Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Internet of Things
Unit-2
Hardware for IOT
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Topics to be covered...
Sensors
Actuators & types
RFID working
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
Architecture of WSN node
Participatory Sensing & its phases
Concept of embedded system
Microcontroller unit (MCU)
System-on-Chip
Arduino
Netduino
Raspberry Pi
BeagleBone
Intel Galileo board
ARM cortex
Happy Ending!
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Sensors
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Sensors
A sensor is a device that detects and measures physical properties (such as temperature,
light, pressure, or movement) from the environment and converts these into electrical
signals or data that can be interpreted by other devices, like computers or controllers.

Features of Sensors:
Sensitivity
Range
Accuracy
Response Time
Resolution
Reliability and Stability
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Characteristics of Sensors
Linearity:
Ideally, the output of a sensor should be directly proportional to the input.
Linearity is a measure of how closely this relationship is followed.
Non-linear sensors may need additional calibration to produce accurate results.

Hysteresis:
Some sensors may give different outputs when the input moves in one direction
compared to when it moves in the opposite direction.
Low hysteresis is desirable for accurate measurements.

Repeatability:
This is the sensor's ability to produce the same output when the same input is applied
multiple times.
High repeatability means the sensor can consistently measure accurately.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Characteristics of Sensors
Threshold:
The minimum input that a sensor requires to produce a detectable output.
For example, a motion sensor might not react to very slow movements if the speed is
below its threshold.

Durability:
Indicates how long the sensor can operate effectively under different conditions without
wear or breakdown.
Durable sensors are more cost-effective over time.

Drift:
Over time, some sensors may show a gradual change in output even without a change
in input.
Low drift is essential for sensors used in long-term applications to maintain accuracy.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Classification of Sensors
1. Active Sensors
2. Passive Sensors
3. Primary Sensors
4. Secondary Sensors
5. Industrial Sensors
6. Contact Sensors
7. Non-Contact Sensors
8. Analog Sensors
9. Temperature Sensors
10. Pressure Sensors
11. Motion Sensors
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Digital Sensors
Digital Sensors convert physical measurements into binary data (0s and 1s).

They produce discrete signals instead of continuous ones, offering greater precision and
resistance to noise.

Commonly used in IoT and embedded systems, they ensure accuracy and reliability.

Key Features of Digital Sensors:

Binary Output
High Accuracy
Noise Resistance

Applications:
Smart homes, industrial automation, medical devices, and wearable technology.
Decision-making, system monitoring, and automation in IoT-based systems.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Actuators & types

Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Actuators & types

An actuator is a device that converts electrical signals into physical actions, such as
movement, rotation, or control of mechanisms.

Actuators receive commands from a control system and perform physical tasks, such as
opening a valve, moving a robotic arm, or adjusting the position of a camera.

Types:
Electric Actuators
Hydraulic Actuators
Pneumatic Actuators
Linear Actuators
Rotary Actuators
Piezoelectric Actuators

Applications:
Smart Homes, Healthcare, Manufacturing and Robotics, etc.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Actuators types
Hydraulic Actuators

Pneumatic Actuators

Linear Actuators

Rotary Actuators
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

RFID working
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

RFID working
RFID, or Radio Frequency Identification, is a technology that uses radio waves to identify
and track objects wirelessly.

It’s widely used for inventory management, security access, and even pet identification
because it allows fast, contactless reading.

Main components:
1. Tag
Passive Tags
Active Tags
2. Reader
Sends Out Radio Waves
Reads Data
3. Antenna
Reader Antenna
Tag Antenna
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Wireless Sensor Network

(WSN)
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a system of spatially distributed, wirelessly connected
sensors that collect and transmit data to monitor environmental or physical conditions.

These sensors can detect a variety of parameters such as temperature, humidity, pressure,
sound, motion, and light.

WSNs are used in applications like environmental monitoring, healthcare, agriculture,

industrial automation, and smart cities.

How a WSN Works

Sensors Collect Data
Data Transmission
Data Processing
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Characteristics of WSN
Scalability:
WSNs can expand easily by adding more sensor nodes, allowing coverage over large
areas without the need for extra infrastructure, making them ideal for applications in
large or remote regions.

Low Power Consumption:

Since WSN nodes are often battery-powered, they’re designed to consume minimal
energy, frequently “sleeping” when idle, which extends their operational lifespan.

Fault Tolerance:
WSNs are resilient to node failures; if a sensor node stops functioning, data can reroute
through other nearby nodes, maintaining network stability and reliability.

Real-time Data Gathering:

WSNs enable immediate monitoring of conditions, crucial for applications that require
instant data, such as weather stations or medical alert systems.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Architecture of
WSN node
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Architecture of WSN node

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) node has several layers that work together to collect,
process, and transmit data.

Sensing Unit
Sensors
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

Processing Unit
Microcontroller

Communication Unit
Transceiver

Power Unit
Battery
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Participatory Sensing &

its phases
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Participatory Sensing (PS)

Participatory Sensing (PS) is a data collection approach that engages individuals and
communities to gather information using personal devices like smartphones and wearables.

This method enables users to contribute local insights about their environments and
experiences.

