Circular saw with mono blade

Circular saw with no. of plates

 Comparison of Gang and Circular Saw
 Complimentary to each other.

 For mass production of thin slabs

of marble: Gang saw is economical.

 For very hard varieties: Circular saw is suitable

 For odd sizes of blocks and

varying thickness: Circular saw is suitable.
 GANG SAW

DIAMOND
PENDULATING Gang Saw
Gang Saw
With Horizontal Frame

With Vertical Frame

Machine with Descending Blade Frame

Machine with Rising Stone Car

 Pendulating Gang Saw
Also Known as: Conventional Gang saw
Construction: Blade frame with blades
Blades are of Carbon steel
Working: Pendular motion
Abrasive: Sand
Cooling & Cleaning: Water
Cutting: Abrasion of stone by abrasive
Down Feed: Very Slow 1 - 2 cm / Hour
Quality after process: Poor
Requires: Grinding & Polishing
 Diamond Gang Saw
Construction: Blade frame with blades
Blades are of steel
Working: Reciprocating motion
Abrasive: Diamond dust
Cooling & Cleaning: Water
Cutting: Brazed diamond on blades
Down Feed: Higher
Cutting Rate: Higher
Quality after process: Poor
Requires: Grinding & Polishing
 Pendulating V/S Diamond Gang Saw
ASPECTS Pendulating Saw Diamond Saw

Maximum Block Size 3m X 1.5 m X 1/5 m 3m X 2m X 2m

Sinking (Cutting)
10 – 25 mm / hour 80 – 300 mm/hr
Speed

No. of Blades 40 - 50 15 - 80

Thickness of Slab 25 mm 20 mm

Water requirement 200 Gal/Hr 450 Gal/Hr

Total Power
20 – 50 HP 100 – 200 HP
requirement
Diamond Gang Saw
Diamond Gang Saw
Diamond Gang Saw
 Types of Diamond Gang saw
Diamond Gang Saw with Horizontal Frame

Machine with Descending Blade Frame

Speed: 60/120 strokes / minute
Stroke Length: 300/750 mm
No. of Blades: 15 - 80

Machine with Rising Stone Car

Speed: Faster
No. of Blades: 40/50/60/80

Gang Saw with Vertical Saw Movement

 Horizontal v/s Vertical Gang Saw
ASPECT HORIZONTAL GANG SAW VERTICAL GANG SAW

Blade Setting and

Simpler Not so Simple
Adjustment
Better reach at cutting Uneven Flow Giving
Coolant Supply point and uniform action Irregular Segment Wear
Block Setting & Needs Squaring off one
Simpler
Stability or more Faces Light

Weight of Frame Heavy Light

Segment Thickness More Less

Kerf Loss More Less

Tendency to Deviate at
Blade Deviation Harder spot
Less Deviation

Surface Finish Better Poor

 PROCESSING

• Block dressing

• Squaring of blocks

• Splitting of blocks

• Polishing

• Sizing

• End Cutting

• Kerfing, Chamfering etc.

 Physical Properties
Nature : Hard, Compact, Fine Grained
Equigranular and Homogenous
Colour : Brown, Magenta,
Green, and Cream Pink
Hardness : 6.0 – 6.65
Sp. Gravity : 2.57
C/ve Strength : 36.5 Mpa
Porosity : 1%
Modulus of Rup.: 19.7 Mpa
Chemical Properties
Oxide Percentage
SiO2 : 93.10±1
Fe2O3 : 1.56
CaO : 0.84
MgO : 0.20
Al2O3 : 1.45
LOI : 1.20
Na2O : 0.47
K2O : 0.60
 Physical Properties
Colour :Greenish Blue to Brown
Form : Massive fine Grained
Lusture/Glose: Glassy
Transparency : Translucent
Hardness : 2.8–3.5(Blue)2.5-3.0(Brown)
Sp. Gravity : 2.7 – 2.9
Porosity : 0.0002 – 0.5%
Nature : Fine Grained, Uniformly
Crystalline, Calcareous
Composition : Composed of Calcite &
Dolomite
 Chemical Properties
Major Constituents are CaCO3 and SiO2.

