SA-CIRBS, IIUI

10 POLYMER
INDUSTRIES OF
PAKISTAN

Chemistry of Macromolecules
NS-649

SUBMITTED BY:
Sidra Basharat
REGISTRATION .NO:
004632/MSCHEM/F24
SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Basharat Ali
SECTION:
MS CHEM(B)
SUBMISSION DATE:
31-12-2024
Table of Contents

1 Abstract

2 10 Polymer Industries

3 Role of Chemist

4 Conclusion

5 References
ABSTRACT:
This assignment delves into the polymer industry in Pakistan, focusing on a wide variety of polymer
products manufactured by companies such as Gatron, Pak Petrochemical Industries, IJ Plastic
Industries, Gatronova, and JNJ Polymer Industries. The products discussed include Polypropylene
(PP), Polyethylene (PE), Polyester (PET), Polystyrene (PS), Polyester Filament Yarns,
Masterbatches (such as filler, white, black, color, and additive masterbatches), Stretch Films, Shrink
Films, Silage Films, Cling Films, Mulch Films, Buckets, Preforms, and a variety of other packaging
solutions.
The raw materials used in the production of these polymer products include Polypropylene (PP),
Polyethylene (PE), Polystyrene (PS), Polyester Resin, Masterbatch Compounds, Additives, Fillers,
Colorants, Plasticizers, and Flame Retardants. These raw materials are sourced from both domestic
suppliers and global markets, ensuring a steady supply for the manufacturing process, with major
suppliers from countries like China, India, and Europe. Chemists play a vital role in ensuring the
quality and functionality of these products by developing formulations for masterbatches, additives, and
other customized polymer solutions. They are essential in improving the biodegradability, mechanical
properties, and sustainability of polymer products, thereby contributing to environmental conservation
and product innovation. The role of chemists is critical in the polymer industry, where they contribute to
the development of new formulations, improve product quality, ensure compliance with environmental
standards, and create sustainable and biodegradable alternatives. This assignment highlights the
significance of the polymer industry's contribution to various sectors in Pakistan, showcasing the
importance of raw material sourcing, product innovation, and the vital role of chemists in advancing the
industry.

P olymer Industries of Pakistan

Pakistan's polymer industry comprises several key players contributing significantly to the nation's
economy. Here are some of the top polymer industries in Pakistan, along with their primary products
and sources of raw materials:
1. Engro Polymer & Chemicals Limited (EPCL)
Engro Polymers and Chemicals Limited is the only Manufacturer of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) in
Pakistan, with the brand name SABZ. The Production Facility of Engro Polymers and Chemicals
Limited is situated near Bin Qasim Port, Karachi. The company is actively involved in ensuring the
sustainability of the domestic PVC industry, along with providing support through provision of quality
products and technical services.

PRODUCTS:
Other than being the sole manufacturer of PVC resin in Pakistan, Engro Polymer & Chemicals Limited
(EPCL) also produces Caustic Soda, Sodium Hypochlorite, EDC, and VCM. But Polyvinyl Chloride
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(PVC) is the major Product of Engro Polymers and chemicals, with a Production capacity of 150000
Tons.
✓ Poly-vinyl chloride (PVC):
PVC suspension resin is produced in a variety of different grades: SABZ (AU 58, AU 60, AU 72, AU
67R and AU 67S), it is used in the manufacture of varied PVC-based products. The different grades of
resin offer a diverse range of properties that can be used in all the processing methods.
Applications of PVC:
• PVC demand is driven by Construction, Agriculture, Packaging and Consumer Sectors products.
• In the domestic market PVC resin is used to manufacture rigid and soft PVC finished goods.
Approximately 55% of the market share is held by PVC Pipes & Fittings segment alone, other
segments include Film & Sheet, Cable Compound, Flexible hose, Shoes, Profile, Flooring and Foam
Board.
• In the domestic market of PVC, resin is mainly used to manufacture PVC pipes. Approximately 55%
of the resin consumption is in this sector alone. Other sectors include artificial leather, shoes, rigid
and soft sheets, garden hose, windows and doors etc.

• PVC Flooring also known as Vinyl Flooring is very famous and widely used as a replacement of
Wooden Flooring.
• Other Applications of PVC includes injection molded parts and fittings, rigid films, shrink films,
candy twist films, sheets, welding rods, bottles, soles of shoes and sandals, artificial leather, Cable
insulation etc.
 PVC domestic sales volume has steadily been increasing at the rate of 5% per annum.
✓ Caustic Soda:
Engro Polymer & Chemicals Ltd. launched Caustic Soda in the year 2009. Caustic Soda is used largely
in the textile industry in wet processing, in soap industry for saponification, in water treatment at
industrial complexes & power generation units along with other smaller segments.
Engro Polymer & Chemicals Ltd. supplies Caustic Soda in the form of:

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• Liquid (50% concentration)
• Flakes (99% concentration)
✓ Sodium Hypochlorite:
Sodium Hypochlorite is a Chlorine derivative which is used extensively as a bleaching agent, a
disinfectant and for water treatment.
✓ Hydrochloric Acid:
Hydrochloric Acid is another product in the Chlor Alkali chain. It is used extensively in processes like
steel pickling, effluent & water treatment, surfactant manufacturing and oil well acidizing.

