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IS HANDOUT

The document emphasizes the importance of mastering English for Information Science students at UMK, highlighting its role in knowledge acquisition and international communication. It covers various aspects of computer basics, operating systems, application software, pronunciation, conversation drills, and vocabulary. Additionally, it includes dialogues that illustrate the practical use of English in everyday situations.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views25 pages

IS HANDOUT

The document emphasizes the importance of mastering English for Information Science students at UMK, highlighting its role in knowledge acquisition and international communication. It covers various aspects of computer basics, operating systems, application software, pronunciation, conversation drills, and vocabulary. Additionally, it includes dialogues that illustrate the practical use of English in everyday situations.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

INTRODUCTION

Giving response to real word situation, students at a college or university should


master English as an international language to help and support them in mastering
knowledge. So, Information Science Faculty of UMK provides English subjects to students
who deal with the real world situation in multimedia era. English not only helps and
supports students in learning knowledge especially Information Science, but also as a
means of international communication, realizing that information science is used in all over
the world.
By mastering English, Information Science students hopefully will be helped to
enlarge their knowledge especially in information science and use it in communication.

What we study English for?

 To learn knowledge (information science)

 To communicate written

spoken

How to use English?

 Bravery
 Just use/speak
 Keep using/talking
 Helpful
 Supporting response

Marjuki
UMK, Kudus

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 1


I. READING PRACTICE

1. Computer Basics

To accomplish a task using a computer, you need a combination of hardware, software,


and input.
Hardware consists of devices, like the computer itself, the monitor, keyboard,
printer, mouse and speakers. Inside your computer there are more bits of hardware,
including the motherboard, where you would find the main processing chips that make up
the central processing unit (CPU). The hardware receives and processes commands from
the software, and performs tasks or calculations.
Software is the name given to the programs that you install on the computer to
perform certain types of activities. There is operating system software, such as the Apple
OS for a Macintosh, or Windows vista or Windows seven for a PC. There is also
application software, like the games we play or the tools we use to compose letters or do
math problems. When you type a command or click on an icon, you are telling the
computer what to do, that is called input.

Create three questions based on the information above!

1. ......................................................................................?

2. ......................................................................................?

3. ......................................................................................?

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 2


2. Computers Working

First, you provide input when you turn on the computer. Then the system software
tells the CPU to start up certain programs and to turn on some hardware devices so that
they are ready for more input from you. This whole process is called booting up. The next
step happens when you choose a program you want to use. You click on the icon or enter
a command to start the program.
Let's use the example of an internet browser. Once the program has started, it is
ready for your instructions. You either enter an address (called a URL, which stands for
Uniform Resource Locator), or click on an address you've saved already. In either case,
the computer now knows what you want it to do. The browser software then goes out to
find that address, starting up other hardware devices, such as a modem, when it needs
them. If it is able to find the correct address, the browser will then tell your computer to
send the information from the web page over the phone wire or cable to your computer.
Eventually, you see the web site you were looking for.

Create three questions based on the text!

1. ......................................................................................?

2. ......................................................................................?

3. ......................................................................................?

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 3


3. Operating System

An operating system (sometimes


abbreviated as "OS") is the program that, after
being initially loaded into the computer by a boot
program, manages all the other programs in a
computer. The other programs are called
applications or application programs. The
application programs make use of the operating
system by making requests for services through a
defined application program interface (API).
In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface
such as a command language or a graphical user interface (GUI).
An operating system performs these services for applications:
 In a multitasking operating system where multiple programs can be running at the
same time, the operating system determines which applications should run in what
order and how much time should be allowed for each application before giving
another application a turn.
 It manages the sharing of internal memory among multiple applications.
 It handles input and output to and from attached hardware devices, such as hard
disks, printers, and dial-up ports.
 It sends messages to each application or interactive user (or to a system operator)
about the status of operation and any errors that may have occurred.
 It can offload the management of what are called batch jobs (for example, printing) so
that the initiating application is freed from this work.
On computers that can provide parallel processing, an operating system can
manage how to divide the program so that it runs on more than one processor at a time. All
major computer platforms (hardware and software) require and sometimes include an
operating system. Linux, Windows, VMS, OS/400, AIX, and z/OS are all examples of
operating systems.