SiO2+Insoluble: 18 – 40%
Fe2O3 : 1.4 - 2.8%
CaO : 36 – 42%
MgO :Absent – 0.81%
LOI : 25 – 36%
Marble Characteristics
•Crystalline Metamorphic rock
•Calcite &/or dolomite, Impurities
•Fine, Medium and Coarse grained
•Orogenic Metamorphism of
Dolomite or Contact Metamorphism
of Dolomite & Limest.
•Temp: 500 – 800°C
•Pressure: 5K 10 K bar
 Marble Texture
Calcitic: < 5% MgCO3
Dolomitic: >40%MgCO3
Magnesium: 5-40% MgCO3 as Dolomite
Molecule
Onyx: Lime Carbonate deposition
from cold water solution
Serpentine: Prominent amount of
serpentine
Travertine: Chemical Precipitation from
hot springs
Verd Antique: massive serpentine crossed
by veinlets of other minerals
 Physical Properties
Colour : White, Green, Pink, Black,
Stripped/Shaded
Form : Crystalline or Non-
crystalline
Grain Size : Coarse, medium & fine
Lusture/Glose: Glassy
Reflectivity : 80 – 95%
Transparency : Translucent
Hardness : 2.8 – 3.5
Abrasive Index:8 - 42
 Physical Properties
Specific Gravity: 2.7 – 2.9
Porosity : 0.0002 – 0.5%
Solubility : varies in different
types
Absorption : negligible
Comp. Strength: 50 – 90 MPa
Flex. Strength : 4.1 – 27.4 MPa
Transverse St. : 4.2 – 28 MPa
Chemical Properties
Soluble Residue
Fe2O3
Al2O3
CaO
CaCO3
MgO
MgCO3
Phosphoric Acid
LOI
 Granite
Granite, Grano-diorite, Diorite,
Conglomerate, Braccia, Gabbro.
Quartz, Orthoclase, Plagioclase and
Accessory Minerals e.g. Biotite,
Hornblende
Coarse, Medium, Fine and
Unequigranular
Classification Criteria
Colour, Texture
Structure
 Physical Properties
• Colour : Grey, Red, Pink, Brown,
Black
• Form : Crystalline
• Lusture/Glose: Glassy
• Transparency: Opaque to Translucent
• Hardness : 4.8 – 6.8
• Sp. Gravity: 2.6 – 3.14
• Porosity : 0.1 – 1.5%
• Comp. St. : 100 – 350 Mpa
• Tensile St. : 7 – 35 Mpa
Chemical Properties
Oxide Average %
SiO2 : 65.9
Al2O3 : 16.63
Fe2O3 : 1.00
FeO : 4.11
MgO : 1.70
CaO : 1.40
Na2O
K2O
GRANITE AND ITS FORMATION
 Physical Chemical & Mineralogical Properties

Contains:
High portion of Silica
Relatively high Soda and Potash (Sometimes MgO)
Usually less than 1% Black mica
Other accessory minerals like: Magnetite, Pyrite,
Ilmenite etc.

Physical Characteristics:
• One of the strongest and most durable Dimensional Stone
• Compressive Strength: 1000 – 3000 kg/cm2
• Suitability for ornamental purpose  Physical characteristics and
nature of constituent minerals  colour, hardness, texture,
structural features etc.
• Colour by  Feldspar constituents of the rock and is modified by
quartz, hornblende and mica if are present in considerable amount
 Extraction of Granite

Factors affecting quarrying:

» Structural Features
» Variation in grain structures and colour
» Amenability of blocks making
» Amenability of polishing
» Other commercial parameters
» Approachability
» Topography of the area
 Kotah Stone Mining
Physical Properties:
• Fine Grained (10 – 30) micro grain size , Uniformly
Crystalline, Hard and Compact.
• Calcareous Rock with High Silica
»68 – 70% CaO
»20 – 25% Silica
•Compressive Strength:2180 Kg/cm2 (Double of marble)
• Low Absorption Value: 0.32% (Quite Impervious)
• Hardness: 2.5 to 3.0
• High Abrasion Value
• Natural Shades: Greenish, Blue, Warm brown,
Chocolate
 Application

• Thickness (Old: Only Particular, New: Any)

•Suitable for Paving & Flooring

•Interior Flooring

• Wall Cladding
 Mining
OB Removal:
Manual but now semi mechanized has been adopted

Stone Excavation:
Role of vertical Joint
• Naturally Available - Bar
• Man made (Jhirri)
– Manual by Chisel and Hammer
– Drilling holes
– Drill and Blast
– Jhirri Cutting Machine (Diamond Wheel Machine)
– Diamond Bar D B E 30
 Diamond Wheel machine
• Machine moves on 18” gauge rails.
• Provided with a cutting wheel, receives power from
a 20 HP electric motor through spindle and pulley.
• Cooling water: By hose @ 8 Lits/sec.
• Depth of cut is monitored by Level Screw.
• Single Cut of 3” in one direction
• Reverse direction 2” second cut
• Third and Final round 1” deep
• Forward speed 4 ft/min
• Reverse: Uses Variation
 Specification of Machine
• Motor: 20 HP, Make: Siemens, RPM: 1500
• Diamond wheel Dia: 24”
• Water supply for cooling: 8 Lits/Sec
• Shaft length: 685 mm
• Shaft Bearing: Pulley Side: 535/532
Wheel Side: 535/539
• Forward Speed: 4 ft/min at 2 ½ “ depth
• Maximum Cutting Depth: 6” in three rounds
(3”, 2” and 1”)
 Merits & Demerits
• Improved recovery (30 – 45% more)
• Saving in Transportation and Handling
• No machinery requirement for rejects
• Minimum Man Power
• Reduced cost of production
• No requirement of free face
_____________________________________________
• Slow process
•Needs regular supply of water in all seasons
• More skilled persons required
• Increased accident chances
• Needs stabilized and regular power supply
 Diamond Bar D B E 30
• Italian machine
• For providing free face
• Uses wire saw technology
•30 HP Electric Motor connected directly to Fly wheel
• Tension of wires: Through a counter weight
Specification
• Wire Speed: 45 mt / sec
• Voltage/Frequency: 380/220 V 50 Hz
• Diamond Wire Length: up to 60 m and above
• Weight of the Machine: 0.8 T
 Block Yield

