CH#15

Molecular
Theory of
Gases
Q#1: The freezing point of mercury is -390C. Convert it into 0F, and the comfort level
temperature of 200C into Kelvin.
Data:-
i) Tc = -390C , TF = ?
ii) Tc = 200C , TK = ?
Solution:-
i) TF = 1.8Tc + 32 = 1.8(-39) + 32
TF = -38.20F
Ans1

ii) TK = Tc + 273 = 20 + 273

TF = 2930C
Ans2
Q#2: The boiling point of liquid nitrogen is -321 OF. Change it into equivalent Kelvin
temperature.
Data:-
TF = -3210F , TK = ?
Solution:-
TF = 1.8Tc + 32

𝑇𝐹 −32 −321−32
TC = 1.8
= 1.8

TC = -196.10C

TK = TC + 273 = -196.1+273
TK = 76.9K
Ans
Solve worked example#1 by yourself

Q#3: Calculate the volume occupied by a gram-mole of a gas at OOC and a pressure of 1.0
atmosphere.

Data:-
n = 1mol
T = 00C = 273K
P = 1atm = 1.01 x 105 Pa
V=?

Solution:-
PV = nRT

𝑛𝑅𝑇 1𝑥8.313𝑥273
V= 𝑃
= 1.01 𝑥 105

V = 0.0224m3 Ans
Solve worked example#3 by yourself
Q#4: An air storage tank whose volume is 112 liters contain 3kg of air at a pressure of 18
atmospheres. How much air would have to be forced into the tank to increase the pressure to 21
atmospheres, assuming no change in temperature?

Data:-
V1 = V2 = V= 112 lit
m1= 3Kg
P1=18atm
P2 = 21atm
∆m = m2 – m1 =?
Solution:-
According to Boyle’s Law
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
=
𝑚1 𝑚2

𝑃1 𝑉 𝑃2 𝑉
=
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑚𝑃2 3 𝑥 21
𝑚2 = 𝑃1
= 18

𝑚2 = 3.5Kg

∆m = m2 – m1 = 3.5 – 3 = 0.5Kg
∆m = 0.5Kg Ans
Solve worked example#2 by yourself
Q#5: A balloon contains 0.04m3 of air at a pressure of 120KPa. Calculate the pressure required to
reduce its volume to 0.025 m 3 at constant temperature.
Data:-
V1 = 0.04m3
P1= 120KPa
P2=?
V2 = 0.025m3
∆m = m2 – m1 =?
Solution:-
According to Boyle’s Law
P1V1 = P2V2
𝑃1 𝑉1
P2 = 𝑉2

120 𝑥 0.04
𝑃2 = 0.025

𝑃2 = 192KPa

OR
𝑷𝟐 = 1.92 x 𝟏𝟎𝟓 Pa Ans
Q#15.6: The molar mass of nitrogen gas N2 is 28gmol-l. For 100g of nitrogen, calculate.
(a) The number of moles.
(b) The volume occupied at room temperature (200C) and pressure of 1.01 x 105 Pa.
Data:-
Mass of Nitrogen m = 100g= 0.1Kg
Molecular mass of N2 M=28
(a) Number of moles of N2 n=?
(b) Volume V=? , T=200C =20+273K=293K , P = 1.01x105Pa
Solution:-
(a) For No.of Moles of N2 n
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 100
n = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 28

n = 3.57mol Ans1

(b) For volume V

PV = nRT
𝑛𝑅𝑇 3.57 𝑥 8.313 𝑥 293
V= =
𝑃 1.01 𝑥 105

V = 0.086m3 Ans2
Q#15.7: A sample of a gas contains 3.0 x 1024 atoms. Calculate the volume of the gas at a
temperature of 300K and a pressure of 120KPa.
Data:-
No.of Molecules N= 3 x 1024 atoms
T=300K
P=120KPa=1.2x105Pa
V=?
Solution:-

For n
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁
n= 𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
= 𝑁𝐴

3𝑥1024
n=
6.023 𝑥 1023

n = 4.98mol
For volume V
PV = nRT
𝑛𝑅𝑇 4.98 𝑥 8.313 𝑥 300
V= 𝑃
= 1.2 𝑥 105

V = 0.103m3 Ans
Q#15.8: Calculate the root mean square speed of hydrogen molecules at 00C and 1.0atm
pressure. Assuming hydrogen to be an ideal gas. The density of hydrogen is 8.99 x 10-2Kg/m3
Data:-
Vrms = ?
T = 00C = 273K
P=1atm= 1.01x105Pa
ρ = 8.99 x 10-2Kg/m3
Solution:-

3𝑃 3 𝑥 1.01 𝑥 105
Vrms = √ 𝜌 = √ 8.99 𝑥 10−2

Vrms = 1835.86m/s Ans

Q#15.9: Calculate the root mean square speed of hydrogen molecule at 500K (mass of proton =

1.67 x 10-27Kg and K = 1.38 x 10-23J/molecule.-K)

Data:-
Vrms = ?
T = 500K
K= 1.38x10-23J/mol.K
Mass of proton mp = 1.67 x 10-27Kg

Solution:-
Hydrogen molecule H2 have 2 protons
Mass of H2 molecule m = 2x1.67x10-27

m = 3.34 x 10-27Kg
3𝐾𝑇 3 𝑥 1.38 𝑥 10−23 𝑥 500
Vrms = √ =√
𝑚 3.34 𝑥 10−27

Vrms = 2489.29 m/s Ans

Solve worked example#4 by yourself

Q#15.10: (a) Determine the average value of the Kinetic energy of the particles of an ideal gas at
100C and at 400C.
(b) What is the Kinetic energy per mole of an ideal gas at these temperatures?

Data:-
a) K.E = ?
i) T = 100C = 10 + 273 = 283K
ii) T = 400C = 40 + 273 = 313K

𝐾.𝐸
b) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
=?
i) T = 100C = 10 + 273 = 283K
ii) T = 400C = 40 + 273 = 313K

Solution:-
a) For K.E of a Particle
At T= 100C =283K
3
K.E = 2 𝐾𝑇 = 1.5 x 1.38 x 10-23 x 283
 K.E = 5.86 x 10-21J/molecule Ans1

At T= 400C =313K
3
K.E = 𝐾𝑇 = 1.5 x 1.38 x 10-23 x 31
2
K.E = 6.48 x 10-21J/molecule Ans2

b) For K.E per mole

At T= 100C =283K
𝐾.𝐸 3
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 2 𝑅𝑇 = 1.5 x 8.313 x 283
𝐾.𝐸
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 3528.86 J/mol Ans3
At T= 400C =313K
𝐾.𝐸 3
= 𝑅𝑇 = 1.5 x 8.313 x 313
𝑚𝑜𝑙 2
𝐾.𝐸 Ans4
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 3903 J/mol
 CH#16
First Law of
Thermodynamics
Q#1: A gas undergoes isothermal expansion at a constant temperature of 300 K. If the gas
absorbs 500J of heat during the process, calculate the work done by the gas.
Data:
T = 300K
∆Q = 500 J
∆W = ?
Solution:-
For an isothermal process ∆U=0
According to First Law of Thermodynamics
∆Q = ∆U+∆W = 0 + ∆W
∆W =∆Q

∆W = 500J Ans

Q#2: A piston compresses a gas adiabatically. If the initial volume is 0.02m3 and the final
volume is 0.01m3, and the initial pressure is 200KPa, determine the final pressure. Assume the
gas behaves ideally.

Data:-
V1 = 0.02m3
V2 = 0.01m3
P1 = 200KPa
P2 = ?
Diatomic gases behaves like ideal gas at high temperature and low pressure therefor
Adiabatic constant ϒ = 1.4

Solution:-
Solve for Final Pressure:
P1V1ϒ = P2V2ϒ
𝛾
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑉1 ϒ
P2 = 𝛾 = P1 ( )
𝑉2 𝑉2
0.02
P2 = 200 ( 0.01 )1.4

P2 = 528KPa Ans
Q#3: A system undergoes an isobaric process where the pressure is kept constant at 150KPa. If
the volume increases from 0.05m3 to 0.08m3, calculate the heat added to the system. If increase in
internal energy is 1500J.
(Note: Internal energy is not given in the book without it question can’t be solve we made a
correction in the question)
Data:-
P=150KPa = 150 x 103 Pa
V1 = 0.05m3
V2 = 0.08m3
∆Q = ?
∆U = 150J

Solution:-
∆W = P∆V = P (V2 – V1)
∆W = 150 x 103 x (0.08 - 0.05)
∆W = 150 x 103 x 0.03

∆W = 4500J

According to First Law of Thermodynamics

∆Q = ∆U + ∆W
∆Q = 1500 + 4500J

∆Q = 6000J Ans

Q#4: During an isochoric process, the internal energy of a gas increases by 300 J. If no work is
done, determine the heat added to the system.
Data:
∆U = 300 J
∆W = 0J
∆Q = ?

Solution:-
In an isochoric process, the volume remains constant, so no work is done (∆W=0).
According to the first law of thermodynamics:
∆Q = ∆U + ∆W
∆Q = ∆U

∆Q = 300J Ans

Q#5: A gas undergoes a cyclic process, starting at point A with a volume of 0.02 m 3, going to B
(isochoric heating), then to C (isothermal expansion), and finally back to A. If the heat added
during isothermal expansion is 1000 J and the heat rejected during isochoric heating is 500 J,
calculate the net work done by the system.