Create three questions based on the information above!

1. ......................................................................................?

2. ......................................................................................?

3. ......................................................................................?

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 4


4. Application Software

Application software (an application) is a set of computer programs designed to


permit the user to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities. Application
software cannot run on itself but is dependent on system software to execute. Examples of
an application include a word processor, a spreadsheet design and management system,
an aeronautical flight simulator, a console game, a drawing, painting, and illustrating
system, or a library management system.
The term is used to distinguish such software from system software, which
manages and integrates a computer's capabilities but does not directly perform tasks that
benefit the user, and utility software, which is directly concerned with altering or managing
the computer's operating environment. Examples of types of application software may
include accounting software, media players, and office suites. Many application programs
deal principally with documents. Applications may be bundled with the computer and its
system software or published separately, and may be coded as e.g. proprietary, open-
source or university projects.

Create three questions based on the text!

1. ......................................................................................?

2. ......................................................................................?

3. ......................................................................................?

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 5


THREE LANGUAGE COMPONENTS SUPPORT CONVERSATION
II. PRONUNCIATION

1. VOWEL
A. Vowel (long and short vowel)
Sounds (:) = length)
5 long: Bean boon barn born burn
(i:) (u:) (α:) (ɔ:) (э:)

7 short: pit pet pat putt pot put another


(ɪ) (e) (æ) (˄) (Ŋ) (ʊ) (∂)

B. Double vowel (glide to i, u, ∂)


8 diphthongs: glide to (ɪ) bay buy boy
eɪ αɪ ɔɪ

glide to (ʊ) no now new


∂ʊ αʊ ʝʊ

glide to (∂) peer pair poor


ɪ∂ ɛ∂ ʊ∂
2. CONSONANT
Plosives: aspiration
In accented initial positions, the main feature distinguishing /p,t,k/ from /b,d,g/ is the
aspiration (puff of air) associated with the former.
pin tin come
/ p t k /

A. Consonants
(p) pin (f) fine (ł) fill
(b) bin (v) vine (l) play
(t) tin (θ) think (ŗ) red
(d) din (ð) this (r) pray
(k) come (s) seal (m) my

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 6


(g) gum (z) zeal (n) no
(ʧ) chain (ʃ) sheep (ŋ) sing
(ʤ) Jane (ʒ) measure (j) yes
(h) how (ļ) let (w) wet

B. Consonant cluster
CC depth eighth act film bench

CCC splash spread scream next strain

CCCC texts prompts depths months

3. CONVERSATION DRILLS

1. Visit to a City

Risti: Where did you go last week?


Mita: I went to Kudus.
Risti: With whom did you go?
Mita: I went there with my parents.
Risti: How did you go there?
Mita: We went there by car?
Risti: Where did you stay there?
Mita: We stayed at my uncle’s home.
Risti: What does your uncle do?
Mita: He is an English lecturer.
Risti: For how many days did you stay?
Mita: We stayed there for five days?
Risti: Did you like the city?
Mita: Yes I liked it.
Risti: Why did you like it?
Mita: It is an industrial and beautiful city.
Risti: What did you see there?
Mita: We saw many cigarette factories and electronic industries.
Rishi: What was the activity that you enjoyed most?
Mita: I enjoyed visiting some factories and industries there, such as PR. Djarum and
Polytron.
Risti: How are the people of the city
Mita: The people are very friendly.
Risti: Which language do the people speak there?
Mita: Most of the people speak Javanese. Educated persons speak English too.
Risti: Which type of food is eaten there?

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 7


Mita: Rice, vegetables and meat.
Risti: Are the people educated?
Mita: Most of the people are educated and modern.
Risti: Would you advise your friends to visit this city?
Mita: Yes I would. It is a beautiful city. Everybody should see it.
Risti: Did you have any bad experience in the city?
Mita: Everywhere you have some bad and some good experiences. Luckily we didn’t have
any bad experience there.
Risti: How are you feeling after this vacation?
Mita: I am feeling happy and relaxed.
Risti: Where would you like to go next time?
Mita: I would like to go back to Kudus visiting others beautiful places.