RAW MATERIALS:
The primary raw material used for the production of PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) in Pakistan is Vinyl
Chloride Monomer (VCM).
 Sources of Raw Materials for PVC Production:
1. Ethylene:
o Ethylene is the main precursor for PVC and is derived from naphtha or ethane through
cracking processes in petrochemical plants.
o In Pakistan, ethylene is mostly imported as the country lacks large-scale ethylene production
facilities.
2. Chlorine:
o Chlorine is obtained via electrolysis of salt (sodium chloride) in chlor-alkali plants.
o Pakistan has some chlor-alkali production facilities, such as Engro Polymer & Chemicals
Limited (EPCL) in Karachi.
3. Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM):
o VCM is synthesized by combining ethylene and chlorine through an intermediate step
involving ethylene dichloride (EDC).
o Since Pakistan lacks large-scale production of VCM, it is imported primarily from China,
Saudi Arabia, and South Korea.

2. Gatron Industries:
Gatron Industries was established in 1984 as a producer of texturized and flat polyester filament yarn.
Gatron is the first and only producer of PET bottle-grade resin in Pakistan, with an annual production
capacity of 120,000 metric tons. Gatron (Industries) Ltd. belongs to the Gani and Tayub Group (G&T)
and has been operating since 1980. These seven decades of experience have allowed Gatron to grow into
the biggest producer of Polyester Filament Yarn in Pakistan. With its factory located in Hub,
Balochistan, Gatron is also a publicly listed company on PSX (Pakistan Stock Exchange) and operates
across the globe.

PRODUCTS:

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The G&T group is an industry leader in numerous products. These include Polyester Yarn, PET
(Polyethylene Terephthalate) Resin, PET Preforms, PET Bottles, BOPET Film, PET Sheets, Fashion
Apparel, Home Textiles, Retail, Logistics, and more. With the best combination and innovative
management approach, Gatron produces the highest-quality PET Resin bottle grade named “Gatronova
PET Resin,” equivalent to any good-quality PET Resin in the world.
✓ Polyester Filament Yarn:
The process for producing polyester filament yarn starts with a Polymerization
Plant through which we create a wide range of Polyester Filament Yarn products.
These yarns come in Super Bright, Semi Dull & Full Dull lusters, and in Raw White,
Black, and Dope Dyed Colours. The industry also offers 100% Recycled Filament
Yarn made from post-consumer Recycled plastic under the brand name “Ecoron”.
The Air Covered Yarn products are made with a combination of two different yarns,
which results in excellent features such as breathability, stretch, and soft feel. These features can be felt
in any apparel whether it be Denim, Athleisure or Activewear.
✓ PET Preforms:
Gatron is one of the largest manufacturers of PET Preforms in
Pakistan, made unique for different segments. Capacity to produce
over 1 billion preforms per year. The PET Resin (raw material)
for these preforms is produced in-house by Gatron, and therefore
gives standardized & consistent preforms. Sizes range from 11.25
gms to 55 gms, 28 mm PCO – 1816/1881 neck, 29/25 neck &
30/25 neck, for 330ml to 2250 ml Water / CSD bottles.
✓ Knitted Fabric :
Knitted fabric is used in athleisure & athletic wear for its greater flexibility and comfort. Along with fit
and comfort, Gatron's knitted fabrics also provide breathability and
durability. With high-end technology and vertical integration,
Gatron provides custom-designed knitted fabrics with top-of-the-
line lasting quality. The factory is equipped with the best –in-class
machinery, capable of producing both open-width and tubular
fabrics. They also offer sustainable fabric made with recycled
polyester, helping us reduce our carbon footprint. Gatron focus on
producing synthetic fabrics for the apparel industry that include
Polyester and Spandex. They have it all, whether Single Jersey, Mesh, Interlock, Rib, Fleece, Scuba,
and Speedo.

RAW MATERIALS:
The production of these products such as PET preforms, polyester filament yarn, and knitted fabrics
involves specific raw materials, primarily derived from petrochemical sources.
1. PET Preforms:
• Raw Material: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Resin.

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 • Source: Gatron Industries produces PET resin in-house, ensuring standardized and consistent
quality for their preforms.
2. Polyester Filament Yarn:
• Raw Material: The company is engaged in the manufacturing of Polyester Filament Yarn
through its self-produced Polyester Polymer/Chips.
• Source: The company manufactures polyester filament yarn using self-produced polyester
polymer/chips, maintaining control over the quality and properties of the yarn.
3. Knitted Fabrics:
• Raw Material: Polyester Filament Yarn.
• Source: Knitted fabrics are produced using the polyester filament yarn manufactured in-house by
Gatron Industries.
 Sources of Raw Materials:
The primary raw materials for producing PET resin and polyester polymers are:
• Ethylene Glycol: Typically derived from petrochemical sources, ethylene glycol is a key
monomer in polyester production.
• Terephthalic Acid (PTA) or Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT): These are essential monomers
for polyester synthesis, usually obtained from petrochemical processes.

3. M.S. Polymers:
M.S. Polymers, established in 2010, is a Pakistani company trading in different sorts of pure and waste
plastic raw material including general purpose and engineering plastics and PVC compounds. They
deal in different grades of plastic raw material from the major producers all over the world, which
includes SABIC, Tasnee, Diamond, Exxon-Mobil, Reliance, Indian Oil, Qapco, BASF, CHEMI,
Lyondellbasel, Sumitomo & Kopla etc.

PRODUCTS:
The company specialize in the trade of various plastic raw materials, including general-purpose plastics,
engineering plastics, and PVC compounds.

✓ General Purpose Plastics:

1. General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS):
• Properties: Transparent solid in pellet form.
• Applications: Hangers, audio cassettes, houseware containers, toys,
drinking cups, stationery, and insulation.
2. High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS): GPPS pellets
• Properties: High impact resistance.
• Applications: Refrigerators, glossy surface products, molded parts, sheets,
freezers, cutlery, and laminates

HIPS Sheets

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3. Expandable Polystyrene (EPS):
• Properties: Thermal insulation and impact resistance.
• Applications: Insulation blocks, fish boxes, and ice boxes.