Final Dimension of tiles : 305 X 305 X 10 mm

Thickness of the strips obtained by the block cutter: 11.5 mm

(To leave enough material to be removed in grinding and polishing)

Disc thickness: 4 mm
Thickness of cross cutting disc: 3 mm
Thickness of disc groove: 7.5 mm

Volume of material used to obtain the standard tile is

305 + 4 = 309 mm (Horizontal side + disc groove)
305 + 3 = 308 mm (Vertical side + disc groove)
11.5 + 7.5 = 19 mm (Thickness + disc groove)
 Block Yield

i.e. = 0.309 X 0.309 X 0.019 cu. M. = 0.001808 cu. M.

i.e. 1 / 0.001808 = 553 tiles in each cubic meter

Depending on:
Type of material
Regularity of block
Unutilized quantity of material

Unusable quantity: 25% of the total

Therefore, normal yield from a block for 10 mm thickness

51.44 – 25% = 38.58 m2/m3
Block Yield
Block Yield
Block Yield
Block Yield
Block Yield
Block Yield
Chain Saw
Chain Saw
 Chain Saw at a Glance
• Chain Saw is the advanced machinery for quarrying marble,
limestone or sand stone mine
• Excellent performance for quarrying and minimum cut cost.
• Able to execute vertical and horizontal cuts, at the same time.
Where water supply is a problem it can cut dry.
• No limit for the distance of cutting by combination of rails
• Minimizing Waste
• No effect for the structure of block and good quality of block.
• Does not need pre-drilling, and have no problem of breakage
and connection of wires.
• The cutting cost is very low; only one person can manipulate it.
• The shape of blocks cut by Chain Saw is tidiness. No need of
shaping.
 Chain Saw

• Frame: Strong chassis moving on a guide frame

by means of pressure rollers with rack and
pinion mechanism on a set of modular track
section

• Cutting Unit: - Jib (3.25 m long)

- Cutting Chain – made of removable
links which carry tool bolder
- Tungsten carbide inserts
Impregnated on the cutting chain
• Power: - Hydraulic motor, directly drives a chain
sprocket via a planetary transmission.
- Rotational speed- variable by mechanically
adjustable high pressure pump
 Chain Saw

• Power: - High speed motors for feed and swiveling

are driven via a pressure controlled pump
- During cutting, chain is lubricated by an
electrically driven grease pump with water
repellent and biodegradable special grease

• Cut: - both vertical & Horizontal cut can be given

- Depth of cut: 3 m for 15 – 30 m
- Jib can be rotated on 360 degrees
- Cutting rate: 5 – 7 sq. m. (approx.)

• Working Models: Korfman (Germany)

Fantini Sud (Italy) & Rajasthan UdyogJodhpur)
 Advantages and Disadvantages

• Low Noise Level • High Initial Investment

• Safety • Needs high quantity of
• Limited Waste water
• Lesser need to square • Needs skilled operator
blocks after extraction for running
Application for horizontal cut
Application for vertical cut
Application for vertical cut
Application for vertical cut
Bottom cut with chain saw, later vertical cut and rear cut
with diamond wire saw
 Diamond Belt Saw

• Also Known as Jet Belt.

• Similar to Chain Saw. Mounted on rails.
• Instead of chain with TC tools, nylon belt reinforced with steel
wires is used.
• Belt has diamond studded steel strips put across the section
of the belt at an interval of 40 mm.
• Belt moves with high speed over the rubber lines pulleys on
both ends of the steel jib plate.
• Belt moves over the guide channels screwed to the jib plate.
• Guide channel has tiny holes throughout length for water jets
•This provides a water film between guide channel and belt
• Thus protected from wear and tear
 Diamond Belt Saw

• Cuts a slot of 45 mm wide and about 3 m deep.

