ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SILO BY USING

STAAD PRO

A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirement for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY
D.KAVYA (17091A0127)
P.HEMANTH CHOWDARY (17091A0118)
N.RAJASHEKAR (17091A0162)
U.SURESH (18095A0141)
G.NAGA RAJU (17091A0148)
M.MOIN AHAMMAD (17091A0144)
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
Ms.SNEHAL RAYMANE M.Tech
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

R. G. M College of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous),
Nandyal 518 501, A. P., INDIA
(Affiliated to J. N. T. University, A. P., INDIA)
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by N.B.A, NewDelhi, NAAC-A+ Grade)

2017 - 2021
 R. G. M College of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous),
Nandyal 518 501, A. P., INDIA
(Affiliated to J. N. T. University, A. P., INDIA)
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by N.B.A, NewDelhi, NAAC-A+ Grade)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled ”ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SILO BY
USING STAAD PRO” has been submitted by the following group.

D.KAVYA (17091A0127)
P.HEMANTH CHOWDARY (17091A0118)
N.RAJASHEKAR (17091A0162)
U.SURESH (18095A0141)
G.NAGA RAJU (17091A0148)
M.MOIN AHAMMAD (17091A0144)

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of B.Tech in Civil Engineering in the
RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECH-
NOLOGY,Nandyal (Affiliated to J.N.T University, Anantapur) is a bonafide record of confide
work carried out by her under our guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this tech-
nical report have not been submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any
Degree.

Signature of the Project Guide Signature of Head of the Department

Ms.SNEHAL RAYMANE M.Tech Dr. G. SREENIVASULU Ph.D (IISC),
Assistant Professor Professor and HOD

Examiner:
Date:

i
Dedicated to my beloved parents, and teachers who have worked hard throughout my education.

ii
 Acknowledgements

We express deep gratitude to our guide Ms.SNEHAL RAYMANE,M.Tech Assistant Professor of

Civil Engineering Department, RGM College of Engineering and Technology, Nandyal for his continu-
ous support, guidance, scholarly advice, imparting illuminating ideas, benevolent attitude, a perennial
source of inspiration. He also taught us the time sense, discipline and punctuality, which indeed made-
Bus to accomplish this piece of work effectively, effciently and on time. For all these, we owe them
profusely forever.

We privilege to express our thanks to the Head of the Department Dr.G.SREENIVASULU M.Tech
(IITK),Ph.D(IISC),for his continuous help and encouragement.

We are highly grateful to Dr.T.JAYACHANDRAPRASAD,Principal, R.G.M. College of Engineer-

ing and Technology, for his encouragement and inspiration at various points of time in the successful
accomplishment of the project.

We shall remain grateful to Dr.M.SHANTHIRAMUDU,Chairman, R.G.M. College of Engineering

and technology who has been a constant source of inspiration throughout the case study work and we
also seek his blessings for a bright future.

We shall remain grateful to Sri M.SHIVARAM,M.D, R.G.M. College of Engineering and technol-
ogy who has been a constant source of inspiration throughout the case study work and we also seek
his blessings for a bright future.

We express our special thanks to the all teaching and non-teaching staff members of civil engi-
neering Department and college who constantly cooperated in the completion of the project work.We
thank all those who helped in the completion of this work.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES
D.KAVYA (17091A0127)
P.HEMANTH CHOWDARY (17091A0118)
N.RAJASHEKAR (17091A0162)
U.SURESH (18095A0141)
G.NAGA RAJU (17091A0148)
M.MOIN AHAMMAD (17091A0144)

iii
 Abstract
Silos are the structures meant for storing materials like food grains, cement, coal, ore, crushed
stone, gravel, clinker etc., in large quantities. A wide variety of industries use RCC Silos to store
bulk solids in quantities ranging from a few tonnes to hundreds and thousands of tonnes.The word
silo encompasses all types in the storage system of particulate solids, which may otherwise be called a
bucket, hopper, grain tank or bunker. In cement factories, silos are very demanding. Therefore RCC
silos are commonly used for the storage of granular materials, which are suitable for the construction
of permanent bulk storage systems, such as dry granular filling systems. In this project, we are design-
ing the RCC silo with the help of structural software STAAD Pro.In this project planning, analysis
and structural design has been done for a concrete silo based on all Indian standard code for prac-
tice. Detailing drawings pertaining to the structural design of market building are presented. All the
structural members like slabs, Ring beams, columns, hopper and footings are designed using Indian
Standard code IS 4995 PART I II, IS 456-2000 and IS 875.The structural components are designed
by limit state method. Materials were used as specified by National Building Code. Concrete M20
grade and Fe415 steel bars were considered for all the design.