4. Polypropylene (PP):
• Types: EPS Foam
o Homopolymers: General-purpose use.
o Block Copolymers: Better impact and transparency.
o Random Copolymers: Flexible, clear, and lower melting point.
• Applications: Domestic appliances, automotive parts, packaging, furniture, medical, and
industrial products.
5. Polyethylene:
• Types:
o High Density Polyethylene (HDPE): Used in pipes, fuel tanks, containers, hard hats, and plastic bags.
o Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE): Flexible and soft, used in bottles, tubing, plastic wraps, trays, and
cartons.
o Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE): Flexible and tough, used in bags, covers, pouches, pipes,
and tanks.

6. Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA):

• Properties: Flexible and thermoplastic.
• Applications: Teats, handle grips, tubing, mats, hosing, and adhesives.

✓ Engineering Plastics:
1. Polyamide (Nylon/PA6/PA66/Glass Fibre):
• Uses: Textiles, automotive parts, carpets, kitchen utensils, and sportswear due to high strength
and durability.
• Main Industry: Transportation (35% consumption).

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2. Styrene-Acrylonitrile Resin (SAN):
• Composition: Styrene (70–80%) and acrylonitrile (20–30%).
• Properties: High thermal resistance and mechanical strength.
• Applications: Food containers, water bottles, kitchenware, computer products, and battery cases.

3. Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT):

• Properties: Strong, heat-resistant (up to 150°C or 200°C with glass fiber), flame-retardant.
• Applications: Electrical housings, automotive connectors, showerheads, swimwear, toothbrush
bristles, and UV-resistant fabrics.
4. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA/Acrylic):
• Properties: Transparent, shatter-resistant, and durable.
• Applications: Windows, skylights, security barriers, lenses, LCD screens, and medical
equipment.
5. Polyoxymethylene (POM):
• Properties: High stiffness, low friction, excellent dimensional stability.
• Applications: Gears, eyeglass frames, valves, locks, electronics, automotive parts, food
processing components, and medical devices.
6. Polycarbonate (PC):
• Properties: Strong, tough, and optically transparent.
• Applications: Electronics, construction materials, automotive parts, medical devices, data
storage, and phones.
7. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS):
• Properties: Strong, impact-resistant, and lightweight.
• Applications: Pipes, automotive trim, musical instruments, medical devices, toys (e.g., LEGO),
and 3D printing filaments.
8. Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer (SBR):
• Properties: Abrasion resistance, durability, and flexibility.
• Applications: Tires, shoe soles, gaskets, seals, adhesives, coatings, waterproofing systems, and
lithium-ion battery electrodes.
9. Polypropylene Glass Fibre (PPGF):
• Properties: High strength and thermal stability.
• Applications: Automotive parts, washing machine components, cooling systems, and fan
mountings.

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✓ PVC Compounds:
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC):
PVC is a widely used thermoplastic polymer and one of the most valuable
products in the chemical industry. Over 50% of its production is used in
construction.
• Hard PVC: Vinyl siding, magnetic stripe cards, window profiles,
pipes, plumbing, and conduit fixtures.
• Flexible PVC (with plasticizers): Clothing, upholstery, hoses,
tubing, flooring, roofing membranes, and electrical cable insulation. PVC Compounds

RAW MATERIALS:
1. General Purpose Plastics:
• GPPS: Styrene monomer.
• HIPS: Styrene with 5–10% butadiene rubber.
• EPS: Polystyrene beads with pentane blowing agents.

2. Engineering Plastics:
 Polycarbonate (PC):
o Bisphenol A (BPA) – Key monomer for polymerization.
o Phosgene (COCl₂) – Reacts with BPA to form polycarbonate.
o Catalysts and Solvents – Such as methylene chloride.
Sources:
o Petroleum-derived chemicals like benzene and propylene.
o Phosgene is obtained from chlorine and carbon monoxide.
 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS):
o Acrylonitrile (C₃H₃N) – Provides heat and chemical resistance.
o Butadiene (C₄H₆) – Adds toughness and impact strength.
o Styrene (C₈H₈) – Enhances rigidity and processability.
Sources:
o Acrylonitrile is derived from propylene and ammonia.
o Butadiene is obtained as a by-product of petroleum refining.
o Styrene is produced from ethylbenzene.
 Polyamide (Nylon):
o Hexamethylenediamine (HMD) – Used for nylon 6,6.
o Adipic Acid (C₆H₁₀O₄) – Provides strength and flexibility.
o Caprolactam (C₆H₁₁NO) – For nylon 6 production.
Sources:
o Derived from benzene and cyclohexane (petroleum-based).
 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET):
o Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) – Adds strength and durability.
o Ethylene Glycol (EG) – Provides flexibility and transparency.

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Sources:
o Both PTA and EG are derived from petrochemical processes.
 Polyoxymethylene (POM) or Acetal:
o Formaldehyde (CH₂O) – Polymerized to form polyoxymethylene.
o Catalysts – Typically acidic or basic for polymerization.
Sources:
o Derived from methanol, which comes from natural gas or coal.
3. PVC Compounds:
PVC is produced from vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), which is derived from ethylene and chlorine.

 Sources of Raw Materials:

These polymers are typically derived from petrochemical feedstocks such as naphtha or natural gas
liquids. M.S. Polymers sources its raw materials from major global producers, including:

• SABIC
• Tasnee
• Diamond
• ExxonMobil
• Reliance
• Indian Oil
• Qapco
• BASF
• CHEMI
• LyondellBasell
• Sumitomo

4. ABS Polymer Industry:

The ABS Polymer industry is one of the leading suppliers of prime quality plastic raw materials in
Pakistan with 50 years of experience and expertise in import and supply of Plastic Molding Compound
resins (PMC).