PS is commonly applied in community projects for environmental monitoring, public health,

and urban planning.

It leverages mobile technology and social networks to enhance the richness and relevance
of the collected data.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Phases of the Participatory Sensing Process

Problem Identification: The community defines the problem to be addressed. Objectives
may include monitoring air quality or disease tracking.

Community Engagement: Engagement involves outreach to inform participants about the

project. Workshops and social media help recruit involvement.

Data Collection: Participants gather data using their devices. This includes GPS and
environmental measurements via dedicated apps.

Data Processing and Analysis: Data is cleaned and analyzed for insights. This can be done
by researchers or community members.

Feedback and Visualization: Findings are shared through visualizations and reports.
Feedback enhances engagement and ownership.

Decision Making and Action: Insights guide decision-making and community actions. This
can lead to policy changes or new initiatives.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Concept of embedded
system
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Concept of embedded system

Embedded systems are specialized computing systems that perform dedicated functions or
tasks within larger mechanical or electrical systems.

Unlike general-purpose computers, which can run various applications, embedded systems
are designed for specific applications and are integrated into devices to control or monitor
their operation.

Key Characteristics of Embedded Systems:

Dedicated Functionality
Real-Time Operation
Resource Constraints
Integration
Reliability and Stability
Low Power Consumption
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Components of embedded system

Microcontroller/Microprocessor: The central processing unit that executes instructions and
controls the system, often preferring microcontrollers for lower power and integrated
peripherals.

Memory: Embedded systems use RAM for temporary data storage and ROM for firmware
or application code.

Input/Output Interfaces: These connect the system to the external environment, allowing
data input from sensors and output to actuators or displays.

Sensors and Actuators: Sensors collect environmental data, while actuators perform
physical actions based on processed data.

Software: The program running on the embedded system, including the operating system
and application code, designed for specific functions.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Microcontroller unit (MCU)

Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Microcontroller unit (MCU)

Integrated Processing and Control: An MCU combines a processor, memory, and
input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip, making it ideal for managing specific control
tasks in embedded systems.

Low Power Consumption: MCUs are typically optimized for low-power operation, making
them well-suited for battery-powered devices like wearables, remote sensors, and small
electronics.

Real-Time Processing: MCUs are often used in applications that require real-time control,
where timing is critical, such as in automotive systems, robotics, and industrial machinery.

Cost-Effective for Simple Tasks: Due to their limited computing power and resources
compared to full computers, MCUs are affordable and effective for handling specific, simple
tasks without needing extensive hardware.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

System-on-Chip
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

System-on-Chip
All-in-One Design: An SoC integrates various components — such as a CPU, memory, I/O
ports, and sometimes GPUs, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth modules — onto a single chip, making it
highly versatile.

High Performance: SoCs often deliver higher performance than MCUs because they
support more complex processing capabilities, which makes them suitable for tasks like
video processing, gaming, and AI applications.

Energy Efficiency: SoCs are designed to balance power and performance, offering energy-
efficient operation for mobile devices like smartphones, tablets, and wearables that require
both performance and battery life.

Scalability for Complex Systems: SoCs can handle multiple functions within a single
device, allowing for more compact designs and advanced functionalities, especially in
consumer electronics and smart home products.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Arduino
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Arduino
Arduino is a popular open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software, widely used for building Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

Arduino boards allow users to connect sensors, actuators, and other peripherals, enabling
quick development of IoT prototypes and projects.

Its simple programming interface, flexible hardware, and strong community support make
Arduino ideal for beginners and experienced developers alike.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Architecture of Arduino
1. Hardware (Arduino Boards):
Microcontroller: Arduino boards are equipped with microcontrollers (e.g., ATmega328 on
the Arduino Uno) to process inputs and control outputs.

I/O Pins: Digital and analog I/O pins connect to sensors, actuators, and modules, allowing
for diverse types of data collection and control.

Communication Interfaces: Supports various communication protocols (e.g., UART, SPI,

I2C), enabling integration with other components and devices.

Power Management: Boards can be powered via USB, battery, or external power sources,
making them flexible for different environments.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Architecture of Arduino
2. Software (Arduino IDE and Libraries):
Arduino IDE: The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) provides an easy-to-
use interface for writing, uploading, and debugging code on Arduino boards.

Arduino Libraries: Includes libraries for IoT-specific tasks like Wi-Fi (using
ESP8266/ESP32), Bluetooth, MQTT, and HTTP, which make it easy to connect to networks
and exchange data.

Cloud Support: Through the Arduino IoT Cloud, users can manage, monitor, and control IoT
devices remotely, using cloud services and secure data handling.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Features of Arduino
Ease of Use: Beginner-friendly programming for non-technical users.

Flexible Hardware Choices: Boards with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular options.

Connectivity Options: Supports MQTT, HTTP, and multiple connectivity modules.

Community and Open-Source Support: Large community and extensive resources

available.

Arduino IoT Cloud: Enables remote device management and analysis.

Low-Cost Development: Affordable boards for easy project scaling.

