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Assignment 2 Solutions

The document contains a series of wastewater treatment calculations involving various reactor types, including Plug Flow Reactors (PFR) and Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR). It includes questions on reactor volume calculations, UV disinfection performance, removal efficiencies, and oxygen demand in biological processes. Each question is detailed with equations and solutions, focusing on the design and efficiency of wastewater treatment systems.

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Vandit Shah
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8 views

Assignment 2 Solutions

The document contains a series of wastewater treatment calculations involving various reactor types, including Plug Flow Reactors (PFR) and Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR). It includes questions on reactor volume calculations, UV disinfection performance, removal efficiencies, and oxygen demand in biological processes. Each question is detailed with equations and solutions, focusing on the design and efficiency of wastewater treatment systems.

Uploaded by

Vandit Shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biological Process Design for Wastewater Treatment (BPD)

Assignment 2
Total Marks = 40 marks
(A) Each question carries 5 marks. 5*5 = 25 marks
Q1. a) A Plug flow reactor will treat completely biodegradable wastewater of BOD 350
mg/L to discharge standards of 20 mg/L of BOD. Suppose the flow rate is 1 MLD.
Calculate the volume of the reactor if 0.4/hr is the rate constant of degradation of the
organic matter.
b) For the same efficiency desired, how many times the corresponding Completely mixed
reactor be large compared to the PFR—taking the rate constant to be the same.
Solution:
a) Rate of reaction = V dC/dt = Unit is always mass/time.
Mass = C* Volume
dc/dt = k.Cn ↔ thus unit of ‘k’ is ‘C(1-n).time-1’
since k = 0.4 hr-1, it is a first order rection
For a plug flow Ce = Co.e-kV/Q
Q = 1MLD=1/24 MLH; Co= 350 mg/L, Ce = 20 mg/L
kV/Q= 2.862
V= 298146 L
b)
Ce 1
=
C0 1 + k V⁄Q

Q = 1/24 MLH (see units of k for reference)


k= 0.4/hr
Conditions of treatment are same
20 1
=
350 V
1 + 0.4/h ∗
1000000𝐿/24ℎ

→ V= 1718750 L

Ratio = 1718750/298146 = 5.76 times


Q2. A UV disinfection facility is designed to reduce coliform count in the secondary
effluent of a wastewater treatment plant. The total length of UV exposure is 300 cm.
The velocity through the channel is 22.5 cm/s. Performance of UV disinfection facility is
high under plug flow condition. At a dispersion coefficient D = 422 cm2/s, low to
moderate dispersion exists. Calculate the dispersion number d. Also, calculate (a) N/No
from Equation of the Plug flow under given flow conditions and compare it with the
value obtained from the below figure
(b) coliform number remaining and percent reduction from UV radiation.

Assume rate constant (k) = 0.3 sec-1; rate only depends on coliform concentration at any
instant. The initial coliform count is 104/100 mL.

Solution:

𝐃
a) Dispersion no. is 𝐝 =
𝐮.𝐋
Where, D is dispersion coefficient
U is velocity
L is exposure length

u = 22.5 cm/sec
Length of reactor = 300 cm
D = 422 cm2/sec
d= 0.0625
K*Ꝋ
Ꝋ = L/V = 300/22.5 = 13.33 sec
K = 0.3 sec -1
Thus
K*Ꝋ = 4

See graph
C/C0 = 0.045
C = 0.045* 104
C = 450 CFU/100 ml

b) Plug flow reactor performance


Ce = Coe-K*Ꝋ
C = C0e-4
C= 104*e-4
C = 183 CFU/100 ml
Q3. Three CSTRs in series, with the second reactor being twice the size of the first and
third reactor. The pollutant concentration is 150 mg/L, and the flow rate is 400 litres/min.
The reaction rate constant is 0.0070 /hr. Rate only depends on the pollutant. Calculate
the removal efficiency for each reactor along with the corresponding HRT if an overall
removal of 80% is desirable.

Solution:
Co =150
Ce= 150*0.2= 30 mg/L
Q = 400 L/min = 24000 L/h
By observing units, it is a second order reaction
Also, V1 = V3= V; V2 = 2V
C1 1
=
C0 1 + k V⁄Q
C2 1
=
C1 1 + k . 2V⁄Q
Ce 1
=
C2 1 + k V⁄Q
Ce 1 30
= 2 =
C0 (1 + k V⁄Q) . (1 + k . 2V⁄Q) 150

V = 1871962.61 Litres = 1871.9 m3


Putting in above equations to get individual efficiencies
C1 1
=
150 1 + 0.007 ∗ 1871962.61⁄24000
C1 = 97 mg/L; efficiency = 35.33 %
C2 1
=
97 1 + 0.007 ∗ 2 ∗ 1871962.61⁄24000
C2 = 46 mg/L; efficiency = 52.577 %
Ce 1
=
46 1 + 0.007 ∗ 1871962.61⁄24000
Ce = 29.75 mg/L approximately equal to 30 mg/l hence verified.
Efficiency = 35.33 %

Q4. The organic composition of wastewater, approximated as glucose (C6H6O12) of 100


mg/L reduced in a CSTR to 10 mg (as Glucose only). Assuming degradation producing
no net biomass growth and maintaining oxygen content as 2 mg/L in the reactor.
Incoming wastewater has negligible oxygen content. Calculate the airflow rate
maintained in the reactor with the first-order reaction rate constant as 0.4/day. The
wastewater flow rate is 2 MLD.