Special drills
last week
Where did you go two weeks ago
last month
last Monday

Kudus
I went to Jakarta
Semarang

you
she
With whom did he go?
they
Ahmad

you go there?
she go to Kudus?
How did he go to China?
they go to campus?
Sinta go to Holland?

stay there?
Where did you study?
buy that book?

the city?
Did you like those apples?
the clothes?

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 8


visiting cigarette factory.
I enjoyed speaking.
shopping.

do you
do they speak?
Which language does she
does Hani

Which type of food do you like?


does she like?

study at university.
I would like to speak English.
buy some books?

2. The Importance of English

Yusuf: Are you learning English?


Sarita: Yes, I am learning.
Yusuf: Why are you learning it?
Sarita: Without it we can’t make a good career.
Yusuf: Where are you learning?
Sarita: I am learning it at UMK.
Yusuf: Why have you joined this university?
Sarita: It is a good institute to learn effective English.
Yusuf: What do they teach?
Sarita: They teach good sentence-making, vocabulary, conversation, fluent speaking,
group discussions, newspaper reading, personality development, job interview etc.
Yusuf: Do they take any test before admission?
Sarita: They take a simple verbal and written test.
Yusuf: What is the benefit of learning English?
Sarita: It is an international language. If we know English we can talk to others in any
foreign country, moreover, we could enlarge knowledge.
Yusuf: Can’t we get a good job if our English is poor?
Sarita: It is very difficult to get a good job. In almost every big company interview is held in
English only.
Yusuf: In your opinion, what are other benefits of learning English?
Sarita: Students learn to make good sentences so they get better marks in all the subjects.
We also get social respect.
Yusuf: Can’t we improve English at home?
Sarita: Most of the persons learn incorrect English at home. We need guidance of a good
teacher to be really effective in English writing and speaking.

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 9


Special drills
learning English?
Are you … (adjective/-ing form) studying information science?
happy?
Why are you hungry?
Ok?

teach?
do?
What do they play?
Study?
cook?

learning English?
buying TV?
What is the benefit of going to Jakarta?
saving?
a simple verbal and written test.
an exam.
They take a medical check.
a bath.
a risk.

learning English?
smoking?
In your opinion, what are the benefits of demonstrating?
drinking milk?

3. Television and Movies


Bobby: For how many hours do you watch TV everyday?
Aman: Mostly for one hour. On holidays I may watch for even two hours or more.
Bobby: Why do you watch television?
Aman: I watch it for information and entertainment.
Bobby: Do you watch movies too?
Aman: I don’t have enough time to watch movies. I hardly watch one movie a month.
Bobby: Are movies good for our society?
Aman: Most of them are not. They waste our time and energy. People don’t learn anything
good from them.
Bobby: Do you like any advertisement?
Aman: I like creative advertisements.
Bobby: Which is your favourite TV channel?
Aman: I like to watch sports channel.
Bobby: Are you very interested in sports?
Aman: Of course I am.

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 10


Bobby: What do you expect from a TV program?
Aman: A TV program should be informative and encouraging. It should help us develop our
personality.
Bobby: Don’t you watch any other channel?
Aman: I also watch Discovery, History and some news channels.
Bobby: Do you think TV really benefits our society?
Aman: TV is both beneficial and harmful. Good programs help us to live a better life. Bad
and vulgar programs have negative effect on us.
Bobby: Is TV changing our kids too?
Aman: It is definitely changing. It is improving their brain power. But some programs may
have a very bad impact on their psychology.
Bobby: What is your opinion about cartoon films?
Aman: Most of the cartoon movies refresh our mind. Such films can convey a powerful
message in very simple way.

Special drills
watch television?
Why do you love me?
like playing football?

