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waves class 11

Waves are patterns that move without the transfer of matter and can be classified into mechanical, electromagnetic, and matter waves. Mechanical waves require a medium for propagation, while electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum, and matter waves are associated with particles in quantum mechanics. The document also discusses wave properties, types of mechanical waves, the principle of superposition, and phenomena such as standing waves and beats.

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5 views

waves class 11

Waves are patterns that move without the transfer of matter and can be classified into mechanical, electromagnetic, and matter waves. Mechanical waves require a medium for propagation, while electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum, and matter waves are associated with particles in quantum mechanics. The document also discusses wave properties, types of mechanical waves, the principle of superposition, and phenomena such as standing waves and beats.

Uploaded by

pvidyarthi8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Waves

• Waves:-The patterns, which move without the


actual physical transfer or flow of matter as a
whole, are called waves.
• Types of Waves:-
1. Mechanical Waves
2. Electromagnetic Waves
3. Matter Waves
Mechanical Waves
• The waves require a medium for propagation,
they cannot propagate through vacuum.
The most familiar type of waves such as
waves on a string,
water waves,
sound waves,
seismic waves, etc.
Electromagnetic Waves
• Electromagnetic waves do not necessarily
require a medium - they can travel through
vacuum.
• Light, radiowaves,
• X-rays,
• are all electromagnetic waves.
Matter Waves
• They are associated with constituents of
matter : electrons, protons, neutrons, atoms
and molecules.
• They arise in quantum mechanical description
of nature that you will learn in your later
studies.
• Matter waves associated with electrons are
employed in electron microscopes.
Types of Mechanical Waves
1. TRANSVERSE
• If the constituents of the medium oscillate perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation, we call the wave a transverse wave.
Transverse waves can, therefore, be propagated only in
those media, which can sustain shearing stress, such as
solids and not in fluids.

2. LONGITUDINAL WAVES
• If the constituents of the medium oscillate along the direction of
wave propagation, we call the wave a longitudinal wave.
Fluids, as well as, solids can sustain compressive strain; therefore,
longitudinal waves can be propagated in all elastic media.
DISPLACEMENT RELATION IN
A PROGRESSIVE WAVE
Amplitude and Phase
• The maximum displacement of the constituents
of the medium from their equilibrium position.
Note that the displacement may be positive or
negative, but amplitude is positive.
• The quantity (kx – ωt + φ) appearing as the
argument of the sine function in the wave
equation is called the phase of the wave. Clearly
φ is the phase at x = 0 and t = 0. Hence, φ is
called the initial phase angle.
Wavelength and Angular Wave
Number
Period, Angular Frequency and
Frequency
THE SPEED OF A TRAVELLING WAVE
In particular, the crest shown by a dot (· )
moves a distance Δx in time Δt. The
speed of the wave is then Δx/Δt. We can
put the dot (· ) on a point
with any other phase. The motion of a
fixed phase point on the wave is given by
kx – ωt = constant
Speed of a Transverse Wave on
Stretched String
Speed of a Longitudinal Wave
(Speed of Sound)
Newton’s Formula and Laplace
Correction
Laplace Correction
THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
OF WAVES
What happens when two wave pulses travelling in opposite
directions cross each other It turns out that wave pulses
continue to retain their identities after they have crossed.
However, during the time they overlap, the wave pattern is
different from either of the pulses.

When two or more wave propagate in a medium then the


resultant displacement of the constituents of the medium is the
algebraic sum of the displacement due to each wave. This is
known as the principle of superposition of waves.
THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
OF WAVES
THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
OF WAVES
REFLECTION OF WAVES
Standing Waves and Normal Modes
Standing Waves and Normal Modes
• Thus, in this wave pattern, the amplitude varies from
point-to-point, but each element of the string oscillates
with the same angular frequency ω or time period.
There is no phase difference between oscillations of
different elements of the wave. The string as a whole
vibrates in phase with differing amplitudes at different
points. The wave pattern is neither moving to the right
nor to the left. Hence, they are called standing or
stationary waves.
• Notes and Antinodes:The points at which the
amplitude is zero nodes; the points at which the
amplitude is the largest are called antinodes.
Normal Modes
Nodes and Antinodes
Standing waves in stretched String
Standing waves in partially filled glass
tube
Standing Waves
BEATS
BEATS
Example

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