Data:
Q1 = 1000 J
Q2 = 500 J
In a cyclic process, the net change in internal energy (∆U) is zero.
∆U = 0
According to the first law of thermodynamics
∆Q = ∆U + ∆W
∆Q = ∆W
∆W = Q1 – Q2
∆W = 1000 – 500

∆W = 500J Ans

Q#6: A gas expands from 0.03m3 to 0.06m3 against a constant pressure of 100KPa. Calculate the
work done in both a reversible and an irreversible process, and compare the results.
(Note: Given data is not enough to compare b/w reversible and irreversible workdone in
thermodynamic process under given conditions workdone will remain same)
Data:-
V1 = 0.03m3
V2 = 0.06m3
P =100KPa = 100 x 103 Pa
Work Done in an Irreversible Process ∆Wirrev = ?
Work Done in an reversible Process ∆Wrev = ?
Solution:-
∆Wrev = P∆V = 100 x 103 x (0.06 – 0.03)

∆Wrev = 3000J Ans 1

Under given conditions

∆Wirrev = ∆Wrev

∆Wrev = 3000J Ans 2

Q7: A 50g piece of copper at 1000C is placed in 200g of water at 200C. If the final temperature of
the system is 300C, calculate the specific heat capacity of copper. (Specific heat capacity of water
= 4.18J/g0C)
Data:
Mass of copper m1 = 50g
Mass of water m2 = 200g
Initial temperature of copper TCu = 1000C
Final temperature of the system T = 23.40C
Initial temperature of water Tw = 200C
Specific Heat of water Cw = 4.18J/g0C
Specific Heat of Copper CCu = ?

Solution:-
According to Law of Heat Exchange
Heat Lost by Copper = Heat Gain by Water
mCuCCu∆TCu = mWCW∆TW
mCuCCu (TCu – T) = mW CW (T - Tw)
𝑚 𝐶𝑤 (𝑇− 𝑇𝑊 )
CCu = 𝑚 𝑤
𝐶𝑢 (𝑇𝐶𝑢 − 𝑇𝑊 )

200 𝑥 4.18 𝑥 (30−20)

CCu = 50 𝑥 (100 − 30)

CCu = 2.39J/g0C Ans

Note: Specific heat of copper in real is 0.39J/g0C , there must be some error in given data
Q8: How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of lead from 250C to 1000C?
(Specific heat capacity of lead = 0.128 J/g0C).
Data:-

m=1Kg = 1000g
T1 = 250C

T2 = 1000C
C = 0.128 J/g C
Heat Required ∆Q = ?
∆Q = mC∆T = mC (T2 – T1)

∆Q = (1000) (0.128) (100 – 25)

∆Q = 9600J Ans
 CH#17
Second Law of
Thermodynamics
Q#1: A Carnot engine takes 2000J of heat from a reservoir a 500K does some work and discards
some heat at 350K. How much heat is discarded, how much work does the engine do, what is the
efficiency?
Data:-
Q1 = 2000J
T1 = 500K
T2 = 350K
Q2 = ?
∆W = ?

η=?
Solution:-
Find Efficiency
𝑇
η = (1 – 𝑇2 ) x 100
1

350
η = (1 – 500 ) x 100

η = 30% Ans1
Now Find Workdone ∆W
∆𝑊
η=( 𝑄1
)x 100

η 𝑄1 30 𝑥 2000
∆W = 100
= 100

∆W = 600J Ans 2

Now Find Heat discarded Q2

∆W = Q1 – Q2
Q2 = Q1 – ∆W
Q2 = 2000 – 600

Q2 = 1400J Ans3
Q#2:One kilogram of ice at 00C is melted and converted into water at 00C. Compute its change
in entropy. (Latent Heat of ice is 334 J/g or 334000J/Kg)

Data:-
m = 1Kg
T = 00C = 273K
Latent heat of ice Hf = 334000 J/Kg
∆S = ?

Solution:-
𝑄
∆S = 𝑇

Here Q = mHf
𝑚𝐻𝑓 1 𝑥 334000
∆S = 𝑇
= 273

∆S = 1220 J/K Ans

Q#3: In a high-pressure steam turbine engine, the steam is heated to 6000C and exhausted at
about 900C. What is the highest possible efficiency of an engine that operates between these two
temperatures?
Data:-
T1 = 6000C = 600 + 273 = 883K
T2 = 900C = 90 + 273 = 363K

η=?
Solution:-
𝑇
η = (1 – 𝑇2 ) x 100
1

363
η = (1 – 883 ) x 100

η = 58.4% Ans
Q#4: Temperature difference between the surface water and bottom water in Manchester Lake
might be 50C.Assuming the surface water to be at 200C. What highest efficiency a steam engine
could have if it operates between these two temperatures?
Data:-
T1 = 200C = 20 + 273 = 293K
∆T = 50C

η=?
Solution:-
𝑇
η = (1 – 𝑇2 ) x 100
1

𝑇1 − 𝑇2
η=( 𝑇1
) x 100

∆𝑇 5
η=( 𝑇1
) x 100 = ( 293 ) x 100

η = 1.7% Ans

Q#5: A heat engine works at the rate of 500KW. The efficiency of the engine is 30%. Calculate
the loss of heat per hour.
Data:-
Pout = 500KW = 500 x 103 W
∆Q
Loss of Heat per Hour = ? (J/hr)
𝑡
t = 1hr = 3600sec

η = 30%
Solution:-

For input power Pin

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
η= x 100
𝑃𝑖𝑛

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 500 𝑥 103

Pin = x 100 = x 100
𝐸 30

Pin = 1.67 x 106 W

For Power Loss ∆P

∆P = Pin – Pout = 1.67 x 106 – 500 x 103
 ∆P = 1.17 x 106W

∆Q
For
𝑡

∆Q
= ∆P = 1.17 x 106 W
𝑡
∆Q
𝑡
= 1.17 x 106 J/s [Hint: 1Watt = 1joule/second]

For Joule/hour
Multiple by 3600
∆Q
𝑡
= 1.17 x 106 x 3600 J/hr

∆Q Ans
𝑡
= 4.21 x 109 J/hr

Q#6: A heat engine performs work of 0.4166 watts in one hour and rejects 4500J of heat to the
sink. What is the efficiency of engine?
Data:-
Pout = 0.4166W
t = 1hr = 3600s

Q2 = 4500J
η=?
Solution:-
For Work done ∆W
∆W = Pout x t = 0.4166 x 3600

∆W = 1499.76 J

For Heat absorbed Q1

∆W = Q1 – Q2
Q1 = ∆W+Q2 = 1499.76 + 4500

Q1 = 5999.76J
Now Find Efficiency η
∆𝑊
η=( 𝑄1
) x 100

∆𝑊
η=( 𝑄1
) x 100

1499.76
η = ( 5999.76 ) x 100

η = 24.99%

Q#7: A Carnot engine operates between the temperatures 850K and 300K. The engine
performs 1200J of work in each cycle, which takes 0.25 sec
(a) What is the efficiency of this engine?
(b) What is the average power of this engine?
(c) How much energy is extracted as heat from the high temperature reservoir?
(d) How much energy is delivered as heat to the low temperature reservoir?
Data:-
T1 = 850K
T2 = 300K
∆𝑊 = 1200J
t = 0.25s
a) η=?
b) Power Pout = ?
c) Q1 = ?
d) Q2 = ?
Solution: -
a) For efficiency η
𝑇 300
η = (1 – 𝑇2 ) x 100 = (1 – 850 ) x 100
1

η = 64.7% Ans 1

b) For average Power Pout

∆𝑊 1200
Pout = = = 4800W
𝑡 0.25
 Pout = 4800W Ans 2

c) For energy extracted Q1

∆𝑊
η=( 𝑄1
) x 100

∆𝑊
Q1 = ( η
) x 100

1200
Q1 = ( 64.7
) x 100

Q1 = 1854.7 J Ans 3

d) For heat deliver Q2

∆W = Q1 – Q2
Q2 = Q1 – ∆W = 1854.7 – 1200

Q2 = 654.7 J Ans 4

Q#8: A Carnot engine absorbs 52KJ as heat and exhaust 36KJ as heat in each cycle. Calculate:

(a) The engine efficiency

(b) The work done per cycle in kilojoules.
Data:-
Q1 = 52KJ = 52000J
Q2 = 36KJ = 36000J
η=?
∆W = ?

Solution:-

For efficiency η
𝑄 36000
η = (1 – 𝑄2 ) x 100 = (1 – 52000 ) x 100
1

η = 30.76% Ans 1

For Workdone ∆W
∆𝑊
η=( 𝑄1
) x 100
 𝑄 𝜂 52000 𝑥 30.76
∆W = 100
1
=
100

∆W = 15995.2 J Ans 2
 CH#18
Magnetic Fields
Q#1: An aluminum window has a width of 60cm and
length of 85cm as shown in the
Figure.

a. When the window is closed the magnetic flux

density is 1.8 x 10-4T is normal to window.
b. Calculate the magnetic flux through the window.
Data:-
Width w = 60cm = 0.6m
Length L =85cm = 0.85m
Magnetic Flux Density B=1.8x10-4T
Flux is Normal to window θ = 0
Magnetic flux Ø = ?
Solution:-
Ø = B.A = B(L x w)Cosθ
Ø = (1.8x10-4)(0.85 x 0.6) Cos(0)

Ø = 9.18 x 10-5 Wb Ans

Q#2: The poles of a horse shoe magnet measures 8cm x 3.2cm.the magnetic flux density between
the magnet poles is 80mT. Outside of the magnet the magnetic flux density is zero. Calculate the
magnetic flux density between the poles of a magnet.
Note: Typographical mistake in book it must be magnetic flux rather than magnetic flux density
Data:-
Area A=8cm x 3.2cm = 0.08 x 0.032= 2.56 x 10-3 m2
B = 80mT =80 x 10-3T
Ø = BA = 80 x 10-3 x 2.56 x 10-3

Ø = 2.048 x 10-4 Wb Ans

Q#3: A wire 1.80 m long carries a current of 13.0A and makes an angle of 350 with a uniform
magnetic field of magnitude B = 1.50T. Calculate the magnetic force on the wire.
Data:-
L = 1.8m
I = 13.0A
θ = 350
B = 1.50T
F=?

Solution:-
F = BILSinθ
F = (1.50)(13.0)(1.8)Sin(30)

F = 17.55N Ans

Q#4: A solenoid has length L = 1.23 m and inner diameter d = 3.55 cm, and it carries a current
I= 5.57 A. It consists of five close-packed layers, each with 850 turns along length L. What is B
at its center?
Data:-
L =1.23
d = 3.55cm = 0.0355m
I = 5.57A
number of layers =5
Number of turns each layer = 850
B=?

