UCSP LESSON 1

ANTHROPOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE

Anthropology is the study, analysis, and description of humanity’s past and present. Questions
about the past include prehistoric origins and human evolution. The study of contemporary
humanity focuses on biological and cultural diversity, including language.

All in all Anthropology, "the study of humankind," which examines people in viewpoints going
from the science and transformative history of Homo sapiens to the provisions of society and
culture that unequivocally recognize people from other creature species.

Contrasted with different disciplines that address humankind like history, social science, or brain
research, human studies is more extensive two ways. As far as mankind's past, human sciences
think about a more noteworthy profundity of time.

As far as contemporary people, human sciences covers a more extensive variety of points than
different disciplines, from sub-atomic DNA to intellectual turn of events and religious beliefs.

Anthropologists might direct examinations in a research facility concentrating how tooth

enamel uncovers a person's eating diet, or they might work in an exhibition hall, looking at
plans on ancient earthenware.

Research Method in anthropology range from logical to humanistic. They plan a speculation, or
examination question, and afterward mention objective facts to check whether the theory is
right. This methodology creates both quantitative (numeric) information and subjective
(elucidating) information.

In the humanistic methodology, anthropologists continue inductively, seeking after an abstract

strategy for understanding humankind through the investigation of individuals' specialty, music,
verse, language, and other forms of symbolic expression.

NATURE OF ANTHROPOLOGY

The nature of anthropology can be view from its historical perspective because is a global
discipline involving humanities, social sciences and natural sciences.

Its foundations return to the scholarly Enlightenment of the eighteenth and mid nineteenth
hundreds of years in Europe and North America. As European countries created states in far off
pieces of the world and Americans extended west and south into the regions of Indians, it
became evident to them that humankind was amazingly changed.

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Anthropology started, partially, as an endeavor by individuals from logical social orders to
unbiasedly record and grasp this variety. Curiosity in bizarre individuals and customs in distant
pieces of the world is the thing that principally roused these early beginner anthropologists.

By profession, they frequently were naturalists, medical doctors, Christian ministers, or

educated adventurers. They posed such essential inquiries as regardless of whether the
contrasts between human societies are the after effect of genetic inheritance and in case there
is a connection between the size of a human brain and intelligence.

It was late nineteenth century that anthropology at last turned into a different scholastic
discipline in American and Western European colleges.

In North America anthropology is characterized as a discipline containing four fields that

emphasis on separated yet interrelated subjects. The subjects are archaeology, biological
anthropology (or actual human sciences), linguistic anthropology and cultural anthropology (or
social human studies).

GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

1. is to comprehend the fossil record of early people and their precursors just as the
archeological record of later ancient social orders.
2. to understand how we adapt to different environmental conditions and how we vary as
a species.
3. to comprehend the conduct of monkeys and gorillas in their regular settings.
4. is to find out about both the natural and social parts of humankind all throughout the
planet and all through time.
5. to apply anthropological information to help forestall or take care of issues of living
people groups, including destitution, substance addiction, and HIV/AIDS. 6

PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropologists across the subfields utilize exceptional points of view to direct their exploration.
These viewpoints make humanities unmistakable from related disciplines — like history, social
science, and brain research — that pose comparative inquiries about the past, social orders, and
human instinct. The key anthropological viewpoints are comprehensive quality, relativism,
correlation, and hands on work. There are likewise both logical and humanistic propensities
inside the discipline that, now and again, struggle with each other.

Holism

Anthropologists are keen all in all of mankind, in how different parts of life connect. One can't
completely see the value in being human by contemplating a solitary part of our mind-boggling

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narratives, dialects, bodies, or social orders. By utilizing a comprehensive methodology,
anthropologists request how various angles from human existence impact each other.

Cultural Relativism

the possibility that we should try to comprehend someone else's convictions and practices
according to the viewpoint of their way of life as opposed to our own. Anthropologists don't
pass judgment on different societies dependent on their qualities nor do they see alternate
methods of getting things done as second rate. All things being equal, anthropologists try to
comprehend individuals' convictions inside the framework they have for clarifying things.

Comparison

In cultural anthropology, we compare ideas, morals, practices, and systems within or between
cultures. We might compare the roles of men and women in different societies, or contrast how
different religious groups conflict within a given society.

Fieldwork

In Cultural Anthropology, field work is alluded to as ethnography, which is both the interaction
and aftereffect of social anthropological examination. The Greek expression "ethno" alludes to
individuals, and "graphy" alludes to composing. The ethnographic interaction includes the
exploration technique for member perception hands on work: you partake in individuals' lives,
while noticing them and taking field takes note of that, alongside interviews and reviews,
establish the examination information

SOCIOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE

Sociology is the scientific investigation of human culture and social behavior. Sociology is a
discipline in social sciences concerned about human society and human social activities.

Generally acknowledged meanings of social science concur that it is the logical or efficient
investigation of human culture. The attention is on comprehension and clarifying, and goes from
the person in friendly collaboration to gatherings to social orders and worldwide social process.

