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Skeletal System

The document provides an overview of the skeletal system, detailing the axial and appendicular skeletons, which consist of 206 bones in total. It describes the structure and function of various bones, including the skull, hyoid bone, ear ossicles, vertebral column, ribs, and joints, along with their types. Additionally, it outlines common skeletal disorders such as arthritis, gout, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia.

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vsakunthaladevi1977
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6 views

Skeletal System

The document provides an overview of the skeletal system, detailing the axial and appendicular skeletons, which consist of 206 bones in total. It describes the structure and function of various bones, including the skull, hyoid bone, ear ossicles, vertebral column, ribs, and joints, along with their types. Additionally, it outlines common skeletal disorders such as arthritis, gout, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia.

Uploaded by

vsakunthaladevi1977
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as KEY, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOCOMOTIO

AND
MOVEMENT
By Harish
U
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Our body has 206 bones ,

A. Axial skeleton - consists of 80 bones

B. Appendicular skeleton - consists of 126


bones
SKELETAL SYSTEM

A. Axial skeleton - consists of 80 bones


B. Appendicular skeleton - consists of 126 bones
AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL
Skeleton of head is called skull. It consists of 2 main parts - cranium and face.

It consists of two types


Cranium bones contain sinuses. Sinuses are air spaces lined with mucous membrane that reduces weight of skull and gives resonant sound to the voice.
Cranium (brain box) is formed of 8 bones. They form the hard protective outer covering for the brain.
The facial region is made up of 14 skeletal elements which form the front part of the skull.
1)Cranial Bones - 8 bones
A single U-shaped bone called hyoid is present at the base of the buccal cavity and it is also included in the skull.

2)Facial Bones - 14 bones


Cranial
Bones
The eight bones of the cranium protects and encloses the brain.
They include the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones.

Facial
TheBones
facial bones are the paired zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, maxillae, palatine, conchae, and the
unpaired vomer and mandible.
All the facial bones except the mandible are joined together by suturae(Immovable joint) so that they are
immovable.
HYOID BONE
U-shaped bone situated at the root of the tongue in
the front of the neck and between the lower jaw
and the largest cartilage of the larynx, or voice box.
The primary function of the hyoid bone is to
support the buccal or oral cavity.

EAR OSSICLES
It consists of
Malleus (2
bones)
Incus 2 bones)
Stapes (2
bones)
So the total is
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
The backbone is located dorsally. It is made up of 26
vertebrae. The atlas is the first vertebrae.Axis is the
second vertebrae
It serves to protect the spinal cord and providing bending
ability. It can be divided into the following regions:
a) 7 Cervical vertebrae
b) 12 Lumbar vertebrae
c) 5 Sacral vertebrae
d) 1 Coccygeal vertebra
RIBS
These are 24 in number forming 12 pairs and protect the
organs in the thoracic cavity.
The first seven pairs are called true ribs as they are
attached with the sternum ventrally.
The 8th, 9th and 10th pairs do not attach to the sternum,
they attach to the 7th pair. So, these are called the false
ribs.
The 11th and 12th pairs remain free and are called
floating ribs. These provide a protective bony cover to the
heart.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
It consists of the forelimb and the hindlimb, each containing 30 bones. The pectoral
and the pelvic girdle form the connection between the limbs and the axial skeleton.
Upper Arm
Humerus, radius and ulna, 8-carpels, 5-metacarpels, 14-phalanges,
Lower Limb
Femur, tibia and fibula, 7-tarsals, 5-metatarsals, 14-phalanges, cup
shaped patella cover the knee.
Pectoral Girdle
Scapula or the Shoulder Blade - It forms the posterior of the
shoulders. It is a flat bone with a triangular shape
Clavicle or Collar Bone - These are horizontal long bones.

Pelvic
It is Girdle
made up of hip bone or the coxal bone that attaches with
the hindlimbs and the sacral vertebrae of the backbone.
The coxal bones are immobile and serve to bear the weight.
Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of upper ilium bone,
lower ischium bone and the inner pubis bone.
JOINTS
Joints are the points or the regions where the connection between the two bones or bone
and cartilage occurs.

Fibrous or Immovable Joints


The bones are bound with dense fibrous connective tissues, so the movement is not possible.
For example, sutures between the bones of skull.
Cartilaginous or Slightly Movable Joints
The ends of the bones have hyaline cartilage, so a slight degree of movement is possible. For
example, joints between the vertebrae in vertebral column.
Synovial or Freely Movable Joints
These joints have a synovial cavity (fluid-filled) surrounded by the articular capsule.
Types Of Synovial Joints
1. Ball and Socket joint: One bone forms a ball-like structure into
which the socket-like structure of the other bone is fixed. For
example, shoulder joint and hip joint.
2. Hinge joint: One bone form convex end that articulates with the

concave end of the other bone. Movement is possible in one


plane only. For example, elbow joint, knee joint etc.
3. Pivot Joint: It allows the rotatory movements. For example,

radioulnar joint.
4. Gliding Joint: Bones are firmly attached via ligaments so limited

movement occurs in all directions. For example, joints of carpals


and tarsals.
5. Saddle Joint: It is a biaxial joint. It resembles ball and socket

joint. For example, joint between thumb and carpals.


DISORDERS OF SKELETAL
1.Arthritis: Inflammation of joints.
SYSTEM
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Inflammation of the synovial joint membrane.
Osteoarthritis: Degenerative disease of the articular capsule of the synovial joints.
Gout Arthritis: Accumulation of the uric acid crystals in the joints.
Infectious Arthritis: Caused due to pathogenic infections.
2.Gout: Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals.
3.Osteoporosis: The excessive resorption of the calcium by the bones
makes them brittle and degenerate the bony tissue. It enhances fracture
incidences.
4.Osteomalacia or Rickets: It is a degenerative disease of bones in
children, specifically caused due to lack of vitamin D.
Arthirit Gou
is t
THANK YOU

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