Solution:-
For total turns N
N = (number of layers) x (Number of turns)
N = 5 x 850

N=4250
For Magnetic Field B
µ𝟎 𝑵𝑰 𝟒𝝅 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒙𝟒𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒙 𝟓.𝟓𝟕
B= 𝑳
= 𝟏.𝟐𝟑

B = 0.0241T Ans

Q#5: A moving coil galvanometer has resistance of 50Ω and it gives full scale deflection at 4mA
current. A voltmeter is made using this galvanometer and a 5KΩ resistance. Calculate the
maximum voltage that can be measured using this voltmeter.
Data:-
Rg = 50 Ω
Ig = 4mA = 4 x 10-3A
Rx = 5KΩ = 5 x 103Ω
V=?
Solution:-
𝑉
Rx = - Rg
𝐼𝑔

V = Ig(Rx+Rg)
V = 4x10-3(5x103+50)

V = 20.2v Ans

Q#6: Compute the magnitude of the magnetic field of a long, straight wire carrying a current of
1A at distance of 1m from it. Compare it with Earth's magnetic field. (Earth’s Magnetic Field is
Be = 50µT)
Data:-
I = 1A
Radial distance r =1m
Earth magnetic field Be = 50µT =50x10-6 T
𝐵𝑒
Comparison of Be and B 𝐵
=?

Solution:-
µ0 𝐼 4𝜋 𝑥10−7 𝑥 1
B= =
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑥1

B = 2 x 10-7T
For
𝐵𝑒 50 𝑥 10−6
𝐵
= 2𝑥10−7

𝐵𝑒
𝐵
= 250

Result: Magnetic Field of Earth is 250times stronger than the magnetic field of wire.

Q#7: Find the current in a long straight wire that would produce a magnetic field twice strength
of the Earth's at a distance of 5.0cm from the wire. (Magnetic field of Earth Be=5.0x 10-5T)

Data:-
I=?
B = 2Be
r = 5cm = 0.05m
Be = 5.0x10-5T
Solution:-
µ 𝐼
B = 2𝜋𝑟
0

µ0 𝐼
2 Be = 2𝜋𝑟
2𝐵𝑒 𝑥 2𝜋𝑟
I= µ0

2(5𝑥10−5 ) 𝑥 2(𝜋)(0.05)
I= 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7

I = 25A Ans

Q8: What is flux density at a distance of 0.1m in air from a long straight conductor carrying a
current of 6.5 A. calculate the force per meter on a
similar parallel conductor at a distance of 0.1m from the
first and carrying a current of 3A.
Data:-
B=?
r = 0.1m
I1 =6.5A
𝐹
Force per meter 𝐿 = ?

I2 = 3A
Conductors are parallel therefor magnetic field and Length of conductor are perpendicular
θ = 900

Solution:-
For Magnetic Field B
µ 𝐼 4𝜋 𝑥10−7 𝑥 6.5
B = 2𝜋𝑟
0
= 2𝜋𝑥0.1

B = 1.3x10-5T Ans1

For Force per meter F/L

F = BI2LSinθ
𝐹
𝐿
= BI2Sinθ = (1.3x10-5)(3)Sin(90)

𝐹 Ans2
𝐿
= 3.9x10-5 N/m
 CH#19
Electromagnetic
Induction
Q#1: Two coils are placed adjacent to each other, and a change in current in the first coil

induces an emf of 0.5 V in the second coil. If the mutual inductance is 0.2 H, calculate
the rate of change of current in the first coil.

Data:-
Es = 0.5V
M = 0.2H
∆𝐼𝑝
=?
∆𝑡

Solution:-
∆𝐼𝑝
Es = - M
∆𝒕
∆𝐼𝑝 𝐸𝑠 0.5
=- =-
∆𝑡 𝑀 0.2

∆𝐼𝑝
= - 2.5 A/s
∆𝑡 Ans

Q#2: A coil with an inductance of 0.5 H experiences a rate of change of current of 2 A/s.
Calculate the induced EMF in the coil.
Data:-
L = 0.5H
∆𝐼
= 2A/s
∆𝑡
E=?

Solution:-
∆𝐼
E=-L
∆𝑡
E = - 0.5 x 2

E = - 1V Ans
Q#3: Two coils are placed close to each other. If a change in current of 3A/s in the first coil

Induces an EMF of 4 V in the second coil, calculate the mutual inductance.

Data:-
∆𝐼𝑝
= 3A/s
∆𝑡
Ep = 4V
M=?
Solution:-
∆𝐼𝑝
Es = - M
∆𝒕
𝐸𝑠 4
M=- ∆𝐼𝑝 = = -1.33H
3
∆𝑡

Neglect negative sign

M = 1.33H Ans

Q#4: A transformer has 200 turns in the primary coil and 400 turns in the secondary coil. If
the primary voltage is 120 V, calculate the secondary voltage for a step-up transformer.
Data:-
Np = 200
Ns = 400
Vp = 120V
Vs = ?
Solution:-
𝑉𝑠 𝑁
𝑉𝑝
= 𝑁𝑠
𝑝

𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑠 120 𝑥 400
Vs = 𝑁𝑝
= 200

Vs = 240V Ans
Q#5: An inductor with an inductance of 0.02H has a current flowing through it of 2A.

Calculate the energy stored in the inductor.

Data:-

L = 0.02H
I = 2A
Energy E =?
Solution:-
1
E = 2 L 𝐼 2 = 0.5 x 0.02 x (2)2

E = 0.04J Ans

Q#6: A coil stores energy in form of electric potential energy of 0.2J when it carries a current
of 2A. Calculate the inductance of coil.
Data:-
Energy E = 0.2J
I = 2A
L=?
Solution:-
1
E= L 𝐼2
2

2𝐸 2(0.2)
L= 𝐼2
= (2)2

L = 0.1H Ans

Q#7: An AC generator produces an alternating current with a maximum voltage of 240 V. If

the frequency of the generated AC is 50 Hz, calculate the peak value of the voltage.
Data:-
Maximum voltage Vm = 240V
Peak voltage Vp = ?
Solution:-
Maximum voltage and peak voltage is same thing
Note: Maximum voltage and peak voltage is same thing
Vm = Vp =240V

Vp = 240V Ans

Q#7: Rephrased
An AC generator produces an alternating current with a rms voltage of 240 V. If the frequency of
the generated AC is 50 Hz, calculate the peak value of the voltage.
Data:-
rms voltage Vrms = 240V
Peak voltage Vp = ?

Solution:-

Vp = Vrms x √2 = 240 x √2

Vp = 339.4V Ans

Q#8: A transformer has 1000 turns in its primary coil and 200 turns in its secondary coil. If

the primary voltage is 120 V, calculate the secondary voltage for a step-down transformer.
Data:-
Np = 1000
Ns = 200
Vp = 120V
Vs = ?
Solution:-
𝑉𝑠 𝑁
𝑉𝑝
= 𝑁𝑠
𝑝

𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑠 120 𝑥 200
Vs = =
𝑁𝑝 1000

Vs = 24V Ans
Q#9: A conductor of length 0.4 m moves at a velocity of 5 m/s perpendicular to a magnetic

field of 0.3 T. Calculate the motional EMF induced in the conductor.

Data:-
L = 0.4m
v = 5m/s
Perpendicular θ = 900
B = 0.3T
E=?
Solution:-
E = vBLSinθ = 5 x 0.3 x 0.4 x Sin(90)

E = 0.6V Ans
 CH#20
Alternating
Current
Q#1: A resistor (R) of 20 ohms is connected in series with a capacitor (C) of 10µF in an AC
circuit with a frequency of 50 Hz. Calculate the total impedance?
Data:-
R = 20Ω

C = 10 µF = 10 x 10−6F
f = 50Hz
total Impedance Z = ?

Solution:-
For Xc:
1 1
Xc = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 = 2𝜋(50)(10 𝑥 10−6 )

Xc = 318.31 Ω

Z = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝑐2 = √202 + 318.312

Z = 318.9 Ω Ans

Q#2: For an inductor with an inductance (L) of 0.5 H and a frequency of 100 Hz, calculate the
inductive reactance?
Data:-
L = 0.5H
f = 100Hz
XL = ?
Solution:-
XL = 2𝜋fL = 2𝜋(100)(0.5)

XL = 314.16Ω Ans
Q#3: In an RL circuit, the resistance (R) is 30 ohms, and the inductance (L) is 0.2 H. Calculate
the total impedance at a frequency of 60 Hz?
Data:-
R = 30Ω
L = 0.2H
f = 60Hz
Z=?