KEYWORDS:silo, beam, dome, slab, limit state method, design, analysis.

iv
Contents

Abstract iv

1 Introduction 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF STAAD PRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 INTRODUCTION OF SILOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 JANSSEN’S THEOTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 AIRY’S THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 TYPES OF SILOS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.1 TOWER SILOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.2 BUNKER SILOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.3 BAG SILOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 APPLICATIONS OF SILOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 OBJECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 PLAN, ELEVATION AND COMPONENTS OF RCC SILO: 10

3.1 PLAN AND ELEVATION OF RCC SILO: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 COMPONENTS OF RCC SILO: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4 MODELLING 12
4.1 MODELLING OF RCC SILO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3 DIMENSIONS : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.4 STORAGE MATERIAL IN SILO : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.5 SILO DIMENSIONS : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

v
 4.6 DESIGN OF SILO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5 LOADS AND SUPPORTS 19

5.1 LOADS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2 SUPPORTS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.3 DEAD LOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.4 PLATE LOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.5 EARTHQUAKE LOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.6 COMBINATION OF LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

6 ANALYSIS OF RCC SILO 21

6.1 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.2 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.3 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES FIGURES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.3.1 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.3.2 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.3.3 DEFLECTION DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

7 DESIGN OF RCC SILOS 24

7.1 PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF SILOS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

8 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 25

8.1 RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.1.1 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF BEAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.1.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF COLUMNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.1.3 CONCRETE TAKE OFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.1.4 CAPASITY OF SILO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8.2 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

9 REFERENCES 28

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List of Figures

1.1 Tower silos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Bunker silos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Bag silos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.1 MODELLING OF RCC SILO FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.2 Silo dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 Silo dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.1 Dead load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

6.1 Bending moment diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

6.2 Shear force diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.3 Deflection diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

8.1 Reinforcement details of beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

8.2 Reinforcement details of columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.3 Concrete take off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

vii
Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF STAAD PRO

• STAAD pro means Structural Analysis and Design Program.

• The STAADPro Graphical User Interface (GUI) is normally used to create all input
specifications and all out put reports and displace.

• This structural modelling and analysis input specifications are stored in the text file with
extension ”STD”.

• The objective of this is to familiarize the user with the basic principles involved in imple-
mentation of the various analysis / design facilities offered by the STAAD engine

1.2 INTRODUCTION OF SILOS

• Silo is an upright granular material storage tank such structures are constructed on higher
elevations with as opening created at the bottom to collect the material.

• The term ”silo” mainly incorporates two types of structures that is bin and bunkers out
of these two, the first one is the deep upright container while the second one is a similar
structure. With relatively shallow height.

• ACI 1997 is the only available guideline,for the design of silo and bunkers, it can be made
of steel or reinforced concrete.

• Silos are mostly cylindrical or rectangular in shape but can also be made of other shapes
depending on the function and storage capacity of the material.

1
 • The design of silos is based on the density and angle of lateral friction to be stored. Silo
walls are subjected to lateral and vertical pressure caused by file materials.

• There are two methods suggested by IS-4995(Part I):1974 is Janssen’s Theory and other
one is Airy’s Theory to calculate silo loads.

1.2.1 JANSSEN’S THEOTY

The assumption that portion of the weight of the contained material is supported by friction
between material and the wall, and only a small portion of weight is transferred to the hopper
bottom. Due to this, Rankin’s (1857) or Coulomb’s (1776) lateral pressure theories cannot be
directly applied. The vertical walls of the silo are subjected to direct compression as well as
lateral pressure.

1.2.2 AIRY’S THEORY

Airy’s analysis is based on Coulomb’s wedge theory of earth pressure. By this theory, it is
possible to calculate the horizontal pressure per unit length of the periphery and the position
of the plane of ruptureds.

1.3 TYPES OF SILOS:

Three types of silos are mainly used, they are as follows.

• TOWER SILOS

• BUNKER SILOS

• BAG SILOS

1.3.1 TOWER SILOS

• These silos are cylindrical in structure, typically 10 to 90 feet (3 to 27m) in diameter and
30 to 275 feet (10 to 90m) height with the slip form and steep form concrete silos being
the large diameter and taller silos.