TV channel?
food?
Which is your favourite drink?
subject?
sport?

watch movies.
I don’t have enough time to Play football.
Read comics.

a TV program?
Information science?
What do you expect from studying English?
marriage?
Your friend?

TV really benefits our society?


Do you think English benefits all students?
Smoking really benefits to government?

Information science?
this chicken noodles?
What is your opinion about love?
My dress?
My veil?

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 11


III. VOCABULARY
1. Prefixes
A. With the meaning „not‟
Prefixes (un-, in-, il-, ir- and dis-) are often used to give adjectives (and some verbs and
nouns) a negative meaning. Here are some examples:
Happy unhappy
Possible impossible
Correct incorrect
Like dislike
Legal illegal
Regular irregular

B. verb prefixes: un- and dis-


Appear disappear
Honest dishonest
Pack unpack
Get dress get undress

C. other verb prefixes with specific meaning


re- (again) reopen The shop closed down, but will reopen next month.
retake/redo She failed the exam, but she can retake it next year.
over- over doing I think my boss is overdoing it at the moment.
(too much) overwork I think my boss is always overworking.
overconfident Don’t be overconfident honey.
overslept I went to bed late and I overslept.
mis- misunderstood I am afraid I misunderstood what he said.
(incorrectly) misread Two of the students misread the first question.

2. Noun suffixes
A. verb + suffix
Verb Suffix Noun
Improve -ment Improvement

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 12


Manage -ment Management
Elect -ion Election
Discuss -ion Discussion
Inform -ation Information
Organize -ation Organization
Jog -ing Joging
Spell -ing Spelling

B. adjective + suffix
Weak -ness Weakness
Happy -ness Happiness
Dark -ness Darkness
Stupid -ity Stupidity
Punctual -ity Punctuality
Similar -ity Similarity
Perform -ance Performance

C. –er/-or and -ist


These are common noun suffixes added to existing nouns or verbs, and they describe
people and their job.
-er -er -or -ist
Dancer Farmer Actor Artist
Driver Manager Director Economist
Singer Footballer Translator Psychologist
Murderer Employer Operator Journalist

3. Adjective suffixes
A. noun or verb + suffix
Noun or verb Suffix Adjective
Danger, fame -ous Dangerous, famous
Music, economics, industry -al Musical, economical, industrial
Cloud, sun, dirt, fog -y Cloudy, sunny, dirty, fogy
Attract, create -ive Attractive, creative

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 13


B. –able/-eble/
This suffix is used to form many adjectives from nouns or verbs:
Enjoyable unbreakable
Comfortable uncomfortable
Knowledgeable unbreakable
Suitable unsuitable
Drinkable undrinkable
Washable comprehensible
C. –full and –less
Careful Useless
Helpful Jobless
Thoughtful Thoughtless
Painful Painless

4. Preposition + noun
A. Fixed expressions
Sometimes it is difficult to know why a particular preposition is used, and you must learn
these as fixed expression:

I took his pen by mistake.


I did all the work by myself.
The shoes are made by hand.
The workers are on strike.
The children are on holiday.
I met them by chance.
He broke the plate by accident.
He broke the plate on purpose.

5. Make, do, have, take


A. Thing we make
A mistake He made a few mistakes in the exam.
A meal I had to make my own dinner last night.

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 14


A money He made a lot of money when he worked in America.
A decision We have to make a decision about the problem.
A noise I can’t work when children make a lot of noise.

B. Thing we do
Home work I forgot to do my English home work last night.
House work My mother does all house work in our house.
Research She is doing research in information science.
C. Thing we have
A rest They had a long rest after the game.
A drink Let’s have a drink before dinner.
A bath/shower I always have a bath when I get up.
A party I am having a party for my birthday.
A baby Mary is having a baby next month.
A (nice/good/great) time We had a very nice time in Bali last year.
D. Thing we take
An exam I am going to take four exams next month.
A photo She took lots of photos on holiday.
A decision I am very good at taking a decision.
A shower I am just going to take a shower before lunch.
A bus/taxi/train/plane We were late, so took a taxi to the airport.