Solution:-
For XL:
XL = 2𝜋fL = 2𝜋(60)(0.2)
XL =75.4Ω
For Z:

Z = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝑐2 = √302 + 75.42

Z = 81.14 Ω Ans

Q#4: In an RC circuit, the resistance (R) is 50 ohms, and the capacitance (C) is 20µF.Calculate
the capacitive reactance? (Frequency is missing we consider it 50Hz)
Data:-
R = 50 Ω
C = 20µF
XC = ?
f = 50Hz
Solution:-
1 1
Xc = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 = 2𝜋(50)(20 𝑥 10−6 )

Xc = 159.15 Ω Ans
Q#5: An AC circuit has a resistance of 40 ohms, an inductive reactance of 30 ohms, and a
capacitive reactance of 20 ohms. Draw the impedance triangle and calculate the total impedance?
Data:
R = 40Ω
XL = 30Ω
Xc = 20Ω
Draw impedance triangle
Z=?
Solution:-
For Z:

Z = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 = √402 + (30 − 20)2

Z = 41.23Ω Ans

For impedance triangle:

Let 10Ω = 1cm
Therefore R=4cm , XL= 3cm , XC = 2cm
But X = XL – XC = 3 – 2 = 1cm
Therefore
X =1cm=10Ω

R = 4cm = 40 Ω

Q#6: In a series RL circuit, the resistance (R) is 25 ohms, and the inductance (L) is 0.1H.
Calculate the phase angle and impedance at a frequency of 80 Hz?
Data:-
R = 25Ω
L = 0.1H
Phase angle Ø = ?
Z=?
f = 80Hz
Solution:-
For XL:
XL = 2𝜋fL = 2𝜋(80)(0.1)

XL = 50.26Ω

For Z:

Z = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2 = √252 + 50.262

Z = 56.13 Ω
For Phase angle Ø:
𝑋 50.26
Ø = tan−1 = tan−1 ( )
𝑅 25

Ø = 63.50 Ans2

Q#7: In a parallel RC circuit, the resistance (R) is 60 ohms, and the capacitance (C) is 30µF.
Calculate the total current flowing through the circuit at a frequency of 120 Hz? (Voltages is
missing in the question let voltage V=60V)
Data:-
R = 60Ω
C = 30µF
Total current I = ?
f = 120Hz
V = 60V
Solution:-
For XC:
1 1
XC = =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2𝜋(120)(30 𝑥 10−6 )

XC = 44.2 Ω

For IR:
𝑉 60
IR = 𝑅 = 60

IR = 1A
For IC:
𝑉 60
IR = 𝑋 = 44.2
𝑐

IR = 1.35A

For Total Current I:

I = √𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝐶2 = √1.352 + 12

I = 1.68A Ans

Q#8: In an RLC circuit, the resistance (R) is 50 ohms, the inductance (L) is 0.1 H, and the
capacitance (C) is 50µF. Calculate the resonance frequency?
Data:-
R = 50Ω
L =0.1H
C = 50µF
f=?

Solution:-
1 1
f= =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 2𝜋√0.1 𝑥 50𝑥10−6

f = 71.17Hz Ans
CH#21
Physics of
Solids
Q#1: The 'lead' in pencils is a graphite composition with a Young's modulus of 1.0 x 109 N/m2.
Calculate the change in length of the lead in an automatic pencil if you tap it straight into the
pencil with a force of 4.0N. The lead is 0.50 mm in diameter and 60mm long.
Data:-
Y = 1.0 x 109 N/m2
∆L = ?
F = 4.0N
d = 0.50mm = 0.5 x 10-3m
L = 60mm = 0.06m

Solution:-
For Area A:
𝑑
A = 𝜋 𝑟 2 = 𝜋 ( 2 )2

0.5 𝑥 10−3 2
A=𝜋( )
2

A = 1.96 x 10-7 m2

For ∆L:
𝐹𝑥𝐿
Y=
∆L x A
𝐹𝑥𝐿
∆L =
YxA
4 𝑥 0.06
∆L =
1.0x109 x 1.96x10−7

∆L = 1.22 x 10-3m Ans

Q#2: A wire of 2.2 m long and 2.25 mm in diameter, when stretched by a weight of 8.8 kg, its
length has been increased by 0.25 mm. Find the stress, strain, and Young's modulus of the
material of the wire. Given g = 9.8 m/s2.
Data:-
L = 2.2m
d = 2.25mm = 2.25 x 10-3m
m = 8.8Kg
∆L = 0.25mm = 0.25 x 10-3m
Stress =?
∆𝐿
Strain =?
L
Y=?

Solution:-
For Stress:
𝐹 𝑚𝑔 8.8 𝑥 9.8
Stress = = 𝑑 = 2.25 𝑥 10−3 2
A π( )2 3.14 ( )
2 2

Stress = 2.17 x 107 N/m2 Ans1

For Strain:
∆𝐿 0.25 x 10−3
Strain = =
L 2.2

Strain =1.13 x 10-4 Ans2

For Y:
𝐹𝑥𝐿 𝑚𝑔 𝑥 𝐿
Y= = 𝑑
∆L x A ∆L x π( )2
2

8.8𝑥9.8 𝑥 2.2
Y= 2.25 𝑥 10−3 2
0.25 x 10−3 x 3.14 ( )
2

Y = 1.9 x 1011N/m2 Ans3

Q#3: A farmer making juice, fills a glass bottle to the brim and caps it tightly. The juice expands
more than the glass when it warms up, in such a way that the volume increases by 0.2%
∆𝑽
(i.e = 𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ) relative to the space available. Calculate the normal force exerted by the juice
𝑽𝟎
per square centimeter, if its bulk modulus is 1.8 x 109 N/m2. Assuming that the bottle does not
break.
Data:-
∆𝑽
𝑽𝟎
= 𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑

𝐹
= ? (N/cm2)
A
Bulk modulus B = 1.8 x 109 N/m2

Solution:-
𝐹
B= 𝐴
∆𝑽
𝑽𝟎

𝐹
𝐴
=B(𝑽
∆𝑽
) = 1.8 x 109 x 2 x 10-3
𝟎

𝐹
𝐴
= 3.6 x 106 N/m2

For N/cm2 :
𝐹 3.6 𝑥 106
= N/cm2 [Hint: 1m =100cm , 1m2 = 10000cm2]
𝐴 10000
𝐹
= 360 N/cm2
𝐴

Q#4: The elastic limit of copper is 1.5 x 108 N/m2. It is to be stretched by a load of 10Kg. Find
the diameter of the wire if the elastic limit is not to be exceeded.
Data:-
Elastic limit σ = 1.5 x 108 N/m2
m = 10Kg
d=?
Solution:-
Within Elastic Limit Elastic Limit = Max.Stress
𝐹
σ=
𝐴
𝐹 𝑚𝑔 10 𝑥 9.8
A= = = = 6.53 x 10-7m2
σ σ 1.5 x 108
πr2 = 6.53 x 10-7
6.53 𝑥 10−7
r2 = π
r2= 2.08 x 10-7

Square root both sides

r = 4.56 x 10-4 m
d = 2r = 2 x 4.56 x 10-4

d = 9.12 x 10-4m Ans

Q#5: What would be the greatest length of a steel wire which is fixed at one end, and can it be
hanged freely without breaking? The breaking stress of steel is 7.8 x 108 N/m2, and the density of
steel is 7800 kg/m3.
Data:-
L=?

Breaking Stress σB = 7.8 x 108 N/m2

Density ρ = 7800 Kg/m3

Solution:-
F= mg = ρVg = ρALg
ρALg
σB = 𝐹𝐴 = 𝐴
= ρLg

σB = ρLg
σ𝐵 7.8 x 108
L= =
ρg 7800 x 9.8

L = 1.02 x 104m Ans

Q#6: A mild steel wire of radius 0.55 mm and length 3.5 m is stretched by a force of 52 N.
Calculate:
a) Longitudinal stress
b) Longitudinal strain
c) Elongation produced in the wire if Young's modulus is 2.1 x 1011 N/m2.
Data:-

r = 0.55mm = 0.55 x 10−3 m

L = 3.5m

F = 52N

Y = 2.1 x 1011 N/m2

a) Longitudinal stress σL = ?
∆𝐿
b) Longitudinal Strain 𝐿
=?

c) ∆L = ? ,
Solution:-

a) For σL
𝐹 𝐹 52
σL = 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟2 = 3.14 𝑥 (0.55 𝑥 10−3)2

σL = 5.47 x 107 N/m2 Ans1

∆𝐿
b) For 𝐿
:

𝐹𝑥𝐿
Y=
∆L x A
1 𝐹 1
∆𝐿
𝐿
= 𝑥 = x σL = 2.1 x11011 𝑥 5.47 x 107
Y A Y

∆𝐿 Ans2
𝐿
= 2.6 x 10−4

c) For ∆L:
∆𝐿
𝐿
= 2.6 x 10−4

∆L = L x 2.6 x 10-4 = 3.5 x 2.6 x 10−4

∆L = 9.1 x 10−4 m Ans

Q#7: Calculate the change in volume of a lead block of volume 1.3 m3 subjected to a pressure of
12atm. Also, calculate the compressibility of lead. Given the bulk modulus as B=80x109N/m2.
Data:-
∆V = ?
V = 1.3m3
∆P = 12atm = 12 x 1.01 x 105 = 12.12 x 105 Pa
Compressibility K=?
B=80x109N/m2

Solution:-
For ∆V:
𝐹 ∆𝑃
B= 𝐴 = ∆𝑽
∆𝑽 𝑽
𝑽
 ∆𝑃𝑉 12.12 𝑥 105
∆V = =
𝐵 80 𝑥 109

∆V = 1.96 x 10−5m3 Ans1

For 𝐾:
Compressibility is reciprocal of Bulk modulus
1 1
K= =
𝐵 80 𝑥 109

K = 1.25 𝑥 10−11 m2/N Ans2

Q#8: The thickness of a metal plate is 0.35 inches. It's drilled to have a hole of radius 0.08 inches
on the plate. If the shear strength is 4 x 104 lbs/in2, determine the force needed to make that hole.
Data:-
Thickness t = 0.35inch
Radius r = 0.08inch

Shear strength τ = 4 x 104 lbs/in2

Force F =?

Solution:-
𝐹
τ=
A
F = τ A …..(i)
Find Area A
Area of a hole that’s shear by the force
A = 2πr x t = 2π(0.08) x 0.35

A = 0.176in2

Put in equation (i)

F = τ A = (4 x 104) (0.176)

F = 7040lb Ans
CH#22
Solid State
Physics
Q#1: A Ge diode has a voltage drop of 0.4V when a current of 12mA flows through it. If a 470
Ohm resistor is connected in series with the diode, what battery voltage is required for same
current to flow?

Data:-

VD = 0.4V
I = 12mA = 12 x 10-3A
R = 470Ω
V=?

Solution:-

For VR:

VR = IR = 12 x 10-3 x 470

VR = 5.64V
For V:

V = VD + VR = 0.4 + 5.64 =6.04

V = 6.04V Ans

Q#2: A semiconductor diode laser has a peak emission wavelength of 1.55 µm. Find its band
gap in eV.