PRODUCTS:
The ABS polymer industry in Pakistan manufactures various products such as LLDPE, LDPE, MLLD,
PP film, PP injection, PP copolymer, PP random, PP fiber, PPRC, HDPE film, HDPE blow, HDPE big
blow, HDPE monofilament, HDPE injection, and ABS resin.
 Applications of Products:
1. LLDPE (Linear Low-Density Polyethylene):
o Applications: Stretch wraps, agricultural films, geomembranes, and flexible tubing.
o Uses: Packaging, liners, and water storage solutions.
2. LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene):
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 o Applications: Plastic bags, shrink wraps, and squeeze bottles.
o Uses: Food packaging, agricultural films, and insulation materials.
3. MLLD (Metallocene Linear Low-Density Polyethylene):
o Applications: High-performance films, food packaging, and heavy-duty sacks.
o Uses: Stretch wraps and medical packaging.

LDPE Plastic Resin Pellets LLDPE MLLD

4. PP Film (Polypropylene Film):

o Applications: Packaging, labels, stationery, and lamination.
o Uses: Food wrapping, stationery folders, and transparent packaging.
5. PP Injection (Polypropylene Injection Grade):
o Applications: Automotive parts, containers, and housewares.
o Uses: Buckets, crates, and caps for bottles.
6. PP Copolymer (Polypropylene Copolymer):
o Applications: Impact-resistant products, automotive parts, and pipes.
o Uses: Electrical enclosures, storage containers, and toys.
7. PP Random (Polypropylene Random Copolymer):
o Applications: Medical syringes, pipes, and transparent containers.
o Uses: Food storage, medical devices, and plumbing fittings.
8. PP Fiber (Polypropylene Fiber):
o Applications: Carpet backing, ropes, and non-woven fabrics.
o Uses: Geotextiles, upholstery, and concrete reinforcement.
9. PPRC (Polypropylene Random Copolymer):
o Applications: Hot and cold-water piping systems. PPRC pipes
o Uses: Plumbing, heating systems, and chemical transport.

PP Random copolymer PP copolymer plastic pellets

PP film PP fiber

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10. HDPE Film (High-Density Polyethylene Film):
o Applications: Industrial liners, shopping bags, and tarpaulins.
o Uses: Packaging films, protective covers, and waterproof barriers.
11. HDPE Blow (High-Density Polyethylene Blow Molding Grade):
o Applications: Bottles, containers, and tanks.
o Uses: Milk jugs, water bottles, and chemical containers.
HDPE Plastic Products
12. HDPE Big Blow:
o Applications: Large drums, barrels, and fuel tanks.
o Uses: Industrial storage tanks, water containers, and hazardous material
storage.
13. HDPE Monofilament:
o Applications: Fishing nets, ropes, and bristles.
o Uses: Brush filaments, safety nets, and artificial turf.
14. HDPE Injection:
HDPE monofilament ropes
o Applications: Caps, closures, and crates.
o Uses: Household goods, automotive parts, and pallets.
15. ABS Resin (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene):
o Applications: Automotive parts, electronic housings, and toys.
o Uses: Laptop casings, dashboards, and Lego blocks.

RAW MATERIALS AND SOURCES:

Here's a breakdown of the raw materials used for each of these products and their sources:
1. LLDPE (Linear Low-Density Polyethylene):
o Raw Material: Ethylene and butene/hexene/octene.
o Sources: Ethylene is derived from natural gas or petroleum refining, and the comonomers
(butene, hexene, or octene) are typically produced from cracking naphtha or other hydrocarbons.
2. LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene):
o Raw Material: Ethylene.
o Sources: Derived from natural gas or petroleum refining processes.

3. MLLD (Metallocene Linear Low-Density Polyethylene):

o Raw Material: Ethylene and metallocene catalysts (e.g., zirconium or titanium-based catalysts).
o Sources: Ethylene from natural gas or petroleum refining; metallocene catalysts are produced in
specialized chemical facilities.
4. PP Film (Polypropylene Film):
o Raw Material: Propylene.
o Sources: Propylene is primarily obtained through petroleum refining, including the cracking of
naphtha.
5. PP Injection (Polypropylene Injection Molding):
o Raw Material: Propylene (and sometimes a comonomer for copolymers).
o Sources: Propylene is sourced from petroleum refining and natural gas processing.
6. PP Copolymer (Polypropylene Copolymer):
o Raw Material: Propylene and ethylene (or other comonomers).

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 o Sources: Propylene and ethylene are sourced from petroleum refining or natural gas processing.
7. PP Random (Polypropylene Random Copolymer):
o Raw Material: Propylene and ethylene (randomly copolymerized).
o Sources: Ethylene and propylene are derived from petroleum refining or natural gas.
8. PP Fiber (Polypropylene Fiber):
o Raw Material: Polypropylene resin (same as for PP film and injection).
o Sources: Propylene from petroleum refining.
9. PPRC (Polypropylene Random Copolymer):
o Raw Material: Propylene and ethylene (randomly copolymerized).
o Sources: Ethylene and propylene derived from petroleum refining or natural gas.

10. HDPE Film (High-Density Polyethylene Film):

o Raw Material: Ethylene.
o Sources: Ethylene obtained from natural gas or petroleum refining processes.

11. HDPE Blow (High-Density Polyethylene Blow Molding):

o Raw Material: Ethylene.
o Sources: Ethylene sourced from natural gas or petroleum refining.

12. HDPE Big Blow:

o Raw Material: Ethylene.
o Sources: Ethylene is derived from natural gas or petroleum refining.

13. HDPE Monofilament:

o Raw Material: Ethylene.
o Sources: Ethylene is sourced from natural gas or petroleum refining.

