and a health hazard under certain
conditions (Getaz Archibald and Love 2006). It is not corrosive but it
contains sand that was delivered with the cane and so can be abrasive . It
may also choke quite readily and any chutes used in transporting
bagasse have to be diverging to ensure that choking does not occur.
Bagasse has a moisture content that can vary between 46 and 55 g/100
g bagasse. The ash content of bagasse is very variable, being largely
determined by the field soil or dirt in the cane processed (Belting and
Semrau 2009). Because of the dirt in the bagasse, handling of bagasse
can lead to substantial wear on equipment due to its abrasive nature.
Bagasse is not a homogeneous material (Magasiner, et.al. 2002). It
consists of a mixture of fiber and pith having very different particle shapes
and aspect ratios. A sugar mill is fortunate in having bagasse available to
serve as a fuel for supplying all its energy needs (Amaral et.al.
2008).However, it is also important to ensure that all the bagasse is
consumed at the sugar mill. If not, a surplus of bagasse can build up very
rapidly and the mill then has a costly solid residue disposal problem. This
may require that sufficient boiler furnace capacity is provided to burn all
the bagasse (Dawson et. al., 1995). A key future of the proposed GNA mill
is the utilization of its bagasse to generate steam and electricity to power
its operation.
4.0 CHAPTER FOUR DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE PROJECT
AREA

4.1 PROJECT AREA OF INFLUENCE

The mil is to be located about in Gagarawa local government area tof

Jigawa State. Figure 4.1 shows the map of the study area. The site of the
proposed mill is located within latitude 11.8824N and longitude 10.2367E.
The site is shown in figure 4.1. The project area likely to be affected by the
project, including all its ancillary units, such as areas that will supply the
raw sugarcane in the plantation owned by GNA as well as in the out
grower scheme. O t h e r a r e a s include disposal areas, construction
camps, as well as unplanned developments shown in figure 4.2. This
represents the geographical area where the project induced changes to
the biophysical and socio-economic environment will occur.
4.2 Data Acquisition Method
This Environmental impact Assessment was conducted in order to establish
the likely impact of the proposed project by GNA on the environment
and socio- economic setting of the project area as well as the measures
that are needed to reduce or avoid the effects. In order to achieve the
aim, it is imperative to fully characterize the environmental and socio-
economic setting prior to the commencement of the project. The
methodology for data collection to characteristics the study is illustrated
in figure 4.3
4.3 STEPS OF DATA GENERATION

4.3.1 Reconnaissance Survey

A reconnaissance survey of the proposed project area to acquaint the
ESIA team with the nature of the environmental and socio-economic

setting of the area was undertaken on 21st March, 2018. Preliminary

baseline information was obtained at this stage through physical
observations and interviews with key informants. The Managing consultant
led the team.
Figure 4.1 Satellite image of the project site
Figure 4.2 Project area of influence
Figure 4.3 Schematic plan of this ESIA study
4.3.2 Desktop Studies/Literature Review

The ESIA team conducted a thorough and comprehensive search and

review of available literature and other information on the proposed
project environment which include reports of previously conducted
environmental assessments in the p r o j e c t a r e a , meteorological
data, r e l a t e d studies and technical reports.

4.4 TYPES OF DATA COLLECTED

4.4.1 Baseline Data

The main parameters of the physical environment are climate, ambient

air, noise, soils, geology, hydrology, groundwater, vegetation, wildlife and
socio-economic data such as demographics, culture, education,
employment, economy, livelihood, income, infrastructure, social services,
social organizations and institutions, community organization and health,
etc.

4.5 DATA SOURCES

The sources of baseline data is primary information collected from a one

season (wet season) field data collection carried out from 1st – 3rd June
2018 and secondary data obtained through desktop studies of literature
including existing report of environmental assessments carried out in the
project area (EIA of EMTS Base Station in 2012 and Solar power project in
2015 in Jigawa State), Jigawa state Agricultural development Authority
JARDA and World climate data base.

4.6 FIELD DATA COLLECTION

A one season (wet season) field data exercise was carried out from 1 st
to 3rd June, 2018 in accordance with FMEnv directives for approval to
conduct one season sampling. Data was collected from 8.00 am to 5.00
pm throughout the duration of the exercise. The exercise which was
witnessed by representatives of Federal and State Ministries of
Environment set out to establish the existing conditions of the
environmental and social resources potentially subject to change by the
project.

4.7 SAMPLING DESING

Field data gathering was designed to cover the entire project site
covering an area of 1000 hectares. The entire area was divided into 30
grids as shown in figure 4.4 from which all environmental variables that
characterize the area were adequately collected for analyses.
Figure 4.4 Sample points for data collection

4.8 SAMPLE COLLECTION

The five spheres of the Earth System include the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
biosphere, lithosphere, and cryosphere (De Blij et al., 2005) is illustrated in
figure 4.5 and samples covering the five spheres of the environment
represented by soil, water, air quality, noise level, and vegetation within
the identified 30 grids were taken. Each sample collected is ensured to be
as much as possible true representative of the area being sampled.

Figure 4.5 The spheres of the Earth system

4.9 SOIL SAMPLE

The soil samples collected from each of the 30 grids locations were
analyzed for physico-chemical parameters as follows: texture, Organic
matter, pH, Electrical conductivity, Na, Ca, Mn, As, Se, Zn, Cd, B, Al, Cr,
Cu, Fe and Pb

4.10 VEGETATION SAMPLING

Flora found within each of the 30 grids was recorded. Once collected, the
sample data from all grids were considered to constitute an adequate
sample of the community. The ―importance‖ of each species in the grid
was done by the counts of the number of individuals of species and the
percent (%) area of the grid occupied by the plant species.
4.11 WATER SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Water samples were collected from hand pumps in the 30 grids, thus,
opportunistic sampling was employed by taking sample that falls within
the grids. Water samples collected was used to characterize the
groundwater quality. The parameters determined are: pH, turbidity,
temperature, hardness, nitrite, sulphate, color, electrical conductivity, Na,
Ca, Mn, As, Se, Zn, Cd, B, Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Hg, As, and Se.
4.12 AIR QUALITY

Air samples from the 30 Grids were collected with the aid of GILLIAN BDX II
abatement multi air flow sampler. Air was drawn into the cassette of the
sampler which already had a pre-weighted filter. After a period of 2hrs,
the pre-weighted filter was removed and re-weighed. The particulate
level was then calculated by dividing the difference in weight by the flow
rate and time spent sampling.

4.13 NOXIOUS GASES

Relevant pollution indicator gases were sampled from each of the 30
grids with the aid of CASELLA MX 21 automatic air sampler which through
sensors captures the level of concentration of noxious gases present in the
air. The measure is displayed on a digital screen which is then recorded.
The noxious gases measured were SO2, NO2, CO, CH4 and CO2r. The
measurements were carried out at 2hr intervals for 3 days and average
reading taken.

4.14 NOISE LEVEL

Noise level measurement was taken in each of the 30 Grids where other
samples were collected with the aid of REALISTIC SOUND LEVEL METER
TYPE 2 with accuracy of ±2dBA at 114dB sound level, a standard
reference of 0.0dB at 0.002 Micro-Newton‘s per square meter and
composite was made. The measurements were carried out at 2hr intervals
for 3 days and average reading taken.

4.15 CLIMATE

The meteorological data of the study area was obtained from Jigawa
state agricultural and rural development authority JARDA. The data
obtained included parameters of rainfall, temperature, relative humidity,
wind speed and sunshine hours spanning over a period of 34 years from
1981 – 2016.

4.16 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY HEALTH SURVEY

The socio-economic study combines quantitative and qualitative

approaches (Hybrid or mixed methods) which are summarized in the
following components.

4.16.1 Sample Survey: Quantitative

A well-structured questionnaire was used as an instrument of data
collection specifically to address the objectives of the survey. The
scientific sample size calculator was provided as a public service to
create research system survey software. The RAO-SOFT is available at
https://surveysystem.com. A survey uses a sequence of focused,
predetermined questions in a fixed order, often with predetermined
limited options for responses which in this case were designed by M & A‘s
Greenery ltd specialists. Before the questionnaires were administered,
enumerators were trained to ensure that they were conversant with
questions raised. The enumerators engaged had a good understanding
of the customer cultural values and could speak the local language at a
level of proficiency. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were used to
collect primary data from the host communities.

4.17 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD)

There is a global recognition that ―environmental issues are best handled

with the participation of all concerned citizens‖, a principal first
articulated in the United Nation‘s Earth Summit Agenda 21 (UN, 1992). This
principal was strengthened further in July, 2009, with the formal ratification
of the Aarhus Convention which mandates participation by the public in
environmental decision-making and access to justice in environmental
matters (UNECE, 2008).
Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with different associations were conducted.
Plates 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 show the different interactions during the FGDs.
Consultants/Supervisors conducted up to 14 FGDs with different farmer
groups either multi-purpose or enterprise specific associations. The
purpose was to obtain in-depth information on agricultural activities and
other cross cutting issues especially things that were related to the
proposed project. Available farmer and/or social groups were considered
for the FGDs. The FGDs were conducted by the Consultants/Supervisors on
the day a particular community was visited.

Plate 4.1 Elders sitiing during one of the FGD session

Plate 4.2 Members of the community at a FGD session in Gagarawa

Plate 4.3 A member of the community making a contribution in a FGD
session

4.18 IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW

In-depth interviews with community leaders and other relevant

stakeholders were conducted to explore their perception and
expectations of the proposed project in their communities. Plates 4.4, 4.5
and 4.6 show in-depth interview session and 4.7 and 4.8 group
photographs with participants. The community leaders/stakeholders
considered include: Ward Heads, Village Heads and Youth Leaders
among others. Checklist was designed to guide the conduct of the in-
depth interviews. The in-depth interviews were conducted by the
supervisors.
Plate 4.4 An interview session

Plate 4.5 An interview session

Plate 4.6 In-depth interview session with an elder 97 years old

Plate 4.7 Group photograph with participants at a FGD session

4.8 Group photograph with another group after a FGD session

4.19 SAMPLE FRAME AND SIZE

The Communities of the project area were purposefully selected for the
survey. The estimated number of households in the selected communities
was 4065 from preliminary information. To determine appropriate sample
size needed for the survey, RAO-SOFT sample size calculator was used.
The software is used to determine how many people you need to
interview in order to get results that reflect the target population as
precisely as needed. The estimated sample size using the software was
about 519 which represented 13% of the population based on 4%
confidence level. The sample size (519) was distributed proportionately to
population of the communities. RAO-SOFT is currently gaining popularity
among researchers and it has been the most acceptable scientific
approach for the computation of sample size.

4.20 ENTRY POINT AND CONTACT PERSONS

Prior to the commencement of data collection, the study team

familiarized itself with all the stakeholders (Jigawainvest, Gagarawa LGA,
Security Agencies, JARDA, District/Village/Ward Heads, Youth and
Women Representatives) by paying visits to establish a cordial relationship
and understanding to facilitate the field work. Plates 4.9 and 4.10 show
the initial meeting and courtesy call on the (Hakimi) traditional ruler of
Gagarawa. Two contact persons were recruited who were familiar with
the project and the communities. Their function was to inform farmers,
farmers groups and other stakeholders at least a day to data collection
and introduce the research team i.e. the Consultants/Supervisors and
Enumerators so as to conduct and organize effective FGDs and in-depth
interviews.

Plate 4.9 Courtesy call on the Hakimi prior to the commencement of the
study
Plate 4.10 Group photograph with Hakimi prior to the commencement of
the study

4.21 SELECTION OF SUPERVISORS AND ENUMERATORS

The field supervisors and enumerators were selected based on merit

particularly their professional expertise, long term experience in the
conduct of previous and similar socio-economic surveys. Plate 4.11 shows
the selection process of the enumerators.

Plate 4.11 Selection process of the enumerators

The main priority was also to select Enumerators with previous experiences
that have knowledge of the individual target locations. Emphasis was also
given to enumerators with sufficient education, good communication skills
and who were physically able to meet demand of the jobs. Additionally,
the enumerators were available for the data collection cycle and data
collection training, had local language skills and also had similar socio-
demographic characteristics to respondents. A minimum of 10
enumerators were used for the entire exercise.

4.22 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

For conducting the questionnaire survey on households, enumerators

were recruited and trained. Plate 4.12 shows enumerators undergoing
training on how to administer the questionnaires and also the use of GPS
to obtain accurate coordinates (latitude, Longitude and Elevation) of the
individual farming families. The questionnaire was designed to address the
study objectives with effective monitoring of field data collection. Pre-
testing the questionnaires was part of the training. The training involved
brainstorming and exercises to ensure proper understanding and ability to
properly administer the questionnaires within the context of the survey.
The consultants were also responsible for conducting the training and
monitored the enumeration exercise.

Plate 4.12 Training session of the selected enumerators

The FGDs were carried out by the Consultants with assistance of Field
Supervisors. Some key staff of Jigawa State Agricultural and Rural
Development Authority (JARDA) was interviewed to obtain basic and
general information in areas of sugarcane value chain. Table 4.1shows
the summary of survey type and respondents

4.23 DATA ANALYSIS

Descriptive and inferential statistics was used for data analysis. The
descriptive approach includes frequency and percentage, pictograph
(i.e pie-charts and bar-charts), minimum, maximum and mean among
others.

Table 4.1: Summary of proposed Type of Survey and Respondents

Type of Survey Respondents

Other Total Sample
Stakeholders
Questionnaire 29 Households
Administration
FGDs
Key Informant JARDA, Security, LGA‘s Socio-economic
Interview (KH) Units and other relevant Institutions
In-depth Community
Interviews Leaders/(District/Village/Ward Heads)

4.24 QUALITY ASSUARANCE AND CONTROL (QA/QC)

Quality assurance as an essential component of this study was ensured

from the beginning of this study as it covered the choice of sampling
design, locations, equipment handling, collection, handling of samples
and laboratory work. Guidelines covering all aspects of fieldwork were
outlined to all team members before mobilization. The team leader took
charge of collating and documenting daily progress of work done. The
documentation was done at the end of each day‘s work using structured
daily progress report sheets. A representative of the Federal Ministry of
Environment visited the site for verification prior to data collection.
Further the actual data collection was done in the presence of the
representation of the Federal Ministry of environment and Jigawa
state Ministry of environment. The representative of the Federal
Ministry of environment verified laboratory analysis.

4.25 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

4.25.1 Climate

The climate of the study area is the tropical dry-and-wet type. The
seasonal migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence zone (ITCz), also
known as the Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (ITD), gives rise to two seasons,
one dry and the other wet. The wet season lasts from June to September
although May is sometimes humid. The dry season extends from mid-
October of one calendar-year to mid-May of the next.
4.25.1.1 Rainfall

The annual mean rainfall is between 800 mm and 900 mm. Fi gu re 4.6
shows the average monthly rainfall between1981and 2016 for the study
area.

Figure4.6: Average Monthly Rainfall for the Study Area (1981- 2016)
Source: JARDA 2017
4.25.1.2Temperature

The maximum day time temperature for the year is just under40
°C(104.0°F). Figure4.7 shows the average monthly maximum and minimum
temperature distribution between1981and 2016. There are three main
temperature seasons. A cool and dry season lasts from November to
February, during which the mean monthly temperature is between 21 and
23 oC with a diurnal range of 12-14 oC. The Harmattan winds prevail at this
time. This period is usually followed by a hot and dry season which lasts
from March to mid-May. The mean monthly temperature during this
period is in excess of 30 oC and the daily range is up to 20 oC. This is
followed by the wet season which is warm, with mean monthly
temperatures about 26 oC and a diurnal range of about 10 oC, rising to 13
oC in September.

Figure 4.7Average Monthly Maximum and Minimum Temperature for Study

Area (1981- 2016) Source JARDA2017

4.25.1.3 Relative Humidity

The average monthly relative humidity for the area is between 51.7% and
74.2% during the rainy season (June to September), where the maximum is
recorded in the month of August. Lower values are recorded during the
dry season months. Figure 4.8 shows the average monthly relative
humidity for the study area between1981 and 2016

Figure 4.8 Average monthly relative humidity. Source. JARDA, 2017

4.25.1.4 Wind Speed and Direction

The average monthly wind speed in the study area ranged from 6.88 to
11.79 Knots with the maximum recorded in June as depicted in figure 4.9.
There are some occasional calmness within significant wind speed mostly
experienced between August and November. There are two major wind
directions in the region, namely, the south-west and north-east directions.
The northeast wind predominates during the dry season bringing a large
amount o f dust while the southwest winds are predominant during the
wet season.
Figure 4.9 Average wind speed in the project area Source JARDA,2017

4.25.1.5 Sunshine

The average sunshine hours recorded in the s tud y area is between

7.08 hours per day in March to about 8.84 hours per day in November with
an average of 7.91 sunlight hours for each day. The average annual
sunshine in the area is about 2,843 hours. Figure 4.10 shows the average
sunshine hours for each month between1981and 2016.

Figure4.10: Average Monthly Sunshine Hours in the Study Area(1981- 2016)

Source JARDA, 2017

4.26 Ambient Air Quality

Composite Air quality measured from 30 grid sampling points is shown in

table 4.2. The results show that the values of CO, SPM, VOC, NO2 and
CO2 were all within the FMEnv permissible limits. H2S and SO2 were not
detected. This is to be expected as the study area is rural with no industrial
activity or heavy vehicular traffic that is considered the major sources of
the pollutants. However, the results suggest that since the proposed
project has the potential to generate emissions of fugitive dust from site
clearing, excavation and movement of earth materials as well as
exposure of bare soil and soil piles to wind, as well as gaseous emission
from exhaust of diesel engines of heavy duty vehicles and earth moving
equipment, it is important to put in place mechanism to mitigate such
occurrence.

TABLE 4.2 AIR QUALITY

 Parameters AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 AQ8 AQ9 AQ10 AQ11 AQ12 AQ13 AQ14 AQ15 AQ

NO2 0.002 0.0057 0.0063 ND 0.01 0.005 0.005 0.0013 0.0015 0.006 0.001 0.002 0.0033 0.00567 0.001 0.0

SO2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

CO2 183.2 187.0 185.3 183.1 184.6 186.1 185.7 186.0 189.4 183.4 183.4 184.2 184.7 184.6 183.8 185

CO 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.33 0.27 1.31 0.90 1.10 1.72 2.09 0.56 0.54 0.61 0.47 0.22 1.1

VOCs 0.014 0.13 0.1233 ND 0.24 0.1467 0.1233 0.33 0.4167 0.1067 0.2867 0.1667 0.12 0.4333 0.004 0.1

H2S ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

CH4 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Tsp 43.1 45.9 43.8 51.3 50.6 53.0 54.2 50.2 50.0 44.6 48.9 44.5 47.0 46.0 47.5 45.

4.27 DISCUSSION OF RESULTOF DATA COLLECTION

4.28 Air quality

Carbon Monoxide

The concentration of CO detected in the study area ranged from 0.17

ppm to1.5 ppm with a mean value of 1.07 ppm. These concentrations
were below the FMEnv permissible limit. The project may increase as a
result of increased exhaust emissions from heavy duty vehicles during
operation.

Sulphur Dioxide

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a gas produced from the combustion of sulphur-

containing fuels, smelting, manufacture of sulphuric acid, and incineration
of refuse. Sulphur dioxide was not detected in the study area. It is
therefore suggested that the level of SO2 within the project area of
influence be monitored to ensure favorable conditions are maintained
throughout the project‘s lifespan.

Nitrogen Dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) results when fuel is combusted at high

temperatures and occurs mainly from vehicular exhaust and stationary
sources such as electric utilities and industrial boilers. In air, oxides of
nitrogen dissolve in rain water to form acid rain. Measured values of NO2
in the s tu d y are a ranged between 0.005 and 0.0001 with a mean
value of 0.009 which is below the FMEnv prescribed maximum limit. The
ambient concentration of this gas in the study area may increase from
use of combustion engines during project operations. It is thus advisable to
monitor the level of this gas within the project area of influence due to
possible impact on the large number people that will be in the project
area.

Hydrogen Sulphide

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) w as no t d etec ted in the s tu d y area.

How ever, the l arge qu an ti ty of vari ou s ty pes of fer til izer
es pec ial l y organic tha t is u s ed in the pl an ta tion area m ay
l ead to significant emission of the gas, consequently, the level of this gas
within the project area should be monitored due to its identified health
impact.

Volatile Organic Carbons

Measured values of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the study area
ranged from 0.0 ppm to 0.44 ppm. However it is likely that the proposed
project will significantly increase the VOC level in the area, hence
monitoring as well as mitigation measures must be in place

Total Suspended Particulates

The Particulate concentrations in the ambient air of the study area

ranged from 43.1µg/m 3 to 54.2 µg/m3.The concentrations is below FMEnv

hourly average values of 250µg/m3. The proposed project h a s t h e
p o t e n t i a l to g e n e r a t e p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r , h e n c e th e n e e d
for monitoring.

4.29 Noise level

The measured noise level in the study area in comparison with FMEnv
noise exposure limits in table 4.3 shows that the recorded mean level is
51.69 dB(A),with levels ranging between 45.5dB (A) and 66.1dB (A). These
levels are below FMEnv permissible noise level of 90 dB (A) for 8-hour
working period. This therefore indicates the absence of significant noise
sources within the vicinity of the proposed project area as at the time of
the study. The construction and operation phase of the project will
however be accompanied with increased noise levels within the area
hence, remedial and mitigation measures are required.

Table 4.3 NOISE LEVEL

Parameter
NL1 NL2 NL3 NL4 NL5 NL6 NL7 NL8 NL 9 NL10 NL11 NL12 NL13 NL14 NL15 NL16 N

Noise level 43.9 45.6 46.4 42.3 43.4 44.3 52.5 55.9 53.3 48.3 44.4 47.5 44.5 44.9 48.6 44.2
4.30 Soil Quality
The result of the laboratory analysis of the major soil parameters assessed
in this study is shown in table 4. 4. The soil pH (H2O) ranged from 4.52 to
6.77, with a mean value of 5.908. The electrical conductivity (EC) ranged
from 0.01 to 0.17 (ds/m) with a mean value of 0.047(ds/m), while for
organic carbon the values ranged from 0.04 to 0.75% with a mean value
of 0.352%. The values of Boron in the study site ranged from 2.01 to 10.76
mg/kg with a mean value of 4.312mg/kg. The values of Sodium ranged
from 0.1 to 0.53 Cmol/kg with a mean value of 0.193 Cmol/kg. The values
of Calcium ranged from 1.82 to 4.56 Cmol/kg with a mean value of 2.788
Cmol/kg, while for Copper the values ranged from 0.139 to 6.882 mg/kg
with a mean value of 2.431 mg/kg. For Iron the results show that, the
values ranged from 0.4 to 128.59 mg/kg with a mean value of 15.075
mg/kg. Also for Manganese the values ranged from 5.32 to 137.93 mg/kg
with a mean value of 39.175 mg/kg. Zinc ranged from 6.64 to 114.08
mg/kg with a mean of 22.089 mg/kg. The values of chromium (Cr) varied
from 0.17 to 1.53 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.904 mg/kg. Cadmium
(Cd) values ranged from 0.01 to 1.21 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.295
mg/kg. For Lead (Pb), the values ranged from 123.01 to 0.28 mg/kg with a
mean value of 6.692 mg/kg.
4.30.1 Physical Properties of the soils
The result of particle size distributions indicated that the soils varied from
loamy sand, sand and sandy loam for the area under consideration, this
could be attributed to the area being underlain by granites, schist that
originate from the younger sediment of the Chad Formation. It was
observed that sand dominate all fractions but there is irregularity between
silt and clay. This could be attributed to the transportation or by erosion as
most of the farmlands were located at the lower slope, as the state is
located in a relatively dry part of the country; the sparse vegetation
renders the bare surface deposits very susceptible to erosion.

Sandy textured soils are prone to erosion because of the low silt and clay
contents which play very important role in binding particles and creating
stable structures that can resist erosive factors such as wind and water
(Adamu1997). Such soils are also prone to excessive leaching of nutrients
because of low water holding capacity and limited binding sites for
cations. Because of this low water holding capacity, the frequency of
irrigation will also have to increase and this will affect water use economy
and salinity status of the soil. The best management options for such soils
would be conservation tillage which minimizes the impact of machines
and tools, and enhances structural grade thereby improving water
retention as well as improving the overall organic matter content of the
soil which will improve the nutrient retention ability of the soil.

4.30. 2 Chemical Properties

Soil pH

The pH was found to be between very strongly acidic to neutral (4.52 to

6.77). The soils are therefore more prone to salinity since the pH is low. On
the other hand, the low pH values of the soil will enhance the availability
of nutrients. A pH range of 5.5 to 7.0 is the preferred range for most crops,
while a pH of 6.0 to 6.8 for most crop at which nutrients availability is
highest.

Electrical Conductivity (EC)

The value (0.01 to 0.17 ds/m) of electrical conductivity for study area was
found to be Non - saline. Salt levels can increase as a result of irrigation,
cropping and land management. The values indicated that electrical
conductivity was generally low across the study area hence the salinity is
negligible. Salinity effects are mostly negligible within the EC range of 0 to
1 ds/m.
Organic Carbon
Soil organic carbon tends to be concentrated in the topsoil and
measured values obtained for the project area ranged from 0.5% to 3.0%.
Soils with less than 0.5% organic C is mostly limited to desert areas. Soils
containing greater than 12 - 18% organic C is generally classified
as organic soils. High levels of organic carbon occur in soils that support
wetland, floodplains etc. The organic carbon content at the study area
was found to be 0.4 to 7.5 g/kg (0.04 – 0.75%). Thus, the OC content in the
soils of the study area were low as the values were below 10g/kg critical
limit. Many reports have indicated the low OC in tropical savanna soils as
in this project area is due to continued cultivation with little or no fertilizer
usage as well as to continued intensive cropping without much additions
of organic matter in form of manures and crop residues. Frequent burning
of farm residues which is a common practice of farmers that destroy
much of the organic materials is also a factor.

Calcium (Ca) and Sodium (Na)

Exchangeable bases are commonly defined as the alkali and alkaline
earth metals (principally calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium)
attached to the clay and organic constituents of soils which can be
exchanged with each other and with other positively charged ions in the
soil solution. The results in Table 4.4 shows that calcium contents in the
study area were 1.82 to 4.56 Cmol(+)kg-1. These are moderate, since
values between 2.0 -5.0 Cmol(+)/kg falls within moderate values. The
value of sodium was found to be 0.1 to 0.53 Cmol(+)/kg with a mean
value of 0.193Cmol(+)/kg. The result showed that the area had moderate
Na content which range from 0.1 – 0.3 Cmol(+)/kg. Similar values have
been reported in the past for the area and the results in general have
 been attributed as a feature of soils formed under basement complex to
Chad Formation

Zinc
The value of the Zinc was found to be 6.64 to 114.08 mg/kg, which is
excessively high (>2.0 mg/kg but similar to the levels obtained for soils in
the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria.

Table: 4.4 Soil physic-chemical parameters Indicators

Ca
pH EC B Na (cmol/k Cu(mg Fe(m Mn(mg Zn(mg/ Cr Cd P
S ID (H2O) (dS/m) O.C (%) (mg/kg) (cmol/kg) Texture g) /kg) g/kg) /kg) kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (m

SS1 6.09 0.04 0.35 5.85 0.25 loamy sand 2.22 1.725 14.89 75.211 26.27 0.53 0.64 1

SS2 6.03 0.04 0.10 7.48 0.14 sand 1.83 2.974 0.40 47.37 19.59 0.49 0.23 4

SS3 5.9 0.04 0.49 4.68 0.18 sand 2.74 1.655 6.52 37.10 23.57 0.38 0.09 0
6.22

SS4 0.15 0.41 3.74 0.17 loamy sand 3.38 6.882 26.92 108.02 26.65 0.51 0.15 4

SS5 6.26 0.17 0.48 5.29 0.19 loamy sand 3.58 4.147 128.59 137.93 25.54 0.50 0.14 2

SS6 6.75 0.05 0.37 4.02 0.16 sand 2.39 3.471 11.58 45.78 32.89 0.56 0.48 1

SS7 6.63 0.04 0.06 5.89 0.40 loamy sand 4.28 1.794 9.07 30.37 18.44 0.65 0.45 2

SS8 6.31 0.05 0.32 4.86 0.17 sand 2.63 3.255 14.24 30.568 23.59 0.68 0.31 1

SS9 6.12 0.07 0.65 4.35 0.53 loamy sand 2.62 2.108 20.77 78.55 28.45 0.81 0.28 3

SS10 6.02 0.07 0.56 4.49 0.20 sand 2.28 0.767 9.71 50.805 28.45 0.86 0.26 2

SS11 6.09 0.03 0.34 3.98 0.22 sand 2.22 2.013 7.72 8.22 24.15 0.73 0.10 0

SS12 6.03 0.03 0.11 4.21 0.16 sand 2.56 1.435 8.60 6.68 21.6882 0.66 0.67 1

SS13 6.08 0.05 0.13 4.16 0.16 sand 1.87 1.771 9.74 8.23 114.08 0.97 0.19 0

SS14 6.09 0.05 0.53 4.26 0.17 sand 3.10 1.586 7.73 6.91 38.31 1.00 0.20 2

SS15 6.03 0.04 0.51 6.41 0.18 sand 2.22 2.157 10.95 12.26 17.27 0.61 0.19 3

SS16 4.52 0.03 0.32 3.98 0.27 sandy loam 2.80 2.171 32.28 25.11 19.8319 0.57 0.47 3

SS17 4.79 0.01 0.61 5.19 0.25 Sandy loam 2.70 3.28 17.956 21.29 18.50 0.56 0.05 3

SS18 4.78 0.02 0.57 4.21 0.19 loamy sand 2.60 3.21 10.693 24.97 20.08 0.88 0.15 1

SS19 5.18 0.02 0.41 5.24 0.22 sand 4.10 2.367 8.49 20.85 17.68 0.90 0.15 2

SS20 6.27 0.09 0.45 4.26 0.18 sand 2.47 2.275 12.19 67.91 20.82 1.06 0.322 1

SS21 6.49 0.14 0.75 4.30 0.17 sand 2.31 2.269 10.24 60.29 24.77 0.69 0.27 2

SS22 6.77 0.03 0.61 3.70 0.19 sand 2.22 2.346 7.34 25.08 14.3553 0.61 0.587 1
SS23 6.29 0.03 0.57 3.13 0.17 sand 3.26 2.342 6.97 24.16 10.52 0.89 0.45 1

SS24 6.1 0.02 0.26 3.41 0.27 sand 2.92 2.308 6/10 22.97 17.30 0.61 0.41 6

SS25 5.93 0.02 0.18 3.51 0.15 sand 2.15 2.341 6.75 35.72 15.01 0.66 0.04 1

SS26 5.76 0.03 0.32 3.60 0.12 sand 2.09 2.666 2.50 18.06 14.62 0.94 0.20 1

SS27 5.65 0.03 0.41 4.02 0.12 sand 1.82 2.377 9.72 31.82 14.28 0.80 0.07

SS28 5.75 0.03 0.14 4.40 0.23 sand 2.82 2.775 25.96 46.99 19.51 1 0.07

SS29 5.76 0.04 0.30 4.02 0.24 sand 4.05 0.919 19.85 48.03 20.46 0.89 0.19

SS30 5.91 0.04 0.10 4.40 0.14 sand 2.08 2.352 17.65 49.76 17.84 0.73 0.02

Baron

The value of the Baron in the study area was found to be between 2.01 to
10.76 mg/kg with a mean value of 4.312 mg/kg, which is within the
moderate and thus the Baron condition in the soil is mild. The major fear in
the concentration of baron in irrigated soils is its toxicity in some crop
varieties when it exceeds the maximum tolerable range. This is why it is
always one of the parameters being suggested for continuous monitoring
in irrigation water as well as the soil.
Copper
The Cu content at the study site ranged from 0.139 to 6.882 mg/kg with a
mean value of 2.431mg/kg, which is within the threshold limit (100mg/kg)
set by NESREA.
Iron (Fe)
Fe in soils of the study area had concentration within the range of 0.4 to
128.59 mg/kg with a mean value of 15.075 mg/kg, the amount of iron and
its availability in soil is influenced by the pH, high pH reduces iron
availability, low pH increases it. The observed value of analyzed Fe was
higher than the NESREA threshold limit of (0.3 mg/kg). The consequence of
this is that it may primarily affect the uptake of other nutrients rather than
producing direct toxicity symptoms. Hence it may lead to reduced fertility.