Data:-

λ = 1.55µm = 1.55 x 10-6 m

Band gap E = ? (eV)
Solution:-

Use Plank’s Equation for Energy of Photon

𝐶ℎ 3 𝑥 108 𝑥 6.63 𝑥 10−34
E= 𝜆
= 1.55 𝑥 10−6

E = 1.28 x 10-19 J
For eV [Hint:1eV =1.6 x 10-19J]
1.28 𝑥 10−19
E= 1.6 𝑥 10−19

E = 0.8V Ans
Q#3: Calculate the current through 48Ω resistor in the circuit shown in Fig. (i). Assume the
diodes to be of silicon and forward resistance of each diode is 1Ω.

Data:-
R = 48Ω
Resistance of diodes RD1 = RD2 = 1Ω
I=?
V = 10V
VD1 = VD2 = 0.7V

Solution:-
Total Resistance of the circuit is RT Equivalent Resistance circuit
RT = RD1 + R + RD2
RT = 1 + 48 + 1 = 50Ω

RT = 50 Ω

Total Voltage drop across diodes is VD

VD = VD1 + VD2 = 0.7 + 0.7

VD = 1.4V

V = IRT + VD
V - VD = IRT
𝑉− 𝑉𝐷 10 − 1 .4
I= 𝑅𝑇
= 50

I = 0.172A Ans
Q#4: Find the voltage VA in the circuit shown in Fig.(i). Use simplified model.

Data:-
V = 20V
VA = ?
R = 3KΩ = 3000Ω

Solution:-
Voltage drop for forward current across Si and Ge Diode is 0.7V and 0.3V respectively, therefor as
the voltage across Ge Diode reaches 0.3V the Si Diode behave as open path and no current flows
through it.
Equivalent Circuit
From equivalent circuit
VA = V – 0.3 = 20 – 0.3

VA = 19.6V Ans

Q#5: In a common base connection, IE = lmA, Ic = 0.95mA. Calculate the value of IB.
Data:-
IE = 1mA
IC = 0.95mA
IE = ?

Solution:-
IE = IB + IC
IB = IE – IC = 1 – 0.95

IB = 0.05mA Ans
Q#6: Find the value of β if (i) α = 0.9 (ii) α = 0.98 (iii) α = 0.99

Data:-
i. β = ? , α = 0.9
ii. β = ? , α = 0.98
iii. β = ? , α = 0.99

Solution:-
𝛼 0.9
i. β = 1− 𝛼 = 1− 0.9 = 9

β=9 Ans1

𝛼 0.9
ii. β = 1− 𝛼 = 1− 0.9 = 49

β = 49 Ans2

𝛼 0.9
iii. β = 1− 𝛼 = 1− 0.9 = 99

β = 99 Ans3

Q#7: Calculate IE in a transistor for which β = 50 and IB = 20µA

Data:-
IE = ?
β = 50
IB = 20µA
Solution:-
IE = IB + IC
IE = IB + β IB [ here IC = β IB ]
IE = IB (1 + β ) = `20 (1 + 50) = 1020 µA

IE = 1.02mA Ans
Q#8: Find α rating of the transistor shown in Figure, Hence determine the value of IC using
both α and β rating of the transistor.

Data:-
α=?
IC = ? (use α and β)
IB = 240µA = 0.24mA
IE = 12mA
β = 49
Solution:-
For α :
𝛽 49
α = 𝛽+1 = 49 + 1

α = 0.98 Ans1

For IC using α
IC = α IE = (0.98) (12) = 11.76mA

IC = 11.76mA Ans2

For IC using β
IC = β IB = (49) (0.24) = 11.76mA

IC = 11.76mA Ans3
CH#23
Digital
Electronics
No Numerical in this
Chapter
CH#24
Relativity
Q#1: A rod 1 meter long is moving along its length with a velocity 0.6C. Calculate its length as
it appears to an observer (a) on the earth (b) moving with the rod itself.
Data:
L0 = 1m
V = 0.6C
a) Length with respect to observer at rest L=?
b) Length with respect to observer moving with rod L=?

Solution:-
a) For Length with respect to observer at rest L:
𝑉 0.6 𝐶 2
L = L0√1 − ( 𝐶 )2 = 1√1 − ( 𝐶
)

L = √1 − ( 0.6 )2

L = 0.8m Ans1

b) For Length with respect to observer moving with rod L:

V is the relative velocity of observer and moving rod in this case

V=0
Therefor
𝑉 0
L = L0√1 − ( 𝐶 )2 = L0√1 − ( 𝐶 )2

L = L0
No change in length observe

L = 1m Ans

Q#2: How fast would a rocket have to go relative to an observer for its length to be contracted to
99% of its length at rest?

Data:-
V=?
99
L = 99%L0 = 100 L0 =0.99L0
Solution:-

𝑉
L = L0√1 − ( )2
𝐶

𝑉
0.99 L0 = L0 √1 − ( 𝐶 )2

0.99𝐿𝑜 𝑉
𝐿𝑜
= √1 − ( 𝐶 )2

𝑉
0.99 = √1 − ( 𝐶 )2

Squaring both sides

𝑉
0.9801 = 1 − ( 𝐶 )2
𝑉
( )2 = 1 − 0.9801
𝐶
𝑉
( 𝐶 )2 = 0.0199

𝑉 2 = 0.0199𝐶 2
Square root both sides

V = 0.141C Ans

OR V = 0.141 x 3 x 108

V = 4.23x105 m/s Ans

Q#3: A particle with a proper lifetime of lµs moves through the laboratory at 2.7 x 10 8 m/s.
(a) What is its lifetime, as measured by observers in the laboratory?
(b) What will be the distance traversed by it before disintegrating?
Data:-
t0 = 1µs = 1 x 10−6 s

V = 2.7 x 108 s
t=?
Distance traveled S = ?

Solution:-
For t :
 𝑡𝑜 1 𝑥 10−6
t= 𝑉 2
= 8
√1− ( ) √1− ( 2.7 𝑥 108 )2
𝐶 3 𝑥 10

t = 2.3 x 10−6 s Ans

For S:
S = Vt = 2.7 x 108 x 2.3 x 10−6

S = 621m Ans

Q#4: At what speed is a particle moving if the mass is equal to three times its rest mass?
Data:-
V=?
m = 3mo
Solution:-
𝑚𝑜
m= 𝑉 2
√1− ( )
𝐶

𝑚𝑜
3𝑚𝑜 = 𝑉 2
√1− ( )
𝐶

𝑉 1
√1 − ( )2 =
𝐶 3

Squaring both sides

𝑉 1
1 − ( 𝐶 )2 = 9
𝑉 1 9−1 8
( 𝐶 )2 = 1 − = = 9 = 0.89
9 9

𝑉 2 = 0.89𝐶 2
Square root both sides

V = 0.942C Ans
Q#5: If 4 kg of a substance is fully converted into energy, how much energy is produced?
Data:-
m = 4Kg
E=?
Solution:-

E = m 𝐶 2 = 4 (3 x 108 )2

E = 3.6 x 1017 J Ans

Q#6: Calculate the rest energy of an electron in joules and in electron volts.
Data:-
Energy of electron E = ? (J)
Energy of electron E = ? (eV)
Mass of electron m = 9.1 x 10−31 Kg

Solution:-
For energy in Joules

E = m𝐶 2 = 9.1 x 10−31 (3 x 108 )2

E = 8.2 𝑥 10−14 J Ans

For energy in eV
8.2 𝑥 10−14
E = 1.6 𝑥 10−19 = 5.11 𝑥 105 eV

E = 0.511 𝑥 106 eV

𝐸 = 0.511𝑀𝑒𝑉 Ans
Q#7: Calculate the K.E. of an electron moving with a velocity of 0.98 times the velocity of light
in the laboratory system.

Data:-
K.E = ?
Rest mass of Electron mo = 9.1 x 10−31 Kg
V = 0.98C

Solution:-
For 𝛾
1 1
𝛾= =
𝑉 0.98𝐶 2
√1−( )2 √1−( )
𝐶 𝐶

𝛾 = 5.025

For K.E:

K.E = m0𝐶 2 ( 𝛾 − 1 ) = 9.1 x 10−31 ( 3 𝑥 108 )2 (5.025 -1)

K.E = 3.3 10−13 J Ans

Q#8: At what velocity does the K.E. of a particle equal its rest energy?
Data:-
V=?
K.E = E0

Solution:-
K.E = E0 ( 𝛾 − 1 )
E0 = E0 ( 𝛾 − 1 )

1= 𝛾−1
1+1 = 𝛾
2=𝛾
1
2=
𝑉
√1−( )2
𝐶
 𝑉 1
√1 − ( )2 =
𝐶 2

Squaring both sides

𝑉 1
1 − (𝐶 )2 = 4
1 𝑉
1 − 4 = (𝐶 )2

𝑉2 3
𝐶2
=4
3
𝑉2 = 4 𝐶2

Square root both sides

√3
V= 2
C
Ans

Q#9: A particle of rest mass m o moves with speed C/√𝟐 . Calculate its mass, momentum, total
energy and kinetic energy.
Data:-
Rest mass of particle m0
𝐶
V=
√2

i. m=?
ii. Momentum P = ?
iii. E=?
iv. K.E = ?
Solution:-
For 𝛾
1 1
𝛾= =
𝑉 𝐶
√1−( )2
𝐶 √
1−( √2 )2
𝐶

1 1 1
𝛾= = 2
= 1
𝐶
√1−( 𝐶 2 ) √1−
√ 2𝐶 2
1−( √2 )2
𝐶

1 1
𝛾= 2−1
= 1
√ √
2 2

𝛾 = √2
 i) For Mass m

m = 𝛾m0 =√2 m0

m = √2 m0 Ans1

ii) For Momentum P

𝐶 √2 𝑚0 𝐶
P = mV = 𝛾m0 =
√2 √2

P = m0C Ans2

iii) For Energy E

E = m𝐶 2 = 𝛾m0𝐶 2 = √2 m0𝐶 2

E = √2 m0𝐶 2 Ans3

iv) For K.E

K.E = E0 ( 𝛾 − 1 ) = E0 (√2 – 1)

K.E = 0.414m0𝐶 2 Ans4

Q#10: The nearest star to Earth is Proximal Centauri, 4.31ight- years away. A spaceship with a
constant speed of 0.800c relative to the Earth travels toward the star.
(a) How long does the trip take according to Earth observers?
(b) How much time would elapse on a clock as measured by travelers on the spacecraft?