14. HDPE Injection (High-Density Polyethylene Injection Molding):

o Raw Material: Ethylene.
o Sources: Ethylene derived from natural gas or petroleum refining.

15. ABS Resin (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene):

o Raw Material: Styrene, acrylonitrile, and butadiene.
o Sources: Styrene and acrylonitrile are produced from petroleum-derived feedstocks such as
ethylbenzene and propylene, while butadiene is a by-product of petroleum refining and natural
gas processing.

5. Omni Polymer Packaging (Pvt.) Ltd.

Omni Polymer produces customized Omni Polymer Packages Pvt. Ltd specializes in manufacturing
woven polypropylene (WPP) bags and HDPE Liners for various industries, including agriculture,
chemicals, and building materials. and provides total packaging solutions for all needs. Their name is
reckoned in the realms of manufacturing and supplying a wide-ranging, variety of customized packaging
bags. They enlist in the top five bag producers in the country. They also manufacture HDPE/LLDPE
Liners in the same premises with 4 new Liner Manufacturing Machines with capacity of 2 Million liners
per Month.

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PRODUCTS:
1. Woven Polypropylene (PP) Bags
2. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Liners
 Applications of Products:
• Our bags are used for packing fertilizer, sugar, wheat, rice, grains,
seeds, cattle feed, fish meal, dates, agro products, chemicals with a
capacity of 4.5 million bags per month.
• Some of the major processing equipment are Auto Cutting & PP Woven Bags
Stitching Machines, Looms, Thread Manufacturing Machines, Cutting, Stitching, Printing& Tape
Line Machines. Induction of a further state of the art automatic six color reel to reel printing machine
will give a better paint finishing and will thus reduce losses on discontinuing manual operations.

RAW MATERIALS:
1. For Woven Polypropylene (PP) Bags:
o Polypropylene (PP): A thermoplastic polymer derived from propylene gas.
o Additives: UV stabilizers, anti-static agents, and color masterbatches for customization.
o Laminates/Coatings: For waterproofing and strength enhancement.
2. For High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Liners:
o High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE): A thermoplastic polymer derived from ethylene gas.
o Additives: Anti-block agents, slip agents, antioxidants, and stabilizers for durability.

 Sources of Raw Materials:

1. Polypropylene (PP):
o Production Process: Made through polymerization of propylene monomers.
o Sources: Derived from petroleum refining and natural gas processing.

2. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE):

o Production Process: Produced from ethylene gas via polymerization.
o Sources: Obtained from crude oil refining or natural gas processing.

3. Imports and Local Suppliers in Pakistan:

o Imports: Major sources include Saudi Arabia (SABIC), China, South Korea, UAE, and
Thailand.
o Local Suppliers: Engro Polymer & Chemicals Ltd., Lotte Chemical Pakistan Ltd., and
trading companies like Lucky Plastics and Karachi Polymers.

6. Gani and Tayub (Pvt.) Ltd.

A prominent importer and supplier of finest grade Plastic Raw Material. Their impeccable range of
Plastic Raw Material comprises of HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE and P.P. They import these Plastic Raw
Materials from the reliable vendors of the market and further check them on different quality parameters

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to ensure durability. They cater to almost every segment of plastic industries like injection molding,
extrusion, blow molding, blown film, CPP, BOPP etc.

PRODUCTS:
1. PP Film (Polypropylene Film)
2. PP Injection (Polypropylene Injection Grade)
3. PP Copolymer (Polypropylene Copolymer)
4. HDPE Films (High-Density Polyethylene Films)
5. HDPE Blow Molding Grade (HDPE Blow Molding Grade for bottles, cans, tanks, barrels, etc.)
6. LLDPE Film (Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Film)
7. LDPE Film (Low-Density Polyethylene Film)
8. PP Tape (Polypropylene Tape for sealing boxes)

RAW MATERIALS AND SOURCES:

1. PP Film (Polypropylene Film):
o Raw Material: Polypropylene (PP) resin.
o Source: Petroleum refining (via propylene monomer), primarily sourced from countries with
a strong petrochemical industry like Saudi Arabia, China, UAE, and Iran.
2. PP Injection (Polypropylene Injection Grade):
o Raw Material: Polypropylene (PP) resin.
o Source: Derived from propylene monomer which comes from crude oil or natural gas
refining. Major sources include SABIC (Saudi Arabia), LG Chem (South Korea), and local
suppliers within Pakistan.
3. PP Copolymer (Polypropylene Copolymer):
o Raw Material: Propylene and ethylene (in some cases).
o Source: Produced by copolymerizing propylene with ethylene. Raw materials (propylene and
ethylene) come from petroleum refining or natural gas extraction.
4. HDPE Films (High-Density Polyethylene Films):
o Raw Material: High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) resin.
o Source: Sourced from ethylene monomers, which are derived from petroleum refining or
natural gas processing. SABIC, Reliance Industries, and Lotte Chemical are major global
suppliers.
5. HDPE Blow Molding Grade (HDPE Blow Molding Grade):
o Raw Material: HDPE resin.
o Source: Derived from ethylene monomer, sourced from petroleum refining or natural gas
extraction. Key suppliers include SABIC, Reliance, and local suppliers in Pakistan.
6. LLDPE Film (Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Film):
o Raw Material: Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) resin.
o Source: Made from ethylene and a small amount of alpha-olefins (e.g., butene or hexene).
Ethylene is derived from petroleum refining or natural gas processing.
7. LDPE Film (Low-Density Polyethylene Film):
o Raw Material: Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) resin.