Manganese
Mn in soil of the study area had concentration of 5.32 to 137.93 mg/kg
with a mean value of 39.175 mg/kg, which is higher than the NESREA
threshold limit values of (0.1 mg/kg).
Chromium (Cr)
Cr in soil of the study area had concentration in the range of (0.17 to 1.53
mg/kg), which is within the threshold value set by WHO Standards (150
mg/kg) for Heavy Metals in Soils.

Cadmium (Cd)

Cd in soil of the study area had concentration of 0.01 to 1.21 mg/kg with
a mean value of 0.295 mg/kg, which is lower than the NESREA threshold
limit of (3 mg/kg).

Lead (Pb)
Pb in soils of the study area had concentration of (0.28 to 123.01 mg/kg)
with a mean value of 6.692 mg/kg, which well below the NESREA
threshold limit for heavy metals (40 mg/kg)
4.31 Geology and Hydrogeology

The project area is located in the northwestern part of Nigeria and it falls
within the Chad formation that consists predominantly of recent Aeolian
deposits. Within the proposed project site, the Chad sediments are
concealed by sand dunes with no surface out crops.

4.32 Hydrology

Jigawa State is blessed with both surface and subsurface water resources,
with its greatest potential based on ground water. The drainage of the
Jigawa state is mainly part of the inland drainage system of the Chad
Basin. The main drainage consists of the headstreams of the river system
known as the Yobe in Borno State, particularly the Kano, Challawa and
Gaya Rivers.

4.33 Groundwater

The amount of groundwater available in the study area is determined by

the amount of rainfall each year. Information from reports of past
environmental studies in the proposed project area revealed that the
maximum yield from borehole range from 3–5litres/sec. The water table
depth varies from 3–10min basement areas whilst the flow direction is
largely determined by the elevation of the location. The result of the
analyses on ground water is presented in Table 4.5. The parameters
analyzed are good indicators of groundwater quality.

4.33.1 Groundwater Quality parameters

pH

This was found to be in the range of 6.61 to 7.39, which conform to the
permissible limits of 6.5 to 8.5 as stipulated by NESREA 2007 and WHO 2006.

Temperature

The measured temperature ranged between 26.4 oC and 26.6 oC.

Electrical Conductivity

The values for electrical conductivity of the water samples which is an

index of the total dissolved solids in water ranged from 0.06 to 0.46 ds/m
generally low when compared with the WHO and FAO standards of
40ds/m and 30ds/m, respectively. This suggest that the groundwater is of
good quality

Hardness (T)
The values of hardness ranged from 44.84 to 107.42 mgl -1,which is very low
when compared with WHO standards of 200 mg L-1.This imply that the
water is safe and good for the project purpose as water hardness is
important to agriculture since it measures the quantity of divalent ions
such as calcium, magnesium and/ or iron in water.

Cations

The major cations (Na and Ca) determined were low when compared
with the WHO permissible limits of 200 and 75 mg L-1 for sodium and
calcium in water, respectively. Although, these cations may not pose
serious health problems, but excess contents above their threshold values
may impart unacceptable taste to the water.

Iron (Fe)

The concentration of iron at study site was found to be between 0.05 to

1.89 mg/l. The concentration is lower than the WHO threshold value of 0.3
mg/l. High concentration of iron may cause severe health problems such
as liver cancer, diabetes, cirrhosis of liver, diseases related to heart and
central nervous system, infertility etc. The presence of high concentration
of iron could also lead to adverse changes in colour, odour and taste of
water as it also stains clothes and utensils.

Manganese (Mn)

The Mn concentration of water samples was found to be 0.29 to 1.61 mg/l,

which is above the WHO guideline value of 0.1 mg L-1 and the FMEnv
permissible limits. The high levels of manganese in the ground water may
be attributed to the parental soil material since the soils of the area were
also found to have high levels of manganese.

Lead (Pb)
The concentration of Lead from the study area ranges from 0.00 to 0.22
mg/l and it agrees with the standards set by NESREA which is <1. This
indicates that the water is not polluted and therefore, safe for agricultural
and domestic activities. Also the concentration of lead is within
permissible level for Federal Ministry of Environment.
Chromium (Cr)

The concentration of chromium in the water sample ranges from 0.01 to

0.07 mg/l. The value obtained is above the minimum standard of NESREA
of (0.0001 mg/l). The high values of Cr in obtained can be attributed to
both anthropogenic and natural sources. High values of Cr in drinking
water, can lead to carcinogenic effects and Cr has a firmly established
potential to cause human respiratory cancers.

Cadmium (Cd)
The concentration of Cadmium ranges from 0.01 to0.15 mg/l and falls
within the standard of NESREA which is 0.02ppm. This suggests that the
water may not be toxic but rather beneficial to life forms in the water and
irrigation purposes.
Copper (Cu)
The concentration of Cu in the water samples ranges from 0.01 to 0.15
mg/l which is below the standard approved by WHO which is 1. 00mg/L.
Excess of it could be very detrimental even in human health.

Zinc (Zn)
The concentration of Zn measured ranges from 0.25 to 4.04 mg/l. The
result shows that the concentration of Zn in the water sample appears to
be normal when compared with the standard, approved by WHO which
is 15. 00mg/L. Excess of it could be very detrimental even in human health.
Calcium
As a result of the natural occurrence and abundance of calcium in
nature, calcium occurs naturally in water. It is a major determinant of
water hardness. M e a s u r e d v a l u e s i n t h e s t u d y a r e a r a n g e d
b e t w e e n 28.0mg/l and 110.55mg/l which is above the FMEnv permissible
limit though consistent with the high total hardness value recorded in
water from the same source.

Sulphur (S)
The concentration of Sulphur ranges from 8.33 to 25.0 mg/l which is lower
than the standard approved by WHO, which is 400mg/l and Federal
Ministry of Environment (500 mg/l). Excess of it could be very detrimental in
humans.
Phosphate

Phosphate is a nutrient component in water. Major source of phosphate is

from weathering activities of rocks. High amounts could lead to
eutrophication and cause algae bloom in water bodies rendering them
unhygienic for domestic purposes. Phosphate concentrations measured
in the study area ranged between 0.50mg/ land 0.65mg/l which is
well below FMEnv permissible value o f> 5mg/l.

Turbidity

Turbidity is a unit of measurement of ―cloudiness―in water. It is of general

concern in water due to aesthetic considerations, filterability and
disinfection. The turbidity level of the ground water measured ranged
from 2.0 to 6.0 NTU which is above the acceptable level of 1.0 NTU set by
FMEnv. No significant health implication has however been attributed to
turbidity in drinking water.

Total Suspended Solids

Suspended solids consist of inorganic fractions of silt, clay, calcium,
potassium, bicarbonates, and chlorides etc. organic fractions such as
algae, zooplankton, bacteria and detritus or immiscible liquids such as oil
and grease that impart turbidity characteristics to water within the water
column. The total suspended solid of the groundwater measured in the
study area ranged from 8.70mg/l- 19.9mg/l. The high concentration
obtained is consistent with the high turbidity value recorded for the
groundwater from the same sampling station which may be attributed to
shallow depth of the well.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is an indirect measure of the

amount of biologically degradable organic materials in water, and is an
indicator of the amount of dissolved oxygen that will be depleted from
the ground water during natural biological assimilation of organic
pollutants. Excess BOD in the water therefore could adversely affect
humans and aquatic organisms. BOD concentrations measured in the
study area ranged from 8.0 to 12.0mg/l. These values are above FMEnv
permissible limit of 0.0mg/l.

Chemical Oxygen Demand

The amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic matter

contained in waters under aerobic conditions is termed Chemical Oxygen
Demand(COD).These organic matter are such that are not easily
biodegraded and therefore toxic to microorganisms. COD levels of the
groundwater in the study area ranged from 18.50mg /l- 25.0mg/l which is
within the limits of FMEnv.

Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level is the measure of the amount of gaseous
oxygen dissolved in water. It is one of the most important parameters
(indicator) in aquatic systems as it is required for the metabolism of
aerobic organisms and also influences in organic chemical reaction. The
DO values measured in the study area ranged between
6.7mg/land7.5mg/ which is within the FMEnv minimum limit of 6.8mg/l.

4.33.2 Microbiological Characteristics of Groundwater

Ideally, drinking water should not contain any pathogenic

microorganisms and should also be free from bacteria indicative of
pollution with excreta (feacal pollution). The detection of feacal (thermo
tolerant) coliform organisms, in particular Escherichiacoli, provides definite
evidence of faecal pollution. Table 4.5 presents the microbiological
characteristics of groundwater in the project area. The results show that
the m eas ured levels of Total Bacterial Count (TBC) and Total Coliform
Count (TCC) in the collected groundwater samples ranged from 200 to
300Cfu/100/ml and 5.0 to 10 Cfu/100/m respectively. Faecalcoli form was
detected in all the groundwater samples. These values coupled with the
detection of Eco indicate faecal contamination which could pose
harmful health effects.

4.34 Vegetation

The typical natural vegetation of the study area is the savanna

vegetation which is a response to the long dry season lasting 5- 8. The
vegetation is characterized by expanse of short grasses, usually 1.0 to 1.5
meters tall and scattered low trees with wide canopies. Continuous
cultivation which has been in practice for centuries has all but destroyed
the natural vegetation giving way to man-made vegetation consisting of
his cropped land, reserved forests, planted forests, shelterbelts and other
such establishment
 Table 4.5 Groundwater quality parameters
pH Pb
EC B Na S Ca Cu Fe Mn Zn Cr Cd
T
(H20) (ds.m) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
Hardness
7.32 0.22 2.95 8.96 10.29 67.62 88.06 0.03 0.21 0.93 0.89 0.06 0.08 0.07

7.31 0.23 3.13 8.62 9.31 74.06 94.42 0.03 0.48 0.29 4.04 0.03 0.08 0.12

7.39 0.24 4.26 12.60 12.75 45.95 60.42 0.02 0.94 0.43 0.82 0.01 0.07 0.14

7.21 0.20 4.44 10.12 9.80 55.36 66.58 0.15 0.84 1.09 3.96 0.05 0.08 0.11

7.14 0.21 3.88 7.96 11.27 42.32 56.79 0.01 0.38 0.90 1.90 0.07 0.07 0.20

7.2 0.26 3.41 12.27 10.78 32.24 48.37 0.01 0.26 0.62 1.80 0.06 0.04 0.22

6.88 0.46 3.70 11.11 9.31 32.33 44.84 0.01 0.16 1.02 1.17 0.05 0.03 0.16

7.12 0.32 3.98 9.12 10.78 60.01 77.63 0.03 0.22 1.61 0.67 0.05 0.04 0.07

6.97 0.24 4.16 9.78 8.33 34.38 45.92 0.02 0.13 0.46 0.25 0.01 0.02 0.09

7.00 0.20 3.65 5.64 15.20 86.62 107.42 0.01 1.13 1.35 1.41 0.03 0.05 0.14

6.97 0.06 3.79 6.63 10.29 62.19 83.35 0.10 0.20 1.34 0.97 0.05 0.04 0.02

6.83 0.23 3.84 8.62 11.27 63.17 87.51 0.02 0.59 0.80 1.50 0.05 0.06 0.07

6.64 0.27 4.30 8.79 11.76 57.88 77.35 0.01 0.05 0.60 0.76 0.06 0.01 0.07

6.81 0.24 3.60 12.27 24.51 65.23 81.83 0.01 2.20 0.89 1.96 0.04 0.09 0.00

6.61 0.07 3.70 8.62 25.00 37.17 46.87 0.04 1.89 0.48 4.02 0.05 0.15 0.07

Table 4.6 presents the vegetation cover of the proposed sugar mill site.
Vegetation census was done to ascertain the population of trees, shrubs
and herbs in the area. The most common type of trees found was
Azadiracta. indica (Neem), Tamarindusindica (Tsamiya), Commiphora
Africana (Dashi), Acacia alibia (Gawo) and Hyphaenethebaica (Kaba).
They are largely found in all the sampled quadrats. The most dominant
trees were A. indica (Neem) and Acacia alibia (Gawo) while
Hyphaenathebaica (Kaba) were moderate and Tamarindusindica
(Tsamiya) were the lowest in population.

The shrub types were mostly Piliostigmareticulatum (Kalgo),

Guierasenegalensis (Sabara), Acacia sieberiana (Fara kaya) and
Balanitesaegyptiaca (Aduwa). The dominant shrubs in the entire area
were Guierasenegalensis (Sabara) and Acacia sieberiana (Fara kaya)
while Sienna italic (Filasko) is moderate and Allium ascalonicum (Runhu) is
the lowest in the entire grids.

Herbs constitute the larger population of the vegetation cover as seen

from the above result. The most dominant herbs within the 52 quadrats
are Sennaspectabilis (Tafasa), Acacia nilotica (Bagaruwankasa),
Erogrostisciliaris (Komaya), while Paspalumscrobiculatum (Tumbinjaki) and
Lepyadenia hastate (Yadiya) are moderately distributed, with
Sennaoccidentalis (Raidore) and Waltheriaindica (Hankufa) are low in
population.

4.35 Wildlife

Despite complete human domination of the environment, a few of the

natural fauna still exist, particularly the small species. A total of 72 species
of animals comprising of 26 invertebrates and 46 vertebrates were
recorded. Dominant families of the invertebrates with more than one
species across all sampled plots were Pyrgomorphidae, Lygaeidae,
Nymphalidae and Pieridae which were represented by two species each.
For the vertebrates, the dominant families were Colum bid are
represented by four species, Laniidae and Ploceidae represented by
three species each as well as Elapidae, Varanidae, Agamidae, Scincidae,
Testudinidae, Phasianidae and Accipitridae represented by two species
each respectively. The birds are still encountered, including some
migratory ones in the wetlands. However, majority of the natural fauna
are no more – not even in the forest reserves. Rather, domesticated
animals dominate the animal population of the region. The common
ones are cattle, sheep, goats and donkeys. And although there are some
camels, horses and pets but the cattle, sheep and goats are the most
commercialized.

Table 4.6: Vegetation Cover Analysis of the Proposed GNA Project

TREES HERBS
QUADRAT (population) SHRUBS(population) (population)
VS 1 2 60 44
VS 2 3 40 19
VS 3 0 98 42
VS 4 4 31 0
VS 5 20 0 20
VS 6 6 53 40
VS 7 2 60 55
VS 8 5 14 30
VS 9 28 0 15
VS 10 37 14 19
VS 11 29 0 90
VS12 25 34 31
VS 13 5 19 10
VS14 6 31 65
VS 15 0 52 48
VS 16 3 49 37
VS 17 2 40 97
VS 18 6 37 84
 VS 19 22 21 0
VS 20 0 72 7
VS 21 9 69 0
VS 22 11 34 9
VS 23 5 32 25
VS 24 2 46 75
VS 25 13 33 24
VS 26 32 14 20
VS 27 8 26 65
VS 28 8 33 61
VS 29 25 55 45
VS 30 11 36 62

4. 36 SOCIO – ECONOMIC SETTING

4.36.1 Age of the Respondents
The mean age of the respondents was found to be 39 years, with
minimum and maximum of 17 and 75 years, respectively (figure 4.7). With
more than 62% of the respondents being between the age‘s bracket of
17 and 40 years thus youth participation in socio-economic activities in
these communities was likely to be high. However, presence of old folks
up to 75 years could be useful in knowledge sharing, gained through
experiences. Also the availability of the youths in the communities is
particularly helpful in supporting sustainable agricultural and livelihoods
development projects such as the proposed sugar mill. The youths can be
utilized in the provision of labour in this huge investment.
Figure 4.7: Age Distribution of the Respondents
4.36.2 Gender of the Household Heads
During the survey, it was observed that the gender distribution was highly
male dominated with 96% of the heads of the households being males
and only 4% being females (figure 4.8). This was mostly due to how men
and women in these and other communities in Nigeria are affected by
factors like roles in markets and socio-cultural environments. It was also an
indication of how females were more constrained than their male
counterparts in terms of land ownership, access to credits, inputs, formal
innovations, etc

Figure 4.8: Gender of the Household Heads

4.36.9.2 Gender Participation in Income Generating Activities

Income generating activities provide support to agricultural activities,
food security and livelihoods. Sometimes the income generated can be
used for supporting farm-family activities. The survey assesses the sources
of other income generating activities in gender perspective. It was
observed that majority of the adult males interviewed were engaged in
many activities: salary, transport, carpentry and commercial motorcyclist.
However, there were differences in engagement of these respondents
into various activities. Some of these roles were specific to males while
others were specific to female, as reflected in figure 4.9. Hair plaiting,
knitting and sewing were mostly performed by females.

Figure 4.9: Income Generating Activities

A consideration of employment as income generating activity among the

male and female respondents was equally important in understanding
other sources of support of members of these communities. Trading was
found to be the most important employment opportunity for all the
categories of inhabitants of these communities as shown in figure 4.10.
Engagement in public sector employment was mainly for adult male and
child male so also employment in the private sector (2.7%). Generating
income through private and public sector was completely missing among
male child, adult and child females. This was probably due to non-
existence of the private sector organizations within these communities.
Other reasons can be due to low educational status of these gender
group and or cultural issues that prevent these categories from
engagement in theses employment opportunities. Creating more
awareness and supporting the education of adult and young females will
help greatly in increasing their involvement into other non-agricultural
income generating activities. This is an entry point for the sugarcane
project to offer opportunities to aim at overcoming the imbalance, thus
broadening the livelihood enhancement.

Figure 4.10 Source of income in the study area

4.36.3 Marital Status of the Respondents

The results of the study indicated that 84% of the respondents interviewed
were married, while only 13.5% were single (Figure 4.11). This implied that
marriage was highly cherished in these communities, which according to
most was an indicator of understanding the level of responsibilities of
individuals.

Figure 4.11: Marital Status of the Respondents

4.36.4 Household Size in the Community

Household size plays a significant role in the provision of agricultural labour

which in turn determines how much you expend as cash to hire labour for
production, harvesting and post-harvest activities, and livestock
management practices (Figure 4.12). As one of the factors that support
farm-family activities in Northern Nigeria, agricultural labour is mostly
derived from the members of the households. The mean household size
was 8 members with minimum of 1 and maximum of 60 members.

Figure 4.12: Household Size Distribution of the Respondents

4.36.5 Economic Activities in the Community
Agriculture is the predominant economic activity in the area with (90%) of
the respondents indicating it as the major economic activity, which was
distantly followed by livestock rearing 55.3% (Figure 4.13). Non-availability
of water bodies around these communities was a clear indication for low
involvement in fishery activities as practiced by only 1.7% of the
respondents. On the other hand, agro-processing activity which is an
important component of value addition was considered as economic
activity by 25% of the respondent.

Figure 4.13: Economic Activities in the community

4.36.7 Credits facilities and other services

Most development programs are not keen to deal with farmers

individually. Members benefits from the Group/associations especially in
access to trainings, credits etc. 52% of the respondents interviewed were
members of the cooperative groups, while 48% were not members of any
cooperative/groups (figure 4.14). This indicated the need for a capacity
building to form more associations and strengthen the existing ones as
absence of strong membership of cooperatives would hinder smooth flow
of information between the project and the communities.
Figure 4.14: Membership of Cooperative Group

4.36.10 Nature of Housing in the Area

The type of houses commonly found in these communities could be the
basis of understanding the extent of infrastructural development,
livelihood status and poverty level. It will as well be the basis of
comparison of the nature of housing before and after the sugar mill
project proposed for the area. Most of the houses were made from mud
with thatched roofs as mentioned by 41% (figure 4.15) of the respondents,
closely followed by those of mud and zinc roofs (36%). Houses that were
completely thatched and those built with bricks and zinc roofs and
cement-plastered walls were fewer in these communities (1.5%).
Development in these communities in relation to housing types could be
classified as low, which was typical of the rural communities of northern
Nigeria.

Figure 4.15 : Types of Housing in the Communities

4.36.11 Sources of Water in the Area

The availability of water is essential for promoting health and socio-
economic well being in every community. The use of water is determined
by its sources and availability as well, which in turn influences the
livelihoods status of the inhabitants. The results showed that the source of
water in the community is mostly from rain, well, hand pump, boreholes,
burrow fit and streams figure 4.16. Some interventions accorded by some
organizations in the communities like WACOT and OLAM were supportive
in the provision of water from the boreholes for domestic uses. A key
informant informed the team that up to 20 hand pumps were constructed
by WACOT.

Figure 4.16: Sources of Water

4.36.12 Electricity Supply, Health and Educational Services

Electricity supply, health and educational services are considered as the

most important infrastructural services that will enhance the livelihoods
and income generation activities of any community. The respondent had
claimed access to electricity, health and educational services (figure
4.17). However, most of the structures were dilapidated and not fully
functional. Hence, in order to improve the livelihoods of the inhabitants of
the community, the sugar mill project should provide means of access to
power supply, health and educational facilities to the community.

Figure 4.17: Access to Electricity, Health and Educational Services

4.36.13 Current Status of Roads in the Community

Accessibility provided by rural roads is important in the provision of

enabling environment for reaching out for inputs and transporting
agricultural products for major markets. In this survey, 80% of the
respondents hinted that the roads in the community where the sugar mill
project is sited is motorable (through without asphalt pavement) while
20% argued that the roads were not motorable (figure 4.18). Thus the
good access roads would ensure good linkages and access to various
communities for the provision of labour and other services by the
inhabitants when the sugar mill factory is established.
Figure 4.18: Current Status of Access Roads

4.36.14 Distances to Important Centers from the Communities

Average distance to the headquarters of Gagarawa Local Government

Area was about 1, 7 kilometers apart. Other important places (Health
centre, primary, secondary and other schools) were much closer to the
reach of individuals in these communities with an average distance of a
little more than 1 kilometer from their respective destinations (Figure 4.19).
This implied that the affected communities could enjoy common facilities
because they were not too far apart.

Figure 4.19: Distances to Important Places in the Communities

4.36.15 Income from Household Activities

Crop production is the major activity that generated the highest average
annual income of up to N 307,377.30 which indicated the usefulness of this
activity to the rural households (figure 4.20). Non-farm activities also
generated substantial amount annually of N 207,222 which was an
evidence of diversification of activities among the households in these
communities. Livestock production was also considered an important
income generating activity as it generated an average of N 148,396 per
annum, with such diversification, it can be presumed that there are
tendencies of the households in these communities to easily grasp the
benefits to be brought by the sugar mill project.

Figure 4.20: Annual Income from Household Activities

4.36.16 Sources of Capital for Agricultural Activities

It was evidently shown from most of the studies in Nigeria that majority of
the farmers in Nigeria were subsistence; producing mostly for their
consumption and selling out the rest for income generation, with such
trends, their sources of capital for agricultural activities were inadequate.
Thus, from figure 4.21, it was revealed that savings from crop production
were mainly their source for agricultural activities as (95%). Savings from
livestock production and non-agricultural activities were other sources of
capital (74% and 65% of the respondents, respectively). However, only
1.5% of the farmers interviewed considered loan from formal financial
institution as their sources of capital. This was an indication of non-access
to loans for farmers despite the existence of such financial institutions in
the country. However, according to some community leaders
interviewed, credits were given to sesame farmers in some communities
like Medi by Sasakawa Global 2000 and the current ―Clusters‖
programmes of the Jigawa State Government.

Figure 4.21: Sources of Capital

4.36.22.4 Poverty Status of farming Households

The poverty status of the households is depicted in table 4.8. It showed

that majority (73.60%) of households were poor using the income
approach. Similar findings were reported by Umar et al. (2015) that
majority of the farming households in the state were poor. Using the dollar
rate approach the majority (79.96%) of the households was also classified
as poor. This result implied high poverty incidence among the farming
households in the study area. The qualitative (FGDs and KHs) sources also
reported similar findings (of more than 80% being poor) with respect to
poverty status of households in the study area.

The high incidence of poverty in the area could be attributed to limited

access and availability of production inputs, low level of farm outputs,
inadequate non-farm income generating activities and high
dependence on rainy season as the only major source of agricultural
production. Lack of alternative source of water to practice dry season
farming has been an issue of concern in the history of the study area as
reported by the various stakeholders (farmers, traditional ruler, etc). This
made households in the study area to be idle for the period of about
eight (8) months in a year. This idleness coupled with low level of farm
outputs play a significant role in increasing poverty in the area. The aim of
the proposed sugar mill project is to provide investment opportunity for all
year round activities by engaging the Inhabitants of the area at various
capacities.

Table 4.8 Poverty status in the study area

Variables Income Approach Dollar Approach

Poor Non poor Poor Non poor
Poverty Incidence (P0) 382 137 415 104
Percentage Incidence (%) 73.60 26.40 79.96 20.04
MMPCHHE/MPCHHE 9400.5 48335.1 360.96 1.946
Poverty Line 19683.3 899.5
4.36.20 Extension Services, Information Sourcing and Sharing in the
Community
Sources of Information

The study has identified various sources through which the communities
receive information. This was particularly useful in understanding the
channels through which relevant information could be disseminated. The
result in figure 4.22 shows that 92% and 59% of the respondents received
information on agricultural activities through fellow farmers and lead
farmers respectively. Thus, farmer to farmer information exchange was
high among the farmers in these communities. Another good source of
information identified was the community leaders (42%) who were
believed to be highly influential in the localities. In fact, the extension
Agents were not as effective as the community leaders in terms of
dissemination of agricultural technologies. This was attributed to the low
farmer: Extension Agent ratio. Radio as conventional information and
communication technology was still relevant to farmers in terms of
information generation. Increase in access and use of mobile phones in
Nigeria, since 2001 has made it a means of information sharing (36%).

Thus, when the sugar mill is established, GNA could use lead farmers and
community leaders for disseminating relevant information. This could be
further strengthened through establishing mobile phone platforms for
information exchange. GNA can as well make use of radio stations and
also use call-in-radio programmes for promoting two-way communication
process for the beneficiaries of this project.

Figure 4.22: Sources of Information on Agricultural Activities

Effectiveness of the Sources of Information

The survey assessed the effectiveness of the sources of information as
shown in figure 4.23. Except for the Extension Agents, which most of the
respondents considered just effective, other sources of information were
believed to be highly effective. This could be related to be due to the low
number which invariably meant they would not be able to cover all the
communities as required.

Figure 4.23: Effectiveness of the Information Sources

4.36.21Natural Resources Availability Conflict and its resolution in the

Community

4.36.21.1 National Resources Availability

Useful information was obtained about the major natural resources in the
area (figure 4.24). Majority (62.8%) of the households reported common
forest as the major natural resource available in the area. This implied that
availability of common forests can be used for different purposes like
rearing of animals and hunting among others. Irrigation water, Fadama
and portable water were the least reported natural resources. This was in
conformity with the information obtained during qualitative interviews
where availability of water for irrigation purpose had been a serious
challenge affecting people‘s livelihood in the area.

Figure 4.24: Natural Resources in the Community

4.36.21.2Beneficiaries and Conditions of Natural Resources

The beneficiaries of natural resources in the area are depicted in figure

4.25. The most interesting part of the results was youth and women
component of resource benefit in the area. Women were reported as the
least beneficiaries of natural resources as shown by 38.9% of the
households. This was not a surprise considering the fact that women in the
study area had the least access and control of resources with respect to
conditions of natural resources in the past 5 years (figure 4.26), it can be
observed that majority of the households claimed that all natural
resources remained the same in the area. However, the forest and wildlife
resources were the highest in terms of decline as shown by 41% and 36.8%
of the households respectively. Interestingly, potable water and rainfall
quality improved overtime as shown by 34.5% and 44.1% of the
households respectively.