Data:-
V = 0.8C
Distance to the star S = 4.31light year =4.3C years
a) Time relative to Earth tE=?
b) Time measured on spacecraft tS = ?

Solution:-
a) Time relative to Earth tE=?
S = V tE
𝑆 4.3𝐶 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
tE=𝑉 = 0.8𝐶
 tE=5.375 years Ans1

b) Time measured on spacecraft tS = ?

tE = 𝛾 tS

𝑡𝐸 𝑉
tS = 𝛾
= √1 − (𝐶 )2 (tE)

0.8𝐶 2
tS = √1 − ( 𝐶
) (5.375years)

tS = √1 − 0.82 (5.375years)

tS = 3.225years Ans2
CH#25
Quantum
Physics
Q#1: The Sun's surface temperature is 5700 K.

(i) How much power Intensity (Power per unit area) is radiated by the Sun?
(ii) Given that the distance to Earth is about 200 Sun radii, what is the maximum power
possible from one square kilometer solar energy installation?
(iii) What is the wavelength of maximum intensity of solar radiation?
Data:-
T = 5700K
(i) Intensity radiated by Sun IS = ?
(ii) Distance to Earth d = 200Rs
Area A= (1Km)2 = (1000m)2 = 1 x106 𝑚2
P=?

(iii) Wavelength λmax = ?

Solution:-
(i) For Intensity IS:
IS = 𝜎 𝑇 4

IS = 𝜎 𝑇 4 = 5.67 x 10−8 (57004)

IS = 5.98 x 107 W/m2 Ans1

(ii) For Power on Earth PE:

According to inverse square law for intensity
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑢𝑛
= 𝑅𝑆2 = (200𝑅𝑆 2
𝐸 𝑆)

𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝑆2 1
= =
𝐼𝑆 40000𝑅𝑆2 40000

𝐼𝑆 5.98 𝑥 107
IE = =
40000 40000

IE = 1.5 𝑥 103 𝑊/𝑚2

Now PE = 𝐼𝐸 𝐴 = 1.5 x 103 x 1 x106

PE = 1.5 x 109 W Ans2

 (iii) For Wavelength λmax :
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 2.9𝑥 10−3
λmax = 𝑇
= 5700

λmax = 5.08 𝑥 10−7 Ans3

Q#2: The temperature of your skin is approximately 320C. What is the wavelength at which the
peak occurs in the radiation emitted from your skin?
Data:-
T = 320C = 32 + 273 = 305K
λmax = ?

Solution:-
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 2.9 𝑥 10−3
λmax = 𝑇
= 305

λmax = 9.5 𝑥 10−6 𝑚 Ans

Q#3: A FM radio transmitter has a power output of 100 kW and operates at a frequency of
94MHz, How many photons per second does the transmitter emit?

Data:-
P = 100KW = 1 x105 W
𝜗 = 94MHz = 94 x 106 Hz
𝑛
Number of photons per unit time 𝑡 = ?

Solution:-
E = nh 𝜗 [E=Pt ]

Pt = nh 𝜗
𝑃 𝑛
ℎ𝜗
= 𝑡

𝑛 𝑃 1 𝑥 105
𝑡
= ℎ𝜗 = 6.63 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 94 𝑥 106

𝑛
= 1.6 𝑥 1030 Photons/sec Ans
𝑡
Q#4: A light source of wavelength illuminates a metal and ejects photoelectrons with a
maximum kinetic energy of 1.0 eV. A second light source with half the wavelength of the first
ejects photoelectrons with a maximum kinetic energy of 4.0 eV. Determine the work function of
the metal.
Data:-
K.Emax1 = 1eV = 1.6 x10−19 𝐽

K.Emax2 = 4eV = 4 x 1.6 x10−19 = 6.4 x 10-19J

1
𝜆2 = 𝜆1 = 0.5𝜆1
2

Solution:-
Work function of metal remain same irrespective of incident light’s wavelength
𝐶ℎ
Ø0 = 𝜆1
− 𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 ….. (i)

𝐶ℎ
Ø0 = 𝜆2
− 𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 ….. (ii)

Compare both equations

𝐶ℎ 𝐶ℎ
𝜆1
− 𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 = 𝜆2
− 𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 2

𝐶ℎ 𝐶ℎ
𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 = 𝜆2
− 𝜆1

1 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 = Ch(𝜆 − 𝜆1
)
2

𝐾.𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝐾.𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 𝜆1 −𝜆2

𝐶ℎ
= 𝜆1 𝜆2

But 𝜆2 = 0.5𝜆1
Therefor
𝐾.𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝐾.𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 𝜆 −0.5𝜆 𝜆1 (1−0.5) 0.5
𝐶ℎ
= 𝜆 1(0.5𝜆 1) = 𝜆1 (0.5𝜆1 )
= 𝜆1
1 1

𝐾.𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝐾.𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 1
𝐶ℎ
=𝜆
1

𝐶ℎ 3 𝑥 108 𝑥 6.63 𝑥 10−34

𝜆1 = 𝐾.𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝐾.𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 1
= 6.4 𝑥 10−19 − 1.6 𝑥 10−19

𝜆1 = 4.14 𝑥 10−7 𝑚 Ans

Put in equation (i)

𝐶ℎ 3 𝑥 108 𝑥 6.63 𝑥 10−34
Ø0 = 𝜆1
− 𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 = 4.14 𝑥 10−7
− 1.6 x10−19
 Ø0 = 3.2 x10−19 𝐽 Ans

𝑭𝒐𝒓 Ø𝟎 In eV:
3.2 x10−19
Ø𝟎 = 1.6 x10−19

Ø0 = 2eV Ans

Q#5: A 430 nm violet light is an incident on a calcium photo electrode with a work function of
2.71 eV. Find the energy of the incident photons and the maximum kinetic energy of ejected
electrons.
Data:-
λ = 430nm = 430 x 10−9 m

Ø𝟎 = 2.71eV = 2.71 x 1.6 x 10−19 = 4.33 x 10−19J

E=?
K.Emax = ?
Solution:-
For Energy E:
𝐶ℎ 3 𝑥 108 𝑥 6.63 𝑥 10−34
E= =
𝜆 430 x 10−9

E = 4.62 𝑥 10−34J Ans1

E in eV
4.62 𝑥 10−34
E=
1.6 x 10−9

E = 2.89eV Ans1

For K.Emax:
E = Ø0 + K.Emax
Ø0 = E - K.Emax
E = 2.71 – 2.89 = 0.18eV

E = 0.18eV Ans 2
Q#6: Cut-off frequency for the photoelectric effect in some materials is 8x 1013Hz. When the
incident light has a frequency of 1.2x 1014 Hz, the stopping potential is measured as 0.16 V.
Estimate a value of Plank's constant from these data and determine the percentage error of your
estimation.
Data:-
Cut-off frequency 𝜗0 = 8 x 1013 Hz

𝜗 = 1.2x 1014 Hz
V0 = 0.16V
Estimated plank’s constant h = ?
%error in h = ?
Solution:-
E = Ø0 + K.Emax
ℎ𝜗 = ℎ𝜗0 + 𝑒𝑉0

ℎ𝜗 − ℎ𝜗0 = 𝑒𝑉0
ℎ(𝜗 − 𝜗0 ) = 𝑒𝑉0
𝑒𝑉 1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝑥0.16
ℎ = (𝜗− 𝜗0 ) = (1.2 𝑥 1014 − 8𝑥1013 )
0

ℎ = 6.4 𝑥 10−34 J.s Ans1

|𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 −𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 |

%error in h = 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
x 100

|6.63 𝑥10−34 −6.4 𝑥10−34 |

%error in h = x 100
6.63 𝑥10−34

%error in h = 3.46% Ans2

Q#7: The work function of some metals is listed below. The number of metals which will show
photoelectric effect when light of 300 nm wavelength falls on the metal is

Metal Li Na K Mg Cu Ag Fe Pt W
Ø0 in eV 2.4 2.3 2.2 3.7 4.8 4.3 4.7 6.3 4.75

Data:-

𝜆0 = 300nm = 300 x 10−9 m

Number of metals show photoelectric effect = ?
Solutions:-
Find work function for given cutoff wavelength
𝐶ℎ 3 𝑥 108 𝑥 6.63 𝑥 10−34
Ø𝟎 = 𝜆0
= 300 x 10−9

Ø0 = 6.63 𝑥 10−19 𝐽

Ø0 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑉 :
6.63 𝑥 10−19
Ø0 = 1.6 x 10−19

Ø0 = 4.14𝑒𝑉

Answer: 4 metals Li, Na, K, Mg will show photoelectric effect because these metals have work
function less than the energy of incident photons.