• Simple mechanical parts.
• Powered by 60 HP/45 KW electric motor to drive a pulley
• Electric supply automatically cuts off on stoppage of water
supply due to any reason viz. blockage etc.
• For removal of cutting slurry from the slot a hole of 300 mm dia
is dug from free face.
• Cutting rate in medium hard marble rock: 3-4 s. m. / hr.
• Water consumption: 80 – 100 lit/minute
• Costly belt and life is about 1000 – 1500 sq. m
 Diamond Wire

• Comprises of steel cable (4 – 5 mm dia)

• Diamond beads are mounted on it (8 – 11 mm dia)
• These are bonded with adhesive and are mounted at
regular interval
• In between spacers are places

Beads: Provides the actual cutting action. Bonded with

diamond in two following types:
• Electroplated beads (Steel tube on which diamond is bonded
through electrolytic deposition of Nickel)
• Impregnated metal power beads (diamonds blended with
metal powder with a specific volume concentration, pressed
and sintered to form a metal bound matrix around an annular
steel tube.
Diamond Wire
 Dimension of diamond beads

• Dia (External) : 10 mm
• Dia (Support) : 8.5 mm (Electroplated)
: 8.0 mm (Impregnated)
Dia (Internal) : 5.1 mm
Total Length : 8.5 mm
Diamond length : 6.0 mm
 Spacers

• Provides spacing between beads and are of two types

• Spring Spacers
• placed alternatively
• a metal sleeve is crimped to the wire at predetermined
interval say 4-5 beads

– Minimizes the sliding of beads on the wire due to

compression and expansion of the spring coils
– Prevent the loss of beads in case of breakage of wire.
Diamond Wire
 Spacers

Plastic Spacers
• Beads are mounted on the wire
• Placed in a mould where plastic is injected to fill gaps
between the beads and wire

– Minimizes the sliding of beads on the wire due to

compression and expansion of the spring coils
– Prevent the loss of beads in case of breakage of wire.

Plastic may cover the beads and is to be removed

prior to use
Diamond Wire
 Performance of the system

Diamond wire
Electroplated Impregnated
Cutting rate sq. m. /hr 8-16 6-8
Consumption of cut. Mat. 2-5 2-3.5
Cm/sq.m.

Life of Diamond Beads and sawing speed:es

Electropl Impreg Saw sp
Crystalline White Marble 25 50 5-8 m2/hr
Compact marble 15 30 5-9 m2/hr
Hard Marbles -- 15 3-5 m2/hr
Helicoidal Wire Saw
 Helicoidal Wire Saw

• Endless long helicoidal wire (1-2 km) passes over and

through the marble rock to cut
• Cuts a narrow channel of about 7 mm in width in rock

Equipment:
• Endless Helicoidal wire
• Sheaves
• Tension arrangement
• Rails
• Driving Unit (El. Motor 10-12 HP & Worm
Reduction gear in oil
 Helicoidal Wire Saw

Helicoidal wire:
• Made of High Carbon Steel (3-5 mm dia),
• Abrasive material like sand or Aluminum oxide or sillicon
carbide with water
• River sand of uniform size can also be used

Method: Depends upon availability of free face

– Three free faces
– Two free faces
– One free face
– No free face
Helicoidal Wire Saw
 Helicoidal Wire Saw

When Three free faces are available:

Needs one Horizontal (PQRS) and one vertical (TQRU) cut
Horizontal Cut:
• Two frames (3 m length each) one on each side
• Frame: two steel bars joined parallel with a gap of few cms
• A parallel threaded shaft at the centre of steel bars
• On shaft at one end a lever to rotate and other end a pulley
• A pulley fixed but able to swivel is installed on frame
• Frame is fixed to the wall by 6 (20 cm deep holes) fitted with
rod so as to prevent form movement during use
• Incoming wire: fixed then passes over then movable
• Wire speed 4 km per hour
• Sand & water mixture is fed at movable pulley
Horizontal Cut: Same except the frames are fitted vertically
Helicoidal Wire Saw
 Helicoidal Wire Saw

One Horizontal (EFGH) ant two vertical (BCHE & CDGH)

Horizontal: Same as in previous case

• Vertical:
– A vertical hole of 100 mm dia of required depth at
the back corner of the desired block
– 40 mm dia pipe with a pully of 100 mm dia at the
bottom, wire is looped around
– Pipe will be held manually over the hole
– As the cutting advances pipe will be pushed in the
hole pressing the wire
Helicoidal Wire Saw
Helicoidal Wire Saw
 Merits & Demerits
• Larger Recovery 90% • Very high initial cost
• Lower labour cost • Higher Risk
• Higher production • Leading to
• Less Wastage unemployment
• Per Cu. M. cost low • Need for larger size of
• Flexibility plots
• Better quality • Dependability on
power
• Reduced dressing
• Breakage of wire
• Higher returns
Removal of first block (I)
Removal of first block (II)
Removal of first block (III)
Removal of first block (IV)
 POLISHING

Manual Mechanical

Rubbing the stone

on a rough surface  Single Head Polishing Machine
of iron plates with
polishing media  Hand Polishing Machine