Figure 4.25: Beneficiaries of Natural Resources

Figure 4.26: Conditions of Natural Resources

4.36.21.3 Conflict Issues and Methods of Conflict Resolutions in the

Communities

The aspect of conflicts in the area is reported in figure 4.27, about 90% of
the households reported that there was no conflict over a long period of
time in the area. This implied that most of the communities were peaceful
and would allow the small and large scale production activities to flourish.
The stakeholders contacted during the KHs (Civil Defense, Police, SSS and
traditional rulers) also indicated minimal occurrence of conflict in the
area. But whenever, conflicts occurred (39.9%) the households considered
legal action as a method of resolution while others (6.9%) considered
traditional mechanisms. The traditional rulers reported that conflicts often
were as a result of farm destructions by roaming animals during rainy
season and sometimes land disputes. However, it was only when the
conflicts were beyond the resolution of traditional rulers that such cases
would be forwarded to police for legal action. The security agencies
added that the failure to follow the grazing routes by the herdsmen (80%)
was the reason for such conflicts. Generally, all the communities were
peaceful except Zarada where the youth in the community are restive
and do not listen to their leaders. It is suggested that surveillance by the
security agents will greatly help in ensuring security when the sugar mill is
established. This can be achieved through the establishment of a unit of
police Mobile Force.

Figure 4.27: Methods of Conflict Resolution

4.36.22 Perception of the Community members on the proposed

Sugarcane Investment

4.36.22.1 Awareness of the Sugarcane Project

Figure 4.28 provides information on the proposed sugar mill project.

Findings indicated majority (94%) were aware of the project while only
very few (6%) households were not aware of the project. This would assist
to get a good indicator of the level of perception among the
communities. Households got to know about the project were as
depicted in figure 4.29. The traditional rulers were the most prominent
source of information about the project (30.83%). On the other hand,
there was evidence of lack of community sensitization and mobilization
through grassroots community group (9.90%), fellow
farmers/friends/relatives (7.32%) and government officials (5.70%). The
security personnel in the area were of the same opinion that the level of
awareness was very low. Persistent mobilization exercise especially by the
grassroots community leaders and groups would greatly help in increasing
the level of awareness. Regrettably only 1.35% of the respondents had
about the project through Radio.

Figure 4.28: Awareness on the Sugar mill Project

Figure 4.29: Sources of Information about the project

4.36.22.2 Perception on the Benefits of Sugarcane Project

The households‘ perception on project benefits is shown in figure 4.30. It

was found out that the proposed sugar mill project was considered as
beneficial by majority (89.2%) of the households in the area. Key Informant
Interviews particularly with traditional rulers and government officials also
reported similar perception about the benefits of the proposed sugar mill
project.

The perceived benefits of the sugar mill project are depicted in figure 4.31
where creation of jobs/employment was top among the benefits
(47.78%). Employment opportunities would include direct and indirect
jobs. Other perceived benefits similarly reported during FGDs and KHs
include: community development, youth empowerment, market
development, farm inputs supply and overall livelihood improvement of
household in the affected communities, the state and Nigeria at large.

Figure 4.30: Perception on Benefits of the Project

Figure 4.31: Perceived Benefits of the Project

4.36.22.3 Perception on Project Sustainability

The aspect of sugar mill project sustainability is depicted in figure 4.32 and
4.33. Majority (56.2%) of the households perceived the project as
sustainable. The sustainability of the project is an important element that
determines future contribution to the livelihood improvement of the
affected communities. The sustainability element of the proposed project
requires willingness of the affected community to contribute in sustaining
the project (figure 5.65). About 78% of the households are willing to
positively contribute towards sustaining the project.

Figure 4.32: Project Sustainability

Figure 4.33: Contribution in Project Sustainability

5.0 CHAPTER FIVE ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS

5.1 METHOD OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The process of assessing potential impacts was based the use of empirical
data obtained from field, detailed description of the project socio-
economic and bio-physical environmental setting as well as the industry
process and material utilization. This was used alongside a combination of
checklists, professional experience and information from stakeholder
engagement. It also took into account findings and conclusions of ESIA of
similar projects.
The main objectives of the impact assessment are to:
฀ Identify and evaluate potential environmental and socio-economic
impacts of the sugar mill and associated plants, facilities and other off
site infrastructure required to support the project
฀Isolates significant potential impacts requiring management actions.
฀ Development of mitigation plan to anticipate and avoid, minimize,
compensate or offset potential impacts to workers, affected communities,
and the environment.
5.2. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION
A systematic approach was employed in the impact identification in
order to ensure that all important socio-economic and environmental
project impacts and interactions as well as indirect and cumulative
effects, which may be potentially significant, are captured. The impact
identification process began during the reconnaissance survey and
continued through the scoping exercise when significant issues and
impacts were identified. The scoping helped to identify all areas of
concern especially pertaining to proposed project activities likely to result
in environmental and social impacts such that they will be addressed to
the appropriate level of detail. To further identify the impacts, the
proposed project activities were matched with the existing description of
the proposed project environment to develop a checklist. The
development of the checklist was carried out using the FMEnv, ESIA
Sectorial guidelines for large scale industrial activity and sugar projects.
Other source references include the General and Industry specific
 Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines and other relevant
international standard codes for sugar mill. Typical parameters taken into
account include:

 Nature (positive, negative, direct, indirect, cumulative)

 Magnitude (severe, moderate, low)

 Extent/location (area/volume covered, distribution)

 Timing (during construction, operation, decommissioning, immediate

delayed, rate of change)

 Duration (short term, long term, intermittent, continuous)

 Reversibility/irreversibility

 Likelihood (probability, uncertainty or confidence in the prediction)

 Significance (local, regional, global)

5.2.1 Impact Qualification

In order to further qualify the impacts of the various proposed project
activities on the environment and the socio-economic setting, all
identified impacts were characterized based on the nature, duration and
reversibility as follows:
฀ Useful Impacts – these are impacts that have positive and beneficial
effects.
฀ Adverse Impacts – these are impacts that have negative and
untoward effects.
฀ Direct Impacts – these are impacts that are most obvious, result solely
and are directly related to the proposed project and can be connected
to the action that caused them.
฀ Indirect Impacts – these are secondary impacts that do not occur
directly from a project activity but occur as a consequence of the
project as a result of some intermediate step or processes.
฀ Cumulative Impacts – typically occur from the incremental impact
of an action when combined with impacts from projects that have been
undertaken recently or would be carried out in the near future.
฀ Reversible Impacts – these are impacts over which the components
involved have the ability to recover after the disturbances caused by the
impact.
฀ Irreversible Impacts – these are impacts whose effects are such
that the affected environmental/socioeconomic component cannot be
returned to its original state even after adequate mitigation measures are
applied.
฀ Residual Impacts – these are impacts that their effects remain after
mitigation measures have been applied.
฀ Short Term Impacts – these are impacts that last only within the
period of a specific project activity.
฀ Long Term Impacts – these are impacts that have their effects
remain after a specific project activity.
5.2.2 Impact Evaluation
The evaluation of impact is to determine the significance of identified
impacts based on the following clearly defined criteria:
฀ Legal/Regulatory requirement (L)
฀ Risk posed by impact (R)
฀ Frequency of occurrence of environmental impact (F)
฀ Importance of affected environmental component and impact (I)
฀ Public interest/concern & perception (P)
The above criteria and the rating adopted for the evaluation are
described below:
5.2.2.1 Legal/Regulatory Requirement (L) –
Impacts were weighed against existing legal/regulatory requirements to
determine if the issue is affected by legislation or whether permits are
required prior to the execution of such activities. Such legal/regulatory
requirements were identified from the laws/guidelines, as well as those
guidelines in the source references relating to the proposed project
activity. The rating used for this criterion is as shown in Table 5.1

Table 5.1: Legal/Regulatory Requirement Criteria

Legal/Regulatory Requirement Rating Condition

Low 1 No legal/regulatory requirement for

carrying out project activity

Medium 3 Legal/regulatory requirement exist for

carrying out project activity

High 5 A permit is required prior to carrying

out project activity

5.2.2.2 Risk Posed by Impact (R)

Risk is a measure of the likelihood and magnitude of an adverse effect.
With respect to the proposed project, associated risks were evaluated in
terms of:
฀ Risk to human health
฀ Risk to asset (commercial and economic risk)
฀ Risk to the biophysical environment; and
฀ Risk to the client‘s reputation
Risks posed by potential impacts were evaluated based on three criteria,
namely: Consequence (C), Probability of occurrence (P) and Severity (S)
were used as basis for ranking the risk.
฀ Consequence (C):
This was used to e x a m i n e the severity which was then summed
with the probability of occurrence to determine the level of risk as
illustrated below:
O Low Risk where S + P is 2 ≤ 5
O Medium Risk is where S + P is 6 ≤ 7
O High Risk is where S + P is 8 ≤ 10
฀ Probability (P):
The probability is the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.
The probability factor is quantified as whole numbers between 1 and 5,
where 1 indicates impossibility and 5 absolute certainties. The higher the
probability of an event within the scale, the more certain that the event
will occur as described in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2: Description of Probability
S/No. Occurrence Description
1 Seemingly impossible An event which has never occurred in
the sugar industry
2 Not likely to occur in the project An event which may have occurred
before in the industry, but it is
uncommon.

3 Possibility of occurring in the An event which is likely going to occur

project

4 Possibility of occurring more than An event which the industry is familiar

once in the project with and may occur more than once
within a project

5 Possibility of repeated occurrence An event which occurs frequently in

the industry and may likely occur
almost every day during the project.

5.2.2.3 Frequency of Impact (F)–

Evaluation of the frequency of occurrence w a s carried out and rated as
―high‖, ―medium‖ or ―low‖ based on consultation with project proponent,
experts and professional judgment. The weighing scale used for this
criterion is presented in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3: Frequency Criteria

Importance Rating Attribute – Environmental, Human Health and Safety
Low 1 ฀ Minor degradation in quality in terms of scale (<0.1% of study area),
appearance and duration (e.g. only a few days).
฀ Rapid reversibility (change lasting only a few weeks before recovery, no
lasting residual impact of significance)
฀ No potential for cumulative impact
฀ Very localized geographic extent of impact (e.g. not more than a few meters
from impact source point)
฀ Low frequency of impact (occur in just about one occasion during the project
execution period)
฀ Immeasurable change in social, cultural, economic activity of affected
communities (e.g. a few jobs lost, etc.)
Medium 3 ฀ Degradation in quality in terms of scale (>0.1% of study area), appearance
and duration (e.g. a few months).
฀ Slow reversibility (change lasting only a few months before recovery, lasting
esidual impact of significance)
฀ Potential for cumulative impact
฀ Limited geographic extent of impact
฀ Intermittent frequency of impact (occur in only a few occasion during the
project execution period)
฀ Measurable change in social, cultural, economic activity of
affected
communities (e.g. percent of jobs losses, etc.)
High 5 ฀ Major degradation in quality in terms of scale (>1% of study area),
appearance and duration (beyond duration of project).
฀ Irreversible or only slowly recoverable (change lasting more than one year,
degradation of environmental ecosystem level (population, abundance,
diversity, productivity)
฀ Existing cumulative impact
฀ Geographic extent of impact (Encompassing areas up to half the area of
project coverage)
฀ High frequency of impact (occur continuously and almost and almost
throughout the project execution period (about 12 months)
฀ Major change in social, cultural, economic activity of affected communities
(e.g. percent of jobs losses, etc.)

5.2.2.4 Importance of Impact (I) –

The importance of target environmental component in respect of
identified potential impact was determined and rated as ―high‖,
―medium‖ or ―low‖. The ratings were based on consensus of opinions
among consulted experts including project engineers and other
stakeholders on the proposed project. The rating used for the criterion is
outlined in Table 5. 4.

Table5.4: Importance Criteria

Importance Rating Attribute – Environmental, Human Health and Safety
Low 1 ฀ Low Imperceptible outcome
฀ Insignificant alteration in value, function or service
of impacted resource
฀ Within the compliance of regulations, no controls
required

Medium 3 ฀ Negative outcome

฀ Measurable reduction or disruption in value, function
or service of impacted resource
฀ Potential for noncompliance with regulations

High 5 ฀ Highly undesirable outcome (e.g., impairment of

endangered, protected habitat, species)
฀ Detrimental and extended flora and fauna behavioral
change (breeding, spawning, molting)
฀ Major reduction or disruption in value, function or service
of impacted resource
฀ Impact during environmentally sensitive period
฀ Continuous noncompliance with regulations

5.2.2.5 Public Interest/Concern & Perception (P)

The opinions, views and concerns of interested parties including
affected communities were solicited through consultations and
questionnaire administration. The ratings were assigned as follows:
1 = Low perception and interest; 3 = Medium perception and interest; 5 =
High perception and interest. The criteria used to assign the ratings are
outlined in Table 5.5.
Table 5.5: Public Interest/Concern & Perception Criteria

Public Interest/Concern & Rating Attribute – Environmental, Human Health & Safety
Perception
Low 1 ฀ No risk of accident and/or death
฀ No risk to human health, acute and/or chronic
฀ No negative effect on means of livelihood
฀ No possibility of life endangered for on-site personnel
฀ Minor reduction in social, cultural, economic value

Medium 3 ฀ Limited incremental risk to accidents and death

฀ Minimal report on risk to human health, acute or
chronic
฀ Unlikely life endangered for on-site personnel
฀ Some reduction in social, cultural, economic value
฀ Possibility of adverse perception among population
in the study area
฀ Potential for non-compliance
High 5 ฀ Elevated incremental risk to accidents and death
฀ Increased risk to human health, acute and / or chronic
฀ Possibility of life endangered for on-site personnel
฀ Possibility of fuelling inter-communal conflict
฀ Major reduction in social, cultural, economic value
฀ Major public concern among population in the study
area
฀ Continuance non-compliance with statutes

Overall Significance Ranking

Following the evaluation of each impact using the criteria discussed
above, the significance of each impact was then rated as ―Low‖,
―Medium‖ or ―High‖ using the criteria below.
฀ LOW:
(L+R+F+I+P) 0 - 8: That is the sum of weight of Legal Requirement, Risk
Factor, Frequency
of Occurrence of Impact, Importance & Public Perception ranges
between 0 and 8.
฀ MEDIUM:

(L+R+F+I+P) 9 - 14: That is the sum of weight of Legal

Requirement, Risk Factor,
Frequency of Occurrence of Impact, Importance & Public Perception
ranges between 9 and14.
฀ HIGH:

(L+R+F+I+P) : That is the sum of weight of Legal Requirement, Risk

Factor, Frequency
of Occurrence of Impact, Importance & Public Perception is greater or
equal to 15.
OR

(F+I) 6: That is sum of weight of Frequency of Occurrence of

Environmental Impact and
Importance of affected Environmental Component is greater than the
benchmark of 6.
OR
P = 5: That is the weight of public interest and perception of the
potential impact is the benchmark of 5.

The result of the impact characterization and evaluation exercise is

presented in Table5.7.
5.3 POTENTIAL POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
The positive and negative impacts associated with the proposed project
are identified in the three phases of the project namely construction,
operation and the decommissioning phases.
5.3.1 POTENTIAL POSITIVE SOCIAL IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE
5.3.1.1 Employment opportunities

One of the economic and social positive impacts during the project
construction phase will be the availability of employment opportunities
especially to unskilled workers and several other specialized workers. In
the economic sense it means abundant unskilled labor will be used in the
experimental farm and initial erection of the needed structures hence
economic production. Several workers including casual laborers, masons,
carpenters, joiners, electricians and plumbers are expected to work on
the site for the period from the start of the project to the end leading to
social inclusion.
5.3.1.2 Improving growth of the economy
Through the use of locally available materials during the construction
phase of the project including cement, steel, timber, sand, concrete etc,
the project will contribute towards growth of the economy by contributing
to the gross domestic product. The consumption of these materials, fuel oil
and others will attract taxes including VAT which will be payable to the
government hence increasing government revenue while the cost of
these raw materials will be payable directly to the producers.
5.3.1.3 Improved living standards
The increase in revenues for locals and influx of immigrants into the project
surroundings during construction phase will improve money circulation
within the project area. This in turn leads to the initiation of several
businesses by entrepreneurs within/around the project site. Businesses such
as shops and entertainment spots will spring up and local businessmen will
benefit directly. This will promote the informal sector in securing some
temporary revenue and improved livelihood.
5.3.1.4 Provision of market for supply of building materials
The construction phase of the project will require supply of large quantities
of assorted materials and thus provides ready market for such including
quarrying companies, hardware shops from the immediate locality and in
the region as a whole.
5.3.1.5 Optimal use of land
By putting up the proposed sugar mill in the project site, the design will
incorporate an optimal use of the available land.
5.1.3.6 Improvement in livelihood
The mill project will bring about improved livelihood, income, and welfare
and poverty reduction through direct and indirect employment of labor in
the project area, Jigawa state and across the region.

5.1.3.7 Improvement in infrastructure

The construction and upgrade of access roads to provide for reliable

access to sites during construction will be of long term benefit to the
community in the transportation of farm produce and goods to the
markets.

5.1.3.8 Skill acquisition and transfer

The proposed project will transfer skills to the locals employed as labourer
in the initial construction through direct training on various activities and
aspects of the project.
5.3.2 POTENTIAL POSITIVE SOCIAL IMPACT DURING OPERATION PHASE
5.3.2.1 Increased in sugar and other sugar related products
Once the mill is in operation, sugar will be available locally. Sugar is a
major food item and a source of highly needed calories while cane tops
and molasses are important dietary supplements for livestock. Sugar and
molasses are also raw materials for the manufacture of confectioneries,
pharmaceuticals, and other beverages.
5.3.2.2 Alternative use of by products
By products which will emanate from the sugar processing such as
Bagasse and Molasses will be reused to manufacture other products
hence being put to good use. Bagasse will be combusted to produce
steam and electricity and thus reduce bagasse waste stockpiles
significantly.
5.3.2.3 Increase in revenue
There will be positive gain in revenue arising from the operations of the mill
from the various forms of taxes which include income taxes, Value Added
taxes (VAT), local government rates, etc.
5.3.2.4. Improvement in livelyhood
The operation of the mill will bring about improved livelihood, income,
welfare and poverty reduction through direct and indirect employment of
labour in the various associated plants thereby increasing standard of
living and a more assured livelihood

5.3.2.5 Increase in domestic sugar production and availability

Due to low local sugar production, Nigeria currently imports 98% of its
sugar requirement exposing its industrial users and the public to the
vagaries of international global market as well as currency fluctuations,
the operation of the proposed sugar mill will increas supply sugar by
1,000,000 tons annually. The boost in sugar supply will help meet the
increasing domestic and industrial demand and reduce imports.

5.3.2.6 Improvement in the local economy

The operation of the proposed project will have positive impact on the
local economy as most of the workers will rent property in the precinct of
the area likewise local shops and food sellers will benefit immensely.
5.3.2.7 Macro-economic impact on the regional economy
The operation of the proposed project will have a macro economic
impact through the benefits that will accrue to dealers and suppliers
across the state the region, the nation and beyond.
5.3.2.8 Improvement in quality of life
The likely increase in the creation of employment opportunities by the
operation of the proposed mill and the income will bring about
improvement in the quality of life.

5.3.2.9 Improvement in rural infrastructure

The proposed project will bring about improvement in social infrastructure
of both immediate and nearby communities of the project area.
5.3.2.10 Increased rural development
The project will act as a conduit for rural development through deliberate
action and also through spillover effects. The envisaged improvement in
local infrastructure, such as roads, will open up marginal areas leading
eventually to increase in rural development. Also, GNA as part of its
corporate social responsibility will provide facilities such as health centers,
schools and other social amenities that will enhance rural development.
5.3.2.11 stemming rural – urban migration
The project will also act as a check to rural urban migration from the area
as the implementation of the project will engage more than 6000 unskilled
laborers directly and much more directly from the local communities.
5.3.2.12 Improved security
The proposed project is expected to boost security within and around the
project area as it will improve the lighting in the surrounding areas. In
addition, there will be several security guards on duty per shift hence
enhancing security.
5.3.3 POTENTIAL POSITIVE SOCIAL IMPACT DURING DECOMMISSIONING
PHASE
5.3.3.1 Rehabilitation
Upon decommissioning of the proposed project, rehabilitation of the
project site will be carried out to restore the site to its original status or to a
better state than it was originally. This will include replacement of topsoil
and re-vegetation which will lead to improved visual quality of the area.
This will also mean that alternative options can be utilized within the
project site.
5.3.3. 2 Employment opportunities
Decommissioning activities will create employment opportunities as local
labor with different levels of skills will be engaged in order to effectively
remove the installations.

5.3.3.3 Improvement in the local economy

Local shops and food suppliers will benefit from the work force engaged
in the demolition exercise.
5.3.4 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE
5.3.4.1 Occupational Health and Safety
During construction of the proposed project, construction activities
including erection of structures, metal grinding and cutting; concrete
work, steel erection and welding among others, will expose workers to risks
of accidents and injuries. Such risks and injuries can result from hand tools
and construction equipment cuts from sharp edges of metal sheets and
collapse of building sections among others.
5.3.4.2 Creation of informal settlement
The proposed project may lead to the formation of informal settlements
within the surrounding area owing to workers preference to stay near their
places of work. A long term negative impact will be the mushrooming of
informal settlements within the project area which may lead to health and
other social risks due to an influx of migrant workers living in temporary
and unsanitary accommodation.
5.3.4.3 Social disruption
Influx of workers especially skilled non natives may lead to cultural friction
as they may not be aware of local sensibilities
5.3.4.4 Disruption of socio-cultural mix in the project area
The proposed project can disrupt the socio cultural mix as for example;
changes in social relations patterns may bring about change in the kind
of work done by men and women which can be significant in a male
dominated setting.
5.3.4.5 Health impact
Construction activities especially mobilization, site clearing, construction
of access roads, civil works will release fugitive dusts from exposed soil
surfaces and poisonous gases from exhaust of operating equipment and
moving heavy duty vehicles. Short term exposure to fugitive dusts and
high concentration of toxic emissions such as CO, SOx, NOx etc may
cause respiratory and eye related problems such as asthma, inflammation
of the airway, nasal and eye irritation especially in sensitized people that
reside in communities that are in close proximity to the access road.
 Vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children and people with existing
respiratory diseases in these communities are likely to be at particular risk.
5.3.5 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACT DURING OPERATION PHASE
5.3.5.1 Solid waste generation
The project is expected to generate substantial amounts of various types
of solid waste during its operation phase. Poor management of waste can
be a public nuisance by clogging sewers and open drains, encroaching
on roadways, diminishing aesthetics, cause unpleasant odours, breeding
of populations of disease vectors (e.g. flies, rats, cockroaches) etc. In
addition, these wastes can be injurious to the environment and may have
negative impacts on human and animal health. Environmental damage
from poor solid waste disposal typically can include contamination of soil,
groundwater, surface water and air quality. Solid waste can also contain
pathogenic micro-organisms and toxic chemicals. Some of these waste
materials especially the plastic/polythene are not biodegradable may
cause long-term injurious effects to the environment. Some of the
biodegradable wastes can still be injurious to the environment because as
they decompose, they produce methane gas which is a greenhouse gas
hence accentuates to global warming.
 Occupational health effects
During operation of the proposed project and its components, it is
expected that workers are likely to encounter occupational health
hazards due to materials handling, noise or other process operations.
Occupational health and safety hazards likely to occur include:
 Physical hazards from exposure to excessive noise from operating
machineries, exposure to extreme weather conditions
 Hazards from exposures to fugitive/cement dusts, exhaust emissions,
hazardous materials
 Biological hazards from exposure to dangerous animals e.g. snakes
during site clearing
 Exposure to communicable diseases e.g. STDs
 Ergonomic hazards from poor manual handling, over exertion, awkward
posture, etc
 Hazards from exposure to use of tools and machineries
Other health and safety concerns include risks of:
 Accidents and struck-by injuries from movement of heavy vehicles
 The use of heavy equipment and cranes
 Risks of trips and falls caused by slippery floors, stairs, and elevated
platforms (e.g. due to water and molasses)
 Fire risk with bagasse conveyors
 Contact with sharp edges
 Process equipment such as burns due to steam/hot process fluids
 Accidents involving conveyor belts
 Explosions (e.g. white sugar drying and storing, gas/fuels storage, and
boilers
 Chemical hazards usually in chemical cleaning of evaporators and
biocides
 Workers may be exposed to bogasse dust and sugar dust during the sugar
drying and packing processes
 Health hazard associated with the storage and handling of bagasse,
namely bagassosis, an allergic reaction of lung tissue to the presence of
Thermo actinomy cessaccharispores
 Cane spilt on roads may become a traffic hazard
5.3.5.3 Water and Sanitation Related Health Impacts
Abstraction of groundwater for use during operation phase especially for
domestic activities by huge influx of operational staff may pose
significant threat to the availability of water and increase demand on
existing sanitation infrastructure in the area. Consequently, the potential
for outbreak of sanitation related diseases such as dysentery, cholera etc.,
is high.
5.3.5.4 Traffic Impact
The implementation of the proposed project will significantly lead to
increase in traffic flow in the project area for the supply of cane and other
materials as well as the evacuation of sugar and other products. The
increase in traffic congestion during this period may have attendant
negative impacts which may include the following:
- Increased delay and congestion for road users which may have serious
effect especially for rural and non-motorized road users such as
pedestrian, cyclists, and those using animal-cart by making it difficult for
them to cross the road.
- Increase in potential accident and fatalities.
- Increase in fugitive dust and gaseous emissions as well as elevated noise
levels.
5.3.4.5 Health Impacts
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) /Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)
The sugar industry is recognized to have extremely high prevalence,
predominantly due to higher income levels, transient labor and
contractors, major transport routes and population density.
Heat related illnesses
Exposure to heat is common in manufacturing industries in tropical areas.
The risk of heat stress also increases according to the physical demands
that a task places on an individual, therefore, those engaged in physical
task are at significant risk of being affected by heat related illnesses for
example boiler, clarifiers and pan operators, etc.
Malaria
Open trenches and ditches as well as open containers may become
breeding sites for mosquitoes, with subsequent increased risk of malaria for
workers and community members residing around the project area.

5.3.6. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACT DURING DECOMMISSIONING

PHASE
5.3.6.1 Loss of livelihood and economic ruin
Decommissioning of the project will inevitably reverse the gains of the
project whereby many will lose their source of livelihood from jobs to
business ventures hence directly leading to a decline of the area‘s
economic stature and a drawback to the economy at large.
5.3.6.2 Solid waste generation
Demolition of the project buildings and related infrastructure will result in
large quantities of solid waste. The waste will contain the materials used in
construction including concrete, metal, wood, glass, etc. Although
demolition waste is generally considered as less harmful to the
environment since they are composed of inert materials, there is growing
evidence that large quantities of even the generally non-toxic chemicals
such as chloride, sodium, sulphate and ammonia are known to lead to
degradation of groundwater quality
5.3.6.3 Noise pollution
The decommissioning related activities such as demolition works will lead
to significant deterioration of the acoustic environment within the project
site and the surrounding areas. This will be as a result of the noise and
vibration that will be experienced as a result of demolishing the proposed
project buildings and related components.
5.3.6.4 Dust and exhaust emissions
Large quantities of dust will be generated during demolition works.
Particulate matter pollution is likely to occur during demolition and
transportation of the construction waste by the various machinery and
equipment to be used as well as motor vehicles used for the exercise.
There is a possibility of suspended particles affecting the site workers and
the surrounding neighbors‘ health.

5.3.6.5 Occupational hazards

Demolition works will inevitably expose workers and the public to
occupational health and public safety risks; in particular, working with
heavy equipment, handling and use of tools engender certain risks.
5.4 POTENTIAL POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
5.4.1POTENTIAL POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION
PHASE
5.4.1.1 Adherence to international best practices
The Jigawa State Government which is the host state for the proposed
project has committed itself to working and abiding strictly by the world
best practice for Large Scale Investment established by the UN, World
Bank, FAO, IFAD, DFID based on seven key principles as follows:
 Existing rights to land and natural resources are recognized and
respected

 Investment do not jeopardize food security, but rather strengthen it

 Processes for accessing land and making associated investments are

transparent and monitored to ensure accountability

 Those materially affected are consulted and agreements from

consultations are recorded and enforced

 Projects are viable in every sense, respect the rule of law, reflect
industry best practice and result in durable shared value
  Investments generate desirable social and distributional impacts and
do not increase vulnerability.

 Environmental impacts are quantified and measures taken to

encourage sustainable resource use, while minimizing and mitigating their
negative impact

5.4.1.2 Social inclusion

As part of the project design, a host community committee HCC shall be
established by GNA in each community that is affected by economic
displacement. It will include traditional authorities (village, ward and
district heads,), elders, youth representatives and women representatives.
Their role includes conducting household census and asset inventory,
particularly identifying and verifying ownership, particularly customary
land owners/users, helping in compensation payments, identifying
vulnerable households in the community, receiving and conveying
grievance. The HCC shall coordinate meetings and ensure information is
transmitted from investor/Government to the communities and vice versa.
5.4.2 POTENTIAL POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DURING OPERATION
PHASE
5.4.2.1Optimal utilization of environmental resources
 Surplus sludge from sugar factory effluent treatment plants can be
pumped to anaerobic dams for digestion and recycling of nutrients, the
sludge can be dried and returned to cane fields as fertilizers.
 Filter cake applied to fields has beneficial effects as it increases the
organic carbon content of the soil, has a liming effect leading to an
increased soil pH, increases the microbial activity in the soil and reduces
aluminum toxicit, it adds basic cations plus C, N, S and P in organic forms.
 Filter cake Improves soil conditions and helps to retain moisture for use by
plants.
 Saline-sodic soils can be reclaimed by incorporating of filter cake to a
depth of 300 mm. At this depth the cake persists and provides a long term
supply of calcium ions
 Composting filter cake reduces its mass and the carbon: nitrogen (C:N)
ratio narrowed so that the nitrogen is more readily available.
 Other wastes such as gypsum, calcium carbonate, fly ash, boiler ash may
be successfully composted with filter cake
 Filter cake is amenable to anaerobic digestion leading to the production
of useful biogas. The resulting biogas has high methane content (65-75 %)
and is used as cooking fuel for some mill canteens.
 The high pH and high Ca content of the ash makes it a useful additive to
acid soils. The increase in soil pH is accompanied by a decrease in
exchangeable aluminum and has reduced aluminum toxicit
 Bagasse can be used a fuel to generate steam and electricity
 Molassess can be used to produce gourmet powder
 Thrash and cane residue can be used to manufacture particle board
used in furniture and allied construction
 Waste from sugar mill can be used to produce high quality organic
fertilizer
 Bagasse is also used for the manufacture of paper
5.4.3 POTENTIAL POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DURING
DECOMMISSIONING PHASE
5.4.3.1 Restoration and Rehabilitation
Restoration and rehabilitation of the project site to be carried out on
decommissioning will aim to bring back the mill site to its original status or
to a better state than it was originally.
The rehabilitation and restoration will include re-vegetation of the site
which will lead to improved visual quality of the area. This will also mean
that alternative options can be utilized within the project site.
5.4.3.2 Recovery of material
A substantial part of the demolition waste will be recycled or re used and
thus will lead to environmental benefits through efficient resource use.
5.5 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
5.5.1 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DURING
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
5.5.1.1 Increased runoff from new impervious areas
Construction of buildings, plants and associated structures of the mill as
well as paved roads could result in additional runoff through creation of
impervious areas and compaction of soils. Impervious areas and
compacted soils generally have higher runoff coefficients than natural
area, leading to increased flood peaks.
5.5.1.2 Noise
During construction, the source of noise nuisance is primarily from the use
of powered mechanical equipment (PME) on site. Noise attenuates
rapidly with distance and therefore areas in the vicinity of the site are
likely to be impacted.