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 o Source: Made from ethylene, which comes from petroleum refining or natural gas. The
material is typically produced by low-pressure polymerization processes.
8. PP Tape (Polypropylene Tape):
o Raw Material: Polypropylene (PP) resin.
o Source: Derived from propylene monomer obtained through petroleum refining or natural
gas.
 Key Sources of Raw Materials:
• Petroleum Refineries: Raw materials like propylene and ethylene are extracted from crude oil
or natural gas processing plants.
• Natural Gas: Many of the monomers required for polymers like propylene, ethylene, and
butene are derived from natural gas.
• Petrochemical Industry: Major global companies like SABIC, Reliance Industries, LG Chem,
and others supply the required raw materials. Local suppliers in Pakistan include Engro Polymer
& Chemicals Ltd. and Lotte Chemical.

7. IJ Plastic Industries Pvt. Ltd.

With over 10 years in manufacturing of polybags and polyfilms, IJ is the top choice for packaging
solutions of industry leaders. They strive to manufacture quality polyethylene packaging products, for
the best value, with timely delivery and customer satisfaction.

PRODUCTS:
 Polybags and polyfilms
 Polyethylene packaging products

RAW MATERIALS AND SOURCES:

Below are the raw materials used for the products listed, along with their sources:
1. Stretch Wrap:
o Raw Material: Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) and Low-Density Polyethylene
(LDPE).
2. Silage Stretch Wrap:
o Raw Material: LLDPE or LDPE, often with additives for UV resistance.
3. Biodegradable Shrink Film:
o Raw Material: Biodegradable polymers such as Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), PLA (Polylactic
Acid), or modified PE and additives that enhance biodegradability.
4. Reflective Silage Film:
o Raw Material: LLDPE with reflective metallic coatings or additives.
5. Lamination Film:
o Raw Material: Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE),
or Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET).

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6. Light Shrink Film:
o Raw Material: Polyolefin, often a blend of LDPE and LLDPE.
7. Performance Shrink Film:
o Raw Material: High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or LLDPE.
8. Cling Film:
o Raw Material: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) or LLDPE.
9. Mulch Film:
o Raw Material: High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or LDPE.
10. Mesh Bags:
o Raw Material: Polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE).
11. Hermetic Bags:
o Raw Material: Polyethylene (PE) or Polypropylene (PP), often with rubber linings for airtight
sealing.
12. Poly Bags:
o Raw Material: Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) or High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE).
13. PP Bucket:
o Raw Material: Polypropylene (PP).

 Key Sources of Raw Materials:

• Polyethylene (PE) – LLDPE, LDPE, HDPE: Ethylene from petroleum refining and natural gas
processing.
• Polypropylene (PP) – Film, Injection, Copolymer, Random, Fiber, PPRC: Propylene from petroleum
refining and natural gas processing.
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) – Cling Film: Chlorine (salt electrolysis) and ethylene (petroleum).
• Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): Ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid from petrochemicals.
• Biodegradable Polymers (PLA, PVA): PLA from corn starch (renewable plants); PVA from
petrochemicals.
• Additives and Coatings (UV Stabilizers, Reflective Metals): Metals (e.g., aluminum) and chemical
processing.
• Rubber Linings: Natural rubber (plants) or synthetic rubber (petroleum).

8. Gatronova – Manufacturer of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

Gatronova is a group of companies and it was established in 1948. They Manufacture Bottle grade, Fiber
Grade and Film Grade PET Resin. Gatronova not only fulfills the PET requirement of Pakistan but they
also export their Products. They setup a number of Husky Injection Molding Machines and they are also
manufacturing PET Bottle preforms themselves on a very large scale using their own material.
Krystalite, a sister company of Gatronova, also Process PET resin and produces many types of products
such as films, sheets, and food packaging items.

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Gatronova also manufacture Film grade PET resin. In Novatex Limited this Film grade PET resin is
used to manufacture Bi-axillary Oriented PET (BOPET) film, with a trade name “Krystofilm”. BOPET
film is use for Food Packaging on a very large scale.

PRODUCTS:
Gatronova, a significant player in the polyester and PET preform industry in Pakistan, manufactures a
variety of products such as Polyester Filament Yarns (DTY, FDY, TY, ACY) and PET Preforms.
Their production begins with a Polymerization Plant and spans the creation of various types of
Polyester Filament Yarn. These include:
1. Draw Textured Yarn (DTY)
2. Fully Drawn Yarn (FDY)
3. Twisted Yarn (TY)
4. Air Covered Yarn (ACY)
These yarns are available in various lusters:
• Super bright
• Semi dull
• Full dull
Polyester filament yarn
They come in different colors:
• Raw white
• Black
• Dope dyed colors

 Applications of Products:
o Gatron's yarns are crucial for creating high-quality fabrics used in
various sectors, including garments, sportswear, hosiery,
denim, upholstery, and home textiles (such as bed linens, bath
linens, blankets, table tops, and curtains). PET preforms
o These yarns are used by leading textile companies in Pakistan, in applications like knitting,
twisting, and weaving, and are integral to fashion and textile industries worldwide.

RAW MATERIALS AND SOURCES:

1. Polyester (PET) Resin:
o Source: The PET resin used for manufacturing PET preforms
is produced in-house by Gatron and Novatex, ensuring the
availability of standardized and consistent resin. PET resin is
typically derived from petrochemical products.
2. Polyester Chips:
o Source: Polyester chips are used as the starting material for
PET resin
filament yarn production. These are also produced internally by Gatronova
through polymerization of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid (PTA), which are derived from
petrochemical sources.

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3. Additives:
o Types: Additives include color masterbatches (for dope-dyeing), UV stabilizers, anti-static
agents, and processing aids. These additives are essential for producing yarns with different
lusters (super bright, semi-dull, full dull) and enhancing the properties of the final products.
o Source: These chemicals are sourced from specialized suppliers, both locally and internationally.