Solution:
For glucose COD per mg/l
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2+ 6H2O
180 g of glucose requires 192g of Oxygen for complete degradation
Thus, COD per gram glucose = 192/180= 1.07 g
1.07 g COD/ g of glucose
And, since there is no net biomass growth, we can assume all carbon is oxidized to CO2 thus
O2 demand = rate of COD consumption in the reactor
COD consumption in the reactor = 1.07*(100-10) = 96.3 mg/L
Also, there is a need to maintain a 2 mg/L of O2 in the reactor
Oxygen mass balance:
At steady state there is no accumulation of oxygen
𝑑𝐶𝑜
𝑉( ) = 𝑄. 𝐶𝑜𝑥𝑦,𝑖𝑛 + 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 − 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 − 𝑄. 𝐶𝑜𝑥𝑦,𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑡
dCo
At steady state, V ( dt ) =0
net

Coxy,in = 0 ⇒ Q. Coxy,in = 0

Oxygen in from Supply = To be calculated


Q. Coxy,out = (2 mg/L*10-6 kg/mg) x (2 * 106 L/day) = 4 kg/day

Oxygen consumed = V* 96.3 mg/L


We will now calculate volume of reactor
It is a completely mixed reactor
C0
Ce =
1 + k V⁄Q
100
10 =
0.4/𝑑𝑎𝑦 ∗ 𝑉
1+
2 ∗ 106 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦

V = 45, 000 m3
Thus, oxygen needed for degradation = 45,000 m3/day*96.3 g/m3 = 4333.5 kg/day
𝑑𝐶𝑜
𝑉( ) = 𝑄. 𝐶𝑜𝑥𝑦,𝑖𝑛 + 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 − 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 − 𝑄. 𝐶𝑜𝑥𝑦,𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑡
0 = 0 + Oxygen supplied – 4333.5 kg/day – 4 kg/day
Oxygen supplied = 4337.5 kg/day

Q5. A 24 m3 reactor operating in plug flow mode reduces BOD in wastewater from a
value of 250 mg/l to 10 mg/l in a detention time of 10hrs. If rate constant is 0.23/day. Find
the order of the reaction (to the nearest integer).

Solution:

By doing trial and error:

Order General Equation Ce obtained


n=0 𝐶𝑒 = 𝐶0 − 𝑘. 𝐻𝑅𝑇 249.9 mg/L
n=1 𝐶𝑒 = 𝐶0 (𝑒 −𝑘.𝐻𝑅𝑇 ) 227.15 mg/L
n=2 1 1 10.01g/L
= + 𝑘. 𝐻𝑅𝑇
𝐶𝑒 𝐶0

(B) Each sub part carries 5 marks 3*5 = 15 marks

Q6. Compare the efficiency considering a first order reaction operating in following conditions
a) Q = 10 MLD
k = 0.23/day
C0 = 250 mg/l
Ce = 10 mg/l
b) If each of the segment is designed as a series of 2 CSTRs (with each CSTR having half of
the volume of a plug flow segment. Calculate efficiency obtained.
c) Also, in the above configuration, suggest flow rate it can take to give the desired
standard performance of 10 mg/L keeping volume same as before.
Q/3
PLUG FLOW (V)

Q, C0 Q/3 Q, Ce
PLUG FLOW (V)

Q/3
PLUG FLOW (V)

a)
Based on above info calculate volume of the parallel plug flow reactors
required.
Solution:
𝐶𝑒 = 𝐶0 (𝑒 −𝑘.𝐻𝑅𝑇 )
𝑚𝑔
𝐶𝑒 = 10 ,
𝐿

𝐶0 = 250 𝑚𝑔/𝐿,
k = 0.23/day

By substituting above values in the equation, we get HRT = 14 days


Volume of each plug flow reactor = Q/3 *HRT
10∗1000 𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
= ∗ 14
3

Each plug flow is of 46,667 m3 volume

b)
Ce 1 1
= 2 =
C0 𝑘. 𝑉/2 0.23 ∗ 46667/2 2
(1 + ) (1 + )
𝑄/3 10000/3

Se = 36.7 mg/l
(250−36.7)∗100
Efficiency = 𝜂 = = 85.32 %
250
c)
Ce 1
=
C0 𝑉 2
𝑘. 2
(1 + 𝑄 )
3
10 1
=
250 46667 2
0.23 ∗ 2
(1 + 𝑄 )
3

Q = 4025.03 m3/day = 4 MLD

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