60 mesh onwards Line Polishing Machine

9 sq ft  14 hours
 Mechanical Polishing and Polishing Machines
• Surface is leveled using coarse grit say 36.
• Further smoothing f the surface using higher grit size
progressively till surface becomes reflective and free of
scratches.
• Good lighting and cleanliness is essential.
• At no time heating is permitted.
• Sufficient water and pressure should be applied.
• Mirror finished is obtained by using tin oxide powder
• Now a days buffing plated are available.
• Minimum water is needed initially and afterwards no
water is required.
 Single Head Polishing Machine
• Generally used for slab polishing and monument
polishing in small plants.
• In big plants used for monument polishing.
• Machine consists of:
Crossbar
Spindle
Head
Electric motor
Provision for water
 Articulated ARM Polishing Machine
• Simplest and most common hand held machine.
• Capable of polishing all types of granite slabs (2 – 30 cms)
• Versatile machine but needs an operator
• Only one polishing head per machine.
• Production depends on skill of operator.
• Must for every factory.
• Modified version includes
Motorised raise and lower system
Pneumatic cylinder to regulate pressure on slab
 Line Polishing Machine
• Generally used for cut slab polishing in big plant.
• Machine Consists of:
6 – 8 spindles arranged in line. (No. may be increased)
Spindles are mounted on cross bars.
Crossbars carrying spindles do not move
Slabs are placed on a moving belt conveyor
Belt moving rate is about 1 – 1.5 m per minute
Different stages of polishing are achieved by successive pairs
rough grinding Smooth grinding
rough polishing fine polishing
Complete process is auto controlled / may be programmed
grinding width 1600 mm to 1800 mm
Problems of Dimensional Stone Industry

Technical

Marketing

Finance

Administration
 Problems of Dimensional Stone Industry

Technical:
Identification of Potential Areas
Exploration and Evaluation of the deposit &
Quality of stone
Quarrying – Machinery and technology
Processing – Primary processing and fabrication
Installation
Maintenance of stone and Restoration
Waste Disposal and environment preservation
 Problems of Dimensional Stone Industry

Identification of Potential Areas:

Covered by GSI & Other State Level Bodies,
yet not readily available.

Reason is due to minor mineral and less priority

Geologist’s lack of awareness stone value

Lack of information causing loss of time in

identification
Exploration and Evaluation of deposits & Quality of Stone:

Jointing Pattern
Interaction with Host Rock
Gradient (Sheet Rock)
Age of Formation
Horizontal Layers and Joints
Size of Boulders Size of Block
Weathering
Overburden and Development Expenses
Form of Mineralization
Splitting Pattern
Extent of Foliation
Situation of quarry
Presence of Pyrites and iron Oxide
Following Factors are to be arrived at:

Total Quarriable Stone Available

Recovery – Waste ratio of Stone. Including OB
Size of Blocks – ratio of Various Sizes.
Productivity and Sustainability of quarrying operation
Cost of quarrying and delivery
Extent of Mechanization required
Number of quarrying faces available
Uniformity of the stone quality
Parameters for Stone Quality

Colour & Uniformity Structure of the Stone

Availability in Big Size Weather Resistance
Compressive Strength Rarity in Occurrence
Modulus of Rupture Utility
Water Absorption Splitting Capacity for
Bulk Density / SG Facing
Pyrites and impurities Appearance on
Polish Taking & Retaining Pitching/Facing/Honing/
Saw ability Sand Blasting/Etching
Aesthetic Beauty
Workability & Machinability
Abrasiveness
Problems In Quarrying & Remedial Measures

Shortage of Trained personnel Introduction as Specialized

Young Industry – Lack of Local Subject.
Expertise Creation of training Centers
Lack of Institutional Facilities Dissemination of Information
Tardy Flow of Information & and Technology
Technology
Longer Sizes & Lease
Small Extent of Quarries and
Financial & Technical
Periods
background of Entrepreneur Long Term Government
Lack of Communication Policies.
Approach and Transport
Facilities
Uncertainty in Government
Policies
Problems In Machinery Material & Tools
Not Indigenous, Difficult import
Specialized Explosives
Colour Variation in Stone
High Cost of Energy and Quarrying Tools, HT
Power Line
Scarcity of Water
Rock Formation
Problems In Dimens. Stone Processing
Poor Quality of Indigenous equipments
Availability of Spares in Time
Small Scale of Operation
Old and primitive Methods.
Dependency on import regarding Diamond,
Blades, Steel grit etc.
Lacking in Information Exchange
Incompetent Infrastructure
Poor and Ineffective Packing
Higher Overall Cost
Low Value Addition
Problems In Installation Dimens. Stone
Lack of Trained & Technically Competent Work
Force.
Non-availability of on-site Work Tools.
Non-availability of Good Quality Mortars
Adhesives and Fillers
Lack of Facilities for Fabrication
Anchoring Tools not Indigenously Manufactured
Effect of bad & Ineffective Installation
Problems In Maintenance and Restoration
Simple Guidelines for Maintenance Techniques