Q#8: X-rays with an energy of 300KeV undergo Compton scattering with a target. If the
scattered X-rays are detected at 300 relative to the incident X-rays, determine the Compton shift
at this angle, the energy of the scattered X-rays, and the energy of the recoiling electron.
Data:-
Energy of incident X-ray E1 = 300KeV

E1 = 300 x 103 x1.6x10−19 = 4.8 x 10−14J

θ = 300
i) Compton shift ∆λ = ?
ii) Energy of scattered X-ray E2 =?
iii) Energy of recoil electron Ee =?
Solution:-
i) For ∆λ:
ℎ 6.63 𝑥 10−34
∆λ = 𝑚 𝐶
(1 − cos 𝜃) = 9.1𝑥10−31 𝑥3𝑥108 (1 − cos 30)
0

∆λ = 3.25 x 10−13m Ans1

ii) For E2:

Find λ1 and λ2
𝐶ℎ
E1 = 𝜆1
 𝐶ℎ 3 𝑥 108 𝑥 6.63 𝑥 10−34
𝜆1 = 𝐸1
= 4.8 x 10−14

𝜆1 = 4.14 𝑥 10−12m

∆λ = 𝜆2 − 𝜆1

𝜆2 = ∆λ +𝜆1 = 3.25 x 10−13 + 4.14 𝑥 10−12

𝜆2 = 4.46𝑥 10−12m

Now find E2

𝐶ℎ
E2 = 𝜆2

𝐶ℎ 3 𝑥 108 𝑥 6.63 𝑥 10−34

𝐸2 = 𝜆2
= 4.46 x 10−12

𝐸2 = 4.45 x 10−14J
𝐸2 in eV:
4.45 𝑥 10−14
𝐸2 = = 278727.57eV
1.6 x 10−19

𝐸2 = 278KeV Ans2

iii) For Ee:

E1 = E2+Ee
Ee = E1 - E2
Ee = 300Kev – 278KeV

Ee = 22KeV Ans3
Q#9: A photon with a wavelength of 6.0x 10-12 m collides with an electron. After the collision
the photon wavelength is found to have been changed by exactly one (Compton Wavelength is
2.43x 10-12 m).
(i) What is the photon's wavelength after collision?
(ii) Through what angle photon has been deflected in this collision?
(iii)What is the angle for the electron after the collision?
(iv) What is the electron's kinetic energy, in eV, after collision?
Data:-

𝜆1 = 6 𝑥 10−12 𝑚
∆λ = 2.43 𝑥 10−12 𝑚

(i) 𝜆2 = ?
(ii) 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝜃 = ?
(iii) 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 Ø = ?
(iv) Kinetic Energy of Electron 𝐾. 𝐸𝑒 =?

Solution:-
(i) For 𝜆2 :
∆λ = 𝜆2 − 𝜆1

𝜆2 = ∆λ + 𝜆1 = 2.43 𝑥 10−12 𝑚 + 6 𝑥 10−12 𝑚

𝜆2 = 8.43 𝑥 10−12 𝑚 Ans1

(ii) For 𝜃 :
ℎ
∆λ = 𝑚 (1 − cos 𝜃) = 2.43 𝑥 10−12 (1 − cos 𝜃 )
0𝐶

2.43 𝑥 10−12 = 2.43 𝑥 10−12 (1 − cos 𝜃 )

2.43 𝑥 10−12
1 − cos 𝜃 = =1
2.43 𝑥 10−12

1 − cos 𝜃 = 1
1 − 1 = cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃 = 0
θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0)

θ = 900 Ans2
 (iii) For Ø:
Law of conservation along x-axis
ℎ ℎ
𝜆1
𝐶𝑜𝑠(0) + 0 = 𝜆 Cos 𝜃 + pCos Ø [Cos(0)=1 , θ = 900, Cos(90)=0]
2

ℎ
𝜆1
= 𝑝𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø ….(i)

Law of conservation along y-axis

ℎ ℎ
𝑆𝑖𝑛(0) + 0 = Sin 𝜃 - pSin Ø [Sin(0)=0 , θ = 900, Sin(90)=1]
𝜆1 𝜆2

ℎ
𝜆2
= 𝑝𝑆𝑖𝑛Ø ….(ii)

Divide equation (ii) by (i)

ℎ/𝜆2 𝑝𝑆𝑖𝑛Ø 𝑝𝑆𝑖𝑛Ø
ℎ/𝜆1
= 𝑝𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø
[𝑝𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø = 𝑡𝑎𝑛Ø]

𝜆1 6 𝑥 10−12
𝑡𝑎𝑛Ø = 𝜆2
= 8.43 𝑥 10−12 = 0.711

Ø = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0.711 )

Ø = 35.410 Ans3

(iv) For 𝐾. 𝐸𝑒 :
Change in photon’s Energy ∆𝐸 is equal to Kinetic Energy of Electron 𝐾. 𝐸𝑒

𝐾. 𝐸𝑒 = ∆𝐸
𝑐ℎ 𝑐ℎ 1 1 𝜆 −𝜆
∆𝐸 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = 𝜆1
− 𝜆 = 𝐶ℎ (𝜆 − 𝜆 ) = 𝐶ℎ ( 𝜆2 𝜆 1 )
2 1 2 1 2

∆𝜆 2.43𝑥10−12
∆𝐸 = 𝐶ℎ(𝜆 ) = (3 𝑥 108 𝑥 6.63 𝑥 10−34 )(6 𝑥 10−12 𝑥 8.43 𝑥 10−12 )
1 𝜆2

∆𝐸 = 9.55 𝑥 10−15 𝐽

For ∆𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑉:
9.55 𝑥 10−15
∆𝐸 = 1.6 𝑥 10−19

∆𝐸 = 5.97 x 104eV

𝐾. 𝐸𝑒 = 5.97 x 104eV Ans4

Q#10: Find the de Broglie wavelength of an electron in the ground state of hydrogen.

Data:-
λ=?

mass of electron m = 9.1 𝑥 10−31 𝐾𝑔

Solution:-
𝑛ℎ
mvr =
2𝜋
𝑛ℎ 𝑛ℎ ℎ
2𝜋r = 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑝
[mv=p , 𝑝 = 𝜆]

2𝜋r = nλ
2𝜋𝑟
λ= 𝑛

For ground state of hydrogen, electron is in first orbit [n=1 , r = 0.53x 10−10 𝑚]
2𝑥3.14𝑥0.53 𝑥 10−10
λ= 1

λ = 3.32 𝑥 10−10 𝑚 Ans [10−10 𝑚 = 1Å]

Or
λ = 3.32 Å Ans

Q#11: Determine the minimum uncertainties in the positions of the following objects if their speeds
are known with a precision of 𝟏. 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 m/s: (a) an electron and (b) a bowling ball of mass 6.0 kg.
Data:-
(i) Position Uncertainity of electron ∆x = ?
uncertainity in speed ∆V = 1.0 𝑥 10−3 m/s
mass of electron m = 9.1 𝑥 10−31Kg
(ii) Position Uncertainity of bowling ball ∆x = ?
uncertainity in speed ∆V = 1.0 𝑥 10−3 m/s
mass of bowling ball m = 6 Kg
Solution:-
(i) For ∆x of electron:
ℎ
∆x. ∆p > 4𝜋
ℎ
∆x > 4𝜋∆p

ℎ
∆x > 4𝜋𝑚∆v
 6.63𝑥10−34
∆x > 4𝑥3.14𝑥9.1𝑥10−31 x 1.0𝑥10−3

∆x > 0.058m Ans1

OR
Ans1
∆x > 5.8m

(ii) For ∆x of Bowling Ball:

ℎ
∆x. ∆p > 4𝜋
ℎ
∆x >
4𝜋∆p

ℎ
∆x > 4𝜋𝑚∆v

6.63𝑥10−34
∆x > 4 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 6 x 1.0𝑥10−3

∆x > 8.79 x 10−33m Ans2

 CH#26
Atomic Physics
Q#1:Calculate the energy of an electron in the n = 2 orbit of a hydrogen atom according to

the Bohr model.

Data:-

E=?
n=2
Solution:-
−13.6 −13.6 −13.6
E= 𝑛2
= 22
= 4

E = -3.4eV Ans

For E in Joules:

E = (−3.4)1.6 𝑥 10−19

E = 5.44 𝑥 10−19 𝐽 Ans

Q#2: Calculate the speed of the electron if it orbits in

(a) the smallest allowed orbit

(b) the second smallest orbit?
(c)lf the electron moves to larger orbits, does its speed increase
Data:-
a) Speed V=?
Smallest orbit n=1
b) Speed V=?
Second smallest orbit n=2
c) lf the electron moves to larger orbits, does its speed increase ?

Solution:-
a) For V at n=1
rn=n2r1

r1= 12(0.53 x 10−10) = 0.53 x 10−10 m

𝑛ℎ
V=
2𝜋𝑟𝑛 𝑚
 1𝑥6.63𝑥10−34
V = 2(3.14)(0.53𝑥10−10 )(9.1𝑥10−31 )

V=2.19𝑥106 𝑚/𝑠 Ans1

b) For V at n=2
rn=n2r1
r2= 22(0.53 x 10−10) = 2.12 x 10−10 m
𝑛ℎ
V = 2𝜋𝑟
𝑛𝑚

2𝑥6.63𝑥10−34
V = 2(3.14)(2.12𝑥10−10 )(9.1𝑥10−31 )

V=1.09 𝑥 106 𝑚/𝑠 Ans2

c) lf the electron moves to larger orbits, does its speed increase ?

Answer: In first orbit speed is 2.19𝑥106m/s and in second orbit speed is 1.09 𝑥 106 𝑚/𝑠 it is an
evidence that speed decreases as the orbit increases.
Q#3: What are the (a) energy (b) magnitude of the momentum and (c) wavelength of the photon
emitted when a hydrogen atom undergoes a transition from a state with n = 3 to a state with n =
l?

Data:-
𝑛𝑓 = 1 , 𝑛𝑖 = 3

a) E = ? ,
b) Momentum of photon p = ?
c) 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝜆 =?

Solution:-
First find wavelength 𝜆
1 1 1
𝜆
= RH {𝑛2 − 𝑛𝑖2
}
𝑓

1 1 1
𝜆
= 1.097 𝑥 107 {12 − 32
}
1
= 9.75 𝑥 106
𝜆

𝜆 = 102.5𝑥 10−9 𝑚
 a) For E:
𝐶ℎ 3 𝑥 108 𝑥6.63 𝑥 10−34
E= 𝜆
= 102.5𝑥10−9

E = 1.94 𝑥 10−18 𝐽 Ans1

For E in eV
1.94 𝑥 10−18
E= 1.6 𝑥 10−19

E = 12.12eV Ans1

b) For Momentum of photon p:

ℎ 6.63 𝑥 10−34
p=𝜆= 102.5𝑥10−9

p = 6.46 𝑥 10−27 𝑁. 𝑠 Ans2

c) Wavelength 𝜆 already found

𝜆 = 102.5𝑥10−9 m = 102.5nm Ans3

Q#4: What is the energy of the photon emitted by hydrogen atom when the hydrogen atom
changes directly from the n = 5 state to the n = 2 state?

Data:-
𝑛𝑓 = 2 , 𝑛𝑖 = 5

∆E = ?