5.5.1.3 Erosion

Erosion and deposition are natural process in a stream. These processes

become a major concern where there is increase surface runoff, due to
disturbance of soil as a result of construction. There is particularly great
potential for erosion in the project area due to the sandy nature of the soil
and removal of vegetation as a result of construction of the mill and
associated plants in the area.

5.5.1.4 Water Quality

During the construction phase, the risk to water quality will be due to site
runoff. The potential sources of site runoff include water from dust
suppression sprays, oils and grease from machinery and vehicles used in
construction and wastewater from erosion of temporary stockpile are all
potential sources of pollution. Rainfall may cause the run off to pose an
impact from the exposure of soil to the elements.
5.5.1.5 Temperature
Increased temperature in day time and night due to particles of dust
which traps outgoing radiation .The construction, particularly the
impervious asphalt road would absorb more sunlight. This could increase
water temperatures leading to greater evaporation rates.
5.5.1.6Landscape and visual impact
Permanent landscape changes will take place through removal and
modifications in the vicinity of the site. Earth works and new cleared areas
can be visually stark which can provoke some public outcry. The entire
landscape will be changed with serious modification to the visual
characteristics of the area.
5.5.1.7 Vegetation, Flora and fauna
There will be loss of vegetation due to clearance as well as soil
disturbance due to earth works by heavy machinery during the
construction phase. The grading of the land will involve significant
removal of vegetation. However presently over 90% of the land is under
cultivation or used for grazing such that natural vegetation has been
significantly converted by agro-related practices in the area even before
the project.
5.5.1.8 Habitat Fragmentation
Site clearing activities during the construction phase will inevitably lead to
loss of vegetation with attendant loss/fragmentation of habitat. The
vegetation communities present within the boundaries of the 1000
hectares proposed project site is expected to be removed. Field survey
revealed that the natural vegetation in the proposed location has been
significantly converted by farming activities.
5.5.1.9 Introduction of Invasive Species and Reduction in Species Diversity
Disturbed soils especially during site clearing, road construction and civil
work activities may provide an opportunity for the introduction and
establishment of non-native invasive species that are generally tolerant of
disturbed conditions. Seeds or other propagates of invasive species may
be transported to the project site from infested areas by heavy
equipment or other vehicles that will be used at the site. Invasive plant
species typically develop high population densities and tend to exclude
most other plant species, thereby reducing species diversity and
potentially resulting in long-term effects.
5.5.1.10 Loss of Ecosystem Services
Site clearing and vegetation removal may lead to loss of ecosystem
provisioning services such as provision of fuel wood, medicinal herbs and
economic trees. Plant species of economic value likely to be affected
include Acacia senegal, one of the dominant woody species in the area
that produces gum arabic used in the manufacture of writing ink, hair
glazing cream, mucilage for pharmaceuticals, and glues in plywood
industries, while its leaves and pods are used as livestock feed; Acacia
albida and Piliostigmareticulatum which form good fodder, fuel wood
and industrial raw materials; and Vitellariaparadoxa which produces shea
butter used in producing hair and body creams.

5.5.1.11Wildlife
Mobilization to site, site clearing, construction and excavation activities
during construction phases could result in the direct injury or death of
wildlife species. Wildlife species, especially those not mobile enough to
avoid these activities, such as reptiles, small mammals and those in
burrows, may be crushed to death. In addition, bird nests and eggs or
nestlings could be destroyed. Activities during construction phases may
result also in disturbances to wildlife in the project area due to noise
emanating from equipment, heavy duty vehicles and from the presence
of construction workers on site.
5.5.1.12 Solid Waste generation
There will be an increase in domestic solid waste due to the large
workforce. Construction and demolition waste will also be generated from
the construction activities, vehicles and plant maintenance etc. Other
types of waste include oils and chemical waste.
5.5.2 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DURING OPERATION
PHASE
5.5.2.1 Wastewater generation
Sugar industry is associated with enormous amount of wastewater coming
from several sources of the process
Factory floor water
This includes spills, leaks and the hose water used to wash vessels or flush
away spills and leaks. Where leaks or spills involve high Brix materials (e.g.
leaking pumps) the load of COD can be considerable.
Water from evaporators
The major flow of water in a sugar factory is that associated with
condensation of vapors from the evaporators and vacuum pans. This
water is usually itself cooled in a spray pond or cooling tower before being
reticulated. If the water is not reticulated but used on a once-through
basis, then it represents a major flow to effluent. The water always picks up
some sugar through entrainment in the condensed vapors, this sugar
inevitably causes the COD to exceed the standards required for
discharge to public water. With recycled water there is inevitably a surplus
 that overflows to effluent and represents a large portion of effluent
discharge.
Cooling water
Entrainment separators in pans and evaporators are associated with high
COD in the cooling water. Contaminated cooling water presents an
expensive effluent treatment problem if its large volume is to be
discharged to public water. If condensers are not working efficiently more
water is required per unit of heat removed.
Evaporator cleaning
The high sodium content of evaporator cleaning solutions can cause
serious damage to soils. Use of the caustic for pH control in cooling circuits
and effluent plants produce a final effluent of unacceptable sodium
content. Where mechanical cleaning is practiced it results in temporary
high flow of rinse water.
Scrubber water, ash sluicing and boiler blow-down
Suspended solids from the scrubber water mix with the stream of effluent
that passes to biological treatment have negative effect on the
suspended solids content of the final effluent.
5.5.2.2 Chemical contamination
 Smut can be transferred by rain into the effluent system. The blow-down
from scrubber water contain sulfur, which may have some adverse effects
on anaerobic digestion of effluent.
 Some boiler treatment chemicals contain high levels of phosphate which
may create a problem if discharged to sensitive catchments.
 The use of lead acetate for clarification of juices before pol analysis may
impose an unacceptable lead load on the effluent.
 The initial runoff of rainwater from cane yards is generally regarded as
effluent and must be treated accordingly.
 Rain-exposed areas that may be contaminated with co-products such as
filter cake, smuts or molasses, is diverted to effluent plant with its high COD
which causes depletion of oxygen.
 The high mineral content and high organic matter content of vinasse can
lead to serious soil damage and water pollution.
 Due to the moisture content and some residual sugars, fresh filter cake
ferments, forming acids and often creating unpleasant odors.
 Foul odours are also expected to be generated from various point sources
within the project site these include the wastewater treatment plant,
landfills and dumpsites, the sugar mill etc
 Cane washing result in significant amounts of mud being delivered to the
factory with the cane. The mud is washed from the cane and settled in
ponds.
 Lead acetate used for clarification of sugar samples results in transmission
of lead into the environment.
 In transferring sugarcane to factory for processing, it is often burnt
releasing sooty particulate matter over a wide area that represents a
nuisance factor to nearby residents.
 Burning also contributes to increased greenhouse gas emissions.
 Increase in air pollution
The stack house emissions from the various plants within the project will act
as a major contributor of air pollutants in the form of sulphur oxides,
carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, CFCs, particulate matter
amongst others. Volatile organic compounds are also expected from
sources such as the treatment plant. Increase in these air pollutants may
lead to other secondary effects such as the creation of acid rain,
photochemical smog, depletion of stratospheric ozone and contribute to
global warming.
5.5.2.4 Soil degradation
The erection of the sugar mill and its associated plants on the surface of
the land will ultimately degrade the soil through land clearing and
contamination with various types of wastes. A degraded environment
truncates the set of livelihood strategies available to the poorest people
and undermines economic growth, particularly where legislation is weak
or inadequately enforced.
5.5.2.5 Solid Waste Generation and management

Solid wastes that require management during operation of the mill

include:
O Roadside cane spillage
O Cane wash mud
O Filter cake
O Boiler ash
O Fly ash
O Lead-containing laboratory precipitates
5.5.2.6 Community infrastructure and health

Arrival of workers and other dealers of sugar and related business

opportunists in the project area may put pressure on existing facilities in
the adjoining communities. Influx of workers and business people may
put the cultures, norms and traditions of nearby communities at risk of
being diluted or influenced by alien culture and negative values which
could generate intolerance and grievance may affect the disposition of
the community to the project and possibly elicit unfriendly treatment to
the migrant workers.
Open trenches and ditches as well as poorly disposed drums and other
containers may become breeding sites for mosquitoes, with subsequent
increased risk of malaria for workers and community members residing
around the project area.
5.5.3 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DURING
DECOMISSIONING
5.5.3.1 Solid waste generation
Demolition of the project buildings and related infrastructure will result in
large quantities of solid waste. The waste will contain the materials used in
construction and there is growing evidence that large quantities of such
waste may lead to release of certain hazardous chemicals into the
environment. In addition, even the generally non-toxic chemicals such as
chloride, sodium, sulphate and ammonia which may be released as a
result of leaching of demolition waste, are known to lead to degradation
of groundwater quality.
5.5.3.2 Noise pollution
The decommissioning related activities such as demolition works will lead
to significant deterioration of the acoustic environment within the project
site and the surrounding areas. This will be as a result of the noise and
vibration that will be experienced as a result of demolishing the proposed
project buildings and related components.
5.5.3.3 Dust and exhaust emissions
Large quantities of dust will be generated during demolition works.
Particulate matter pollution is likely to occur during demolition and
transportation of the construction waste. There is a possibility of
suspended and settle-able particles affecting the site workers and the
surrounding neighbours‘ health. Exhaust emissions are likely to be
generated during the demolition period by the various machinery and
equipment to be used as well as motor vehicles used for the exercise.
5.5.3.4 Occupational hazards
Demolition works will inevitably expose workers and the public to
occupational health and public safety risks: in particular, working with
heavy equipment, handling and use of tools engender certain risks. The
construction workers are also likely to be exposed to risk of accidents and
injuries resulting from accidental falls, falling objects, injuries from hand
tools and other equipment.
Table 5.6 presents a summary of the identified potential positive and
negative environmental and socio-economic impacts of the proposed
GNA sugar mill project.

Table 5.6 Potential positive and negative environmental and socio-

economic impact of the project
Project Phases Environmental

POSITIVE IMPACTS

Construction ฀ Emplo

Construction ฀ Open
movem
for the m

฀ Job
labor
through
selling.

฀ Stimu

฀ Impro

฀ Acqu
human
Operation ฀ Crea
opport
฀ Minimizing of fossil fuel utilization and reduced GHGs
and other pollutant gas through the use of bagasse to ฀ Tech
generate steam and electricity in place of fossil fuel on va
manag
฀ Proper utilization of environmental resources by the re-
use of the waste generated from the operation of the mill ฀ Gen
use of b
฀ Promotion of clean energy as an alternative
energy source and the establishment of Cleaner ฀ Incre
Development Mechanism (CDM). through

฀ Savings on cost of diesel and emission of noxious gases ฀ Provis

฀ Prov

฀ Provis
furniture

฀ Provis

฀ Boost
pharma

฀ Cons
sugar im

฀ Incre
state

Decommissioning ฀ Soil stabilization and regeneration ฀ Increa

other pu
฀ Restoration of flora and fauna habitat

NEGATIVE IMPACTS
Construction ฀ Deterioration of local air quality due to the release ฀ Loss/depletion of farm land
of fugitive dusts & gaseous emissions
฀ Loss of land based livelihoo
฀ Noise disturbances from equipment & truck traffic.
฀ Loss of economic trees inclu
฀ Loss vegetation/habitat fragmentation.
฀ Grievance & conflicts over l
฀ Predisposition of soil to erosion
฀ Loss of ecosystem provisioni
฀ Soil contamination
฀ Traffic congestion & increas
฀ Generation of non-hazardous and hazardous
wastes. Injuries.

฀ Risk of security breaches an

฀ Risks of exposure to occupa

accidents and injuries

฀ Change in land use pattern

฀ Risk of communicable & ve

HIV/AIDS, malaria.

฀ Threat to community safety

฀ Increase demand on existin

฀ Increased social vices/crime

and traditions in nearby comm

฀ Risk of worker exposure to O

Operation ฀ Generation of industrial hazardous wastes

฀ Soil contamination form leachates of hazardous ฀ Visual intrusion and disruptio

wastes.
฀ Risk of worker exposure to O
฀ Potential RTA due to heavy vehicular traffic

Decommisioning ฀ Air quality deterioration ฀ Traffic Congestion and incre

฀ Generation of industrial and hazardous waste. Injuries.
฀ Soil contamination from indiscriminate dumping of ฀ Risks of occupational accid
wastes.
฀ Loss of employment
5.6 Cumulative Impacts
The reason of this proposed project-initiated cumulative impact
assessment is to determine how the multiple and successive
environmental and socio-economic impacts from the proposed Sugar mill
project under consideration and other existing developments in the
project area may combine with potential impacts from anticipated future
developments to cause cumulative impacts of significant magnitude
that would not be expected to result from the proposed project as a
stand-alone development.
5.6.1 Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA)
CIA is the process of analyzing the potential impacts and risks of the
proposed sugar mill in the context of the potential effects of other human
activities and natural environmental and socio-economic external drivers
on the environment over time, and proposing concrete measures to
avoid, reduce, or mitigate such cumulative impacts and risk to the extent
possible. Specifically, the key analytical task during this CIA is to discern
how the potential impacts of the proposed sugar mill project may
combine cumulatively, with the potential impacts of current and future
developments as well as other human activities and natural stressors to
pose a significant threat.
5.6.2 Objectives
The following are the objectives of the proposed project initiated CIA:
฀ To assess the potential impacts and risks of the proposed sugar mill
project over time, in the context of potential effects from other
developments and natural environmental and social external drivers on
some components that may be at risk.
฀ To verify that the proposed sugar project‘s cumulative socio-
economic and environmental impacts will not exceed a threshold
that could compromise its sustainability
฀ To establish that the proposed sugar mill project‘s value and feasibility
are not limited by cumulative socio-economic and environmental effects.
฀ To support the development of a framework for managing
cumulative impacts at the appropriate geographic scale
฀ To ensure that the concerns of affected communities about the
cumulative impacts of the proposed project are identified, documented,
and addressed.
5.6.3 CIA Methodology
For the proposed sugar mill project, cumulative impact was assessed
using the following criteria:
฀ The outcome of scoping exercise including the identification of VECs
of interest in the project area.
฀ VECs known or suspected to potentially be affected by the proposed
sugar mill project
฀ Existing cumulative impact issues within the area.
฀ Concerns for cumulative impacts identified in consultation with
stakeholders, including potentially affected communities
฀ Visible developments in the area including the new Sugarcane
plantation.
฀ Overview of ongoing and reasonably foreseeable future activities
5.6.4 Cumulative Impact Discussion
Based on the above criteria, the potential cumulative impacts on
important resources that may result from the construction, operation and
decommissioning of the proposed sugar mill plant when added to other
past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions are as follows.
5.6.4.1 Impact on Water quality
The primary concern for water resources from sugar mill is the large
volume of w ater that will inevitably be u s ed for the c l eaning of
c ane and pr o c es s es such as c ool ing of b oil ers and
c ond ens a te. During the construction phase the potential sources of site
runoff include water from dust suppression sprays, oils and grease from
machinery and vehicles used in construction and wastewater from
erosion of temporary stockpile. Risk of oil spill/fuel leakage, waste water
from construction; ancillary waste from workers on the site are all potential
sources of pollution. Rainfall may cause the run off to pose an impact
from the exposure of soil to the elements.
During operation water will originate from spills, leaks and the hose water
used to wash vessels or flush away spills and leaks. Where leaks or spills
involve high Brix materials (e.g. leaking massecuite pumps) the load of
COD can be considerable. A major flow of water in a sugar factory is that
associated with condensation of vapors from the evaporators and
vacuum pans. This water is usually itself cooled in a spray pond or cooling
tower before being re-circulated. If the water is not re-circulated but used
on a once-through basis, then it represents a major flow to effluent. The
water always picks up some sugar through entrainment in the condensed
vapors. With recycled water, this sugar inevitably causes the COD to
exceed the standards required for discharge to public water. With
recycled water there is inevitably a surplus that overflows to effluent and
represents a large portion of effluent discharge. Contaminated cooling
water presents an expensive effluent treatment problem if its large volume
is to be discharged to public water. If condensers are not working
efficiently more water is required per unit of heat removed.
The high sodium content of evaporator cleaning solutions results in
disposal via irrigation water can cause serious damage to soils. Use of the
caustic for pH control in cooling circuits and effluent plants produce a
final effluent of unacceptable sodium content. Where mechanical
cleaning is practiced it results in temporary high flow of rinse water.
Suspended solids from the scrubber water mix with the stream of effluent
that passes to biological treatment because such solids displace bacteria
responsible for the treatment and they affect the suspended solids
content of the final effluent. Smut can be transferred by rain washing
solids into the effluent system. the blow-down from scrubber water
contain sulfur, which may have some adverse effects on anaerobic
digestion of effluent. Some boiler treatment chemicals contain high levels
of phosphate which may create a problem if discharged to sensitive
catchments. The use of lead acetate for clarification of juices before pol
analysis may impose an unacceptable lead load on the effluent. The
above are likely to combine with the water use and contamination from
the sugarcane plantation in the area, rapid population growth envisaged
in the region as a whole to produce cumulative effect.

5.6.4.2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) /Acquired Immune

Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
The sugar industry is recognized to have extremely high prevalence,
predominantly due to higher income levels, transient labor and
contractors, major transport routes and population density. Over time this
is likely to lead to high cumulative impact
5.6.4.3 Security threat
The large influx of workforce for the operation of the mill and associated
plants, transport need as well as the business opportunities will create a
major security challenge with great potential for insurgency to infiltrate. In
addition, the location of the plant very close to the border with Niger
Republic ensures ease of movement across the porous border making
surveillance difficult. This will have a cumulative impact over time
5.6.4.4 Solid waste generation
Sugar industry produces waste materials such as filter cake and boiler
ashes that require handing operations with varying importance according
to the quantities produced. Solid wastes that require management in the
proposed GNA project include, roadside cane spillage, cane wash mud,
filter cake, boiler ash, fly ash and lead-containing laboratory precipitates.
This may combine with waste from the plantation to produce a highly
contegeous and heteregenous waste. Poor management of waste can
be a public nuisance by clogging sewers and open drains, encroaching
on roadways, diminishing aesthetics, cause unpleasant odours, breeding
of populations of disease vectors (e.g. flies, rats, cockroaches) etc. These
wastes can be injurious to the environment and negative impacts on
human and animal health. Environmental damage from poor solid waste
disposal typically can include contamination of soil, groundwater, surface
water and air quality. Solid waste can also contain pathogenic micro-
organisms and toxic chemicals. Some of these waste materials especially
the plastic/polythene are not biodegradable may cause long-term
injurious effects to the environment. Some of the biodegradable wastes
can still be injurious to the environment because as they decompose,
they produce methane gas which is a greenhouse gas hence
accentuates to global warming.
Table 5.7 shows the Evaluation and characterization of the main impact
of the proposed project
Table 5.6 Impact Evaluation and characterization of the proposed project
Project PROJECT ASSOCIATED AND Impact Quantification
Phase ACTIVITIES POTENTIAL
IMPACTS
Bene Neutr Negative Short Long Reversible Irreversible
ficial al Term Term

Loss of farm land * * *

Land
Construction acquisition Loss of land * * *
phase based livelihood.

Loss of economic * * *
trees including
medicinal herbs.

Grievance and * * *
conflicts over
land
compensation.

Exacerbated * * *
poverty condition
due to loss of
access to land
 and means of
livelihood.

Construction Pressure on * * *
of internal available
and external adjacent land
access roads,
Deterioration of * * *
Civil Works.
local air quality
Construction
due to the
of buildings
release of fugitive
and Mill
dusts & gaseous
including
pollutant
Installation of
emissions from
utilities such
heavy vehicles.
as water
supply Noise and * * *
infrastructure vibration
s, boilers, disturbances
dryers and from equipment
storage tanks & truck traffic.
etc,
Compaction of * * *
Installation soil and
of Crushers predisposition to
Centrifugals erosion as a result
cooling of use and
water stationary
systems positioning of
Dryers heavy duty
Condensate vehicles.
Boilers etc.
Plant mortality or * * *
reduced growth
resulting from
tramplling by foot
and vehicular
traffic.

Wildlife injuries * * *
and mortality
resulting from
being crushed by
vehicular traffic.

Disturbance and * * *
displacement of
terrestrial wildlife
as a result of
noise and
vibration from
heavy duty
vehicles.

Traffic * * *
Congestion &
increased risk of
RTA and Injuries .

Landscape * * *
disruption and
visual intrusion
due to presence
of equipment,
vehicles and
trucks.

Risk of injuries to * * *
pedestrians and
motorcyclists
from collision with
moving heavy
duty vehicles .

Risk of security * * *
breaches ( and
threat to lives
and properties
due to storage of
materials and
equipment on
site.

Introduction of * * *
alien culture by
the influx of
migrant
personnel.

Employment of
skilled and
unskilled labor

Generation of
local business
through vendors
of food and other
needed materials
by the influx of
labor

Improvement in
local and
regional business
 through the
purchase of
materials needed
for construction

Opening up of
areas through
improved road
acess

Testing of Increased * * *
facilities potential for
accident due
to i n c r e a s e d
heavy
vehicular
traffic
conveying
cane for
testing

Risk of exposure * * *
to machinery
accident due to
lack of adequate
training of staff

Capacity Acquisition of * * *
Building and new skills and
Training development of
human capacity
especially by
locals employed
to work during
construction

Operation Noise generation * *

of the mill from operating
and inverters.
associated
plants

Generation of * *
steam from
bagasse will
reduce the
overall emissions
of combustion-
related
pollutants.

Elimination of * * *
fossil fuel use will
reduce GHGs
and other
pollutant gas
emissions.

Predisposition to * * *
soil erosion from
soil compaction
along roads used
for loading cane
and finished
sugar

Waste generation * * *
from operational
activities

Wildlife collision * * *
with project
facilities

Changes in bird * * *
and prey
populations due
to noise from
plants and
vehicular
movement

Wildlife habitat * * *
fragmentation
due to inability of
wildlife to habitat
disruption

Creation of * * *
employment and
business
opportunities

Creation of * * *
related business
of new shops and
eatery due to
large influx of
workers

Visual intrusion * * *
and disruption to
 aesthetics
especially due to
huge boilers and
constant
movement of
heavy trucks

Risk of vehicular * *
accidents

Provision of * *
locally available
gourment
powder

Provision of locally * *
available organic
fertilizer

Technology * *
transfer and
training of
project staff on
management,
operation and
maintenance of
sugar mill and
accessories

Promotion of * * *
clean energy as
an alternative
energy source
and the
establishment of
cleaner
development
mechanism
(CDM).

Increased * * *
revenue
generation to
government
through permits &
taxes

 Surplus sludge * * *
from sugar
effluent plants
can be dried
and returned to
cane fields as
 fertilizers.
 Filter cake * *
increases the
organic carbon
content of the
soil
 Filter cake
increases the
microbial activity
in the soil and
reduces
aluminum toxicity
 Filter cake
adds basic
cations plus C, N,
S and P in
organic forms.

Filter cake helps * *

to retain moisture
for use by plants.

Composting of * *
filter cake
produces a
product with
higher nutrient
value and
provides a means
of evaporating
and disposal of
vinasse
Other wastes * *
such as gypsum,
calcium
carbonate, fly
ash, boiler ash
may be
successfully
composted with
filter cake
Filter cake is * *
amenable to
anaerobic
digestion leading
to the production
of useful biogas.

Filter cake * *
contains some
wax originating
from the cane
stalk. which make
it a desirable
 Bagasse is * *
used for the
manufacture of
paper .

Due to moisture * * *
content and
some residual
sugars, fresh filter
cake ferments,
forming acids
and often
creating
unpleasant
odors.

* * *
Cane washing
result in
significant
amounts of mud
being delivered
to the factory
with the cane.

Lead acetate * * *
used for
clarification of
sugar samples
results in
transmission of
lead into the
environment

Burning of cane * * *
transfer to factory
for processing,
produce sooty
particulate
matter over a
wide area, and
represents a
nuisance to
nearby residents.

Burning also
contributes to
increased
greenhouse gas
emissions.
 Water used to * * *
wash vessels or
flush away spills
and leaks with
high Brix materials
the load of COD
can be
considerable.
Water in a sugar * * *
factory is
associated with
COD that
exceed the
standards
required for
discharge to
public water.
Contaminated * * *
cooling water
presents an
expensive
effluent
treatment
problem
High sodium * * *
content of
evaporator
cleaning solutions
results in disposal
via irrigation
water can cause
serious damage
to soils.

Use of the caustic * * *

for pH control in
cooling circuits
and effluent
plants produce a
final effluent of
unacceptable
sodium content.
Scrubber water * * *
mixed with the
stream of effluent
affect the
suspended solids
content of the
final effluent.
 Smut can be * * *
transferred by
rain washing
solids into the
effluent system.
 Some boiler * * *
treatment
 chemicals
contain high
levels of
phosphate which
may create a
problem if
discharged to
sensitive
catchments.
 The use of * * *
lead acetate for
clarification of
juices before pol
analysis may
impose an
unacceptable
lead load on the
effluent.
Routine Air quality * * *
maintenanc deterioration due
e and to the release of
servicing fugitive dust and
exhaust emission
from vehicular
movement.

Noise generation * * *
from mechanical
repairs activities,
vehicular
movement,
maintenance
equipment etc

Generation of * * *
industrial/
hazardous wastes
e.g., liquid
petroleum fuels,
waste water,
cleaning agents
during routine
maintenance.

Decommissi Soil * * *
oning Phase contamination
from leachates of
hazardous
wastes.

Removal of Air quality * * *

Mill and and deterioration
associated from the release
equipment of dust during
demolition
demolition of
activities and
structures
exhaust emissions
and
from vehicular
evacuation
equipment.

Noise and * * *
vibration
distribution from
demolition
activities and
movement of
vehicles

Predisposition to * * *
soil erosion as a
result of ground
disturbing
activities.

Generation of * * *
industrial and
hazardous waste
including scrap
metals etc.

Soil * * *
contamination
from
indiscriminate
dumping of
wastes.

Groundwater * * *
contamination
from seepage of
hazardous
materials.

Landscape * * *
disruption & visual
intrusion due to
the removal of
sugar plant.

Traffic * * *
Congestion and
increased risk of
RTA and Injuries
 6.0 CHAPTER SIX MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES

6.1 ASSESSMENT OF MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES

Sugar and its associated by-product factories are potentially hazardous
places with many hazards that have the potential to harm people in the
work place and cause environmental concerns. Mitigation is a critical
component of the ESIA process. It aims to prevent adverse impacts from
happening and to keep those that do occur within an acceptable level.
The essence of mitigation is to find better ways of doing things; enhance
the environmental and social benefits of the proposal; avoid, minimize or
remedy adverse impacts; and ensure that residual adverse impacts are
kept within acceptable levels. The elements of mitigation are organized
into a hierarchy of actions; first, avoid adverse impacts as far as possible
by use of preventative measures; second, minimize or reduce adverse
impacts to as low as practicable levels; and third, remedy or compensate
for adverse residual impacts, which are unavoidable and cannot be
reduced further. Figure 6.1 illustrates the mitigation processes which
include the following:
 Figure 6.1 The mitigation process

 Give preference to avoid and prevent measures

 Consider feasible alternatives to the proposal and identify the best

practicable environmental option

 Identify customized measures to minimize each of the main impacts

predicted

 Ensure they are appropriate, environmentally sound and cost-effective

 Use compensation or remedial measures as a last resort

6.2 MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENTMEASURES

6.2.1 Mitigation Approach
The identification of potential p r a c ti c a l m i ti g a t i o n m e a s u r e s i n
t h i s s tu d y was based on data obtained from field and the description
of environmental and socio-economic setting of the project area. In
addition, review of current relevant literature, prior knowledge of the
area, outcome of the discussion with stakeholders, professional
experience and judgment were employed as well existing relevant
mitigation guidance prescribed in the FMEnv EIA Guidelines for the sector.
6.3 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR POTENTIAL NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
The mitigation measures recommended to address the significant
potential negative impacts on the biophysical environment include:
WASTE WATER
 The NESREA regulations and standards that treated effluent must attain
before discharge to public water be adhered to.

 Treatment of waste water shall focus on the removal of oxygen-

demanding components from the effluent.
 Reduce the amount of fresh water into the mill (all water other than that
in cane) increases the effluent by the same amount.

 ‗zero effluent‘ by recycling sugar containing or contaminated water

 Increase maintenance of water circuits

 Self-sufficiency in water, by using only the water in the incoming cane

 Minimize effluent treatment by reducing the polluting load without

necessarily reducing the water flow

 Capture and re-use water in different roles (e.g. vessel wash water for lime
preparation) whilst discharging only condensate.