IV. GRAMMAR
1. PARTS OF SENTENCE

Sentence is a group of words expresses statement or question.


Sentence consists of SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT or SUBJECT + BE +
COMPLEMENT.
Subject is sth/smo who does an action.
Verb is a word or phrase expresses action.
Object is sth that is done (aims/purposes/goals).
Be is the existence that express situation.
Complement is word(s) adjective/noun describing subject.

Be/Copula (am, is, are, was, were, be, been).

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 15


2. NOUNS AND VERBS

FINAL -S/-ES is added to a noun to make plural, and to present verb when subject is third
person/singular pronoun.
Noun + -s : Friends are important.
Noun + -es: I like my classes.
Verb + -s : Andi works at the bank.
Verb + -es : She watches TV.

Final -es is added to words that end in -sh, -ch, -s, -z, -x, o.
Wash Washes
Teach Teaches
Class Classes
Box Boxes
Buzz Buzzes
Go Goes

For words that end in -y.


If -y is preceded by a vowel, only -s is added.
If -y is preceded by a consonant, the -y is changed to -i and -es is added.
Toy Toys
Buy Buys
Baby Babies
Cry Cries

COUNT NOUNS AND NONCOUNT NOUNS

Count Noun is a noun that can be counted and can be added -s/-es.
Example: Book, table, chair, pen, etc.

Non-count Noun is a noun that cannot be counted and cannot be added -s/-es.
FLUIDS: water, coffee, oil, blood, gasoline, milk, tea, etc.
SOLID: ice, bread, butter, iron, gold, glass, meat, paper, wood, wool, etc.
GASES: steam, air, oxygen, nitrogen, smog, pollution.
PARTICLES: rice, chalk, corn, dust, flour, grass, hair, salt, sand, sugar, etc.
ABSTRACTION: beauty, happiness, health, confidence, help, intelligent, advice,
information, time, space, work, energy, truth, violence, evidence,
music, patience, knowledge, honesty.
LANGUAGE: Indonesian, English, Arabic, Spanish, etc.
FIELD OF STUDY: religion, mathematics, chemistry, engineering, psychology, etc.
GENERAL ACTIVITY: studying, swimming, traveling, walking, driving, etc.
NATURAL PHENOMENA: weather, fog, heat, lightning, rain, snow, thunder, wind, fire,
electricity.
WHOLE GROUP MADE UP OF SIMILAR ITEMS: clothing, equipment, furniture, garbage,
money, scenery, food.

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 16


EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY
These expressions of quantity are followed by count nouns.
- Several, a few/few, many, both, a number of.
These expressions of quantity are followed by non-count nouns.
- Much, a little/little.
These expressions of quantity are followed by count nouns or non-count nouns.
- All, some, most, no/not any, part, half, one-third.

USING A FEW AND FEW; A LITTLE AND LITTLE


A few and a little give a positive idea, indicate that sth exists.
* She has been here only two weeks, but she has made a few friends.
* I am very pleased. I have been able to save a little money this month.
Few and little give a negative idea, indicate that sth largely absent.
* I feel sorry for her. She has few friends. (She has almost no friends.)
* He has little money. He does not even to have enough money to buy food for dinner.
Note: a few and few followed by count nouns, while a little and little followed by non-
count nouns.

3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE (be verb -ing)

Present Continuous Construction is used to express sth that is happening or at the


moment of speaking.

* She is sleeping right now.


* Tono and Tini are talking on the phone.

* She is not sleeping right now.


* Tono and Tini are not talking on the phone

* Is she sleeping right now? Yes, she is./No she is not.


* Are Tono and Tini talking on the phone? Yes, she is./No she is not.

4. FUTURE CONSTRUCTION (will)

Simple Future Construction is used to express sth in the future time.

* He will finish his work tomorrow.


* He will not finish his work tomorrow.
* Will he finish his work tomorrow? Yes, he will./No, he will not.

5. WILL VERSUS BE GOING TO

Will or be going to is used to express sth in the future time, when the speaker is making a
prediction that sth will occur in the future or expressing a future plan or decision.