Exceptional to social science is its accentuation upon the complementary connection among
people and social orders as they impact and shape one another

Auguste Comte, a French social scholar, is generally known as the "Father of Sociology" as he
instituted the term 'Humanism' in 1839.

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NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY

As a discipline, sociology arose early in the nineteenth century in response to rapid social
change. Major transformations in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, such as rapid
industrialization resulting in a large, anonymous workforce.

With laborers investing the greater part of their energy away from families and customs; huge
scope urbanization all through Europe and the industrializing scene; and a political upset of
novel thoughts (singular rights and majority rule government), coordinated a focus on the idea
of social orders and social change.

The French social thinker Auguste Comte (1798– 1857) first coined the term sociology to
describe a new way of thinking about societies as systems governed by principles of
organization and change.

Most agree that Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), the French humanist, made the biggest
commitment to the development of social science as a social scientific discipline

Sociology has created as a worth free discipline. It is concerned with is, not with what should
be. Sociology is an empirical discipline like Physics, Chemistry, or Mathematics, and not as an
applied science like Engineering or Computer Science.

A Sociologist examinations society from various points and obtains information about society
and examples of social associations.

GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY

The ultimate goal of sociology is to acquire knowledge about society like all the other social
sciences discipline, as Samuel Koenig has pointed out the ultimate aim of sociology is ” to
improve man’s adjustment to life by developing objective knowledge concerning social
phenomena which can be used to deal effectively with social problems”.

1. to understand how membership in one’s social group affects individual behavior.

2. Understand how cultures and institutions interact in different societies.
3. to understand the meaning and consequences of modernity, postmodernity and the
new globalization.
4. Understand the causes and consequences of social change in terms of general causes
and effects as well as unique historical circumstances. .
5. To provide information that reflects upon different policy initiatives
6. Understand the causes and consequences of population composition and pressures and
how population affects the environment and development of societies.

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PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY

The fundamental knowledge of sociology is that human conduct is molded by the gatherings to
which individuals have a place and by the social communication that happens inside those
gatherings. We are what our identity is and we act the manner in which we do in light of the
fact that we end up living in a specific culture at a specific point in reality. Individuals will in
general acknowledge their social world unquestioningly, as something "regular." But the
sociological perspective empowers us to consider society to be a brief social item, made by
people and fit for being changed by them also.

The sociological perspective welcomes us to take a look at our recognizable environmental

factors in a new manner. It urges us to investigate the world we have consistently
underestimated, to analyze our social climate with the very interest that we may bring to an
extraordinary unfamiliar culture.

The study of Sociology drives us into spaces of society that we may somehow have disregarded
or misunderstood. Since our perspective is formed by our own experience and since individuals
with various social encounters have various meanings of social reality, sociology assists us with
liking perspectives other than our own and to see how these perspectives appeared.

Sociology likewise assists us with understanding ourselves better. Without the sociological
perspective (which has been known as the "sociological imagination"), individuals see the world
through their restricted insight of a little circle of family, companions, colleague. The sociological
imagination permits us to stand separated intellectually from our restricted insight and see the
connection between private concerns and social issues. It grants us to follow the connection
between the patterns and events of our own and the patterns and events of our society.

POLITICAL SCIENCE AS A DISCIPLINE

Political Science is the study of the nature, causes, and consequences of collective decisions and
actions taken by groups of people embedded in cultures and institutions that structure power
and authority.

In other words, Political Science is a social science discipline that deals with systems of
governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, associated constitutions
and political behavior.

NATURE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

Politics is not only a mere institution of governance but also a mechanism for achieving societal
goals. Nature of Political Science is a social science concerned with the theory and practice of
politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior.

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It incorporates matters concerning the portion and move of power in making decision, the jobs
and frameworks of administration including governments and worldwide associations, political
behavior and public policies.

Political Science is in this way an investigation of the state in the past, present and future of the
political organization, political cycles and political functions of political establishments and
political theories. Political Science has a few subfields, including political hypothesis, public
policy, public legislative issues, worldwide relations, human rights, natural governmental issues
and near legislative issues.

The forerunners of Western legislative issues can follow their underlying foundations back to
Greek scholars Socrates, Plato (427–347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC). The investigations were
theory arranged. Plato composed The Republic and Aristotle composed the Politics. Aristotle is
known as the Father of Political Science. He is well known for his assertion "Man is a political
animal".

GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

is the concern with the process of growth, industrialization and change and the impact
on government forms and policies.
is to describe how various political systems function, and to find more effective political
systems.
is to measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining many factors,
including stability, justice, material wealth, peace and public health.

POLITICAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE

is methodologically diverse and appropriates many methods originating in psychology,

social research, and cognitive neuroscience.
Approaches include positivism, interpretivism, rational choice theory, behaviouralism,
structuralism, post-structuralism, realism, institutionalism, and pluralism.
as one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of
inquiries sought: primary sources, such as historical documents and official records,
secondary sources, such as scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis,
case studies, experimental research, and model building..