 Ensure untreated effluent does not run off to public water and that there
are no offensive odors

 Condenser performance be monitored by measuring approach

temperatures (i.e. the difference between input vapor temperature and
the temperature of the outlet water after contact with vapor)

 A sump-and-weir system shall be installed to capture the first runnings for

treatment but to divert subsequent heavy flow to a natural watercourse

 Cane should be delivered to the mill with a low content of field soil and
extraneous matter.

 If sand and extraneous matter in cane can be measured, a

penalty/bonus system should be considered, to incentivize cane suppliers
to send clean cane to the mill.

 Washing of cane is to be avoided unless absolutely essential, because of

the additional losses of sugar and the high water requirement.

 If cleaning of cane is necessary, a dry cleaning system should be

considered in preference.
 Segregation and storage of the major wastewater streams to facilitate
their re-use.

 Use surplus condensate or cooling tower overflow for cleaning/wash

down.

 Catch spillage in drains and return to the process.

 Use clean condensate as makeup in small service cooling towers.

 Use surplus condensate and cooling tower blow down in the boiler gas
scrubbers to make up for evaporation.

In terms of minimizing water intake, the proposed mitigation measures

include the following:

 Monitoring of the major use areas

 Use of pressurized general washing
 Mechanical clean-ups (avoid wet clean-up operations)
 Substituting fresh water with excess hot condensate
 Installing self-closing nozzles
 Providing training on savings
 Conducting regular cleaning of cooling towers (tower fill and sumps).
Air Quality
Mitigation measures for air quality include
Boiler emissions regulations
฀ ฀ Regulations governing stack emissions given by NESREA should be
adhered to
฀ ฀ Regulations by NESREA and FMEnv with respect to CO, NOx, SOx,
volatile organic compounds and heavy metals emissions should be
adhered to
The following techniques to minimize boiler stack emissions from boilers
fitted with dry dust collectors shall be in place:
฀ ฀ Maintaining the boiler plant to ensure the dry dust collector systems
operate as per design specifications
฀ ฀ Ensuring the dust collector system matches current boileroperational
load rather than design MCR
฀ ฀ Tuning the boiler plant to minimize the dust collector inlet particulate
levels
฀ ฀ Retrofitting the hopper evacuation system to increase the collection
efficiency of the dry dust collector system
฀ ฀ Reduce SOx emissions in flue gas desulphurization plants
฀ ฀ Dust should be sucked away from any area where it is generated and
filtered in bag filters
฀ ฀ Suppression systems should be installed, particularly with bucket
elevators, in which a very high concentration of dust may be contained in
the elevator housing.
฀ ฀ Good control of crystal sizes during the crystallization phase helps to
minimize the sugar dust formation during sugar handling.
฀ ฀ Specialized external consultants should be employed to ensure
freedom from sugar dust explosions.
Odor
฀ ฀ The following odor mitigation Measures shall be in place
- Proper sizing of anaerobic dams
- Liming of overloaded dams to convert volatile (odoriferous) organic
acids into nonvolatile salts,
- Adding floating aerators to overloaded dams to oxidize the organic
acids
- Irrigating with fresh effluent rather than stored effluent
- Effluent should be irrigated whilst still fresh
Noise
In order to reduce potential noise impacts on neighboring communities,
workers and wildlife, the following mitigation measures are
recommended:
฀ Restrict all haulage and noise generating activities to working hours
during the day
฀ Site stationary noise generating construction equipment with
consideration of distances from the noise sources to nearby communities
and sensitive receptors.
฀ Select and use vehicles and equipment with lower sound power levels
฀ Install suitable mufflers on engine exhausts and compressor components
฀ Ensure the maintenance of all equipment in accordance to
manufacturer‘s specifications
฀ Ensure vehicle travelling within and around project area are operated
in accordance with speed limits to reduce vehicle noise levels
฀ develop a mechanism to record and respond to noise complaints
฀ Provide and enforce the usage of hearing protection devices (ear
plugs/muffs) for workers exposed to noise levels >90 dB(A) for a duration of
more than 8 hours per day
฀ Institute a Hearing Protection Program for workers in work areas with
noise in excess of 85 dB(A).

Soil
The mitigation measures for avoiding or minimizing such impacts as
related to soil erosion and contamination are
Soil Erosion
฀ Reduce or control ground - disturbing activities and develop an Erosion
Control Plan that will include the following measures:
฀ Avoidance of vegetation and trees removal to the extent possible
฀ Restriction of vegetation removal to necessary site only
฀ Protection of all vegetation not required to be removed against
damage
฀ Re-vegetation of all bare and exposed soils with native vegetation
฀ Implement soil conservation measures such as stockpiling topsoil or
gravel for the remediation of disturbed areas.
฀ Usage of erosion protection structures such as sediment traps, riprap,
gabions, etc. wherever possible to capture run-off sediments
฀ Usage of gravel to cover unpaved access road surface for added
protection against erosion and run-off
฀ Scheduling ground-disturbing activities to avoid heavy rainfall and high
wind periods to the extent that is practical
Soil Contamination
To avoid/minimize soil contamination the following measures will be in
place:
฀ ฀ Ensure that the nutrient composition of the cake and the nutrient
requirements of the receiving soil are determined before applying on land
฀ ฀ Ensure that coal-based boiler ash are not added to waterlogged soils
because the acidity is likely to persist despite the neutralizing effect of the
ash
฀ ฀ Ensure compliance with all applicable national and international laws
and regulations and conform to relevant industry standards
฀ ฀ Prepare and implement a Spill Prevention and Emergency Response
Plan (SPERP) to address the possibility of accidental releases of all
hazardous materials stored on-site. The SPERP shall:
- Contain procedures for timely notification of appropriate authorities
- Provide spill/emergency contingency planning for
abatement/stabilization of release, recovery of spilled product and
remediation of affected area
- Be supported by the strategic deployment of spill response materials and
equipment including Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)as
recommended by NESREA in table 6.1
- Provide for prompt response to spill
฀ Ensure that vehicle refueling and maintenance as well as storage of
diesel and oil shall conform to best practices to ensure there are no
spillages or leakages
- Fuel storage tanks/drums shall be leak-proof and checked daily
- The tanks/drums shall be installed above ground in a bunded area
- Procedures for storage, handling of hazardous wastes and raw materials
(e.g. pesticides, herbicides, chemicals, fuels) shall be prepared,
implemented, monitored and enforced
- Workers shall be trained on the correct transfer and handling of fuels and
oil as well as herbicides and pesticides
- Ensure all vehicles are in proper working condition to avoid leaks of
motor oil, hydraulic fluid and other hazardous materials.
- In case of suspected or confirmed soil contamination, ensure
identification of the root cause of the uncontrolled release and correction
to avoid further releases and associated adverse impacts
Table 6.1: NESREA Recommended Personnel Protective Equipment

according to hazard type

Objective Workplace Hazard Suggested PPE

Eye and face protection Flying particles, molten Safety glasses with side
metal, liquid chemicals, shields, protective shades,
gases or vapours, light etc.
radiation

Head protection Falling objects, inadequate Plastic helmets with top and
height clearance and side impact protection
overhead power cords

Hearing protection Noise, ultra-sound Hearing protectors(ear plugs

or ear muffs)

Foot protection Falling or rolling objects, Safety shoes and boots for
pointed objects. Corrosive or protective against moving
hot liquids and falling objects, liquids
and chemicals

Hand protection Hazardous materials, cut or Gloves made of rubber or

laceration, vibrations, synthetic
extreme temperature materials(Neoprene),
leather, steel, insulating
material, etc

Respiratory protection Dust, fogs, fumes, mist, gases, Facemasks with appropriate
smoke, vapour filters for dust removal and air
purification (chemicals,
masts, vapors and gases).
Single or multi-gas personal
monitors, if

Available

Oxygen deficiency Portable or supplied air (fixed

lines). On site rescue
equipment

Body/leg protection Extreme temperatures, Insulating clothing, body

hazardous materials, suits, aprons etc of
biological agents, cutting appropriate materials
and laceration
 Solid Waste Generation and management
฀ ฀ Solid wastes that require management include:
O Roadside cane spillage
O Cane wash mud
O Filter cake
O Boiler ash
O Fly ash
O Lead-containing laboratory precipitates.
฀ ฀ With the exception of the lead-containing laboratory precipitates,
these wastes are non-hazardous and can be returned to cane fields.
฀ ฀ Boiler ash derived from coal may contain heavy metals that need
additional care.
฀ ฀ Manganese from suchash will dissolve if the ash is deposited on acid,
waterlogged soils.
To avoid/minimize impact of wastes the following mitigation measures will
be in place
Roadside cane spillage
฀ ฀ Setting up of road cleaning teams with provision for emergency
response when large spills take place.
฀ ฀ Implementing a procedure for minimizing the amount of cane spilt on
roads.
฀ ฀ Put in place fit netting or canvas to ‗spiller-type‘ trailers so as to
prevent road spillage and ensure complete off-loading
฀ ฀ Use basket
-type trailers to eliminate spillage
฀ ฀ Ensure trailers are not overloaded
Evaporator cleaning
฀ ฀ Micro
-filter be used so that the caustic can be re-used
Ash disposal to landfill
฀ ฀ hydraulically transport the ash to a landfill site close to the factory
฀ ฀ Bagasseshould be stored on specially constructed pads with a hard
surface and preferably profiled to ensure that any rain water runoff or
leachate is contained and treated or stored.
฀ ฀ Monitoring of pile temperatures can give advance warning of
imminent spontaneous bagasse combustion.
฀ ฀ Consideration should be given to screening around storage sites to
minimize dust problems.
฀ ฀ Bagasse should be transported in sealed trucks.
฀ ฀ A firefighting system must be available around the bagasse storage
yard
Laboratory filter papers with lead acetate precipitate
฀ ฀ Ensure use of lead-free techniques in clarification of sugar samples with
alumina cream
฀ ฀ When lead acetate is used, the filter papers that trap most of the
precipitated lead need careful disposal.
฀ Ensure compliance with all applicable national and international laws
and regulations on non-hazardous and hazardous waste management
฀ Ensure a mill - specific Waste Management Plan (WMP) that addresses
issues linked to waste minimization, generation, transport, disposal, and
monitoring is in place
฀ Establish a waste management hierarchy that considers prevention,
reduction, reuse, recovery, recycling, removal and finally disposal of
wastes
฀ Identify and implement pollution prevention opportunities such as use of
material substitution for less hazardous alternatives, recycling and waste
minimization
฀ Minimize hazardous waste generation by segregating hazardous from
non-hazardous wastes
฀ Create waste collection areas with clearly marked facilities such as
colour code bins and provide equipment for handling waste
฀ Ensure that hazardous wastes are stored in properly labeled closed
containers placed away from direct sunlight, wind and rain and provide
secondary containment with 110% of storage containers
฀ Ensure hazardous materials and waste storage areas are formally
designated and access restricted to authorized persons
฀ Ensure proper disposal/treatment of waste by government approved
waste vendor
Ecology and Biodiversity
In order to eliminate or minimize the impacts of the proposed project on
ecological resources, the following measures mitigation are proposed:
฀ Avoid the removal of natural vegetation and trees, especially species of
Acacia Senegal and Phoenix dactylifera
฀ Restrict the removal of natural vegetation to necessary site only
฀ Retain all short (<18 cm) native vegetation to the maximum extent
possible
฀ Retain native root structure within the project area to facilitate recovery
of vegetation cover
฀ Clearly define work areas to avoid unnecessary disturbance of areas
outside development footprint
฀ Compensate for economic trees at full replacement cost
฀ Re-vegetate temporary disturbed areas with native species to ensure all
temporary use areas are restored
฀ Develop and implement a project specific Integrated Vegetation
Management Plan (IVMP)
฀ Employ noise reduction measures to minimize impacts on wildlife.
฀ To the extent possible schedule vegetation clearing to occur outside of
bird breeding season
฀ Relocate any reptile or amphibian species found in harm‘s way away
฀ Ensure waste especially food remnants, are stored within closed
containers on-site, to avoid attracting birds to the site
6.4 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR POTENTIAL NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACTS
Land Acquisition
฀ Implementation Livelihood Restoration Plan (ALRP) to compensate
affected persons and/or communities
฀ Avoid forced eviction of farmers from their farmlands as in this proposed
project where a buffer has already been established to maintain existing
settlements within the buffer zone
฀ Ensure all issues relating to compensation are handled in a transparent,
consistent and equitable manner
฀ Ensure adequate engagement with affected persons and communities
throughout the process of land acquisition.
฀ Ensure disclosure of relevant information and participation of affected
communities and persons continue through implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of compensation payments
฀ Ensure affected land owners are adequately compensated for loss of
land and economic crops at full replacement cost.
฀ Provide alternative income earning opportunities such as credit
facilities, training or employment opportunities to assist affected persons
฀ Provide opportunities to affected persons and communities to derive
appropriate development benefits such as employment, from the project
฀ Establish a grievance mechanism to receive and address specific
concerns about compensation
Road Traffic
In order to mitigate potential impacts of traffic congestion and risk of
RTAs, the following measures shall be put in place:
฀ Ensure regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer
approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents such as those
caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure
฀ engage drivers with appropriate class of driving license and at least
three years of driving experience.
฀ Train drivers on defensive driving techniques, haulage safety and
pedestrian safety
฀ Develop and implement a Traffic Management Plan (TMP)
฀ Safe traffic control measures to include:
- Establishment and strict enforcement of speed limits
- Employment of appropriate road safety signages and on-site trained
flag-men with high-visibility vests to direct traffic and warn of dangerous
conditions
- Minimization of movement at peak hours of the day
฀ Ensure coordination with emergency agencies to ensure that
appropriate first aid is provided in the event of accidents
฀ where possible, use locally sourced materials to minimize transport
distances
Landscape Disruption and Visual Intrusion
Mitigation measures proposed to minimize effect of contrast to natural
landscape and visual disturbances shall include the following:
฀ retaining natural vegetation wherever possible within the project area
฀ Ensuring paintings and surface treatments of associated buildings blend
with the existing form, line, color, and texture of the landscape as much as
possible
฀ Ensuring grouped buildings and structures are painted the same colour
to reduce visual complexity and colour contrast
Community Infrastructure
In order to mitigate pressure on community infrastructure GNA shall as
part of its CSR:
฀ Promote access to community services by supporting infrastructural
development in host communities
฀ ฀ Ensure that development is demand driven and participatory
฀ ฀ Promoteengagement and ownership
฀ ฀ Ensure that technology is appropriate for the capacity of the
stakeholders
฀ ฀ Develop clear understanding of stakeholder roles and responsibilities
฀ ฀ Develop agreements that reflect the rights of all parties
฀ ฀ Encourage partnerships with key areas of expertise
฀ ฀ Where short term support is implemented ensure a sustainable exit
strategy
฀ ฀ Communicate, communicate, communicate
Culture
Mitigation measures proposed to avoid or minimize social vices and
crimes and protect community culture include the following:
฀ Development of an induction program including a code of conduct for
all workers and the code of conduct shall address:
- Respect for local residents
- Zero tolerance of illegal activities such as prostitution, sale of alcohol,
consumption of drugs, illegal gambling or fighting
- Description of disciplinary measures for infringement of the code of
conducts and/or company rules.
- Ensuring a copy of the code of conduct is presented to all workers and
signed by each worker
- Improving awareness of and sensitivity of workers to local cultures,
traditions and lifestyles
 - Ensuring affected communities are assisted and have a voice in
appropriation of mitigation measures
- Development and implementation of a grievance procedure and
raising awareness of grievance procedures amongst affected
communities
- Provision of a grievance register and grievance officer
- Promotion of the establishment of local vigilante groups at community
level in consultation with the Police authorities
Community health
Mitigation measures proposed to prevent the risk of STIs such as HIV/AIDS
include the following
฀ Institution of HIV prevention program to include peer education and
Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT)
฀ Undertake health awareness and education initiatives on STIs amongst
workers and in affected communities.
Security Challenges
Mitigation measures proposed to ensure the security of lives and
properties include the following:
฀ Fencing of all facilities from surrounding communities
฀ Installation of CCTV surveillance system
฀ Deployment of competent security personnel to secure project site
฀ Adequate training of security personnel.
฀ Disclosure of on-site security arrangements to the public especially
members of nearby communities
Occupational Health and Safety
In order to mitigate the impacts of the proposed project on workers
health the following measures are proposed:
 Put in place an active health and safety policy
 Ensure External audits of safety performance by recognized authorities
 Ensure internal audits are conducted by a multidisciplinary team
 Put in a procedure for reporting all occupational, health and safety
incidents, and a system of record keeping should be operational
 Regular training and retraining of employees
 Proper use of PPE is essential
 Risk management should consider all potential hazards and where
possible take action to mitigate them
 Good housekeeping for higher safety standards
 Commitment and participation of management in matters of health and
safety
 Health and safety company procedures are constantly disclosed and
properly deployed to all employees
Specifically, the following are measures to mitigate occupational health
to prevent accidents and ensure healthy working environment in the
proposed sugar mill
฀ ฀ A lock-out system is necessary on electrical equipment, to enable safe
maintenance on conveyors and plant equipment
฀ ฀ A lock-out system is necessary on steam and vapors valves, to enable
safe cleaning and maintenance on internal parts of evaporators and
vacuum pans
฀ ฀ Hot work permits should be required in areas where bogasse dust and
sugar dust are present
฀ ฀ Put controls in place to ensure that no fire/explosion incidents occur
฀ ฀ The installation of a facility to steam out cut-over lines needs to be
engineered to eliminate the possibility of explosions due to the explosive
decomposition of sugar products in contained spaces
฀ ฀ Checks for accumulated carbon dioxide (from fermentation or
decomposing sugar) before entering tanks
฀ ฀ Working at heights above 2 mand working in confined spaces should
require special permits
฀ ฀Eliminating the hazard by removing the activity from the work process
Examples include substitution with less hazardous chemicals, using
different manufacturing processes, etc.
฀ ฀Controlling the hazard at its source through the use of engineering
controls, examples include local exhaust ventilation, isolation rooms,
machine guarding, acoustic insulating, etc.
฀ ฀Minimizing the hazard through design of safe work systems and
administrative or institutional control measures, examples include job
rotation, training safe work procedures, lock-out and tag-out, workplace
monitoring, limiting exposure or work duration, etc.
฀ ฀Providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in
conjunction with training, use, and maintenance of the PPE
฀ ฀ Mechanical and electrical installations designed according to
approved codes. In the sugar mill context, steam and power generation
and reticulation are an important focus. Appropriate operation and fire
alarm systems should be in place.
Training
฀ ฀ Training and retraining of all employees on health and safety issues
shall be on a regular basis.
฀ ฀ Provisions should be made to provide OHS orientation training to all
new employees to ensure they are apprised of the basic rules of work on
the site and of personal protection
฀ ฀ Regular updating training should be provided for all employees on a
routine basis. The training should cover:
฀ ฀ Knowledge of materials, equipment, and tools
฀ ฀ Known hazards in the operations and how they are controlled
฀ ฀ Potential risks to health
฀ ฀ Precautions to prevent exposure
฀ ฀ Hygiene and health requirements
฀ ฀ Wearing and use of protective equipment and clothing
฀ ฀ Correct use and care of personal protective equipment
฀ ฀ How to identify and use safety signs
฀ ฀ Appropriate response to operation extremes, incidents and accidents
฀ ฀ Knowledge of safe routes to escape in case of an accident
฀ ฀ Workers and contractors, prior to commencement of new assignments,
should have received adequate training and information enabling them
to understand work hazards and to protect their health from hazardous
ambient factors that may be present
฀ ฀ A basic occupational training program and specialty courses should
be provided, as needed, to ensure that workers are oriented to the
specific hazards of individual work assignments
฀ ฀ Training should be provided to management, supervisors, workers, and
occasional visitors to areas of risks and hazards
฀ ฀ Workers with rescue and first aid duties should receive dedicated
training
Safety equipment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as recommended by NESREA see
table 6.1 provides additional protection to workers exposed to workplace
hazards in conjunction with other facility controls and safety systems. PPE is
considered to be a last resort that is above and beyond the other facility
controls, and provides the worker with an extra level of personal
protection. Recommended measures for use of PPE in the workplace
include:
฀ ฀ Active use of PPE if alternative technologies, work plans or procedures
cannot eliminate, or sufficiently reduce, a hazard or exposure
฀ ฀ Identification and provision of appropriate PPE that offers adequate
protection to the workers and occasional visitors, without incurring
unnecessary inconvenience to the individual
฀ ฀ Proper maintenance of PPE, including cleaning when dirty and
replacement when damaged or worn out
฀ ฀ Proper use and care of PPE should be part of the recurrent training
programs for employees
Encourage workers to report to management all:
฀ ฀ Occupational injuries and near misses
฀ ฀ Suspected cases of occupational disease
฀ ฀ Dangerous occurrences and incidents
฀ ฀ Potential risk areas
Occupational health and safety monitoring programs should verify the
effectiveness of prevention and control strategies. The OHS monitoring
program should include:
฀ ฀Safety inspection, testing and calibration: This should include regular
inspection and testing of all safety features and hazard control measures
focusing on engineering and personal protective features, work
procedures, places of work, installations, equipment and tools used. The
inspection should verify that issued PPE continues to provide adequate
protection and is being worn as required
฀ ฀Legal requirements: Safety testing associated with boilers, rigging
equipment, etc. are often prescribed by law. These must be undertaken
at the required frequency
฀ ฀Training: Training activities for employees and visitors should be
adequately monitored and documented (curriculum, duration, and
participants). Emergency exercises, including fire drills, should be
documented adequately. Service providers and contractors should be
contractually required to submit to the employer adequate training
documentation before the start of their assignment
฀ ฀Security audit: Checking services standards and safety procedures,
reporting non-conformities and always looking for improvements
6.5 RESIDUAL IMPACTS
The key potential residual impacts likely due to the implementation of the
proposed project are Impact on Water quality, Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) /Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Security threat
and Solid waste generation. GNA shall undertake the following measures:
฀ Ensure Completion Audit is undertaken upon substantial
implementation of all mitigation measures in that regard.
6.6 ENHANCEMENT MEASURES FOR POTENTIAL POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS

The positive environmental impacts of the proposed project sugar mill

include the proper utilization of environmental resource through the use of
the waste generated from the operation of the mill to produce useful
products such as particle boara, fertilizer and gourmet powder. In addition
other ancilliary wastes such as filte cake, ash and trash are reused and
recycled. A further significant positive environmental impact of the
operation of the mill relate to the utilization of bagasse as fuel for
generation of electricity therby avoiding o t h e u s e o f fossil fuel
with attendant reduction in GHGs and other pollutant gas emissions.To
enhance these impacts, GNA shall
฀ ฀ ensure strict adherence to compliance of all Nigerian and
international rules and regulations on waste management for
manufacturing industries in general and sugar processing in particular. In
addition
฀ ฀ ensure elf
s regulation to preserve environmental resources and in this
regard shall make public its self regulatory code of practice to the
 markets, consumer groups and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)
with a view to creating and promoting environmental awareness within its
area of influence. The ultimate aim is to promote ‗triple bottom line‘
response whereby customers, governments and NGOs alike are aware of
and concerned about environmental issues in terms of their buying habits.
The goal for the triple bottom line is for more sustainable practices that
comply with:
฀ ฀ Profitable production and maintenance or improvement of quality of
production resources
฀ ฀ Minimizing or avoiding off-site impacts on the environment
฀ ฀ Production taking place in a socially equitable environment

6.7 ENHANCEMENT MEASURES FOR POTENTIAL SOCIAL IMPACTS

The following are measures to enhance the potential social positive
benefits of the sugar mill project:

Human resource management

 Technological advancement has driven significant change and

improvement in the sugar industry through a wide variety of
developments from the improvement of machinery performance, to
factory recoveries but technological advancement can do little to
mitigate against the risk of the ‗human factor‘; an influencing factor that
can have a major impact on business profitability and sustainability. This
influencing factor, if managed correctly can be extremely positive, but if
not managed correctly, can bring down the most successful of businesses
in an instant. Thus the importance of developing appropriate human
resource and social support systems cannot be overstated.
Involvement of stakeholders
 The stakeholders of the industry go beyond company shareholders and
investors, extending to employees, neighboring communities, civil society,
 governments and consumers. The expectations, roles and responsibilities
of each of these stakeholders differ significantly but have to be
considered by the industry and incorporated into operations and
management plans. Managing these stakeholders throughout the lifetime
of a business though extremely challenging, yet enhances the business by
making it easier for the consumers to observe and react to the actions of
a company.
 GNA shall in order to enhance stakeholder support develop Guidelines
to manage the multitude of factors including but not limited to the social
and political environment, culture and traditions, other industries, the
environment, education and natural resources in its area of operation
Direct Employment
฀ Development and implementation of a Labor and Employment Plan
(LEMP) in line with international employment guidelines
฀ Detail percentages and numbers of workforce to be sourced from the
local areas and various demographics
฀ Notification of Community representatives, Gagarawa local
government and Jigawa state of the specific jobs and skills required for
the project prior to commencement of recruitment
฀ Initiation of training and skills development programs to ensure
members of local workforce are up-skilled and can be employed on the
project
฀ Promotion of fair treatment, nondiscrimination, and equal opportunity of
workers
฀ Protection of workers, including vulnerable categories of workers such
as women and migrant workers
฀ Promotion of safe, healthy working conditions and Provision of a
grievance mechanism for workers to freely raise workplace concerns
฀ Prohibition of employment of minors and avoidance of the use of
forced labor
Procurement and Indirect Employment
The following enhancement measures will be implemented to ensure that
business opportunities emanating from the project are maximized:
฀ Local and regional procurement targets will be included in the project‘s
EMP
฀ Ensure local contractors are used and that contractor recruits local
labor in accordance with the GNA‘s recruitment policy and request for
proposal
Provision of Access Roads
The measures proposed for GNA to further enhance the positive impact of
the access roads include the following:
฀ improving the roads by paving the surface to assure their durability
฀ Ensuring adequate maintenance of the road to assure sustainability
Impact on land owners
฀ Develop and implement a Livelihood Restoration Plan (ALRP) to
compensate affected persons and/or communities
฀ Avoid forced eviction of farmers from their farmlands
฀ Ensure all issues relating to compensation are handled in a transparent,
consistent and equitable manner
฀ Ensure adequate engagement with affected persons and
communities throughout the process of land acquisition
฀ Ensure disclosure of relevant information and participation of affected
communities and persons continue through implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of compensation payments
฀ Ensure affected land owners are adequately compensated for loss of
land and economic crops at full replacement cost
฀ Provide opportunities to affected persons and communities to derive
appropriate development benefits such as employment, from the project
฀ Establish a grievance mechanism to receive and address specific
concerns about compensation
Introduction of negative values and alien culture by the influx of migrant
personnel
Develop an induction program including a code of conduct for all
workers. The code of conduct will address the following aspect:
฀ Respect for local residents
฀ Zero tolerance of illegal activities such as prostitution, illegal sale or
purchase alcohol, purchase or consumption of drugs, illegal gambling or
fighting
฀ Description of disciplinary measures for infringement of the code of
conduct and/or company rules
฀ Ensure a copy of the code of conduct is presented to all workers and
signed by each worker
฀ Improve awareness of and sensitivity of workers to local cultures,
traditions and lifestyles
฀ Ensure affected communities are assisted and have a voice in
appropriation of mitigation measures
฀ Develop and implement a grievance procedure and raise awareness
of grievance procedures amongst affected communities
฀ Provide a grievance register and grievance officer
Security challenge
฀ Promote the establishment of local vigilante groups at community level
inconsultation with the Hisba and Police.

฀ Deploy competent security personnel to secure project site

฀ Disclose on-site security arrangements to the public especially members
of nearby communities
 Risk of traffic accident

฀ ฀ Plan and segregate the location of vehicles traffic, machine operation

and walking areas
฀ Control vehicle traffic through the use of one-way traffic routes
฀Establish speed limits and use on-site trained flagmen with high visibility
vests on router clothing covering to direct traffic
฀Ensure mobile equipment is outfitted with audible reverse alarms
฀Provide and enforce usage of appropriate PPE
Table 6.2 shows the enhancement measures for the positive
environmental and socio-economic impacts of the proposed sugar mill

Table 6.2 Significant Associated Rating before Mitigation Measures Rating A

and Potential Impacts Mitigation Mitigation
Enhancement
measures for
the positive
environmental
and socio-
economic
impacts of the
proposed
sugar mill

Project Phase
Construction  Impact on Land Owners
Phase
 LOW  Develop and MEDIUM
implement a Livelihood
 Loss of farm land Restoration Plan (LRP) to
Land acquisition compensate affected
 MEDIUM persons and/or
communities.
 Loss of land based
livelihood.  Avoid forced eviction
HIGH of farmers from their MEDIUM
 farmlands.

 Loss of economic trees  Ensure all issues

and medicinal herbs MEDIUM relating to compensation LOW
are handled in a
 transparent, consistent and
equitable manner.
 Grievance and conflicts
overland Compensation  Ensure adequate
engagement with affected LOW
 persons and communities
in the process of land
 Exacerbated poverty acquisition.
condition due to loss of
access to land (means of  Ensure disclosure of
livelihood). relevant information and
LOW
participation of affected
communities and persons
throughout the
implementation,
monitoring and evaluation
of compensation
payments.
LOW
 Ensure affected land
owners are adequately
compensated for loss of
land and economic crops
at full replacement cost.

 Provide opportunities
to affected persons and
communities to derive LOW
appropriate development
benefits such as
employment, from the
project.

 Establish a grievance
mechanism to address
 specific concerns about LOW
compensation.

MEDIUM

 Implement dust
suppression techniques
 LOW
such as, use of (i) water
suppression for control of

loose soil materials on
unpaved surfaces and (ii)

cover trucks for
 transporting loose materials
that may generate dust.

 Ensure emissions from
 road and off-road vehicles
comply with specified
 national standards via
regular in-situ- LOW

 measurement.

