Logic gates

Analogue verses digital

Most of the quantities in nature that can be measured are
continues for example
1. Intensity of light during the day
2. Rise and fall in temperature during the 24hrs period.
3. Velocity of a car traveling from A to B.
These measurable values generally change over a continues
range having a minimum and maximum value.
Digital quantities are not continues but represents quantities
measured at discrete intervals.
Digital System
A digital system deals with quantities or variables which have
only two discrete values or states.
Examples: Following are the examples of such quantities:
(i). A switch can be either open or closed.
(ii). The answer of a question can be either yes or no.
(iii). A certain statement can be either true or false.
(iv). A bulb can be either OFF or ON.
Various designations are used to represent the two quantized
state of such quantities .The most common of these are listed
in the table given below:
1 2 3 4 5 6
One of the True High 1 Yes ON Closed
states
The other state False Low 0 No OFF Open
Logic:
Logic is the study and analysis of valid arguments. The
arguments are in the form of statements or
propositions, which are either true or false, but not
both. There are also some statements, which appear to be
true and false at the same time. They are called paradoxes.
The study of logic through the use of mathematical symbols
is called Mathematical Logic
Mathematical logic is also known as Symbolic Logic or
Boolean Logic
Logic Gates:
There are digital circuits which either allow a signal to pass
through or stop it. The circuits other wise called as gate
allows the signal to pass only when some logical condition
are satisfied. Under such condition the circuits are called
logic gates. They are building blocks of any digital system.
The basic logic gates are:
1. OR gate
2. AND gate and
3. NOT gate
Truth table:
Truth table is a table that shows all possible input
combination and the corresponding output combination for a
logic gate.
 The Boolean algebra '+' or addition symbol is referred to
as OR operation. i.e. A + B (Read A or B)
 The symbol '.' or multiplication symbol is referred to as
AND operation i.e. A.B (Read A
AND B)
 The symbol (-) above the input
i.e. denotes negation.
Realisation of an OR gate using
diodes
When both A and B are earthed (i.e.
connected to low input 0), both the
diodes do not conduct and no voltage
develops across R. Therefore the voltage at C is zero with
respect to earth. Hence the output Y is 0 (in levels).
1. When A = 0 and B = 1 (i.e., connected to positive
terminal), the diode D2 conducts but D1 does not. Since
D2 is ideal, no voltage drop takes place across D 2 and a
full voltage drop of 5V takes place
 across R at C, +5V with respect to earth. Therefore Y is 1
(in level).
2. 3. When A = 1 and B = 0, D1 conducts but D2 does not.
For the same reason as stated above the output Y is 1
(in level).
3. 4. When A = 1 and B = 1, both diodes A B Y
conducts since the diodes are ideal 0 0 0
and connected in parallel, the voltage 0 1 1
drop across R cannot exceed 5V, with 1 0 1
C at +5V with respect to earth. Hence 1 1 1
the output Y will be 1 (in level).
Application of Logic Gates in Control System
Logic gates are
decision making
devices. They can
be used to control
electronic systems.
They control the the
function of the
systems by
monitoring some
physical parameter
such as
temperature, pressure or some
other physical quantity of the
system.
The input sensor as shown in
the block diagram such as a
thermistor or an LDR converts
external physical effects (e.g.
changes of temperature or light
intensity) to electronic information for processing by the
system.
Input sensor Electronic System Output
transducer
 The output transducer converts the processed electrical
information for the system into some useful action. The
input and output devices enable the system to
communicate with the outside world.
Some applications of logic gate in control system are given
below:
Sensors are used to monitor the pressure and temperature
of a chemical solution stored in a vat. The circulatory of
each sensor is such that it produces a high voltage. When
either the temperature or pressure exceeds a specified
value. A circuit is to be designed which will ring an alarm
when either temperature or pressure or both cross the
maximum specified limit. The alarm requires a low (0)
voltage for its activation. This is shown in Fig. in which C is
the circuit to be designed. Its inputs A and B are fed by
temperature and pressure sensors T and P fitted into the
vat. Whenever output of the circuit C is low, the alarm is
activated. So the circuit C should be such its output is 0 as
soon as the limit for temperature or pressure is exceeded.
when A = 0 , B= 1 or when A=1, B=0 or when A =B =1 the
out of C should be high, when temperature and pressure
are within the specific limit i.e. when A =B=0 this gives the
truth table as:
It is the truth table of NOR gate. So the circuit C should be a
NOR gate.

Work sheet logic gates

1. Shows the fire safely system installed in a
furniture show room. Smoke turns the smoke
detector ON. Heat turns the heat detector ON. Logic
gates are used to the alarm and the fire extinguisher
ON.
 a)Write down the truth table for the system, using
column headings A, B, F and G
b)What happens if smoke is detected but no heat?
c) What must happen to turn both the alarm and the
extinguisher ON?
A B F G
1
2
3
4

2. Fig. shows a logic circuit containing two gates. Copy the

truth table, filling in the gaps in the intermediate column and
the output column. Which single gate could replace this
circuit arrangement?

A B X Y Out
Put
1
2
3
4