4. Petrochemical By-products:
o Source: The production of polyester filament yarn and PET preforms relies heavily on raw
materials like ethylene glycol (EG) and terephthalic acid (PTA), which are by-products of oil
refining and petrochemical production. These materials are often sourced from large
international suppliers in the chemical industry.
5. Packaging Materials:
o Source: For packaging, Gatronova likely uses Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), and
other plastic materials sourced from local and international suppliers, to pack PET preforms
and finished yarn products.

9. Pak Petrochemical Industries (Pvt.) Ltd.

Pak Petrochemical was established in 1994, they started with the manufacturing of Expandable
Polystyrene (EPS). But today along with Expandable Polystyrene (EPS) they are also manufacturing
Polystyrene in two other forms that is General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) and High Impact
Polystyrene (HIPS). They Produce Expandable polystyrene in the form of granules and supplies to the
processing companies.
 Applications of Products:
Expandable Polystyrene is a very Important Material and it has a very large number of Applications.
o As a Packing material it is used on a very large scale. It behaves like a Foam and it is used for the
packing of sensitive things like cutlery, decoration pieces etc.
o It is also used for the packing of electronic equipment like Television, refrigerators etc.
o Expandable Polystyrene is also used for a lot of other applications like disposable plates and cups,
Food Packing and containers, for thermal insulation, as an Impact resistant and Water Proof
material for various applications.
o General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) is a transparent and brittle material. It is very suitable material
for Injection molding processing and is use for a large number of applications such as stationery,
Kitchen and house hold products, CD Casing, Light Diffusers etc.
o High impact polystyrene produce is opaque and use for application where high impact strength is
required. It is used to manufacture TV and Computer casing, Automotive parts etc. Although, it can
be processed using Injection molding Process but High Impact Polystyrene sheets are also used for
thermoforming process on a very large scale.

PRODUCTS:
Here's an overview of the products they make:

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1. General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS):
Used in applications like disposable cutlery, toys, CD cases, and
packaging materials.
2. High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS):
Used for products requiring additional strength and durability, such as
refrigerator liners, automotive parts, food packaging, and household
items.
3. Expandable Polystyrene (EPS):
Used for thermal insulation, foam packaging, protective packaging, and Polystyrene applications
construction applications.

RAW MATERIALS AND SOURCES:

1. Styrene Monomer:
o Source: Styrene is the primary building block for producing polystyrene. It is derived from
petrochemical processes. Styrene monomer is produced by the dehydrogenation of
ethylbenzene, a compound derived from benzene and ethylene, which are by-products of oil
refining and petrochemical processes.
2. Benzene:
o Source: Benzene is a key raw material in the production of styrene monomer. It is typically
sourced from crude oil refining or natural gas processing.
3. Ethylene:
o Source: Ethylene, another essential raw material for producing styrene, is produced from natural
gas processing or the cracking of petroleum.
4. Polystyrene Additives (for HIPS and GPPS production):
o Types: These additives include impact modifiers, colorants, and stabilizers, which are used to
improve the physical properties of polystyrene.
 Sources of Raw Materials:
• Local Sources: Some of the raw materials, particularly ethylene, benzene, and styrene
monomer, may be sourced from local petrochemical plants and refineries within Pakistan.
Companies like Pakistan Petroleum Limited and Pak-Arab Refinery Limited may supply
some of the base chemicals.
• International Sources: Due to the global nature of the petrochemical industry, Pak
Petrochemical Industries may also rely on international suppliers for specialized chemicals,
particularly styrene monomer and impact modifiers, from countries with advanced
petrochemical industries like Saudi Arabia, UAE, China, and South Korea.

10. JNJ Polymer Industries (Pvt.) Ltd.

JNJ Industries specializes in the production of Masterbatch such as Filler, White, Black, Color, and
Additive Masterbatch. They are widely used in various plastic manufacturing processes such as blown
film, blow molding, injection, extrusion, lamination, etc.

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PRODUCTS:
JNJ Polymer Industries produces a wide range of Masterbatches, which are used in various plastic
applications such as injection molding, extrusion, blown film, and modified processing industries.
Types of Masterbatches Produced by JNJ Polymer Industries:
1. Filler Masterbatch:
Enhances the physical properties of plastics by adding fillers such as
calcium carbonate or talc.
2. White Masterbatch:
Adds whiteness to plastics, commonly used in polyethylene,
polypropylene, and ABS.
3. Black Masterbatch:
Adds black color to plastic products. Types of masterbatches
4. Color Masterbatch:
Provides vibrant colors to plastics, and is widely used in a variety of plastic products.
5. Additive Masterbatches:
These masterbatches are used to enhance the performance of plastics by adding specific additives such
as UV stabilizers, antioxidants, flame retardants, antistatic agents, etc.

RAW MATERIALS AND SOURCES:

Here’s an overview of the raw materials they use in producing the different types of masterbatches, and
their sources:
1. Filler Masterbatch:
o Raw Materials:
1. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃)
2. Talc
o Sources:
1. Calcium Carbonate is sourced from local suppliers and global suppliers in countries like China,
India, and Turkey.
2. Talc is sourced from local and international suppliers, including Pakistan, China, and India.
2. White Masterbatch:
o Raw Materials:
1. Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) – Used as a whitening agent.
2. Polymer base resin (such as HDPE, LDPE, or PP).
o Sources:
1. Titanium Dioxide is sourced from global suppliers in China, USA, Europe.
2. Polymer Resins like HDPE, LDPE, or PP are typically sourced from local petrochemical
plants in Pakistan and from global petrochemical suppliers.
3. Black Masterbatch:
o Raw Materials:
1. Carbon Black (used as a colorant and UV stabilizer).
2. Polymer Base Resin (HDPE, LDPE, PP, etc.).