  Conduct regular visual

inspection of dust pollution
 and ensure appropriate
intervention if dust levels
 Impact on Air Quality & are high.
LOW
Noise Level
 Pave access roads
with gravel to minimize
release of dust.
 Deterioration of local air
quality due to the release  Implement routine
of fugitive dusts and preventative maintenance
gaseous pollutant including tune-ups on all
emissions from heavy heavy equipment to meet
vehicles. the manufacturer‘s
specification in order to LOW
ensure efficient
combustion and minimal
emissions.

 Ensure speed limits are

reduced and enforced
especially on unpaved
roads to minimize airborne
fugitive dusts.
LOW
 Train drivers/ workers
on proper operation of
 vehicles and equipment to
include fuel efficiency and
anti-idling techniques.

 Limit soil disturbance

activities and travel on
unpaved roads during
LOW
periods of high wind.

 Reroute access roads

away from immediate
outskirt of communities as
much as possible.

 Ensure regular
maintenance of vehicles
and use of manufacturer
approved parts to minimize
potentially serious
accidents such as those
caused by equipment
malfunction or premature
failure.

LOW
 Engage drivers with
MEDIUM appropriate class of driving
license and at least three
years of driving experience

MEDIUM  Develop and

implement a Traffic
Management Plan (TMP) LOW
and safe traffic control
measures shall include:

 Establishment and
strict enforcement of
speed limits;

 Employment of
appropriate road safety
sign ages and on-site
trained flag-men with high-
visibility vests to direct
traffic and warn of
 Impacts on Affected dangerous conditions
Community Health, Safety
& Security)  Minimization of
movement at peak hours
of the day.
  Ensure coordination
with emergency agencies
 Traffic Congestion & to ensure that appropriate
increased risk of RTA and first aid is provided in the
Injuries (Traffic Safety). event of accidents.
LOW
 Where possible, use
locally sourced materials to
 Risk of injuries to minimize transport
pedestrians from collision distances.
HIGH
with moving heavy duty
vehicles .  Develop an induction
program including a code
of conduct for all workers.
The code of conduct will
address the following
aspect: MEDIUM

 Respect for local

residents;

 No hunting or
unauthorized taking of
products or livestocks;

 Zero tolerance of
illegal activities such as
prostitution, illegal sale or
purchase alcohol,
purchase or consumption
of drugs, illegal gambling
or fighting;

 Description of
disciplinary measures for
infringement of the code of
conduct and/or company
rules.
 Introduction of negative
values and alien culture
 Ensure a copy of the
by the influx of migrant
code of conduct is
personnel.
presented to all workers
HIGH and signed by each
worker.

 Improve awareness of
and sensitivity of workers to MEDIUM
local cultures, traditions
and lifestyles.

 Ensure affected
communities are assisted
 and have a voice in
appropriation of mitigation
measures.

 Develop and
implement a grievance
procedure and raise
awareness of grievance
procedures amongst
affected communities.

 Provide a grievance
register and grievance
officer.

 Promote the
establishment of local
vigilante groups at MEDIUM
community level in
consultation with the Police
authorities.
 Security challenges due
to storage of materials  Deploy competent
and equipment on site. security personnel to
secure project site.

 Disclose on-site
security arrangements to
the public especially
members of nearby
communities.


 POSITIVE
 Develop and
implement a Labour and
Employment Plan (LEMP) in
line with international HIGHLY POSIT
employment guidelines.
The Plan should detail
percentages and numbers
of workforce to be sourced
from the local areas and
various demographics.

 Notify community‘s
representatives and
Gagarawa LGA of the
specific jobs and skills
required for the project
 prior to commencement of
recruitment.

 Initiate training and

skills development
programs prior to the
commencement of
construction to ensure
members of local
workforce are up-skilled
and can be employed on
the project or other
industrial developments in
 Employment of local the area.
labour.
 Ensure construction
jobs are targeted to the
local people.

 Promote the fair

treatment, non-
discrimination, and equal
opportunity of workers.

 Protect workers,
including vulnerable
categories of workers such
as women and migrant
workers.

 Promote safe, healthy

working conditions & the
health of workers.

 Provide a grievance
mechanism for workers to
freely raise workplace
concerns.

 Prohibit employment
of minors and avoid the
use of forced labor.

 Provide and enforce

LOW
usage of appropriate PPE.

 Plan and segregate

 the location of vehicles
traffic, machine operation
and walking areas.

 Control vehicle traffic

MEDIUM
through the use of one-
way traffic routes.

 Establish speed limits

and use on-site trained
flagmen with high visibility
vests or outer clothing
covering to direct traffic.

 Ensure mobile
equipment is outfitted with
audible reverse alarms.

Impacts on Air Quality

and Noise Level

 Noise and vibration

disturbances in the
adjoining settlements
from the operation of
heavy duty equipment
during road construction.

 Respiratory and eye

related problems from
exposure to fugitive dusts
and gaseous emissions.

 Risks of accidents and

struck-by injuries from the
movement of vehicles.
 
Demobilization of Impact on Soil and Land
personnel,
materials 
and Generation of waste MEDIUM LOW
equipment (Site
clean-up)  Soil contamination from
indiscriminate disposal

of waste

 Impact on Community &

Occupational Health &
Safety

 Traffic congestion and

increased risk of RTA and MEDIUM LOW
Injuries.

Ii Respiratory and eye

related problems from
exposure to dust and
gaseous emission.

 Risks of occupational
accidents and injuries.

Capacity  Social Impact POSITIVE  Ensure jobs are HIGHLY POSIT

Building and targeted to the local
Training  Acquisition of new skills people.
and development of
human capacity  Ensure technology
especially by locals transfer by training
employed to work during indigenous people on
construction. sugar plant management,
operation and
maintenance
Operation Phase

MEDIUM  Ensure sugar plant is LOW

designed and constructed
Operation OHS in full compliance with
of sugar mill and Nigeria‘s building codes,
other associated Fire Service regulations,
components other applicable
emergency and
legal/insurance
requirements, and in
accordance with an
internationally accepted
life and fire safety (L&FS)
standard
MEDIUM  Install appropriate LOW
safety protection system &
equipment.

 Train workers on
accident prevention
techniques

 Ensure routine
inspection and prompt
repair of any
malfunctioning installations.

 Develop and
MEDIUM implement Emergency LOW
Response and
Contingency Plan to
respond to on-site
emergency issues

 Use of proper signage

(in English and local
languages) to limit access
to dangerous zones

 Reduce the amount of

fresh water into the factory

 Implement NESREA
regulation defining
standards of treated
effluent before discharge
to public water.

 Treatment to focus on
 the removal of oxygen-
demanding components
from the effluent.

 Reduce the amount of

fresh water into the factory

 Substitute of cane
washing by dry cleaning

 Aim at ‗zero effluent‘

by recycling
sugarcontaining or
 Waste Water contaminated water

 Water quality impairment  Increase maintenance

of water circuits
land/soil contamination
and odor  Be self-sufficient in
POSITIVE water, using only the water HIGHLY POSIT
in the incoming cane

 Minimize effluent
treatment by reducing the
polluting load without
necessarily reducing the
water flow

 Capture and re-use

water in different roles (e.g.
vessel washwater for lime
preparation) whilst
discharging only
condensate.

 Ensure untreated
effluent does not run off to
public water,

 Ensure there are no

offensive odors

 Condensers
performance be monitored
by measuring approach
temperatures (i.e. the
difference between input
vapor temperature and
the temperature of the
outlet water after contact
with vapor).

 A sump-and-weir
 system be installed to
capture the first runnings
for treatment but to divert
subsequent heavy flow to
a natural watercourse.

 Cane should be
delivered to the mill with a
low content of field soil and
extraneous matter.
POSITIVE HIGHLYPOSIT
 Incentivize cane
suppliers to send clean
cane to the mill.

 Ensure Removal of
extraneous matter from
cane.

 Segregate storage of
the major wastewater
streams to facilitate their
re-use.

 Use surplus
condensate or cooling
tower overflow for
cleaning/wash down.

 Catch spillage in
drains and return to the
process.

 Use clean condensate

as makeup in small service
cooling towers.

 Use surplus
condensate and cooling
tower blowdown in the
boiler gas scrubbers to
make up for evaporation.

In terms of minimizing
water intake, the following
measures be put in place :

 Monitoring of the
major use areas.

 Use of pressurized
general washing.
  Mechanical clean-ups
(avoid wet clean-up
operations).

 Substituting fresh water

with excess hot
condensate.

 Installing self-closing
nozzles.

 Providing training on
savings.

 Conducting regular
cleaning of cooling towers

 Collection for re-use of

initial tank and pipe
washings.

 Closing cooling
circuits.

 Use of air-contact
coolers.

Automated clean-in-
POSITIVE place of vessels HIGHLY POSIT

 Ensure selection of
small size plants such as
boilers to minimize visual
contrast with natural
landscape setting.

 Ensure coatings and

painting on sugar mill
plants and associated
infrastructures have little or
no reflectivity.

 Retain natural
vegetation wherever
possible within the sugar
plantation.

 Implement Regulations
governing stack emissions
by NESREA
 Implement regulations by
NESREA and FMEnv with
respect to CO, NOx, SOx,
volatile organic
compounds and heavy
metals emissions.

 Maintain boiler to
ensure the dry dust
collector systems operate
as per design
specifications.

 Ensure the dust

collector system matches
current boiler operational
load.

 Tuning the boiler plant

to minimize the dust
collector inlet particulate
levels. This will in turn
reduce the outlet
particulate levels.
POSITIVE HIGHLY POSIT
 Dust should be sucked
 Social Impact away from any area where
it is generated, e.g.
conveyor transfer points,
and filtered in bag filters.
 Creation of employment
and business opportunities  Suppression systems
should be installed,
Ii Technology transfer and particularly with bucket
training of project staff on elevators, in which a very
plantation management, high concentration of dust
operation and may be contained in the
maintenance. elevator housing.

 Good control of
crystal sizes during the
Iii Increased revenue crystallization phase helps
generation to to minimize the sugar dust
government through formation during sugar
permits and taxes handling.

 Proper sizing of
anaerobic dams
iv Savings on cost of
diesel for pumping &  Liming of overloaded
distributing water to dams to convert volatile
citizens by the Jigawa
 State government ministry (odoriferous) organic acids
of water resources into nonvolatile salts

 Adding floating
aerators to overloaded
dams to oxidize the
organic acids

Irrigating with fresh

 Visual intrusion and effluent rather than stored
disruption to aesthetics effluent.
especially due to large
and bulky equipements  Restrict all haulage
and noise generating
activities to working hours
during the day

 Site stationary noise

generating equipment with
consideration of distances
from the noise sources to
nearby communities and
sensitive receptors.

 Select and use

vehicles and equipment
with lower sound power
levels.

POSITIVE  Install suitable mufflers HIGLY POSITIV

 Air Quality on engine exhausts and
compressor components.
 Unloading and handling
of cane  Ensure the
maintenance of all
unpaved roads equipment in accordance
to manufacturer‘s
dust from handling specifications.
bagasse
 Ensure vehicle
Fall-out of soot/unburnt travelling within and
bagasse from boiler around project area are
stacks operated in accordance
with speed limits to reduce
iSugar dust explosions vehicle noise levels.

 Develop a mechanism
to record and respond to
noise complaints.

 Provide and enforce

the usage of hearing
protection devices (ear
 plugs/muffs) for workers
exposed to noise levels >90
dB(A) for a duration of
more than 8 hours per day.

Institute a Hearing
Protection Program for
workers in work areas with
noise in excess of 85 dB(A).

 Avoidance of
vegetation and trees
removal to the extent
possible

 Restriction of
vegetation removal to
necessary site only

 Protection of all
vegetation not required to
be removed against
damage

 Re-vegetation of all
bare and exposed soils
with native vegetation

 Implement soil
conservation measures
such as stockpiling topsoil
or gravel for the
remediation of disturbed
areas.

 Usage of erosion
protection structures such
as sediment traps, riprap,
gabions, etc. wherever
possible to capture run-off
sediments.

 Usage of gravel to
POSITIVE cover unpaved access HIGHLY POSIT
road surface for added
protection against erosion
and run-off

 Scheduling ground-
disturbing activities to
avoid heavy rainfall and
 high wind periods to the
extent that is practical

NOISE

 Ensure that the

nutrient composition of the
cake and the nutrient
requirements of the
receiving soil are
determined

 Ensure that coal-

based boiler ash which is
very acidic isnot added to
waterlogged soils because
the acidity is likely to persist
despite the neutralizing
effect of the ash,

 Ensure compliance
with all applicable national
and international laws and
regulations and conform to
relevant industry standards

 Prepare and
implement a Spill
Prevention and Emergency
Response Plan (SPERP) to
address the possibility of
accidental releases of all
hazardous materials stored
on-site.

 Ensure that vehicle

refueling and maintenance
as well as storage of diesel
and oil shall conform to
best practices to ensure
there are no spillages or
leakages

 Fuel storage
tanks/drums shall be leak-
proof and checked daily.

 tanks/drums shall be
installed above ground in a
bunded area

 Workers shall be
trained on the correct
transfer and handling of
fuels and oil as well as
herbicides and pesticides

 Ensure all vehicles are

in proper working condition
to avoid leaks of motor oil,
hydraulic fluid and other
hazardous materials.

In case of suspected or
confirmed soil
contamination, shall ensure
identification of the root
cause of the uncontrolled
release and correction to
avoid further releases and
associated adverse
impacts

 filter cake can be

increased in value and
decreased in mass by
composting, making it
attractive as an organic
fertilizer.

 Filter cake is
particularly attractive if
vinasse can be composted
with the filter cake.

 Set up of road
cleaning teams to
respond when large spills
take place.

 Attention to loading
procedures is important for
minimizing the amount of
cane spilt on roads.

 Fit netting or canvas to

‗spiller-type‘ trailers so as to
prevent road spillage and
ensure complete off-
loading.

 Basket-type trailers do
not present spillage
problems

 Use micro-filter to
remove the dissolved
sludge so that the caustic
can be re-used

 Hydraulically transport
t ash to a landfill site close
to the factory.

 Bagasse should be
stored on specially
constructed pads with a
hard surface and
preferably profiled to
ensure that any rain water
runoff or leachate is
contained and treated or
stored.

 Monitor bogasse pile

temperatures to get
advance warning of
imminent spontaneous
bagasse combustion.

 Bogasse storage sites

are should be chosen
some distance away from
the mill.

 The sites chosen for

bogaasee storage should
consider prevailing wind
directions and proximity of
residential areas.

 A buffer area around

the storage piles should be
maintained, preferably
planted with trees to act as
a screen.

 Large mesh screens

surrounding storage areas
shoud be constructed

surplus bagasse can be

sold for power generation

 Avoid the removal of

natural vegetation and
trees

 Restrict the removal of

natural vegetation to
necessary site only.

 Retain native root

structure within the project
area to facilitate recovery
of vegetation cover

 Clearly define work

areas to avoid unnecessary
disturbance of areas
outside development
footprint

 Compensate for
economic trees at full
replacement cost

 Revegetate
temporary disturbed areas
with native species to
ensure all temporary use
areas are restored.

 Develop and
implement a project
specific Integrated
Vegetation Management
Plan (IVMP)

 Employ noise
reduction measures to
minimize impacts on
wildlife.

 To the extent possible

schedule vegetation
clearing to occur outside
of bird breeding season

 Relocate any reptile or

amphibian species found
in harm‘s way away

 Ensure waste
especially food remnants,
are stored within closed
containers on-site, to avoid
 attracting birds to the site

Routine  Impact on Soil and Land

maintenance
and servicing  Develop and
implement project specific
 Generation of industrial/ OHS Plan. Specifically:
hazardous wastes e.g.
liquid petroleum fuels,  Communicate
waste water, cleaning chemical hazards to
agents and , herbicides workers through labelling
for weed control, etc. and marking according to
during routine recognized standards.
maintenance.
POSITIVE  Train workers on the HIGLY POSITIV
use of the available
information (such as
Ii Soil contamination from
MSDSs) and safe work
leachates of hazardous
wastes. practices.

 Impact on OHS  Encourage workers to

maintain good
Risk of worker exposure to
hazardous chemicals.  personal hygiene.

Ii Risks of occupational  Use appropriate PPE

POSITIVE HIGHLPOSITIV
accidents and injuries to
workers from use of
machineries.

Decommissionin Impact on Air MEDIUM LOW

g Phase
 Air quality deterioration
from the release of dust
during demolition
Removal of mill activities and exhaust
equipments and emissions from vehicular
,demolition of equipment.
structures and
Evacuations
 MEDIUM LOW
 Impact on Soil and Land

 Generation of industrial
and hazardous waste
including scrap metals,
etc.

Ii Soil contamination from

indiscriminate dumping of
wastes.

 Impact on
Community/Worker’s
Health & Safety

 Traffic Congestion and

increased risk of RTA and
Injuries (Traffic Safety).

Ii Risks of occupational
accidents and injuries to
workers.

Site remediation Soil/land MEDIUM  Develop and LOW

including implement a site
leveling, filling  Soil stabilization and reclamation plan to ensure
and regeneration that the site is rehabilitated
revegetation and restored to a stable
state.

Ii Increase in land  Re-contour/grade site

availability for agriculture to blend with natural
and other purposes topography

 Re-vegetate all
exposed soil surfaces with
Iii .Restoration of flora and indigenous plant species.
fauna habitat
 Install erosion control
 structures to prevent
erosion and run-offs in
order to allow planted
vegetation to grow to a
self-sustaining state

 Carry out an analysis

of alternatives to
retrenchment e.g.
MEDIUM LOW
employee capacity
building programs; long-
 Social Impact term maintenance works
etc. prior to implementing
 Loss of Employment any collective dismissals
after construction.

 Develop and
implement a retrenchment
plan to reduce the adverse
impacts of retrenchment
on workers.

 Ensure compliance
with all legal and
contractual agreement
with public authorities,
workers and their
organization.

 Ensure all workers

receive notice of dismissal
and severance payments
mandated by law and
collective agreements in a
timely manner.

 Provide a grievance
mechanism for workers to
raise workplace concerns
 Solid Waste Generation MEDIUM LOW

 Roadside cane spillage

 Cane wash mud

 Filter cake

 Boiler ash

 Fly ash

 Lead-containing
laboratory precipitates

 Roadside cane spillage

 Safety management MEDIUM  A lock-out system to LOW

enable safe maintenance
on plant equipment.

 A lock-out system is
necessary on steam and
vapors valves, to enable
safe cleaning and
maintenance on internal
parts of evaporators and
vacuum pans.

 Hot work permits

should be required in areas
where bagasse dust and
sugar dust are present.

 In ethanol plants,
there need to be controls
in place to ensure that no
fire/explosion incidents
occur.

 Checks for
accumulated carbon
dioxide (from fermentation
or decomposing sugar)
before entering tanks.

 Working at heights
above 2 m and working in
confined spaces should
require special permits.

 Eliminating the hazard

by removing the activity
from the work process.
Examples include
substitution with less
hazardous chemicals, using
different manufacturing
processes, etc.

 Controlling the hazard

at its source through the
use of engineering controls.
Examples include local
exhaust ventilation,
isolation rooms, machine
guarding, acoustic
insulating, etc.

 Minimizing the hazard

through design of safe
work systems and
administrative or
institutional control
measures. Examples
include job rotation,
training safe work
procedures, lock-out and
tag-out, workplace
monitoring, limiting
exposure or work duration,
etc.

 Providing appropriate
personal protective
equipment (PPE) in
conjunction with training,
use, and maintenance of
the PPE.

 Plant design and

installation standards are
also vitally important in
ensuring safety standards.

 Mechanical and
electrical installations
designed according to
approved codes are
essential. In the sugar mill
context, steam and power
generation and reticulation
are an important focus.
Appropriate operation and
 fire alarm systems need
also to be in place.

 safety Policy POSITIVE  Health and safety HIGHLY POSIT

policy.

 External audits of
safety performance by
recognized authorities are
essential.

 Internal audits
conducted by a
multidisciplinary team.

 Procedure for
reporting all occupational,
health and safety
incidents, and a system of
record keeping should be
operational.

 Regular training and

retraining of employees is
necessary.

 Proper use of PPE is

essential.

 Risk management
should consider all
potential hazards and
where possible take action
to mitigate them.

 Good housekeeping
for higher safety standards.

 Commitment and
participation of
management in matters of
health and safety.

 Health and safety

company procedures are
constantly disclosed and
properly deployed to all
employees.

 Land Acquisition HIGH  Implement a MEDIUM

Livelihood Restoration Plan
(ALRP) to compensate
affected persons and/or
communities.

 Avoid forced eviction

of farmers from their
farmlands.

 Ensure all issues

relating to compensation
are handled in a
transparent, consistent and
equitable manner.

 Ensure adequate
engagement with affected
persons and communities
throughout the process of
land acquisition.

 Ensure disclosure of
relevant information and
participation of affected
communities and persons
continue through
implementation,
monitoring and evaluation
of compensation
payments.

 Ensure affected land

owners are adequately
compensated for loss of
land and economic crops
at full replacement cost.

 Provide alternative
income earning
opportunities such as credit
facilities, training or
employment opportunities
to assist affected persons.

 Provide opportunities
to affected persons and
communities to derive
appropriate development
benefits such as
employment, from the
project

 Establish a grievance
mechanism to receive and
 address specific concerns
about compensation

 Road Traffic MEDIUM LOW

 Ensure regular
maintenance of vehicles
and use of manufacturer
approved parts to minimize
potentially serious
accidents such as those
caused by equipment
malfunction or premature
failure

 Engage drivers with

appropriate class of driving
license and at least three
years of driving experience.

 Train drivers on
defensive driving
techniques, haulage safety
and pedestrian safety

 Develop and
implement a Traffic
Management Plan (TMP).
Safe traffic control
measures to include:

 Establishment and
strict enforcement of
speed limits

 Employment of
appropriate road safety
signages and on-site
trained flag-men with high-
visibility vests to direct
traffic and warn of
dangerous conditions

 Minimization of
movement at peak hours
of the day

 Ensure coordination
with emergency agencies
to ensure that appropriate
first aid is provided in the
event of accidents
  Where possible, use
locally sourced materials to
minimize transport
distances

 Community MEDIUM LOW

Infrastructure
 Promote access to
community services by
supporting infrastructural
development in host
communities

 Ensure that
development is demand
driven and participatory

 Promote out grower

engagement and
ownership

 Build capacity at all

levels

 Develop transparent
and clear systems

 Strengthen
stakeholder relationships

 Ensure that
technology is appropriate
for the capacity of the
stakeholders

 Develop clear
understanding of
stakeholder roles and
responsibilities

 Develop agreements
that reflect the rights of all
parties

 Encourage
partnerships with key areas
of expertise

 Where short term

support is implemented
ensure a sustainable exit
 strategy

 Communicate,
communicate,
communicate

 Culture POSITIVE  Development of an HIGHLY POSIT

induction program
including a code of
conduct for all workers and
the code of conduct shall
address:

 Respect for local

residents;

 Zero tolerance of
illegal activities such as
prostitution, o alcohol,
consumption of drugs,
gambling or fighting;

 Description of
disciplinary measures for
infringement of the code of
conduct and/or company
rules.

 Ensuring a copy of the

code of conduct is
presented to all workers

 Improving awareness
of and sensitivity of workers
to local cultures, traditions
and lifestyles

 Ensuring affected
communities are assisted
and have a voice in
appropriation of mitigation
measures.

 Development and
implementation of a
grievance procedure and
raising awareness of
grievance procedures
amongst affected
communities.

 Provision of a
 grievance register and
grievance officer

 Promotion of the
establishment of local
vigilante groups at
community level in
consultation with the Police
authorities

 Sexually Transmitted HIGH  Institute HIV MEDIUM

Infections/HIV/AIDS prevention program to
include peer education
and Voluntary Counselling
and Testing (VCT).

 Undertake health
awareness and education
initiatives on STIs amongst
workers and in affected
communities.

 Security Challenges HIGH MEDIUM

 Fencing of all
facilities from surrounding
communities

 Installation of CCTV
surveillance system

 Deployment of
competent security
personnel to secure project
site

 Adequate training of
security personnel.

 Disclosure of on-site
security arrangements to
the public especially
members of nearby
communities

 Occupational Health and POSITIVE HIGHLY POSIT

Safety
 Provision of health and
safety orientation training
and hazard specific
training;
 OHS responsibilities;

 Site health and safety

rules and instructions;

 Safe work practices;

 Daily toolbox talks;

 OHS Communication
including
Incident/Accident
reporting;

 Emergency
contingency plan;

 Provision and
enforcement of use of PPE.

 Training of workers on
proper use of prevention
and safety equipments

 Provision of rescue
and/or recovery plans and
equipment to respond to
workers

 Ensuring all plant is

designed and constructed
in full compliance with
Nigeria‘s building codes,
Fire Service regulations,
other applicable
emergency and
legal/insurance
requirements, and in
accordance with an
internationally accepted
life and fire safety (L&FS)
standard.

 Installation of
appropriate fire safety and
protection system and
equipment

 Training of workers on
fire prevention techniques
and the use of different fire
extinguishing agents and
 equipment for fire
protection

 Ensuring routine
inspection and prompt
repair of any
malfunctioning of all
installations

 Development and
implementation of
Emergency Response and
Contingency Plan to
respond to on-site
emergency issues

 Implementation of
explicit plans regarding
initial response of casualties
in the event of medical
emergencies

 Prohibition of drug and

alcohol use by workers
while on the job

 Adequate provision
and training of first aiders
at site

 Labor relation POSITIVE ฀ Develop and implement HIGHLY POSIT

a Labour and Employment
Plan (LEMP) in line with
international employment
guidelines

2: Detail percentages and

numbers of workforce to
be sourced from the local
areas

฀ Notify Gagarawa LGA,

Community representatives
and Jigawa state of the
specific jobs and skills
required for the project
prior to commencement of
recruitment.

฀ Initiate of training and

skills development
programs to ensure
members of local
workforce are up-skilled
and can be employed on
the project

฀ Protection of workers,
including vulnerable
categories of workers such
as women and migrant
workers

฀ Promotion of safe,
healthy working conditions
and Provision of a
grievance mechanism for
workers to freely raise
workplace concerns

฀ Prohibition of
employment of minors and
avoidance of the use of
forced labor
 7.0 CHAPTER SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANGEMENT PLAN
7.1 THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
ESMP
The sustainability agenda is placing new demands on proponents of
development projects with regard to mitigation and impact
management as a result, the responsibility of proponents to internalize the
full environmental costs of development proposals is now widely
accepted. For example, increasing attention is being given to the
principle of no net loss of natural and social capital where mitigation
would include in-kind compensation measures, comprising equivalent,
comparable or suitable offsets for all impacts including residual impacts of
a proposal encompassing the social, economic and environmental of the
project as illustrated in Figure 7.1
Figure 7.1 Scheme of EMP

In addition, many proponents have found that impact management can

result in significant savings, consequently, environmental and social
management plan ESMP has emerged as a management tool that is
employed to ensure avoidable negative impacts of a proposed project
are prevented and benefits of the project are enhanced. ESMP is thus a
critical component of the ESIA process as the general objectives are to
remedy adverse impacts and ensure that residual adverse impacts are
kept within acceptable level. It aims to prevent adverse impacts from
happening and to keep those that do occur within an acceptable level.
An outline of the legal and regulatory requirements and how these
obligations should be incorporated is important in the ESMP. In addition,
the ESMP includes a schedule of actions to identify protocols for impact
management in the event of unforeseen events as well as the
arrangements for the use of surveillance, monitoring, auditing and other
procedures as illustrated in figure 7.2.
Figure 7.2 ESMP System

7.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ESMP IN GNA

In developing an ESMP, it is imperative at the initial stage to develop an
environmental policy. The Environmental policy must have a clear vision
and mission that will guide the operation of the ESMP in the short, medium
and long term.
7.2.1 GNA ESMP
GNA has established a m i l l specific ESMP policy. This policy is based on
the vision and core value of the company of ensuring the health and
safety of employees and protection of the environment during the project
lifecycle.
In order to achieve the objectives of the ESMP, GNA intends to:
- Identify and evaluate all environmental and social impacts of the
sugar mill project and adopt a mitigation hierarchy to avoid, minimize
and compensate/offset significant impacts to workers, communities and
environment.
- Comply with applicable national and international laws, regulations,
codes of practices and other requirements to which the organization
subscribes that relates to its environmental aspects.
- Establish, implement and maintain an effective HSE-Management
System that will assure continued improvement of the health and safety of
its employees and pollution prevention.
- Maintain and continually improve HSE performance of the project
and prevent environmental pollution.
- Set and continually evaluate its HSE objectives, targets and
performance.
- Protect the environment by reducing pollution from project activities,
promote sustainable use of resources and reduce GHG emissions.
- Protect and conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable
management of all living natural resources through head option of
practices that integrate conservation needs and development priorities
into project activities throughout its lifecycle.
- Promote good environmental and waste management practices
including the adaptation of 4R‘s of Reduce, Re-use, Recycle and
Recover.
- Provide a safe place of work, safe equipment and systems of work.
- Avoid negative impacts on the health and safety of workers and the
affectedCommunity throughout the project lifecycle.
- Train employees to ensure all staff understand and accept their
responsibilities to promote and maintain a safe and healthy workplace
and protect the environment.
- Communicate its HSE commitment and performance to employees,
contractors, suppliers and others directly involved in the project.
7.2.2 GNA ESMP IMPLEMENTATION
The Project Director CEO shall ensure strict adherence to the GNA policy
and is ultimately responsible for its execution and communication with
regulators and other stakeholders. The policy will be reviewed periodically
and revised to reflect changing organizational activities, legislation and
information

GNA will establish an environmental and social monitoring unit that will
ensure implementation of the environmental management plan. The unit
is going led by a senior manager and will consist of staff members of
GNA and a representation of the community, traditional authority, local
and state government as well as local NGOs. The unit will be responsible
for ensuring that the overall environmental targets are achieved and that
the environmental responsibilities and obligation of the EMP is satisfied.
Also the unit coordinates the day-to-day monitoring of regulatory bodies.