Development of Water Additives for Cleaning

Development of proper Tools for Re-polishing

Development of Material & System for Repair and

Maintenance of installation

Converting Stones, Suitable for Varied Applications

Previously unthinkable
Problems of Conservation & Environment

Problems:
The Recovery to Waste and Minimization Approach
OB Ratio. Backfilling
Plant Cover and Tree Growth Tree Plantation
Noise Pollution No Quarrying at steep
Dust Pollution Gradient & Vegetative
Erosion Problem (Digging at Areas
steep Gradients) Use of Explosives
Disposal of Waste Water Recirculation and
Water Used not Fit for Human Treatment
Consumption Use of Small Blocks
Slurry Problem Protection of Workers
Lead Contained in Used Water against Air and Sound
and Slurry Pollution
Marketing Problems of Dimensional Stone Industry

Less Organized
Data not Readily Available to Indian Entrepreneurs
Lacking in Innovative Presentation, Advertising
Not Spending Money, Time & Efforts for New Markets
No Concentration towards Product Upgradation and
Adoption to Suit Different Markets
Packing and Presentation Well Below the Desirable Level
Lacking in Joint Promotion Strategy
Indian Exporters not Flexible in Negotiations.
Lack of inclusion in Directory and reference Manuals
Collaboration with Local Distributors
Global Approach
Problems of Dimensional Stone Industry (Finance)

Non-availability of Funds in Time on reasonable

Terms & Conditions.

Financial Institutions are not liberal

Money for Inventory

Credit Offer for a Considerable Time

Guarantee for Performance of the Contract

Problems of Dimensional Stone Industry (Administration)

Time Consuming Process for License,

Clearances etc.
Process of Obtaining Quarry Lease
Time Period of Lease
License for Importing Machines and tools
Time for Obtaining Permission of Import
for Spares
Release of Foreign Exchange
 Marble, India
Rajasthan: Follows in detail
Gujarat: Follows in detail
Maharashtra: Balaghat, Nagpur, Bhandara
Madhya Pradesh: Jabalpur, Chindwara
Andhra Pradesh: Guntur & Khammam
Bihar: Palamau
Haryana: Islampur, Nangal, Durg, Dhanota,
Dhancholi, Chapra, Bibipur, Makandpur
Karnataka: Channur, Andole, Gulburga, Kaladgi
Uttar Pradesh: Pithorgarh, Mirzapur
West Bengal: Purulia, Bankura
 Marble, Rajasthan
Makrana: Dist Nagaur,
(Nagour) 16 – 18 Km length & 1.6 Km width
Medium to Coarse grained
Brittle & Crystalline
Varying Shades (Pure white to pink
and grey colour)

Jaipur: Bhaisalana and Jamua Ramgarh

Stripped Black
 Marble, Rajasthan
Bundi: Fine grained
Grey with bands, Shades of pink
green and dark green

Bhilwara: Siliceous and magnesium lime sto

Insignificant Production

Sirohi: 2.5 km length, width: 50 – 300 m

White, Fine grained, crystalline,
Well jointed
 Marble, Rajasthan
Pali: Pink cooured with shades & strips
Massive white marble with coarser
texture than Makrana

Jaisalmer: Yellow fossiliferous limestone.

Fine grained, Good polishable

Banswara: White & Fine grianed, High

Magnesia & Low Silica,
Resembling with Italian marble
 Marble, Rajasthan
Ajmer: Continuation of Makrana range
White, Pink, Black, green, Spotted
Few pockets of green Marble

Alwar: Continuity in Jaipur and Similar

Rishabhdeo: Green Marble, Serpentine

(Udaipur) Excellent Polish,

Babermal Devimata: Medium grained, Pink with

(Udaipur) varying shades of White,
Grey, Brown & Black
 Marble, Rajasthan
Kelwa Morwad: Rajnagar, Dolomitic Marble,
Highly Crystalline,
Coarse grained
 Marble, Gujarat
Banaskantha: Ambaji, Danta
Medium grained, Low Silica &
High Magnesia, Coarse to
Medium crystalline,
Baroda: Chuchupura
Gren Serpentinous Marble,
Varies fron black to green white.
 Granite, India
Karnataka: Grey, Pink and Black Varieties
Bangalore, Mysore, Tumkur, Hasan,
Chickmangalur, South Kanara, Bellary,
Raichur, Gulbarga, Bijapur

Andhra Pradesh: Black, Grey & Pink

Chittor (Kuppam & Palamner),
Hyderabad, Khammam (Polepatti
& Edulepuram), Guntur, Karimnagar,
Warangal, Anantpur, Nellore, Krishna

Tamilnadu: Granite and Granitoid gneisses, Gabbros and

Dolerites
North Arcot, Ramanathapuram, Salem,
Tiruchirapalli, Tanjore, Nilgiri
 Granite,
Orissa: Kakuri Hill, Sunajheli,
Jagannathpur, Thiragaunju,
Kamalpur and Ganjam

Bihar: Black & Coloured, Rajgir Pahar,

Palamu, Dumka, Godda, Deoghar

U.P.: Almora & Bundelkhand

Little in Assam & West Bengal also

 Granite, Rajasthan
Ajmer: Granite & granite Gneisses
Barmer: Pink Granite with Malani
Rhyolites
Bhilwara; Fine-grained of biotite gneiss
Jalore: Pink, red and black
 Sand Stone Rajasthan
Aravalli Vindhyan Transition Sequence
Jodhpur Bharatpur Dholpur
Tonk Kota Bundi
Bikaner Pali Jaisalmer
Chittiregarh Sawaimadhopur

Main centre of exports.