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 17


* According to the weather report, it will be cloudy tomorrow. (prediction)
* According to the weather report, it is going to be cloudy tomorrow. (prediction)

* A: Why did you buy this paint? (plan)


B: I am going to paint my house tomorrow. (plan)

* I am tired of taking a bus to work. I am going to buy a car.

6. PRESENT TENSE

xxxxxxx Present tense is used to express general statement of


the fact and habitual or every day activity.
* The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
* Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
* My classes begin at seven.
* I always study for two hours every night.
We add -s/-es at the verb of singular third person subject. And we use Do/Does at the
beginning of question sentence.

I
You do
They
We
She
He does
It/cat/Andi

* Do you always get up at five o’clock in the morning?


* Does she work in the hospital?

Some Adverbs of frequency used in simple present tense are placed before the main
verb:
Always Rarely
Usually Ever
Sometimes Never

7. PAST TENSE

x The simple past indicates that an activity or situation


began and ended at a particular time in the past.
* I went to Pati yesterday.
* Aurel didn’t go to Semarang yesterday.
* He lived in Semarang for ten years, but now he is living in Kudus.

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 18


In simple past we use past verb in positive pattern and Did at the beginning of question
sentence.

I * Did you go to Bali yesterday? Yes, I did/No, I did not.


You * Did Ahmad study in university? Yes, he did.
They
We did
She
He
It/cat/Ahmad
The past regular verbs is simple verb ending in –ed, while irregular verbs, the verbs are
changed.
Simple Past P. participle

Kick kicked kicked


Walk walked walked
Live lived lived
Play played played
Open opened opened

Go went gone
Do did done
Eat ate eaten
Know knew known
See saw seen

These are some adverbs of time used in past tense:

Yesterday
Last Sunday
Last night

Last …….. = ……… ago


Last week = a week ago
Last two weeks = two weeks ago
Last month = a month ago
Last year = a year ago

8. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

x x The present perfect is used to express a situation that begin in


the past and continues to the present. ‘Have/has’ is used before
past participle, and ‘been’ is used before adjective/noun or past
participle in passive pattern.
* He has been married.

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 19


* I have been here for two weeks.
* I have been here since seven o’clock.
* I have worked since seven o’clock.

9. PAST PERFECT TENSE

x x The past perfect expresses an activity that was completed


before another activity or time in the past.

* Ahmad had already left when we got there. Yusuf had left before we got there.
* After the guest had left, I went to bed.

10. PASSIVE PATTERN

Form of passive: be + past participle.


In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.

* Active : Nancy helped the boy.


* Passive: The boy was helped by Nancy.

Only transitive verbs (verb that are followed by an object) are used in passive. Intransitive
verbs such as happen, sleep, come, seem are not possible in the passive.

* Active : An accident happened.


* Passive: (none)
* Active : She seems beautiful.
* Passive: (none)

Active Passive

Simple present : Sandra helps Dewi. Dewi is helped by Sandra.


Present progressive : Sandra is helping Dewi. Dewi is being helped by Sandra.
Present perfect : Sandra has helped Dewi. Dewi has been helped by Sandra.
Simple past : Sandra helped Dewi. Dewi was helped by Sandra.
Past perfect : Sandra had helped Dewi. Dewi had been helped by Sandra.
Simple future : Sandra will help Dewi. Dewi will be helped by Sandra.

11. MODAL AUXILIARIES AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS


The Modal auxiliaries in English are: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would,
must, ought to.

©2019 Marjuki information science handouts Page 20


I can study that issue.
You could study that issue.
They may study that issue.
We + might study that issue.
She shall study that issue.
He should study that issue.
It will study that issue.
would study that issue.
ought to study that issue.
must study that issue.

POLITE REQUESTS WITH “I” AS THE SUBJECT

May I borrow your book, please?


Can I borrow your book, please?
Could I borrow your book, please?

POLITE REQUESTS WITH “YOU” AS THE SUBJECT

Would you please help me?