• They can be made of many materials like wood staves, concrete staves, cast concrete and
steel panels have been used and have varying cost, durability and air tightness tradeoffs.

2
 • The Tower silos was invented by ”Franklin Hiram King”.

Figure 1.1: Tower silos

1.3.2 BUNKER SILOS

• silos are trenches, usually with concrete walls, that are filled and packed with tractors
and loaders. The field trench is covered with a plastic to make it as air tight.

• These silos are usually unloaded with a tractors and loaders. They are expensive and
especially well-suited to very large operations.

Figure 1.2: Bunker silos

1.3.3 BAG SILOS

• Bag silos are heavy plastic tubes, usually around 8 to 12 feet (2.4 to 3.6m) in diameter
and of variable length as requires for the amount of material to be stored.

3
 • They are packed using a massive made for the purpose and sealed on both ends. They
are unloaded using a tractor and loader.

• Bag silos requires capital investment. They can be used as temporary measure when
growth or harvest conditions requires more space.

Figure 1.3: Bag silos

1.4 APPLICATIONS OF SILOS

• silos are used in agriculture to store grain (see grain elevators) or fermented feed known
as silage.

• silos are more commonly used for bulk storage of grain,coal,cement,carbon black,woodchips,food
products and sawdust.

• Silos are requires less ground space,which is important if space is not available or if its
cost is high like at ports.

• It is keep the optimum storage condition for the grain,by controlling the tempareture,insects,mould,bir
in long term storage facilities could result in an important economic loss.

• Finally,we have the fact that it is less expansive overall, and this is probably the main
advantage in comparison to grain warehouses.

4
Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. A Brief Review on Bunkers and Silos

K. Dharani , D . Jeyakumar

OBJECTIVE :

• The main intention of this study is to know about the behavior of bunkers and silos in
various situations such as during earthquake, during filling and discharge of materials ,
during different failures etc.,

• the factors to be considered while design , erection and fabrication of the same .

METHODOLOGY :

• Sachidanandan. K and jose Ravindra Raj.B studied the causes for failure of bunkers and
silos and illustrated them as, due to design, fabrication and erection error , improper
usage and maintenance.

CONCLUSION :

• From the earlier research studies, it can be revealing that: concrete storage structures are
fairly economical than steel structures in design and cost.

5
2. A Simplified Approach for Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Circular Silos
and Bunkers

Muhammad Umair Saleem, Hassan Khurshid

OBJECTIVE :

• The current study is aimed to elaborate the design procedures from different sources to
a unified method, which can be applied to larger class of reinforced concrete silos.

• In this study, analysis and design procedures are summarized and presented in a simplified
form to make sure the efficient practical design applications of reinforced concrete silos.

METHODOLOGY :

• Four different cases of silo design based on the type and weight of stored material were
considered for the study.

• For each case, the silo was designed using given design procedure and modeled using
FEM-based computer package.

• All of the reinforced concrete silos were subjected to gravity, wind and seismic forces.

CONCLUSION :

• The comparison of tangential and longitudinal forces, bending moments, shear forces and
reinforcement ratios of different parts ofsilos have shown a fair agreement with the FEM
model results.

• It motivates to use the proposed design procedure for an efficient design of reinforced
concrete silos.

6
3. A Parametric Study on the Structural Analysis, Design and Optimization of RC Bunkers
using Sequential Linear Programming

Prateek Cholappanavar1 Sujay Deshpande2 Pavan Gudi3

OBJECTIVE :

• This study involves the development of a C-program for the optimization and analysis of
Reinforced Concrete (RC) bunker for various capacities and for various materials stored
in it. In this study, the importance of optimization and savings due to it is highlighted.

METHODOLOGY :

• Therefore, approximate methods suggested by Janssen and Airy are commonly followed.
Airys analysis is based on Coulombs wedge theory of lateral earth pressure. By this
theory, it is possible to calculate the horizontal pressure per unit length of the periphery
and the position of plane of rupture. In this study, Rankine’s method is used to determine
the horizontal pressure.

CONCLUSION :

• When compared to conventional method of bunker design, the design using optimized
dimensions yielded.

• Average saving on concrete quantity for different capacities of the bunker is 12.70

7
4. Behaviour of Silos and Bunkers

K.Sachidanandam1, B.Jose Ravindra Raj2

OBJECTIVE :

• Now this design project will pull together various lessons learned from many years of silos
bunkers design projects, and show a practical approach to deciding

• pattern is required (mass flow or core flow),

• Measurements need to be made of the powder properties

• Design models should be used, based on the material being handled and the operational
requirements of any given case.