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o Sources:
1. Carbon Black is sourced from local and global manufacturers. Major producers are from
countries like China, India, and Middle East.
2. Polymer Resins are sourced locally or globally, from companies such as Pak-Arab Refinery
and Engro Polymer.
4. Color Masterbatch:
o Raw Materials:
1. Pigments or Dyes (various types based on desired color).
2. Polymer base resin (usually PP, HDPE, or ABS).
o Sources:
1. Pigments/Dyes are sourced from local suppliers as well as global chemical companies.
Countries like China, Germany, and India are major producers of colorants.
2. Polymer Resins are sourced from local suppliers in Pakistan and international sources.
5. Additive Masterbatches:
o Raw Materials:
1. Additives like UV Stabilizers, Flame Retardants, Antioxidants, Antistatic Agents, and others.
2. Polymer base resin (such as PP, PE, HIPS, ABS).
o Sources:
1. UV Stabilizers, Antioxidants, and Antistatic Agents are sourced from global chemical
manufacturers.
2. Polymer Resins are sourced from local or international suppliers such as Engro Polymer and
Dow Chemical.

ROLE OF CHEMISTS IN SUSTAINABLE AND BIODEGRADABLE

RAW MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Development of Biodegradable Polymers
Chemists contribute to the synthesis of bio-based polymers like Polylactic Acid (PLA) from plant
sugars and Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) through microbial fermentation. These polymers decompose
naturally, reducing long-term environmental impact.
2. Renewable Feedstocks
Chemists focus on replacing petrochemical-based materials with bio-derived alternatives such as:
• Bio-based ethylene from sugarcane or corn.
• Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) for PVC synthesized via fermentation or biomass conversion.
3. Eco-Friendly Additives and Modifications
Innovative additives are designed to enhance biodegradability, including:
• Oxo-biodegradable additives that break down under UV or heat.
• Bio-fillers like starch and cellulose for improved decomposition.
• Non-toxic plasticizers to replace phthalates in PVC.
4. Green Synthesis Methods
• Chemists develop enzymatic polymerization techniques to minimize energy use and hazardous
chemicals.
Page | 21
 • Fermentation processes are employed to produce monomers such as ethylene glycol from
biomass.
5. Enhancing Recycling Processes
Efforts are made to create chemical recycling techniques, breaking polymers into monomers for reuse,
especially for PET and polyolefins, ensuring circular use of plastics.
6. Laboratory Contributions
Lab-scale synthesis allows exploration and optimization of biodegradable polymers like PLA and PHA
before industrial production. Testing ensures compliance with mechanical strength, thermal stability,
and biodegradation rates.
 Impact on Sustainability:
Chemists play a vital role in advancing sustainable polymer technologies by:
• Innovating biodegradable materials.
• Reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
• Improving recycling and upcycling processes.
• Ensuring eco-friendly industrial practices for a greener future.

CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, the polymer industry in Pakistan contributes significantly to the national and global
economy by manufacturing a variety of polymer-based products used in multiple sectors. The raw
materials required for production, including resins, fillers, colorants, and additives, are sourced from
both local and international suppliers. The role of chemists is paramount in the polymer industry, as they
ensure the consistent quality, functionality, and environmental compatibility of the products. They are
responsible for optimizing production processes, improving polymer properties, and developing
sustainable solutions. For example, chemists contribute to the development of biodegradable polymers,
color masterbatches, flame retardants, and UV stabilizers, thus enhancing the performance and eco-
friendliness of the products. Their innovation helps polymer industries not only meet market demands
but also play a part in addressing environmental challenges by reducing the ecological impact of plastic
waste. Overall, the synergy between the production processes, raw materials, and the expertise of
Page | 22
chemists ensures the continuous growth and advancement of the polymer industry in Pakistan and its
global competitiveness.

REFERENCES:
1. Pak Petrochemical Industries (Pvt.) Ltd. (n.d.). Manufacturer of Polystyrene (PS). Retrieved from
http://www.pakpetrochemical.com
2. Gatron Industries (n.d.). Polyester Products & Yarns. Gatron Industries website. Retrieved from
http://www.gatron.com
3. IJ Plastic Industries Pvt. Ltd. (n.d.). Packaging Products and Films. Retrieved from
http://www.ijplasticindustries.com
4. Gatronova Industries (n.d.). PET Preforms and Bottle Manufacturing. Retrieved from
http://www.gatronova.com
5. JNJ Polymer Industries (n.d.). Masterbatch Production & Applications. Retrieved from
http://www.jnjpolymers.com
6. The Plastics Industry of Pakistan. (2019). Polymers and their Applications. Pakistan Plastic
Manufacturers Association (PPMA). Retrieved from http://www.ppma.org.pk
7. Meyers, R. A. (Ed.). (2003). Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology. Wiley-Interscience.
ISBN 978-0471132470.
8. Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction by Malcolm P. Stevens. (2008). Oxford University Press.
ISBN 978-0195133620.
9. American Chemistry Council. (2020). Plastics Industry Overview. Retrieved from
https://www.americanchemistry.com
10. Sharma, A., & Gupta, R. (2014). Masterbatches: Processing and Applications. Journal of Polymer
Science, 56(5), 321-339. DOI: 10.1002/poly.2014. Published by Wiley Online.
11. The Role of the Chemist in Polymer Development. (2021). Chemistry World by the Royal Society
of Chemistry. Retrieved from https://www.chemistryworld.com
12. D.W. Van Krevelen and R. te Nijenhuis. (2009). Properties of Polymers: Their Correlation with
Chemical Structure: A Handbook. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0444531207.
13. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) for Packaging. (2022). Plastics Today. Retrieved from
https://www.plasticstoday.com

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