There shall be 2 - way communications to initiate the flow of

environmental information among members of the unit. The
communication shall be achieved through meeting, environmental
briefing, spot inspection and environmental awareness activities.

The community representative will act as a liaison between the unit and
all affected communities; they shall carry all affected communities along
on the implementation of the policy.

The ESMP of GNA will be implemented through the following plans:

 Environmental Reporting

 Emergency Response Plan

 Checking
 Emergency Response plan

 Contingency plan

 Safety plan

 Review

 Environmental monitoring plan

 Waste Management Plan

 Occupational Health and Safety Plan
 Security Plan
 Labor and Employment Plan

The environmental management unit shall monitor the implementation of

the Environmental Management plan through providing periodic reports
to the management and to regulatory agencies. The implementation will
be ensured based on the schedule in Figure 7.3

Figure 7.3: ESMP Communication Implementation channels and

Responsibilities in GNA
As a practical demonstration of compliance to environmental regulation
and care to the health and well-being of staff, GNA will make it
mandatory for all staff to wear protective clothing at all times based on
the recommendations of NESREA as specified in table 6.1. Bold signs will
be put in strategic location of the mill to illustrate the need for
recommended clothing and the dangers of not being in appropriate
clothing.

7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING PLAN

The environmental training plan will include:

General staff awareness induction

Familiarization with the EMP Requirement

Environmental emergency response training

Familiarization with the operation of environmental controls

The details of the environmental training are shown in Table 7.1

7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING

In order to comply with statutory regulations, statutory reports will be

compiled and submitted as at when due to the relevant agencies.

Reporting is essential for conveying information from the monitoring

activities. Table 7.2 shows the needed documentation required as well as

the areas to submit. The following reporting procedures have been

developed in order to ensure that GNA is able to receive feedback from

the implementation of the ESMP on an ongoing basis and to take rapid

corrective actions if there are issues of non-conformance:

฀ ฀ Monthly Progress and Monitoring Report to provide relevant
information on all monitoring activities, and on any specific events, as the
case may be

Table 7.1: Training Programme - Summary of Training Needs of GNA

Training topic Summary of training Recipients(staff Targeted date
purpose and and/or contractor
content
Induction of EMP  Overview of EMP All staff/ At the
including operation contractor beginning of
information, pollution employment
risk and controls and contract
programme &
system
Refresher to EMP  Refresher overview All staff After one year
of EMP
Cleaner  Detail of activity or ETP Staff
production From
method area specific risks & September
control; 2019
 Overview air, noise
waste water
treatment process
precautionary
measures &
maintenance
program
 Identification of on- Field officers & c ASAP
Emergency response
training site environmentally assistance
hazards that require
rapid response

฀ ฀ Additional Reports according to specific conditions. Most importantly,

separate reports will have to be prepared in the case of incidents
irrespective of whether or not these give rise to ―accidents‖ involving
actual injury, fatality, serious environmental impact or other serious
damage

Table 7.2 Reporting Plan - Process Summary

Documents Submitted to By who Date/Frequency

EMP FEDERAL MINISTRY OF FMEnv September, 2022

ENVIRONMENT Accredited
consultant

 NESREA NWZ office, NESREA

NESREA Headquarters Accredited September, 2022
 Jigawa State Ministry of consultant
Environment FMEnv September, 2022
Accredited
consultant

7.5 EMERGENCY RESPONSE

Emergency Response Plan is essential to address unplanned situations that

may result in risks to human health, properties or the environment, either
within the project or in the nearby local communities. GNA shall prepare a
plan and procedures for preventing and mitigating unplanned potentially
adverse environmental and social events that may occur during project
operation. Specifically GNA shall:
- Identify areas where accidents and emergency situations may occur
and individuals that may be affected.
 - Provide and install relevant emergency equipment such as fire
fighting/extinguishing equipment and detection system, including alarm
bells and visual alarms for communication to alert workers to an
emergency
- Ensure regular servicing and testing of emergency equipment
- Provide first aid attendants for the project as well as suitable medical
equipment
- Liaise with the local communities that may be affected by the project
and relevant local agencies in preparation to respond effectively to
emergency situations.
- Provide relevant local authorities, emergency services, affected
communities and other stake holders with information on the nature and
extent of environmental and human health effects that may result from
the project activities.
The project-specific emergency plan shall address amongst others the
following aspects of emergency preparedness and response:
- Emergency procedures
- Emergency contacts and communication
- Evacuation routes and meeting points
- Roles and responsibilities
- Education and Training
- Emergency Drills
The Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan shall be reviewed,
revised and updated annually to reflect changing conditions in the plan.
The procedure in emergency response for GNA is set out in table 7.3

Table 7.3: Emergency Response Plan

Risk identification Implementation Authorizati Contact Time
control required on frame
 Air quality related risk  Monitoring to ensure it P.M ASAP
is within the
acceptable limits.
 Excess above limit
should be reported

 Water related  Monitoring to ensure it P.M ASAP

is within the
acceptable limits
 Excess should be
reported

 Terrorist Attack  Be alert and keep HE ASAP

aware of your
surrounding Heed
your instincts. If you
feel that something
isn't right, leave.
 If someone is acting
strangely, or if you see
a suspicious package,
especially if it is
unattended, inform a
police officer or
security personnel.

Blockage of Main Drainage  Use alternative route HM ASAP

Accident in the plant  Report to Karota or PM ASAP

Road safety or Police
or Fire service

Explosion  Take cover away HE ASAP

from area as soon as
possible.
 If you are trapped in
debris, cover your
mouth with a
handkerchief or
clothing to avoid dust
inhalation.
 Signal to rescue
workers to let them
know where you are.
 Use a flashlight,
whistle, or knock on a
pipe or wall.
 Refrain from shouting
if possible, as this may
result in dust
 inhalation.
 If your surrounding are
on fire, keep low to
the ground,
 cover your mouth and
nose with a
(preferably) wet cloth,
and get out of the
area by the safest
route possible as
quickly as you can.

Other unexpected emergency  Discretion and best HE ASAP

possible practice.

7.6 CHECKING AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

I GNA shall ensure that:

• All deficiencies are identified and investigated
• Root causes are identified
• Corrective and preventive actions are identified and implemented
• Actions are tracked and their effectiveness is verified.

7.7 CONTINGENCY PLAN

The operation of GNA has considered relevant standards, codes,
specification, maintenance doctrines as well as community issues.
Nevertheless, despite these measures, accidents may occur due to
equipment failure, negligence, sabotage, and natural catastrophes. GNA
shall ensure that measures are put in place to handle the situation. The
essential elements of the contingency plan include early warning,
activation of plan, evacuation procedure, provision of first aid facilities
and training of first aid officers
7.8 SAFETY PLAN
Accident prevention is a major responsibility of management. The
creation of a safe work environment and initiation of a safety-minded
efficient operation are the economic, legal and moral obligation of GNA.
Enforcement of the safety rules, procedures and codes is also the
responsibility of GNA. The safety procedure that GNA will provide covers
the following
Management Leadership: The safety programme shall have the support of
the management and shall be an integral part of the plant operation.
Responsibility Assignment: Responsibility to provide guidance and
direction in the enforcement of compliance of staff with safety codes of
GNA shall be assigned to safety officer.
Work Condition: Periodic inspection shall be conducted with detail
records being kept to determine top priority hazardous conditions that
require management
Training programme: A programme that will ensure regular training to
keep abreast all staff on environmental issues and work efficiency shall be
organized In line with the objectives of safety programme that will include

 Basic first aid programme( all staff)

 Advanced first aid programme (selected staff)

 Accident investigation and reporting seminars (supervisory and safety

officer)
The basic first aid programme shall be extended to all employees and
would be geared to ensure that in the event of an accident or injury,
someone with first aid knowledge shall always be present to render initial
assistance until further medical attention can be available
Qualified personnel shall run seminars to impart the necessary theoretical
as well as practical skills required.
The advanced first aid program shall constitute an upgrading course from
the basic first aid in which selected staff including supervisors and safety
officers will be exposed to higher knowledge and techniques that will
enable them to recognize and assist in the initial management of serious
injuries and illnesses e.g spinal injuries, fractures etc.
Accident Record: Records of accidents shall be kept indicating details of
the accident, nature, extent of injury/damage and location within the
mill. The point/officer who received the accident report shall be
recognized as well as the person who made the report. The way the
accident is handled shall always be indicated. The data on accident is
crucial for future plan and re-designing of the processes as well as the
work schedule and training.
7.8 .1 GNA’s HSE Plan

GNA shall establish an integrated project specific policy on Health, Safety

and Environment. This policy is a demonstration of the commitment of
GNA towards ensuring the health and safety of employees that will be
involved in the Project and protection of the environment during the
project. The policy shall reflect the organization‘s mission, vision, core
values and beliefs.
Table 7.4 shows the summary of the Environmental and Social
Management Plan of the GNA proposed Sugar mill in Gagarawa, Jigawa
state.

Table7.4: Environmental and Social Management Plan

Significant Associated Desired Enhancement/Mitigation Measures Parameters To be Measured

and Potential Impacts
Outcome
Impact on Land Satisfactory  Develop and implement a Livelihood
Restoration Plan to compensate affected
persons and/or communities.
Owners compensation LRP
implementation
 Avoid forced eviction of farmers from their
farmlands.

 Ensure all issues relating to compensation

Social justice and are handled in a transparent, consistent and
sustainability equitable manner. Evidence of stakeholder
Engagement.
 Ensure adequate engagement with
affected persons and communities
throughout the process of land acquisition.

Grievances and conflict

 Ensure disclosure of relevant information
and participation of affected communities
and persons continue through Alternative livelihood.
implementation, monitoring and evaluation
of compensation payments.

 Ensure affected land owners are

Loss of farm Land adequately compensated for loss of land
and economic crops at full replacement
cost.

 Provide alternative income earning

opportunities such as credit facilities, training
or employment opportunities to assist
affected persons.
Loss of land based
livelihood.  Provide opportunities to affected persons
and communities to derive appropriate
development benefits such as employment,
from the project.
New skills acquired
Loss of economic  Establish a grievance mechanism to
trees receive And address specific concerns
about compensation
And medicinal herbs.

Grievance and
conflicts overland
compensation.

Exacerbated poverty
due to loss of access
to land (means of
livelihood).

No of employed locals
Impact on Air
Quality& Noise Level To minimize Implement dust suppression techniques Gaseous Pollutants such
fugitive dust and such as, use of (i) water suppression for SO2, NO2,CO2,CO, VOC
control of H2S, TSP.
Deterioration of local exhaust emissions
air Quality due to the  Loose soil materials on unpaved surfaces Vehicular emission
release of fugitive and (ii)covered trucks for transporting loose
dusts and gaseous materials that may generate dust.
Evidence of dust control
pollutant emissions
measures
from heavy duty  Pave access roads with gravel to minimize
vehicles. release of dust.

 Implement routine preventative

maintenance including tune-ups on all
heavy

equipment to meet the manufacturer‘s Vehicle maintenance

specification in order to ensure efficient records
combustion and minimal emissions.

 Ensure speed limits are reduced and

enforced especially on unpaved roads to
minimize airborne fugitive dusts.
Vehicular speed limit
 Train drivers / workers on proper operation
of vehicles and equipment to include fuel
efficiency and anti-idling techniques.
฀Drivers‘ training record
 Limits oil disturbance activities and travel on
unpaved roads during periods of high wind.

Noise disturbances To reduce  Restrict all haulage and noise generating No of Complaints from
from equipment and potential noise activities to working hours during the day affected communities
impacts and
truck traffic.
affected  When noise is better tolerated. Working hours
communities,
worker and wildlife Select and use (where feasible)vehicles Vehicle/ equipment
and equipment with lower sound power maintenance records
levels.

No of workers trained
 Install suitable mufflers on engine exhausts
& compressor.
Usage of ear plugs/muffs
 Ensure the maintenance of all equipment
in accordance to manufacturer‘s
specifications.

 Ensure vehicle travelling within and around

project area are operated in accordance
with speed limits to reduce noise levels.
  Develop a mechanism to record and
respond to noise complaints.

Impacts on Affected  Ensure regular maintenance of vehicles Vehicles maintenance

Communities and use of manufacturer approved parts

–  Engage drivers with appropriate class of Drivers‘ license.

Community driving license and at least three years of
driving experience.
Healt
 Train drivers on defensive driving TMP submitted.
Safety &Security) techniques, haulage safety and pedestrian
To minimize safety.
Traffic Congestion potential
&  Develop and implement a Traffic Records of Drivers‘ Trainin
Impacts of traffic Management Plan(TMP)and safe traffic
Increased risk of RTA control measures shall include:
and congestion and
risk of RTAs  Establishment and strict enforcement of
Injuries (Traffic Safety). speed limits;
Speed control measures
 Employment of appropriate road safety
signage and on-site trained flag-men with
high-visibility vests to direct traffic and warn
of dangerous conditions; and

 Minimization of movement at peak hours of

the day.

 Ensure coordination with emergency

agencies to ensure that appropriate first aid
is provided in the event of accidents.
  Where possible,use locallysourcedmaterials
to minimizetransport distances.

Respiratory and eye To minimize Provide and enforce usage of appropriate Gaseous pollutants such
fugitive dust and PPE. SO2, NO2,CO2, CO, VOC
Related problems exhaust emissions H2S,TSP
from exposure to
fugitive dusts and
gaseous emissions.

Respiratory and eye To minimize Provide and enforce usage of appropriate Gaseous pollutants such
fugitive dust and PPE. SO2, NO2,CO2, CO, VOC
Related problems exhaust emissions H2S,TSP
from exposure to
fugitive dusts and
gaseous emissions.

Risks of accidents and To promote safe  Plan and segregate the location of Speed limits
struck-by injuries from and healthy vehicles traffic, machine operation and
the movement of working conditions walking areas. Presence of flagmen
vehicles. as well as protect
the health of  Control vehicle traffic through the use of Audio reverse alarms o
workers one- way traffic routes. vehicles

 Establish speed limits and use on-site

Usage of PPE
trained flagmen with high visibility vests or
outer clothing covering to direct traffic.

 Ensure mobile equipment is outfitted with

audible reverse alarms.

 Provide & enforce usage of appropriate

PPE.
Impact on Air Quality Evidence of re-vegetation
& Noise Level
 Developed IVMP
Deterioration of local
air Quality due to
release of fugitive
dusts& gaseous
pollutant emissions
from land clearing
activities& heavy duty
vehicles.

To Protect and Avoid the Available number and

Conserve bio diversity Removal of natural diversity of plant species
and promote vegetation and within baseline condition
sustainable trees to the extent
management of all possible,
living natural
resources.
Restrict removal of
natural vegetation
to construction site
only.

To prevent soil Clearly define

work areas to
avoid unnecessary
Erosion
disturbance of
areas outside it

Retain native root

structure to
facilitate recovery
of vegetation
cover, retain soil
stability and
minimize erosion.
Compensate for
economic trees at
full replacement
cost. Plan (IVMP)
torevegetatepart
of the solar array
area.

Retain all short

(<18 cm) native
vegetation to the
maximum extent
possible.

R-vegetate
temporary
disturbed areas
with native species
immediately
following the
construction
activities to ensure
all temporary use
areas are restored
completion of
Manageme

Develop and
implementaproject
specific Integrated
Vegetation to the
extent possible
schedule
vegetation
clearing to occur
outside of bird
breeding season.

Implement soil
conservation
measures such as
stockpiling top soil
or gravel for the
remediation o
fdisturbed areas.

Avoid the use

ofher bicides on
site.
Risks of worker  OHS responsibilities; With OHS Plan.
exposure to
poisonous plants &  Site health and safety rules and instructions;
dangerous
animalse.g. snakes  Safe work practices;

 Incident/Accident reporting; -No of workers trained

 Emergency contingency plan;

 Provision and enforcement of use of PPE. No of accidents injuries

 -Implementation of explicit plans regarding

initial response, triage, communication and
transportation of casualties In the event of
Risks of accidents and medical emergencies;
struck-by injuries from
the movement heavy  Prohibitionofdrug&alcoholusebyworkers
duty vehicles While on the job;

 Provision and training of firstaiers at site.

Impact on Land OHS To promote safe  Develop and implement project specific Compliance with s
and healthy OHS Plan. (SeeA22-24) Specific OHS Plan.
working conditions
 Create awareness of safety measures for
as well as the workers to observe when working in areas of
health of workers high risk potential.
Visible warning signs and s
 Restrict untrained/unauthorized workers restrictions
from all areas of high risk potential

Risk of work related

accidents and injuries
to workers.

Establish ―No Approach‖ zones around high

risk areas Mark all energized machinery with
warning signs.
Impact on Air Quality
& Noise Level

Deterioration of local
air Quality due to the
release of dust from
exposed soil surfaces
and exhaust emissions
from equipment and
vehicles.

Noise and vibration

Disturbances in the
adjoining settlements
from the operation of
heavy duty
equipment during
road construction.

Impact on Soil To avoid or  Avoid vegetation and trees removal to Clearly defined
reduce soil the extent possible. boundaries of protected
predisposition To areas
Soil erosion due erosion  Restrict vegetation removal to
to Compaction and construction site only in order to minimize the Evidence of re vegetati
exposure of soil foot print of disturbed areas.
surfaces to rain and Evidence of erosion
wind during road  Protect all vegetation not required to be protection structures
grading and levelling. removed against damage..

 Re-vegetate all bare and exposed soils with native

vegetation immediately after construction to prevent
erosion.

 Use erosion protection structures such as sediment traps,

riprap, gabions, etc. wherever possible to capture run-off
sediments.

 Use gravel to cover unpaved access road surface for

added protection against erosion and run-off.

 Schedule ground-disturbing activities to avoid heavy

rainfall and high wind periods to
theextentthatispractical.

 Design channels and ditches for post construction

flow
Social Impact To ensure Improve access road by paving the surface to assure Evidence o
their durability.
sustainability of improvemen
access roads  Ensure continuous maintenance of access road. access road

Opening up of access
roads to adjoining
settlements and
remote areas to
enhance easy
movement of people
and their farm
produce.

Job creation and  Ensure local and regional procurement targets are
increased included in the project‘s LEMP

business  Include requirements for local employment in the

contract establish with Contractors and require that the
contractor recruits in accordance with the GNA‘s
recruitment policy and request for proposal (RFP)
documents.

Impact on To avoid negative Institution of HIV prevention program to Level of Level

Community Health impacts on the include peer education, condom awaren
and Safety health and safety distribution Awareness knowle
of workers & and Education preven
Affected  &Voluntary Counseling and Testing(VCT). measur
Community No of new STI
 Undertaking health awareness and cases
education initiatives on STIs amongst workers
Increased traffic and and in affected communities. % of STI
Attendant risk of RTA among
and Injuries (Traffic workfor
Safety). commu

Risk of
communicable

Diseases such as STDs

including HIV/AIDS
from influx of
temporary
construction workers.
Impact on OHS

Respiratory and eye

related problems for
workers due to
exposure to dusts and
gaseous emissions.

Risk of worker
exposure to
occupational health
and Safety hazards

Risks of occupational
accidents and injuries
to workers.

Impact on Air Quality

& Noise Level

Deterioration of local
air quality due to the
release Of dust from
earthwork activities
and exhaust emissions
from operating
vehicles and
equipment.

Noise generation from

operation of earth
moving and
excavation
equipment, concrete
mixers cranes and
heavy duty vehicles.

Social Impact
Acquisition of new
skills and
development of
human capacity
especially by locals
employed to work
during construction.

Impact on Soil and

Land

Generation of
industrial/hazardous
wastes (insulating oils
e.g. ,liquid petroleum
fuels, waste water,
cleaning agents and
herbicides for weed
control, etc.)during
routine maintenance.

Soil contamination
form leachates of
hazardous wastes.

Impact on OHS Develop and implement project specific OHS Compliance contrac
Plan. Specifically: with OHS Plan site spe
OHS Pla
Risk of worker -Communicate hazards to workers through labeling
exposure to Work according to recognized standards.
hazardous
Evidence of
- Train workers on the use of the available appropriate
information (such as MSDSs)and safe work
labelling and
practices.
markings

- Encourage workers to maintain good

฀No of workers
personal hygiene. trained

- Use appropriate PPE

Risks of occupational

Accidents and injuries

to workers from falls
and use of
machineries.

DECOMMISSIONING PHASE : REMOVAL OF MILL EQUIPMENT, DEMOL

Impact on Air Quality

Air quality
deterioration

From the release of

dust during demolition
activities and Exhaust
emissions from
vehicular equipment.

Impact on Soil and

Land

Generation of
industrial and
hazardous waste
including metals

Soil contamination
from indiscriminate
dumping of wastes.

Impact on
Community/ Worker’s
Health & Safety

Traffic Congestion
and Increased risk of
RTA and Injuries
(Traffic Safety).

Risks of occupational
Accidents and injuries
to workers.

SITE REMEDIATION INCLUDING LEVELLING, FILLING

Soil stabilization and To restore  Develop and implement a site reclamation Developed Plant
regeneration the site to plan to ensure that the site is rehabilitated and site
pre- restored to a stable state. Distribu
diversit
Adjoinin
farmlan

Increase in land project  Re contour/grade site to blend with natural Reclamation

availability for conditions topography Plan
agriculture and other
purposes Restoration  Re-vegetate all exposed soil surfaces with
of flora and Fauna % vegetal
indigenous plant species.
habitat cover
 Install erosion control structures to prevent
erosion and run-off sin order to allow planted Evidence of
vegetation to grow to a self-sustaining state. erosion control
structures

Social Impact  Carry out an analysis of alternatives to

retrenchment e.g. employee capacity

 Building programs; long-term maintenance

works etc. prior to implementing any collective
dismissals after construction.

 Develop and implement a retrenchment plan

to reduce the adverse impacts of retrenchment
on workers.

 Ensure compliance with all legal and

contractual agreement with public authorities,
workers and their organization.

 Ensure all workers receive notice of dismissal

and severance payments mandated by law and
collective agreements in a timely manner.
Loss of employment
 Provide a grievance mechanism for workers to
raise work place concerns.

7.9 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EMP

The roles and responsibilities of the various institutions in the
implementation of this ESMP are
Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv)
For this ESMP, the FMEnv through the EIA Department and NESREA will play
the role of lead environmental regulator, overseeing compliance
requirements, granting consent and also monitoring or providing
supervisory oversight for the project. Specifically, FMEnv will:
- Receive comments (require revisions where necessary), provide
approval and needed clearance for the ESMP and other environmental
clearance in collaboration with the JSME.
- Review Monitoring Reports from JSME.
- Ensure that corrective actions are taken for significant environmental
and social impacts.
- Undertake periodic site visits to inspect and verify the nature and extent
of impacts and the success or lack of the mitigation measures.
Jigawa State Ministry of Environment (JSME)
The JSME will be the environmental compliance overseer at the state
level. In addition to other statutory functions, JSME shall:
฀ Ensure that all project activities comply with the State environmental
laws and requirements.
฀ Perform regular compliance monitoring and periodic inspection of all
the stages of the project.
NESREA
The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement
Agency (NESREA) is responsible for ensuring that all businesses and
organizations in Nigeria comply with environmental laws that protect the
environment and public health through the extant national sectorial
environmental regulations that require existing industries to undertake
environmental audit and submit reports every three (3) years. In addition
several other regulations in the NESREA act are in place to reinforce the
laws including the following:
  The NESREA Act, Section 7 (a) that vests in the Agency the responsibility
to enforce compliance with laws, guidelines, policies and standards on
environmental matters
 Section 7 (j), that empowers the Agency to enforce environmental
control measures through registration, licensing and permitting systems.
 Section 7 (k) of the NESREA Act empowers NESREA to conduct
environmental audit and establish data bank on regulatory and
enforcement mechanisms of environmental standards other than in the oil
and gas sector
 Section 8 (k) of the NESREA establishment empowers the Agency to
make Regulations, one of which is the Regulations S. I No 29, that requires
existing industries to undertake environmental audit and submit reports of
such every three (3) years.
In essence therefore, Environmental Audit Report (EAR) of facilities is
designed to protect the environment through the following specific
objectives:
 Assessing performance against a set of targets related to specific issues
 Evaluating compliance with environmental legislation and corporate
policies
 Measuring performance against the requirements of an environmental
management system standard
 Exploring the potential economic, social and environmental benefits that
an improved performance can achieve.
7.10 INTERNAL COMMUNICATION
GNA shall ensure effective internal communication mechanisms for
information dissemination between levels and functions within the
organizations. The mechanism shall encourage information to flow top-
down, bottom-up and across functional lines amongst those responsible
for the implementation of the ESMP in GNA .The approach for internal
communication shall include regular meetings, daily briefings as
appropriate
7.11 EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION
GNA shall implement proactive, two-way communication with external
parties to report on environmental and social performance and progress
and to solicit, receive, document and respond to feedback from the
public. Audience for external communication shall include the regulators
such as FMEnv,NESREA JSME, affected communities and other
stakeholders.
Mechanism for external communications shall include measures to
 receive and register external communications such as complaints,
advice, and other specific information regarding the environmental and
social concerns of the project from the public
 screen and assess the issues raised and determine how to address
them
 provide, track, and document responses
 adjust the management program, as appropriate.
GNA shall make public available periodic reports on the environmental
and social sustainability of the project
7.12 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

Stakeholder engagement is an integral part of the ESMP process.

Affected communities and relevant stakeholders have been identified for
informed and meaningful consultation from the early stages of the ESIA
process to ensure that the interests, concerns and inputs of affected
communities and stakeholders are integrated into the overall project plan
thus mainstreaming bottom up approach in the ESIA study.

7.13 GREIVANCES REDRESS MECHANISM

Grievance Mechanism creates a platform and procedures for effective
handling of complaints and grievances that is aimed at avoiding lengthy
litigation which may mar or delay project objectives and implementation.
฀ ฀Objective of GRM
The objectives of the GNA grievance redress mechanism are to:
฀ Provide an effective avenue for affected persons to express their
concerns and resolve disputes that are caused by the project.
฀ Promote a mutually constructive relationship among affected
persons/community and GNA
฀ Prevent and address community concerns.
฀ Promote larger processes that create positive social change
฀ Identify early and resolve issues that would lead to judicial proceedings

7.14 MANAGEMENT REVIEW

This ESMP is designed to be a dynamic and flexible plan that shall be

subject to periodic review by top management to improve overall
environmental and social performance of the project. Reports shall be
compiled by GNA HSE Manager/Consultant. Such reports shall be
submitted to the GNA PM for review and approval. The following are
major sources of the information to be documented for management
review:
฀ Outcome of audits including issues of corrective and preventive actions
฀ Outcome of monitoring activities
฀ Suggestions from independent consultants
฀ Suggestions from project team
฀ Major complaints from affected communities and other stakeholders
฀ Major complaints from FMEnv
฀ Major complains from NESREA
฀ Major complaints from JSMEN
 Following approval, PM shall present the report to the top management.
All issues discussed, decisions reached, action items, timing and
delegated responsibilities shall be documented. In addition, responsibility
for follow-up on all action items arising from management review shall be
delegated to ensure prompt implementation.

7.15 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

Both international and Nigeria‘s environmental guidelines and standards

require environmental monitoring. The primary aim of monitoring is to
provide information that will aid impact management and to achieve a
better understanding of cause-effect relationships and to improve
prediction and mitigation methods. Monitoring is used to:

 establish baseline trends and conditions

 measure the impacts that occur during project construction and

operation

 check their compliance with agreed conditions and standards

 facilitate impact management, e.g. by warning of unanticipated

impacts

 Determine the accuracy of impact predictions and the effectiveness of

mitigation measures.
As part of the ESMP, a project specific monitoring plan for GNA has been
designed. This plan establishes environmental and social action plans with
well defined desired outcomes and actions to address all significant
impacts identified for the proposed project. The plan also include
measuring elements such as parameters to be measured, methods of
measurement, location of measurement, performance indicators that
can be tracked over defined time periods, and with estimates of the
resources and responsibilities for monitoring.
 Recognizing the dynamic nature of the project, the monitoring plan is
designed to be responsive to changes in circumstances, non compliance
issues, unforeseen events, and the outcome of reviews. The environmental
monitoring activities shall be based on direct/indirect indicators of
emissions, effluents, and resource use applicable to the project.
Monitoring frequency incorporated shall be sufficient to provide
representative data for the parameters being monitored. Monitoring data
shall be analyzed, documented and reviewed at regular intervals and
compared with the operating standards for necessary corrective actions.
For effective monitoring, the following measures shall be taken:
- Monitoring shall be conducted by trained HSE Officers and other
competent professionals
- Measuring equipment will be accurately calibrated
- Quality control of sampling undertaken will be ensured
- Accredited laboratories will be used
- Certified methods of testing will be employed and where legal
specifications exist for testing and sampling methods, these will be taken
into account
Monitoring results shall be documented with preventive/corrective actions
to be implemented. The monitoring plan comprises of both internal
monitoring to which shall be undertaken by GNA as well as external
monitoring by regulators and other relevant third parties. The following
are the major part of the GNA monitoring plan:
 Major impacts to be monitored

 Objectives of monitoring and data requirements

 Arrangements for the conduct of monitoring

 Use of the information to be collected

 Response to unanticipated or greater than predicted impacts

 Measures for public reporting and involvement

Essentially the main objectives of the GNA monitoring plan includes

 Ensure compliance with national and international environmental
standards and legislation
 ensure overall environmental sustainability
 Ensure that mitigation measures proposed for all significant negative
impacts of the proposed project are implemented
 Monitor the effectiveness of proposed mitigation measures
 Ensure that there is sufficient allocation of resources to effectively carry
out the proposed mitigation measures
 Provide feedback for continual improvement in environmental
performance
 Ensuring that legal standards for the environmental parameters are not
exceeded
 Providing early warning so that actions may be taken to prevent or
reduce the seriousness of the unwanted impacts
 8.0 CHAPTER EIGHT: ABANDONMENT, DECOMMISSIONING AND
REMEDIATION PLAN

Decommissioning is the process of removing all the operating assets of a

project from the site after completion of its life. The planned life span for
the proposed GNA mill is approximately 35 years. However, the life span
of the mill can be extended well beyond that limit with proper
maintenance to sustain the facility. However, it is imperative to put in
place a plan for decommissioning of the mill at the end of its useful life.
GNA shall develop a comprehensive abandonment, decommissioning
and remediation plan that is specific to the project taking into account
the most cost-effective and practicable methods, environmental
considerations, legal requirements and industry practices. In addition, the
plan shall contain an adaptive management component that allows for
the incorporation of lessons learned from monitoring data during the
operation of the mill. This plan will be submitted to the FMEnv and other
relevant regulatory agencies for approval, at least 2 years prior to
scheduled abandonment and decommissioning.
Decommissioning shall only commence after the approval of the
decommissioning plan by the regulatory Agencies. The plan shall specify
all activities that will be undertaken during the decommissioning and
abandonment of the project which shall include the following:
฀ Stakeholders Consultation
฀ Dismantling and removal of equipment
฀ Demolition of buildings and structures
฀ Site remediation/re-establishment of vegetation in order to restore the
environment back to pre-project state as practicable possible
฀ Assessment of residual impacts
฀ Monitoring
An effective WMP shall be developed as part of the decommissioning
plan to ensure proper waste management and protection of the
environment. The WMP shall adopt the waste hierarchy specified in this
Report i.e Reduce, Reuse, Recycle/Recover and disposal. GNA shall take
advantage of the reuse and recycling opportunities identified for majority
of the components of the plant while all waste not fit for reuse or recycling
shall be evacuated by an approved municipal waste contractor to be
disposed off in a government approved dump site. GNA shall ensure
adequate monitoring of waste handling and disposal and shall present
waste documentations to FMEnv and/or JISEPA upon request.