METHODOLOGY :

• The measuring system consisted of two ladder racks, each with four pressure sensors.

• These were placed vertically along the internal face of the silo wall from the bottom to
the top.

• The load sensors were less than 1 mm thick and were mounted on the rack at a spacing
of 1.0 m, with the first sensor at 0.05 m from the silo bottom .

CONCLUSION :

• Based on detailed literature review in the area, following conclusions are drawn.

• This study on silo and bunker wall design evaluated maximum silage juice levels, guide-
lines presumably overestimate the forces arisin from silage juice for silos with wall height
greater than 3 m.

8
2.2 OBJECTIVE
• To study designing the RCC silo situated in seismic hazard region with the help of struc-
tural software STAAD PRO.

• check the stability of the silo against lateral loads

• To analyze the silo with the help of software like STAAD Pro.

2.3 METHODOLOGY
The Analysis of silo, using Equivalent lateral force method and study the performance of
structure located in seismic regions and concrete silo for earthquake such as nodal displacement,
stress and vertical or horizontal pressure on walls etc.

Figure 2.1: Methodology

9
Chapter 3

PLAN, ELEVATION AND

COMPONENTS OF RCC SILO:

3.1 PLAN AND ELEVATION OF RCC SILO:

Height = 21m, Diameter=6.5m

3.2 COMPONENTS OF RCC SILO:

• Hopper is a funnel shaped chamber or bin in which loose material is stored temporarily
being filled from the top and dispensed through the bottom.

• Column is an upright pillar that supports the silo walls.

10
• Edge beam is a support beam that is used in silos whereas the foundation is base of silo
that connects it to the ground and transfer loads from the structure to the ground.

• Silo walls are made with either RCC or steel material to resist the horizontal pressures
in the silos.

11
Chapter 4

MODELLING

4.1 MODELLING OF RCC SILO

• New project −→ space −→ path :connect to folder −→ units(meter ,KN) −→ next −→
Open Structure Wizard −→ finish.

• Model type −→ composite models −→ Bunker or soils −→ double click on it −→ Apply

−→ Transfer −→ Yes −→ Ok.

• Select 2D view −→ select beam at top and bottom −→ Right click −→ New view −→ ok
−→ Kept 3D view −→ Select edge nodes(using node corsor) −→ Geometry −→ Connect
beam along Y axis (height draw for column) −→ ok −→ Display whole structure.

• Draw bottom columns −→ Select bottom beam −→ Right click −→ New view −→ ok
−→ Isometric view −→ select corner nodes −→ Right click −→ copy −→ Right click −→
paste nodes −→ Give column height Y= -10m −→ ok.

• Geometry −→ select (corner nodes) connect beams along Y axis −→ whole structure.

• TO CREATE SUPPORTS :- General −→ supports −→ create −→ Add −→ Select

support −→ Assign to select nodes −→ Assign −→ yes.

• TO GIVE PROPERTY

(For beams,columns,plate) General −→ property −→ Define −→ Rectangular YD=0.4m

ZD=0.4m ( for columns) YD=0.3m ZD=0.3m ( for beams) −→ add −→ ok. Assign
the property :- For columns −→ select −→ beams parallel to Y axis −→ select column
property −→ Assign to selected beams −→ Assign. For beams −→ select −→ beams

12
parallel to X and Z axis −→ select beam property −→ Assign to selected beams −→
Assign.

13
 Figure 4.1: MODELLING OF RCC SILO FIGURES

4.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES :

1. Concrete

2. Steel

4.3 DIMENSIONS :
1. Beam - 30cm*30cm

2. Column - 40cm * 40cm

3. Panel plates -20 cm thick

4.4 STORAGE MATERIAL IN SILO :

• Material Stored = Wheat

• Unit Weight of Wheat=8KN/m3 .

4.5 SILO DIMENSIONS :

Height =21m Diameter=6.5m

14
 Figure 4.2: Silo dimensions

4.6 DESIGN OF SILO

MANUAL CALCULATIONS

1. A cylindrical silo has an internal diameter of 6.5 m and 21 m deep (cylindrical portion)
with a conical hopper bottom. The material stored is wheat with a density of 8 kN/m3 .
The coefficient of friction between wall and material is 0.444. The ratio of horizontal to
vertical pressure intensity is 0.40.Angle of repose = 250 . Design the reinforcements in the
silo walls, Adopt M-15 grade concrete and ribbed tor steel. Adopt Janssen’s theory for
pressure calculations.