Will you help me please?
Could you please help me?
Can you help me please? (less polite)

POLITE REQUESTS WITH „Would you mind + V –ing’ and ‘Would you like + to
infinitive’

Would you mind closing the window?


Would you like to close the window?

„Would you mind if I …..‟ is followed by the simple past.

Would you mind if I closed the window?


Would you mind if I used the phone?

EXPRESSING NECESSITY: MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO


‘Must’ is stronger than ‘have to‟ and can indicate urgency or stress importance.

I am looking for Ahmad. I have to talk to him about our camping.


I am looking for Ahmad. I have got to talk to him about our camping. (informal/spoken)
Where is Ahmad? I must talk to him right now. I have an urgent message for him.
ADVISABILITY: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER
Should, ought to, had better have the same meaning, but ‘had better‟ is usually stronger
to imply a warning or a threat of possible consequences.

Drivers should obey the speed limit.

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Drivers ought to obey the speed limit.
You shouldn’t leave your key in the car. (Negative form: shouldn‟t = should not)
You oughtn’t to leave your key in the car. (Negative form: oughtn‟t to = ought not to)

You had better stop smoking. It isn’t good for your heath.
You better stop smoking. It isn’t good for your heath.
You had better not keep smoking. (Negative form: had better + not)

12. WH – QUESTIONS

We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word questions). We
often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy,
HoW).

Question Word Function Example


what asking for information about something What is your name?
asking for repetition or confirmation What? I can't hear you.
You did what?
what...for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that for?
when asking about time When did he leave?
where asking in or at what place or position Where do they live?
which asking about choice Which colour do you want?
who asking what or which person or people Who opened the door?
(subject)
whom asking what or which person or people Whom did you see?
(object)
whose asking about ownership Whose are these keys?
Whose turn is it?
why asking for reason, asking what...for Why do you say that?
why don't making a suggestion Why don't I help you?
how asking about manner How does this work?
asking about condition or quality How was your exam?
how + adj/adv asking about extent or degree see examples below
how far distance How far is Pattaya from
Bangkok?
how long length (time or space) How long will it take?
how many quantity (countable) How many cars are there?
how much quantity (uncountable) How much money do you
have?
how old age How old are you?
how come asking for reason, asking why How come I can't
(informal)

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SOME PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS USED IN CONVERSATION
1. OPENING

Thankful to Alloh that has given mercies and blessing to us. Today/in this meeting/I would
like to …

Thanks for the time given to me. I would like to …

Thanks, I want to say/talk/ about …

2. ASKING REPETITION

Pardon me.

I beg your pardon.

Excuse me.

I am sorry.

Would you please repeat?

Repeat please.

Would you please speak loudly / clearly?

3. ASKING RESPONSE/OPINION

Do you have any other idea? / Any idea?

Do you agree with me?

What’s your comment? / Any comment?

How about you?

What do you think about it?

What do you think of this …

What’s your honest opinion of/about …

4. GIVING RESPONSE (agreeing / disagreeing)

I agree with you / your opinion/idea.

That’s good idea.

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I quite agree with you. I a hundred percent agree with you.

I think you are right.

That’s true.

I am sorry, I don’t agree (disagree) with you / your opinion/idea.

I am very / terribly / so / sorry. I think …

5. EXPLAINING

In my opinion, …

As long as I now, …

According to …

First, …

Second, …

Third, …

6. SUMMARIZING

All in all, …

In a nut shell, …

In conclusion, …

The conclusion is …

In summary, …

At last, …

7. CLOSING

Thank you/ thanks / thanks very much (for your attention/support)

Thank for your attention. That’s all I know / that’s all about …

Thank you very much. See you later / Nice to see you.

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REFERENCES

Gimson, A.C., 1979. A Practical Course of English Pronunciation. London: Edward Arnold.
Murphy, Raymond. 1985. English Grammar in Use. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Oshima, A. and Hogue, A. 2006. Writing Academic English, Fourth Edition. White Plains,
NY: Longman.
Swan, Michael. 1996. Practical English Usage, Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.

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