Cross-Platform Compatibility: IDE supports Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Netduino
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Netduino
.NET Framework Compatibility:
Netduino is a development platform similar to Arduino but designed to work with
Microsoft’s .NET Micro Framework, allowing developers to write applications in C#
using Visual Studio.

Powerful Processing:
Netduino boards are equipped with powerful 32-bit ARM processors, providing greater
processing power compared to typical Arduino boards, which is advantageous for more
complex IoT and embedded applications.

High-Level Language Support:

By supporting C# and the .NET ecosystem, Netduino offers an advantage for
developers familiar with higher-level programming languages, making it easier to create
and manage sophisticated projects.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Netduino
Flexible I/O Options:
Netduino provides multiple I/O pins, analog and digital, and supports various
communication protocols (such as I2C, SPI, UART), making it versatile for connecting
sensors, actuators, and other components in IoT and embedded systems.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Raspberry Pi
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Raspberry Pi
Raspberry Pi is a small, affordable, single-board computer developed by the Raspberry Pi
Foundation.

Designed to promote computer science education, Raspberry Pi now powers diverse

projects: IoT, robotics, media centers, embedded systems.

It is equipped with a complete Linux-based operating system and can function as a

standalone computer with high processing power, making it popular among hobbyists,
developers, and educators.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Architecture of Raspberry Pi
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

Memory (RAM)

Storage

Connectivity Interfaces

Power Management
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Features of Raspberry Pi
Full Computer Functionality: Complete computer with OS, storage, and connectivity
options.

Versatile Connectivity: Connects to various devices via HDMI, USB, Ethernet, Wi-Fi.

Expandable Storage: Uses microSD cards; supports USB storage expansion.

Educational Focus: Designed for computer science education with extensive resources.

Community and Open-Source Support: Active community offers resources and project
assistance.

Low Cost and Accessibility: Affordable and compact for students and hobbyists.

Energy Efficiency: Low power consumption for continuous operation in projects.

Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

BeagleBone
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

BeagleBone
Powerful Processing: BeagleBone boards use strong ARM Cortex-A processors, which
allow them to handle complex tasks and run demanding applications effectively. This makes
them ideal for projects requiring significant computational power.

Rich I/O Options: BeagleBone offers a variety of input/output interfaces like GPIO and I2C,
enabling connections to many sensors and devices. This versatility allows users to create
diverse projects by integrating different hardware components.

Linux-Based Operating System: BeagleBone runs on Linux, which provides access to

powerful programming tools and software libraries. This familiar environment helps
developers create and manage software more easily.

Enhanced Connectivity: Most BeagleBone models include Ethernet and USB ports, with
some offering Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. This connectivity allows the boards to communicate
with networks and other devices, making them suitable for IoT applications.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

BeagleBone
Open-Source Community: BeagleBone has a supportive open-source community that
shares resources, documentation, and forums. This collaborative environment helps users
find solutions, share ideas, and improve their projects efficiently.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Intel Galileo board

Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Intel Galileo board

Intel Architecture: The Galileo board is based on Intel's Quark SoC X1000, which provides
powerful processing capabilities for embedded applications. This makes it suitable for
running complex software and multitasking.

Linux Support: It runs a Linux-based operating system, allowing developers to use familiar
programming languages and tools. This support makes it easy to develop software for
various applications.

Arduino Compatibility: Intel Galileo is compatible with Arduino shields and software,
enabling users to leverage existing Arduino libraries and hardware. This compatibility
simplifies development for those familiar with Arduino.

Rich I/O Capabilities: The board features multiple I/O pins, including GPIO, I2C, SPI, and
PWM, for connecting various sensors and devices. This versatility allows for diverse project
integration and experimentation.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

Intel Galileo board

Networking Options: Intel Galileo includes built-in Ethernet for easy network connectivity.
This feature makes it ideal for IoT projects that require data communication over the
internet.

Open-Source Community: The Galileo board is supported by an open-source community,

providing access to resources, forums, and libraries. This community support helps users
troubleshoot issues and share project ideas easily.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

ARM cortex
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

ARM cortex
Powerful Performance: ARM Cortex processors are designed for high performance while
using less power, making them ideal for mobile devices and embedded systems. This
efficiency extends battery life in devices like smartphones and tablets.

Wide Range of Applications: ARM Cortex processors are used in various devices, from
smartphones and tablets to smart home products and automotive systems. This versatility
makes them a popular choice across multiple industries.

Different Variants: ARM Cortex includes different families, such as Cortex-A for
applications, Cortex-M for microcontrollers, and Cortex-R for real-time applications. Each
variant is optimized for specific tasks, offering tailored solutions.

Energy Efficiency: ARM Cortex processors are designed to maximize performance per watt,
ensuring efficient energy usage. This characteristic is essential for battery-powered devices
and applications where heat generation is a concern.
Engineering in One Video (EIOV) Watch video on EIOV

ARM cortex
Scalability: ARM Cortex processors can easily scale from low-power applications to high-
performance computing. This scalability allows developers to use the same architecture
across a wide range of products.

Strong Ecosystem: The ARM ecosystem includes numerous development tools, software
libraries, and community support. This extensive network makes it easier for developers to
create and optimize applications for ARM Cortex processors.
 EIOV

Happy Ending!