Figure 4.3: Silo dimensions

15
1. DATA
Diameter of silo = 6.5 m
Depth of cylindrical portion =21 m
Density of wheat = 8 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction between wall and material = 0.444
The ratio of horizontal to vertical pressure intensity = 0.40
Angle of repose = 250 .

2. ALLOWABLE STRESSES
σcb = 5 N/mm2
σct = 2 N/mm2
σst = 230 N/mm2
m = 19

3. DIMENSIONS OF SILO
Diameter of silo = 6.5 m
Height of cylindrical portion = 21 m
Depth of hopper bottom = 4 m
Diameter of opening in hopper bottom = 1 m

4. DESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL WALLS

Using Janssen’s theory
Horizontal pressure = Ph = wR/µ1 [1 − exp(−µ1 nh/R)]
n = 1 − sin(25)/1 + sin(25) = 0.40
R = D/4 = 1.625
Ph = 24.58kN/m2
IS calculated and the value of is compiled in Table 2.4. Appendix 2 gives the values of of
e-x for different values of x.
Maximum horizontal pressure in the cylindrical portion (21 m from top) =25.13kN/m2
Hoop tension in cylindrical wall per meter height = 0.5×Ph D = 81.67kN
Areaof hoopreinf orcement = Ast = 355.08mm2
Adopt 8 mm diameter hoops at 140 mm centres. (Ast provided − 359mm2 ) Using 150 mm
thick cylindrical walls,
ensile stress in concrete = Ft /(Ac + mAst )
= 0.53N/mm2 >2N/mm2 permissible stress

16
 Table 4.1: Reinforcement details in silo walls

Minimum area of steel = 0.12œ= 0.0012×150×1000 = 180mm2

Adopt 8 mm diameter hoops at 270 mm centres towards the top Of silo. The details of
reinforcements to be provided at different depths on the cylindrical silo walls is compiled
in Table.

5. DESIGN OF HOPPER BOTTOM

Provide a sloping slab 150 mm thick with 30 mm lining.
Total thickness 180 mm.
Surcharge Load on hooper bottom/meter = wh−(4×Ph µ1 )/b = 161.13kN
√ √
W eightof sloppingbottom = π[(6.5 + 1/2) + 0.18 2]X0.18X 2X24 = 76.86kN
T otalload = (161.13 + 76.86) = 238
If T = T ensionpermeterrun
M eandiameteratcenterof slopingslab = 3.5mm
T = 238/(πX3.5)XCosec(45) = 41.20kN
Steelreinf orcementf ordirecttension = 3X103 /230 = 130 mm2
Use 8 mm diameter bars at 200 mm centers in the direction of the sloping slab.
Surcharge pressure on hooper bottom = 1.21 kN/m2
Maximum horizontal pressure in hoper bottom Ph = 25.13kN/m2
If Pn = N ormalpressureintensity
Pn = (1.21Cos2 θ + Ph Sin2 θ) = 18.52kN/m2
Normal component due to self weight of sloping slab = Wd Cosθ = 3kN/m2
Total Normal pressure P = Pn + Wd Cosθ = 18.52 + 3 = 21.52kN/m2
√
Mean diameter at center of sloping slab = (6.5+1/2)+0.18 2 = 4m
Hooptension/metre = 0.5X21.52X4 = 43.04
Areaof hoopreinf orcement = 43.04X103 / 230 = 187.13 mm2
Use 8 mm diameter hoops at 200 mm centre in the hopper bottom.

6. EDGE BEAMS

17
At the junction of the cylindrical wall and hopper bottom and at the top of the bunker.
edge beams of 300 mm bv 300 mm with 4 bars of 12 mm diameter are provided to increase
the rigidity of the structure.

18
Chapter 5

LOADS AND SUPPORTS

5.1 LOADS:
• Dead load

• Live load

• Seismic load(or)Earthquake load

• Combination of load

5.2 SUPPORTS:
• Fixed supports

5.3 DEAD LOAD

Load case details −→ add −→ load type =dead −→ title −→ self-weight −→ add
−→ click on self-weight −→ add −→ self-weight load factor -1 −→ add −→ click on
self-weight −→ assign to view −→ ok.

5.4 PLATE LOAD

Click on load case details −→ add −→ load type −→ dead −→ title −→ dead load
−→ add click on dead load −→ add −→ factor(-1) −→ add −→ click on dead load −→
assign to view −→ click on dead load −→ choose plate load −→ choose hydrostatic
−→ choose select items −→ choose frame −→ done −→ w1 as –2 −→ add.