 Sand Stone Jodhpur
formation Jodhpur: Sonia and Girbhakar
Area: 65 sq. km.
Covering: Sojat, Khatu, Fidusar, Sursagar, Bmno
ka Tanka, Mandore, Kali Beri, Bhuri
Beri, Balesar, magji ki Ghati, Keru, Badli etc.

Well laminated, Horizontal to sub horizontal in most of the

area, buff pink to grey colour, medium to coarse grained,
undulation and ripples are present

OB: Outcropping / 0.5 – 3.0 m

 Sand Stone Bundi
Formation: Lower Bhander of Vindhyan
Supergroup

Colour: Pinkish to Brownish

Texture: Fine to medium grained
Structure: Bedding plane with negligible dip,

Budhpura, Lambakho, Dhaneshwara, Dab, Naroli,

Patopara, Rajpura, Gundhia
 Sand Stone Bhilwara
Formation: Upper Bhander of Vindhyan
Supergroup

Colour: Dark reddish, purple with pale yellow

and white bands
Texture: Fine to medium grained
Structure: Quartzitic, well cemented, compact and
massive, less porous, some where
more Fe content

Bijoliya, Naya Sagar, Banio ka Talab, Badisal,

Kasya, Umar-Thuma
 Sand Stone Karauli
Formation: Upper Bhander of Vindhyan
Supergroup
Colour: Red and Buff
Texture: Fine to medium grained
Structure: Compact and well bedded, Moderately
hard, massive, Splittable (single slab –
5 – 10 cm), takes good polish

Near by areas of Karauli and Sapotra

 Sand Stone Dholpur
Formation: Upper Bhander of Vindhyan
Supergroup
Area: 50 sq. Km.
Colour: Pinkish, Buff White & Creamish
Texture: Fine to medium grained with ferruginous
and siliceous cementing matter
Use: Wall Cladding and as decorative stone
Occurrences: Chilachand, Kushalpura, Tajpura etc

More at Kota and Bharatpur

 Lime Stone

• Steel Grade
• Chemical grade
• Cement Grade
• Dimensional Stone or Flaggy Lime Stone
– Rajasthan: Kota, Chittore, Suket, Jhalawar
– Andhra Pradesh: Khamam
– Bihar: Hazaribagh, Giridih,
– Jharkhand: Singhbhum
 Lime Stone in Rajasthan
• Kota: Kotah Stone
• Semri Series of Lower Vindhyan
• Flaggy and massive in intercalated beds
• Calcareous rock with high silica
• Fine grained, Takes good polish
• Gently folded
• Gentle to steep slopes
• Varying thickness of OB
 Sandstone

Rock Type: Sedimentary (rock formed of sand or quartz

grains )
Chemical Composition: silica, iron, lime
Availability: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat,
Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Karnataka, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu and West Bengal. Over 90% of the deposits of
sandstone are in Rajasthan, spread over the districts of
Bharatpur, Dholpur, Kota, Jodhpur, Sawai-Madhopur, Bundi,
Chittorgarh, Bikaner, Jhalawar, Pali, and Jaisalmer
 Limestone

Rock Type: Sedimentary rock

Chemical Composition: Mainly Calcite, Aragonite or
Travertine (CaCO3). Silica, Clay, Silt, Sand
Types: Steel Grade: Cao :53.00 min, Mgo :1.50 max, Sio2 :0.60 max,
Al2o3 :0.30 max, Fe2o3 : 0.20 max, P :0.05 max, S :0.025 max
Chemical Grade: +94% CaCO3 , Low Silica < 2.5%, MgO 1.2%, Al2O3:
0.41% Fe2O3: 0.12%
Cement Grade: White Cement Grade Limestone
(+91% CaCO3 , Low Silica < 4.0%, Fe2O3 <0.1%)
Ordinary Cement Grade Limestone
CaO 42% (min.) Al2O3 2 to 4% (min.), Fe2O3 1 – 2%
SiO2 12 to 16% and MgO 4% (max.)
Dimensional Stone Grade: Below the all above
 Marble

Rock Type: Metamorphic rock (Limestone or Dolomite)