8.1 Decommissioning Programme

8.1.1 Stakeholders Consultation
The abandonment, decommissioning and remediation programme shall
commence following the approval of the Plan with active engagement
with stakeholders including operational staff, affected communities, as
well as other relevant local and national regulatory agencies. Relevant
information regarding the plan shall be disclosed to workers to ensure
they receive adequate notice of dismissal and severance payments
mandated by law and collective agreements in a timely manner.
Affected communities shall also be consulted and provided with
information regarding how they may be affected by the
decommissioning activities. As necessary, regulators particularly the
FMEnv shall be carried along throughout the process.
8.1.2 Wind Down of Operation and Plant Shut Down
Prior to the actual decommissioning activities, operational activities at the
plant shall be gradually wound down. Majority of the operational staff
shall be disengaged. Only relevant staff with key involvement in the
decommissioning activities shall be present on site during actual
decommissioning. Wind down activities shall culminate in the removal of
all buildings and solid structures on the site.
8.1.3 Decommissioning of Facilities
The actual decommissioning activities shall comprise of the following:
8.1.3.1 Dismantling and Removal of the Mill and other Equipment
The major components of the mill are the sugar cane crusher, boilers,
effluent plant and power supply infrastructures among others. These
equipment and materials shall be dismantled and removed from the
project site during decommissioning. Materials such as glass, aluminum,
as well as a variety of materials, are valuable when recovered. Other non-
recyclable or reusable materials shall be evacuated and disposed by an
approved municipal waste contractor in line with the WMP.
8.1.3.2 Demolition of Buildings and Structures
Not all site buildings will be demolished, depending on local needs.
Offices can be handed over to the Gagarawa local government for
operational purposes. However, other structures not suitable for local
needs shall be demolished. All reusable materials from buildings such as
metal scraps, pipes, doors, glass etc shall be preserved for reuse or
recycling while rubble shall be evacuated by an approved municipal
waste contractor.
8.1.3.3 Envisaged Impacts of Decommissioning Activities
Significant impacts likely to arise during decommissioning phases are
those associated with removal of equipment and demolition activities.
These impacts have been addressed in the ESMP prepared for this project
and they include:
฀ Air quality deterioration from the release of dust during demolition
activities and exhaust emissions from vehicular and other operating
equipment
฀ Generation of industrial and hazardous waste including scrap metals,
batteries, spent oils e.t.c
฀ Soil contamination from wastes
฀ Traffic congestion and increased risk of RTA and injuries
฀ Loss of employment for operational staff
฀ Occupational health and safety related impacts including accidents,
injuries and risk of electrocution.
The management actions to avoid or minimize these impacts have been
included in the relevant section of the ESMP. However, the
Decommissioning Plan which shall be developed shall include details of
other likely impacts which may not have been envisaged at this stage
based on new legislations, changes in site conditions etc.
8.1.3.4 Site Remediation/Re-vegetation
The Plan shall be designed to expedite the re-establishment of vegetation
required to restore the environment to pre-project conditions as far as
practicable. Site remediation shall be completed as soon as practicable
following actual decommissioning activities and evacuation of all
equipment, rubbles and waste from the site. Site remediation activities
shall include the following as appropriate:
฀ Re-contouring and grading of site to blend with natural topography
฀ planting of native plant species that are dominant within the plant
communities in adjacent areas with similar soil conditions to re-establish
vegetation. The cover, species composition, and diversity of the re-
established plant community shall be similar to those present on-site prior
to project development and in the vicinity of the site.
฀ Installation of erosion protection structures such as sediment traps,
riprap, gabions, etc. wherever possible to capture run-off sediments and
protect the new vegetation.
8.1.4 Assessment of Residual Impacts
Following decommissioning, the project site shall be assessed for any
residual impacts on the various components of the environment
especially air, soil and groundwater. Any suspected contaminated
resource shall be rehabilitated. Similarly, the residual impacts of the
project on the socio-economic aspect of affected communities shall be
assessed with appropriate compensatory measures established and
implemented in conjunction with affected communities and regulatory
authorities.
8.1.5 Monitoring
To ensure rapid and successful re-establishment of vegetation cover and
site restoration, the abandonment, decommissioning and remediation
plan shall specify site-specific measurable success criteria with target
dates (monitoring data) to allow effective monitoring of the site. These
monitoring data shall be used to determine the success of reclamation
activities and the need for changes in ongoing management or for
additional reclamation measures. Periodic visual inspections for a
minimum of 3 years following decommissioning activities shall be required
to ensure that there is adequate restoration and minimal environmental
degradation. This period shall be extended until satisfactory results are
obtained. Vegetation re-establishment efforts shall continue until all
success criteria have been met
 9.0 CHAPTER NINE CONCLUSION

In Nigeria population growth and the rising demand and the need to be
self sufficient and to conserve dwindling foreign exchange used in the
importation of sugar has induced governments to encourage private
sector to partake in the sugar industry. This project by GNA is a response to
the call. A further impetus for the project can be attributed to the
expansion of the global sugar industry over the past two decades with
perhaps the most fundamental change being the worldwide need for
sugar as a raw material for several other industrial activities such as
confectionary, beverages, pharmaceuticals etc. Allied to this is the
comparative advantage of Nigeria in sugarcane cultivation, the main
raw material for the sugar as well as the employment and poverty
reduction advantages associated with the sugar value chain. Today the
sugar industry is recognized in Nigeria a strategic economic sector where
agricultural activities provide the best potential for labor absorption in
rural areas.
However, despite the enormous benefits, it is recognized that the sugar
industry is associated with increased pressure and competition for water,
nutrients and other resources and consequent increased risk of
environmental impacts, such as degradation in soil health, climate
change and atmospheric pollution. This has led to increasing scrutiny from
regulatory agencies, community and consumer groups into the
environmental sustainability of current sugar production systems not only
In Nigeria but across the globe. Consequently, sugar mill such as the one
being proposed by GNA was categorized as project 1 requiring
mandatory full, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to the
commencement of the project. The Federal Ministry of Environment of
Nigeria has laid down procedures for conducting the environmental
impact assessment (EIA) and enforces the EIA (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992 as
amended by EIA Act Cap E12 LFN 2004.
This study was conducted In order to comply with guidelines specifically,
the National Environmental (Construction sector) Regulations, 2011 and all
related extant laws. Based on the stipulated guidelines as provided in the
EIA (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992 as amended by EIA Act Cap E12 LFN 2004 a
comprehensive environmental and socio-economic assessment was
undertaken in order assess the range and significant potential
environmental, social and economic hazards of the sugar mill project; the
institutions; businesses; communities and other stakeholders directly
impacted by the project. Based on the data generated from field
measurement and laboratory analysis and the response from the
interaction with stakeholders, a comprehensive assessment was made
together with mitigation plans. Likewise an Environmental and social
management plan (ESMP) was made together with the implementation
plan, Staff training Plan, Environmental Reporting and Emergency
Response Plan. Furthermore, a detailed mechanism of compliance
through various plans for checking and corrective action, management
review and environmental monitoring are put in place to ensure that the
sugar mill project meets the requirement of all extant laws and regulations
in Nigeria.
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APPENDIX1
 TERMS OF REFERENCE
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED SUGAR CANE
PROCESSING IN GAGARAWA, JIGAWA STATE

PREPARED BY
PREPRA NIGERIA LIMITED
222AJigirya, Yankaba Kano
FOR
Great Northern Agribusiness
Km 18, Jogana, Hadejia Road, Kano

SUBMITTED TO

FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT

 TABLE OF CONTENT
Proponent 3
The proposed project 3-4
Background 4
The rational for environmental impact Assessment 4-5
Benefits of the EIA proposal 5
Justification of the E.A.I proposal 5
The EIA process in Nigeria 5-6
Legal and administrative frame work 6-7
The EIA terms of reference 8
Scope of the EIA 8
Purpose of the EIA is to: 9
Environmental impacts 9
Socio –economic impacts 9-10
Health impacts Assessment 10
Evaluation of significant impacts 11
Impact predictions 12
Environmental Management plan 12
Environmental impact Assessment process 12
Materials and methods 13-15
Reporting formatting 15-16
PROPONENT
Great Northern Agribusiness or GNA was incorporated in Nigeria in May
2014, as a subsidiary company wholly owned by Lee Group.The core
business of GNA is agribusiness particularly sugarcane plantation,
commercial sugar and its derivatives production in Nigeria.Under an MOU
signed between the JIGAWA STATE GOVERNMENT and GREAT NOTHERN
AGRIBUSINESS LTD on 30th June 2015, GNA is committed to establish a
100,000MT/Year sugar factory in Jigawa State with estimated investment
cost of USD80 Million. Lee Group, the holding company of GNA has
experience in sugarcane production and processing as it is a share
holderin GuangxiBoqing Food Company since early 2000, a company
that owned and operate 3 sugar factories namely, Shibie Sugar Factory
with daily sugar cane processing capacity of 9000 TCD, Huaiyuan Sugar
Factory with daily sugar cane processing capacity of 6000 TCD and
Bodong Sugar Factory with daily sugar cane processing capacity of 8000
TCD
THE PROPOSEDPROJECT
The project being proposed by GNA is to convert sugar cane into sugar
granules for the Nigerian market. The source of is the sugar cane
plantation owned by GNA located in Gagarawa, Garki, SuleTankarkar
and TauraLocal Government areas of Jigawa State
In addition, the by product from the sugar processing will be used in the
2nd phase of the project to produce organic fertilizer, high density
bogasse board and gourment powder. The total Area of Project Site is
1000 HA for Factory, Utility and Auxiliary Development.The Sugar Cane
Crushing Capacity is 14000 TCD (7000 TCD in Phase 1 + 7000 TCD in Phase
2)Thedownstream Industry that will use the waste from sugar production
include: Organic Fertilizer Plant, High Density Bagasse Board Plant and
Gourmet Powder Plant (Seasoning Powder). In addition to the factory
and offices, other structures include Utility Facilities such as Clinic,
Vocational School, Fire Station, Mosque and Market etc.
Sugar Cane Processing Capacity: 7000 MT/Day in Phase 1; 14000 MT/Day
in Phase 2.Sugar Recovery Rate is 15%and Sugar Production is 120,000
MT/Year Power Generation from Boiler = 110 Ton, Turbine Generation: 15MW
(Bagasse As Main Fuel)Sugar Processing: Mill Extraction, Sulfurous Method Final
Product: White Refined Sugar of 150~200 ICUMSABi- products: Bagasse for
organic fertilizer and high density board production and etc. Sugarcane mud
and other waste for organic fertilizer Molasses for gourmet powder (seasoning
powder), About 5000 laborers will be recruited from local communities for sugar
cane plantation and factory and 800 labor will be employed for organic
fertilizer plant, gourmet powder plant and bagasse plant.
The envisage Utility Facilities: School: Promote Vocational Education
Clinic: Easier Access to Medical Treatment and Prevention and Control of
Epidemic Disease Mosque: Respect for Local Religion Fire Station:
Community Safety Care.
BACKGROUND
Clearly, the project being proposed is a large one as it will involve large
scale production, a new system of farming that will include different
modes of irrigation, new seeds, pesticides, herbicides, use of large
machinery and equipments, enormous use of energy including boilers,
influx of labour from within and far all of which clearly point to a large
number of stakeholders, which may trigger the environmental and socio-
economic impact and even cause conflicts of local, national and
regional nature. Consequently, there is the need for the environmental
and social impact assessment in order to ascertain the level of impact, its
nature, extent and more significantly put in place a mitigation
mechanism.
THE RATIONAL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSEMENT
The environmental impact assessment being proposed is the process of
identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social,
and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major
decisions being taken and commitments made. Consequently the
proposed EIA is will be applied in order to ensure that environmental
considerations are duly taken into account, to identify and assess the
likely environmental impacts of the project; report on those impacts and
on measures to be taken to prevent, reduce or mitigate them; allow the
public and other stakeholders to comment on the project and the EIA
report; provide this information – the EIA report and the comments of the
public and other stakeholders – to the decision-makers. The EIA process is
also intended to improve environmental protection. It informs the decision
making processes by which ‗competent authorities‘ ,are provided with a
written statement about the project‘s effects on the environment that are
likely to be significant together with the comments of the public and
statutory environmental organizations.
The EIA document being proposed will be a technical tool that identifies,
predicts, and analyzes impacts on the physical environment, as well as
social, cultural, and health impacts. If the EIA process is successful, it
identifies alternatives and mitigation measures to reduce the
environmental impact of a proposed project.
BENEFITS OF THE EIA PROPOSAL
- Potentially screens out environmentally-unsound issues in the projects
- Proposes modified designs to reduce environmental impacts
- Identifies feasible alternatives
- Predicts significant adverse impacts
- Identifies mitigation measures to reduce, offset, or eliminate major
impacts
- Engages and informs potentially affected communities and individuals
- Influences decision-making and the development of terms and
conditions
JUSTIFICATION OF THE EIA PROPOSAL
 Carrying out an EIA requires analysis of alternative designs which has
resulted in the selection of an improved option, which minimize risks and
impacts on the environment and people, and thereby avoid associated
costs of remedial treatment or compensation for damage.
 The proposed project through the EIA ensures compliance with
environmental standards.
 Compliance with environmental standards reduces damage to the
environment and disruption to communities.
 It also avoids the likelihood of penalties, fines and loss of trust and
credibility.
 Project acceptance by the public. This was achieved by an open
public involvement of people who are most directly affected by and
interested in the proposal
THE EIA PROCESS IN NIGERIA
In Nigeria, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) must be carried out
prior to the commencement of major projects. According to the
Environmental Impact Assessment Act (Cap E12) LFN 2004 (EIA Act) public
or private sector of the economy shall not undertake or embark on or
authorize projects or activities without prior consideration, at an early
stages, of their environmental effects. In line with the EIA Act, Section 60,
which mandates the issue of guidelines and codes of practice to assist in
conducting assessment of the environmental effects of projects, EIA
Procedural Guidelines were issued in 1995. The Guidelines classified EIA
Projects into 3 categories, with step by step guidance on handling them.
The Federal Ministry of Environment sets out the requirements, procedures
and methods for conducting EIA. According to the Ministry, Environmental
Impact Assessment policy is predicated on the following sustainable
development principles:
* The precautionary principle which holds that where there are threats of
serious or irreversible damage, the lack of full scientific knowledge shall
not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective means to prevent
environmental degradation
* Pollution Prevention Pays Principle (3p+) which encourages proponents
of all projects to invest positively to prevent pollution
* The polluter pays principle (PPP) which requires that the polluter should
bear the cost of preventing and controlling pollution associated with its
project
* The user pays principle (UPP), in which the cost of a resource to a user
must include all the environmental costs associated with its extraction,
transformation and use including the costs of alternative or future uses
forgone
* The principle of intergenerational equity which requires that the needs of
the present generation are met without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs
* The principle of intra-generational equity which requires that different
groups of people within the state and within the present generation have
the right to benefit equally from the exploitation of resources and that
they have an equal right to a clean and healthy environment
* That Environmentally friendly technologies must be applied for all
projects.
*The subsidiary principle which requires that decisions should as much as
possible be made by communities affected or on their behalf by the
authorities closest to them.
The EIA policy thrust is based on the appreciation of the interdependent
linkages among development processes, environmental factors as well as
human and natural resources. Since development remains a national
priority, it is recognized that the actions designed to increase the
productivity of the society and meet the essential needs of the populace
must be reconciled with environmental issues that had hitherto been
neglected or not given sufficient attention.
LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAME WORK
The Federal Government of Nigeria established, in 1988, the Federal
Environmental Protection Agency vide Decree 58 of 1988 as amended by
Decree 59 of 1992 and further amended by Decree 14 of 1999 and later
replaced by the National Environmental Standards Regulations
Enforcement Agency,(NESREA) vide the NESREA Act of 2007, to protect,
restore and preserve the ecosystems of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
and establish such environmental criteria, guidelines, specifications of
standards as may be necessary to protect the health and welfare of the
citizens from environmental degradation.
Some of the other policies and legislative framework that have been put
in place to enhance the implementation process for environmental
assessment in Nigeria include the following:
• Forestry Act 1958
• Antiquities Act 1958
• Territorial Waters Decree 1967
•Oil in Navigable Waters Decree 1968
 • Petroleum Decree 1969
• Quarries Decree 1969
• Sea Fisheries Decree 1971
• Land Use Decree 1978
• National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and
Hazardous Waste) Regulations 1991
• Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria
1991
• Environmental Impact Assessment Decree 1992
• Water Resources Act 101 of 1993
• Minerals and Mining Act 1999
At the International level, Nigeria is a signatory to a number of
conventions which are related to the environment. Some of these include
the following:
(i) Convention on Biological Diversity 1992
(ii) Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer.
(iii) United National Framework Convention on Climate Change (Climate
Change Convention), 1992
(iv)Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
THE EIA TERMS OF REFERENCE
The Terms of reference for this EIA include the following items related to
the proposed project:
 purpose and application of the Terms of Reference;
 statement of need for and objectives of the proposal;
 project background and description;
 study area or impact zone(s) (e.g. the affected environment and
community);
 applicable policy and institutional considerations;
 EIA requirements and decision-making particulars;
 provisions for public involvement;
 alternatives to be examined;
 the impacts and issues to be studied;
 the studies to be carried out (e.g. approach, time & space boundaries);
 the requirements for mitigation and monitoring;
  the information and data to be included in the EIA report;
 the timeframe for completion of the EIA process; and
 The means for making changes to the ToR if necessary.
SCOPE OF THE EIA
 This EIA will be based on Nigeria's environmental guidelines as outlined
by Federal Ministry of Environment and will meet internationally accepted
requirements and standards of practice.
 This EIA document will also provide adequate information which is
sufficient and relevant for decision-making in respect of the project
 This EIA document will contain clear guidelines necessary for the
implementations of environmental safeguards which are sufficient to
mitigate adverse effects and avoid irreversible loss of resource and
ecosystem functions as a consequence of the project.
 This EIA document will provide specific guidelines on how to integrate
social and environmental concerns associated with the project.
 This EIA document can be used for monitoring as well as supervision and
provides guidance in linking environmental planning and management
with respect to the project.
PURPOSE OF THE EIA is to:
 Provide information for decision-making on the environmental
consequences of the proposed project
 Promote environmentally sound and sustainable development through
the identification of appropriate enhancement and mitigation measures.
 Prevent or minimize the adverse effects of the project.
 Provide planning tool to promote sustainable development by
integrating environmental considerations into the project
 Provide a tool to evaluate the project proposals.
 To address public concern about the project
 To mainstream the flyover project to Principle 17 of the Rio Declaration on
Environment and Development.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The characteristics of environmental impacts vary. Typical parameters to
be taken into account in impact prediction and decision-making include:
 nature (positive, negative, direct, indirect, cumulative);
 magnitude (severe, moderate, low);
 extent/location (area/volume covered, distribution);
 timing (during construction, operation, decommissioning, immediate,
delayed, rate of change);
 duration (short term, long term, intermittent, continuous);
 reversibility/irreversibility;
 likelihood (probability, uncertainty or confidence in the prediction);
 Significance (local, regional, global).
SOCIO –ECONOMIC IMPACTS
People are an integral part of the environment. Human activity alters the
biophysical environment and, in turn, these impacts are translated into
social effects. In many EIA systems the immediate and direct social
impacts of a proposal always should be analyzed as an integral
component of an EIA.
Socio- economic impacts include changes that affect individuals, groups,
communities and populations as well as the interactions between them.
They are alterations in the way people live, work, play, relate to each
other and organize their communities and institutions to meet their needs
and guide their collective actions, as well as changes in their
characteristic values, beliefs, norms, traditions and perceptions of quality
of life and well being.
Socio-economic impacts will be divided into four main types:
 demographic impacts such as changes in population numbers and
characteristics (such as sex ratio, age structure, in-and-out migration rates
and resultant demand for social services, hospital beds, school places,
housing etc);
 cultural impacts including changes to shared customs, traditions and
value systems (e.g. language, dress, religious beliefs and rituals)
archaeological, historical and cultural artifacts and to structures and
environmental features with religious or ritual significance;
 community impacts including changes in social structures, organizations
and relationships and their accompanying effect on cohesion, stability,
identity and provision of services; and
 Socio-psychological impacts including changes to individual quality of
life and well being, sense of security or belonging and perceptions of
amenity or hazard.
Often, local people are not the beneficiaries of proposed development.
Rather they bear the brunt of the adverse impacts. These effects are
especially acute when projects displace people whose security and
subsistence depends on the land and resources that will be affected.
World Bank environmental and social assessment procedures give
particular attention to the impact on indigenous peoples and other
vulnerable ethnic and cultural groups whose lifestyle, value and tenure
systems may be disrupted or lost. For this project a comprehensive socio-
economic impact assessment will be carried.
HEALTH IMPACTS ASSESSEMET
Health impacts can be a significant aspect of certain types of projects
such as this one being proposed. These impacts can be beneficial as well
as adverse; for example, water infrastructure projects eradicate or
drastically reduce the occurrence of cholera, diarrhea and other gastro-
intestinal diseases that are endemic in this area. However, adverse health
impacts can also occur as a result of the projects either directly from
changes to the biophysical environment such as exposure to pollutants or
indirectly as a secondary result of other changes; for example, the
creation of habitat conditions favorable to the spread or intensification of
disease vectors, such as mosquitoes (malaria) or water snails
(schistosomiasis).To date, insufficient attention has been given to health
impacts in comparison to coverage given to biophysical or even other
social impacts. In this case, health impact assessment will be carried out
separately and integrated with the EIA process.
EVALUATION OF SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS
Once the impacts have been analyzed, they are evaluated to determine
their significance. The attribution of significance begins early, extends
throughout the EIA process. There is a gradually ‗narrowing cone of
resolution‘ on questions of impact significance as more complete
information becomes available. Following impact identification and
prediction, impact evaluation is the formal stage at which a test of
significance is made.
A systematic process will be followed in evaluating significance,
distinguishing between predicted and ˜residual impacts. Step one
 involves evaluating the significance of ‗as predicted‘ impacts to define
the requirements for mitigation and other remedial actions. Step two
involves evaluating the significance of the ‗residual‘ impacts, i.e. after
mitigation measures are taken into account. This test is the critical
measure of whether or not a proposal is likely to cause significant impacts.
It is determined by the joint consideration of its characteristics
(magnitude, extent, duration etc.) and the importance (or value) that is
attached to the resource losses, environmental deterioration or
alternative uses which are foregone
Aids and principles for evaluating significance
Key reference points for evaluating significance include:

 environmental standards, guidelines and objectives;

 level of public concern (particularly over health and safety);
 scientific and professional evidence for:
 loss/disruption of valued resource stocks and ecological functions;
 negative impact on social values, quality of life and livelihood; and
 Foreclosure of land and resource use opportunities.
Guiding principles for determining significance include:
 use procedure and guidance established by the jurisdiction;
 adapt other relevant criteria or identify points of reference from
comparable cases;
 assign significance in a rational, defensible way;
 be consistent in the comparison of alternatives; and
 Document the reasons for the judgments made.
IMPACT PREDICTIONS
An EIA report contains predictions about the environmental impacts of
proposals and recommendations for their mitigation and management.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANGEMENT PLAN
An environmental management plan (EMP), also referred to as an impact
management plan, will be prepared as part of this EIA reporting. It
translates recommended mitigation and monitoring measures into
specific actions that will be carried out by the proponent. Depending
upon particular requirements, the plan will be included in, the EIA. The
 EMP will form the basis for impact management during project
construction and operation.
The EMP will contain the following:
 summary of the potential impacts of the proposal;
 description of the recommended mitigation measures;
 statement of their compliance with relevant standards;
 allocation of resources and responsibilities for plan implementation;
 schedule of the actions to be taken;
 programme for surveillance, monitoring and auditing; and
 Contingency plan when impacts are greater than expected.
 The EMP should contain commitments that are binding on the
proponent. It will be translated into project documentation and provide
the basis for a legal contract that sets out the responsibilities of the
proponent. In turn, the proponent can use the EMP to establish
environmental performance standards and requirements for those
carrying out the works or providing supplies. The EMP can also be used to
prepare an environmental management system for the operational
phase of the project.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESEMENT PROCESS
This EIA is a systematic process to identify and evaluate the social,
cultural, health, economic and environmental effects of the proposed
project. Particular attention is given to preventing, mitigating and
offsetting the significant adverse effects of the proposed project based
on consultations with the affected communities as well as physical data
collection.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Based on the Nigeria‘s EIA Act, the following steps will be undertaken for
the three projects:
In order to accomplish the assignment, a systematic approach over 24
weeks will be adopted as the time Schedule is summarized in Table 1

Identifying and Defining the Project

The goal of this step is to define the project to accurately determine the
zone of possible impacts and to include activities that are closely
connected with the proposal so that the entire scope of environmental
impacts is evaluated adequately
Baseline Data collection
This involves collection and evaluation of all relevant environmental and
socio-economic data relevant to the project in order to describe
adequately the condition and set up of the project area prior to the
commencement of the project. The baseline data is key to project
monitoring as it will reveal changes from ambient either in the negative or
positive after the commencement of the project
Scoping:
Scoping is a stage, involving the public and other interested parties, that
identifies the key environmental issues that should be addressed. This step
provides one of the first opportunities for members of the public and all
interested to learn about the project and to voice their opinions. This
exercise may also reveal similar or connected activities that may be
occurring in the vicinity of the project, or identify problems that need to
be mitigated or that may cause the project to be modified.
 Table 1: Work Schedule
WEEK
N° Deliverables
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ..... n TOTAL
Project start up meeting 
and schedule of
1
assignment to project
team members
Reconnaissance visit to 
project site/review of
2
project proposal

Literature review/ 
3 collection of all available
secondary data
Meeting with local 
stakeholders to inform
4 them of the
commencement of the
EIA
Field work - physical 
5
parameters
Field work – Socio – 
6
economic survey
7 Laboratory analyses of 
 samples collected from
the field
8 Data Analysis  -
Submission of draft 
9
report
Corrections of draft 
10
report
11 Final report submission 

Examination of alternatives:
To establish the preferred or most environmentally sound and benign
option for achieving proposal objectives.
Impact analysis
To identify and predict the likely environmental, social and other related
effects of the proposal.
Mitigation and impact management
To establish the measures that are necessary to avoid, minimize or offset
predicted adverse impacts and, where appropriate, to incorporate these
into an environmental management plan or system.
Evaluation of significance
To determine the relative importance and acceptability of residual
impact i.e., impacts that cannot be mitigated.
Preparing Terms of Reference
The Terms of Reference serve as a roadmap for the EIA preparation and
encompass the issues and impacts that have been identified during the
scoping process. A draft Terms of Reference will be made available for
public review and comment. Public review at this stage of the process
provides a key opportunity to ensure that the EIA is properly framed and
will address issues of community concern.
Preparing Draft EIA
A draft EIA is prepared in accordance with the Terms of Reference and/
or the range of issues identified during the scoping process. The draft EIA
will also meet the content requirements of the overarching EIA law or
regulations. This step will involve engage a wide range of technical
specialists to evaluate baseline conditions, predict the likely impacts of
the project, and design mitigation measures.
Public Participation
Public participation will consist of informational meetings, public hearings,
and opportunities to provide comments about the project.Key
stakeholders namely, Political office holders at the local level, state and
Federal. Also traditional authorities concerned at the village local and
state levels. Members of the local communities affected by the projects
at all levels will also be involved. Furthermore, experts and NGOs will be
engaged to identify key issues that require mitigation. Due to the varying
range of concern it is envisaged that public engagement of the different
groups will take place at different times.
Preparing Final EIA
This produces a final impact assessment report that addresses the
viewpoints and comments of the parties that reviewed the draft EIA.
These comments may prompt additions to the text of the draft EIA. The
final EIA will contain an appendix summarizing all of the comments
received from the public and other interested parties and provide
responses to those comments.
Submission of final EIA report:
The final EIA report together with the identification of key impacts,
evaluation of alternatives, identification of key stakeholders to be directly
impacted by the projects, Mitigation plan and Environmental monitoring
plan
REPORTING FORMAT
In accordance with the EIA guidelines of the Federal Ministry of
Environment, the following reporting shall be adopted:
 Title page (including the name of complying facility)
 List of preparers
 Table of contents
 Acknowledgement
 Executive summary
 Introduction
 Overview of the Project/development or Activity
 Baseline environmental Assessment
 EMP
 Bibliography
 Appendix
APPENDIX 11
APPENDIX III