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 Figure 5.1: Dead load

5.5 EARTHQUAKE LOAD

• In load and definitions −→ Add −→ self-weight as 1 −→ click on load case
details −→ loading as seismic −→ title EQ X −→ add −→ loading as seismic
−→ title −→ EQ Z −→ add.

• Click on EQ X −→ add seismic load −→ factor and definition −→ choose

direction X and factor 1 −→ add.

• Click on EQ Z −→ add seismic load −→ factor and definition −→ choose

direction Z and factor -1 −→ add.

• In seismic analysis we take location ZONE-II and soil type medium soil.

5.6 COMBINATION OF LOADS

• Click on load case details −→ add −→ define combination −→ choose load
combination −→ EQ X + EQ Z + dead + live load −→ factor 1.

• Choose load combination −→ 1.5 (EQ X +EQ Z + dead load + live load +
wind X + wind Y) −→ add −→ analyze −→ run analysis −→ post processing
−→ choose combination load −→ ok.

20
Chapter 6

ANALYSIS OF RCC SILO

6.1 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE:

• By analysis of the given structure i.e., Rectangular silo to see the deflection,
shear force, bending moment diagrams.

• After this must be observe the how much bending moment and deflection
values are occurs.

• Note down the maximum values of the analysis part.

6.2 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

• Modeling process −→ Assign the load property −→ Analysis and print −→
click all −→ add −→ Analyze(menu bar) −→ run analysis −→ go to window(by
default will shows diagram).

• Result(menu bar) −→ view values −→ beam results −→ select maximum of

bending and shear and displacement −→ ok.

• Click on shear,bending and deflection diagrams

21
6.3 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES FIGURES:

6.3.1 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

Figure 6.1: Bending moment diagram

6.3.2 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

Figure 6.2: Shear force diagram

6.3.3 DEFLECTION DIAGRAM

22
Figure 6.3: Deflection diagram

23
Chapter 7

DESIGN OF RCC SILOS

7.1 PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF SILOS:

1. After analysis part −→ Modeling design −→ concrete −→ code:IS456:2000
−→ define parameter −→ clear cover:0.025m-for beam,0.040m-for column −→
add −→ FC:25 −→ add −→ FYMAIN:415 −→ add −→ FYSEC:415 −→ add
−→ MAX MAIN:60mm −→ add −→ MAX SEC:60mm −→ add −→ MIN
MAIN:10mm −→ add −→ MIN SEC:6mm −→ add −→ close −→ assign all
−→ ok.

2. Command −→ Design beam −→ add −→ take off −→ add −→ Design columns

−→ add −→ close −→ assign −→ ok.

3. Analysis −→ Run analysis −→ view output −→ done −→ double click on the

beam −→ note down the concrete design −→ ok.

24
Chapter 8

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

8.1 RESULTS

8.1.1 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF BEAMS

Figure 8.1: Reinforcement details of beam

25
8.1.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF COLUMNS

Figure 8.2: Reinforcement details of columns

8.1.3 CONCRETE TAKE OFF

Figure 8.3: Concrete take off

26
8.1.4 CAPASITY OF SILO

• Material Stored =Wheat

• Unit Weight of Wheat=8KN/m3

• Capacity of Silo=238KN/m.

8.2 CONCLUSION
1. By using Staad pro Seismic analysis and design was executed and studied.

2. In seismic analysis of silos has been carried out in Zone-2 location as per IS
1893- 2002.

3. From the analysis bending moment,deflection has been studied for the various
members in silos.

4. From this analysis we have calculated the Quantity material in silos.

27
Chapter 9

REFERENCES

1. Dharani.k*,jeyakumar.D . Analysis and design of fly ash and bed ash silo for
thermal power plant structures.6(4): april,2017.

2. K.Sachidanandam,B.Jose Ravindra Raj. Behaviour of silos and bunkers. March

2016.

3. Muhammad umairsaleem. A Simplified approach for analysis and design of

reinforced concrete circular silos and bunkers. July 22,2018

4. K.Dharam , D. Jeyakumar. A Brief review on bunkers and silos. October

2016.

5. Prateek cholappanavar. A Parametric study on the structural analysis, design

and optimization of RC bunkers using ssequential linear programming.(5)2016.

6. Akshitameshram prof. sanjay k. bhadke. Analysis and design of RCC silo

structure by considering indian seismic zones.

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