Chemical Composition: CaCO3 or CaMg(CO3)2
Lime (CaO) 28-32%,
Silica (SiO2) 3-30% (varies with variety),
MgO 20 to 25%,
FeO + Fe2O3 1-3%,
Loss On Ignition (LOI) 20-45%
Availability: Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra,
Haryana, Uttaranchal, Sikkim
 Granite

Rock Type: Igneous (Plutonic)

Chemical Composition: quartz, alkali feldspar (orthoclase,
sanidine, or microcline) and plagioclase feldspar
A worldwide average of the chemical composition of granite, by weight percent:
SiO2 — 72.04%, Al2O3 — 14.42%, K2O — 4.12%, Na2O — 3.69%, CaO — 1.82%,
FeO — 1.68%, Fe2O3 — 1.22%, MgO — 0.71%, TiO2 — 0.30%, P2O5 — 0.12%,
MnO — 0.05%

Availability: Karnataka, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra

Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat,
Meghalaya, Chhatisgarh, Haryana, West Bengal, Kerala.
SANDSTONE MINING AT JODHPUR
Sand Stone Deposits
 Two Distinct Varieties:
Non-Splittable & Splittable
NS: Overlies, OB, 0.5 – 3.0 m Fine Grained Conglomeratic
S: Laminated, medium to Fine Grained,
Splitability decided by presence of weaker zone – Ang
Vertical Joints as Chal or Bar (0.6 m – 60 m)
Minute Local Folding and Depressions as Mori & Bill
Colours: Red, Dark Red, Brown, Light Pink, Chhitar. Fine
Grained Light Pink is the costliest.
Bore Hole Sections
 Mining
OB Removal: Manual or semi mechanized
Manual: Soft: by Axes and Spades
Hard: Drilling and Blasting
Jack hammer / ANFO Safety Fuse
Dumping: Tractor Trolley / Tipping trucks
Khandas
Unsystematic
Mining
 Splittable Sand Stone:
Role of vertical Joint – Bar/Chal – Jhirri
Blocks: 1.2X3.4 m X Nearest cleavage plane
Called as “Choubata”
Drilling eye shaped holes
15 cm apart 8-10 cm deep
Steel wedges (Gullas), hammered
Splitting of Choubata by wedging
Further Subdivision to get “Patties and
Ashlars”
Sand Stone Quarrying
After Developments
 Use of Skin to Skin drilling
 Use of Blasting
 Conventional Explosives and Blasting
 Pipes with Slots
 Sound less Explosives
 Chemicals in trench
 Cord Blasting
 Use of saw
 Sand Stone Quarrying

Holes are drilled & Blasted

150 m Holes are drilled Skin to Skin After drilling blocks are separated
Problems & Remedial measures
 Removal of Overburden
 Cutting of Jhirri and Bar
 Loading
 Size of Quarry Plots
 Infrastructure
 Manpower
 Technological Development
 Tiling Plant
Operations:
 Transformation of the marble block into marble strips
 Strips and trimming to obtain a length multiple of the
final dimensions
 Surface grinding and over turning
 Thickness calibration and eventual honing of the surface
to be polished
 Cement filling and cutting
 Drying plastering and oven curing
 polishing
 Longitudinal sides trimming
 Cutting of final length
 Lateral finish operations
 Control and packing
 Tiling plant
1. Gang saw: (Block Cutting)
 Converting block in to slabs.
 Rejection of slabs not suitable for tile preparation.
 The block may also be rejected.
 Permits to purchase semi defective blocks which
can be purchased at low price.
2. Cutting Machine:
 Slabs in to strips of desired thickness.
 Two long sides are kept parallel
 Tiling Plant
3. Cross Cutting:
 The strips are squared at both ends.
 Reduced to length multiple of the final tile
dimensions
4. Calibrating:
 Strips are placed on to roller to bring these to
calibrating machine.
 Thickness is ground down to the programmed
dimensions. (In series of heads)
 Diamond tools are used.
 Thickness as low as 10 mm can be achieved.
 Tiling Plant
5. Finishing Line:
Placed such that smooth surface is facing upward.
(Reduces the consumption of the polishing stones)
Polishing action takes place by the several heads
equipped with progressively decreasing grit
Speed of belt conveyor and pressure is adjusted
according to material being processed.
 Tiling Plant
 After polishing strips proceed to cross cutting
section
 Strips are cut to the final desired length
 Care to be taken:
 Long sides exactly parallel to each other
Perpendicularity of the stroke of the X cutting tool
 Tiling Plant
 Tiles cut by the cross cutting machine is fed to
chamfering machine.
 Chamfered on the four upper edges.
 Calibrated on the two sides.
 When needed two lower slots are cut
 Tiling Plant
Dried off by means of fan blowers
Cleaned by means of buffing rollers
Ready for the last check and packing
 Automaticity
 Various sections of finishing line are connected by
roller benches, conveyor belts and feeding units
 Movement of material from beginning to end is
automatic
 For any other product, after cross cutting, sent to
other complimentary lines like
 Drilling and slotting or edge polishing etc.