Solution:-
−13.6 −13.6
∆E = Ei – Ef = 𝑛𝑖2
− ( 𝑛2 )
𝑓

−13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6

∆E = 𝑛𝑖2
+ 𝑛2 = 𝑛𝑓2
− 𝑛2
𝑓 𝑖

13.6 13.6
∆E = 22
− 52

∆E = 2.85eV Ans
Q#3: How much work must be done to pull apart the electron and the proton that make up the
hydrogen atom if the atom is initially in (a) its ground state and (b) the state with n =3?
Data:-
i) W=?
Groundstate ni=1 , ionizationstate nf = ∞
ii) W=?
Excitedstate ni=3 , ionizationstate nf = ∞
Solution:-
i) For W at ni=1, nf = ∞
Workdone must equal to energy difference b/w energy level ∆E
−13.6 −13.6
W=∆E = = Ei – Ef = 𝑛𝑖2
− ( 𝑛2 )
𝑓

−13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6

W= 𝑛𝑖2
+ 𝑛2 = 𝑛𝑓2
− 𝑛2
𝑓 𝑖

13.6 13.6
W= − 2 = 13.6 − 0
12 ∞

W = 13.6eV Ans1

ii) For W at ni=3, nf = ∞

Work done must equal to energy difference b/w energy level ∆E
−13.6 −13.6
W=∆E = = Ei – Ef = 𝑛𝑖2
− ( 𝑛2 )
𝑓

−13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6

W= + 2 = − 2
𝑛𝑖2 𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑓2 𝑛𝑖

13.6 13.6
W= 32
− ∞2 = 1.51 − 0

W = 1.51eV Ans2

Q#6: (a) What is the wavelength of light for the least energetic photon emitted in the Balmer
series of the hydrogen atom spectrum lines?
(b) What is the wavelength of the series limit?
Data:-
a) least energetic photons in Balmer Series (longest wavelength)
λ=?
nf = 3 , ni = 2
 b) Limit of the series (Shortest Wavelength)
λ=?
nf = 2 , ni = ∞

Solution:-

a) For λ at nf = 2 , ni = 3
1 1 1
𝜆
= RH {𝑛2 − 𝑛𝑖2
}
𝑓

1 1 1
𝜆
= 1.097 𝑥 107 {22 − 32
}
1
𝜆
= 1.52 𝑥 106

𝜆 = 6.56𝑥 10−7 𝑚 = 656𝑛𝑚

Ans1

b) For λ at nf = 2 , ni = ∞
1 1 1
𝜆
= RH {𝑛2 − 𝑛𝑖2
}
𝑓

1 1 1
𝜆
= 1.097 𝑥 107 {22 − ∞2
}
1
𝜆
= 2.74 𝑥 106

𝜆 = 3.64𝑥 10−7 𝑚 = 364𝑛𝑚

Ans2
Limit of wavelength in Balmer Series is in b/w 364nm to 656nm
Q#7: A laser emits light with a wavelength of 632.8 nm and has a power output of 55 mW.
Calculate the energy of one photon emitted by this laser.
Data:-

𝜆 = 632.8nm = 632.8 𝑥 10−9 𝑚

P = 55𝑚𝑊 = 55 𝑥 10−3 𝑊
E=?
No.of Photon n = ?

Solution:-
𝐶ℎ 3 𝑥 108 𝑥6.63 𝑥 10−34
E= 𝜆
= 632.8𝑥10−9
= 3.14𝑥10−19 J

E= 3.14𝑥10−19 J Ans
 For E in eV
3.14 𝑥 10−19
E= 1.6𝑥10−19

E = 1.96eV Ans

Q#8: Calculate the wavelength of X-rays if the energy of one photon emitted by the X-ray
machine is 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓 joules.

Data:-
λ=?

E = 1.9878 𝑥 10−15J

Solution:-
𝐶ℎ
E= 𝜆

𝐶ℎ 3 𝑥 108 𝑥 6.634 𝑥 10−34

λ = =
𝐸 1.9878𝑥 10−15

λ = 1 𝑥 10−10m = 0.1nm Ans

 CH#27
Nuclear Physics
Q#1: In 9.0 days the number of radioactive nuclei decreases to one-eighth the number present
initially. What is the half-life (in days) of the material?
Data:-
t = 9days
1
N = 8 𝑁0

𝑇1/2 = ?

Solution:-

N = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
1
8
𝑁0 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
1
8
= 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡

Taking ln both sides

1
ln( 8 ) =−𝜆𝑡 ln(𝑒) [ ln (e) =1 ]

−2.08 = −𝜆(9)
−2.08
𝜆= = 0.231
−9

𝜆 = 0.231 perday

Now Find 𝑇1/2

0.693 0.693
𝑇1/2 = 𝜆
= 0.231

𝑇1/2 = 3days Ans

Q#2: The 𝟑𝟏 𝟏𝟓𝑷 isotope of phosphorus has a half-life of 14.28 days. What is its decay constant in
units of s-l ?

Data:-
𝑇1/2 = 14.28 days = 14.28 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 1.233 𝑥 106 𝑠
𝜆 =?

Solution:-
0.693 0.693
λ= 𝑇1/2
= 1.233 𝑥 106

λ = 5.62 𝑥 10−7 𝑠 −1 Ans

Q#3: Find the binding energy (in MeV) for lithium 𝟕𝟑𝑳𝒊 (atomic mass = 7.016 003 u).

Data:-
Binding energy B.E = ? (MeV)
Mass of Nucleus MN = 7.016003u
No. of Protons Z=3
Mass of Proton 𝑚𝑝 = 1.0073𝑢

No. of Neutron N = 4
Mass of Neutron 𝑚𝑁 = 1.0087𝑢

Solution:-
Find mass defect ∆m

B.E = ([𝑍𝑚𝑝 + 𝑁𝑚𝑁 ] − 𝑀𝑁 ) 𝑥 931.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉

B.E = [(3)(1.0073) + (4)(1.0087) − 7.016003]𝑥931.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉

B.E = 37.9MeV Ans

Q#4: The binding energy of a nucleus is 225.0 MeV. What is the mass defect of the nucleus in
atomic mass units?

Data:-
B.E = 225.0MeV
∆m = ?
Solution:-
B.E = ∆m x 931.5MeV
𝐵.𝐸 225
∆m = 931.5 = 931.5

∆m = 0.2415u Ans
Q#5: A copper penny has a mass of 3.0 g. Determine the energy (in MeV) that would be required
to break all the copper nuclei into their constituent protons and neutrons. Ignore the energy that
binds the electrons to the nucleus and the energy that binds one atom to another in the structure
ofthe metal.
For simplicity, assume that all the copper nuclei are 𝟔𝟑
𝟐𝟗𝑪𝒖 (atomic mass = 62.939598 u).

Data:-
m = 3.0g
B.E for all nuclei =? (MeV)
No. of Protons Z = 29
Mass of Proton 𝑚𝑝 = 1.0073𝑢

No. of Neutron N = 34
Mass of Neutron 𝑚𝑁 = 1.0087𝑢
Mass of Nucleus MN = 62.939598 u
Solution:-
For B.E of single Cu atom

B.E = ([𝑍𝑚𝑝 + 𝑁𝑚𝑁 ] − 𝑀𝑁 ) 𝑥 931.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉

B.E = [(29)(1.0073) + (34)(1.0087) − 62.939598]𝑥931.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉

B.E = 529MeV

For B.E of all Cu Nuclei

First we find number of atoms N in 3gram of Cu using Relation
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑚
No. of moles = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
=𝑀
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑁
No. of moles = 𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 𝑁
𝐴

Therefore
𝑚 𝑁
𝑀
= 𝑁𝐴

𝑁𝐴 𝑚 6.023𝑥1023 𝑥3
N= 𝑀
= 63

𝑁 = 2.868 𝑥 1022 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠

Now
B.E of all Nuclei = B.E of single atom x N
B.E of all Nuclei = 529𝑥2.868 𝑥 1022

B.E of all Nuclei = 1.517 𝑥 1025MeV Ans

Q#6: Write the 𝜷+ decay process for each of the following nuclei with their proper chemical

symbols including Z and A for each daughter nucleus: (a) 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝑭 (b) 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝑶

Solution:-

β⁺ Decay Processes
The β⁺ (positron e⁺) decay process involves a proton converting into a neutron, resulting in the
emission of a positron (β⁺) and a neutrino (νₑ). Below are the β⁺ decay processes for the given nuclei:

(a) β⁺ Decay of Fluorine-18

The β⁺ decay process for Fluorine-18 ( 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝑭) is:
18
9𝐹 → 188𝑂 + e⁺ + νₑ

(b) β⁺ Decay of Oxygen-15

The β⁺ decay process for Oxygen-15 ( 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝑶) is:
15
8𝑂 → 157𝑁 + e⁺ + νₑ

Q#7: A device used in radiation therapy for cancer contains 0.50 g of Cobalt 𝟔𝟎 𝟐𝟕𝑪𝒐 (59.933 819u).
𝟔𝟎
The half-life of 𝟐𝟕𝑪𝒐 is 5.27 years. Determine the activity of the radioactive material.

Data:-
m = 0.50g
Mass of Nucleus MN = 59.933819 u
Molar Mass = 60g
𝑇1/2 = 5.27𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 5.27 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 1.662 𝑥 108 𝑠

Activity A = ?

Solution:-
First find decay constant λ and number of atoms N for cobalt in 0.5g

For λ:
0.693 0.693
λ= 𝑇1/2
= 1.662 𝑥 108

λ = 4.169 𝑥 10−9 𝑠 −1
For N:
𝑚 𝑁
𝑀
= 𝑁𝐴

𝑁𝐴 𝑚 6.023𝑥1023 𝑥0.5
N= 𝑀
= 60

𝑁 = 5.019 𝑥 1021 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠

For Activity A:
A = λN = 4.169 𝑥 10−9 𝑥 5.019 𝑥 1021

A = 2.092 𝑥 1013 𝐵𝑞 Ans

 CH#28
Particle Physics
No Numerical in this
Chapter