Factors affecting Hardy Weinberg = m .

(i) Genetic Recombination : New combinations of genes which are

Usually caused by crossing over

during gametogenesis. It is a

variations in
continuous source of a sexually reproducing
population.

(i) Mutations : Discontinuous source of variations.

iii) Hybridization : It is crossing of organisms which are genetically

different in one or more traits.

(iv Gene migration & Gene Flow : When migration of a section of

or allelic Population to another place

occurs,
gene frequencies
,
change in the
original as well as in

the new population .

ooo D
O

o o o
O

Population A Population B

Loss of alleles Gain of alleles

If gene migration happens multiple times

,
then there

would be a
gene flow .

IVI Genetic Britt : If the changes in

gene frequency occur

chance called drift.

by , it's
genetic
It
·
operates on small population more
rapidly
· It occurs due to habitat fragmentation , isolation ,
natural catastrophie
or epidemics .
0.
5/6 1/10 70 0 17
.

a
Founder effect & Bottle neck effect are 2 forms of
(Seawall Effect) .
genetic Drift Wright
is Founder
Effect : When a section of population get
isolated or migrated from original population ,
then

the separated section becomes genetically diff. from

original population due to change in allelic frequency because

pool this section

may contain some alleles in a
gene of
I

low lack alleles.

very frequency or
may few
After some time ,
the allelic frequencies in the
populations
two

would be so
different that the 2 becomes different
species. Then the
separated section is called Founder
Population & the effect is called the founder's effect .

(ii) Bottle Neck Effect :

Bottlenecks are the natural calamaties/
epidemics .

A sudden change in the environment drastically reduce the

size of population.
will diff.
New population be
genetically from past population
because many alleles would've been lost.

bottleneck
If a population pass through & ultimately recovers
its size ,
it
may
have low levels of genetic vaiations ,
a hence form new
species.
may
a

·
:
:...
.. Natural Population
:
"
-
regrow
>: >

..... calamity -
Ho

original
size .
 A Brief Account of EVOLUTION

(a) Origin & Evolution of Plants .

Chlorophyte Ancestors (Agratic Green

Algae) .

(Vascular Plants.) Trachaeophytes Ancestors

Rhynia-type plants -

extinct

Genus
silophy
Y
ton
zosterophyllum
(silurian period)

Progymnosperms- ~
Selaginella
sphenopsids
*
Ferns
2

Seed ferns
Gnetales
most
advanced
conifers
Gogs Advanced
Horsetails
Equiseturn
Arborescent lyopo a
Dominant in Paleozoicera
Y

Gymnosperms fossils Peridophytes

Bryophytes originated
.

in
↓ Herbaceous lycopods
↓ to
↓, Lycopsida carboniferous Period
Cycads
.

Monocots Dicots
Present day lycopods.
*
hycopods are oldest living vascular land plants .

·
Dicots and monocots are the
dominating land plants. In present era .

Progymseedturnsdris
· Monocots are more recent than divots .

·
Psilophyton is common ancestors for
conifers ,
Gretales & sphenopsids .

· Giant ferns (Peridophytes) were the 200 mya but they all
fell to form coal deposits slowly .

-20 mya :
Sea weeds and few plants existed .
 Present day
Lycopod

Most advanced
Living
Equisetum Fossils Gymnosperms

Advanced
hycopsida Peridophytes

Selaginella
·
oldest living
vascular plants

silurian Period

Green sea
algae .
 b) Origin of Animals.

· 2000 mya
Ist cellular forms
:

originated on earth .

·
Heterotrophic >
Chemotrophic >
Photosynthetic >
-

Released Of
anderobes anaerobes acrobes .

·
Slowly single-celled organisms became multicellular life forms .

·
500 mya : Evolution of invertebrates .

·
550
mya Jawless
:
fish evolved. There were some
jaw-bearing fishes
which had strong a stort fins with the help of which they could more on

land a
go
back to water . - Lobefins. , thought to be extinct but in 1938,
in S .
Africa ,
a fish was caught which was
found to be a
lobefin =
Coelacanth

·
Lobefins evolved into 1st amphibians They are now extinct and are

considered as ancestors of modern day frogs and amphibians.

 ·
Amphibians evolved into reptiles who laid thick shelled eggs which
do not dry up in sun unlike those of amphibians . Turtles fortoise and , ,

crocodiles are modern day descendants of reptiles .

Reptiles were Ist
true terrestrial animals .

·
200 mya :
Some reptiles went back to water & evolved into

fish-likerepted E Ithyosr a
:

dinosaurs were dominant reptiles .

* Tyrannosaurus rex-Biggest dinosaur ,

20 At in height ,
had huge
fearsome dagger-like teeth .

·
Evolution of Reptiles
·
sauropsids :
Common ancestor of turtles ,
Lizards ,
snakes & tratara
Thecodont Ancestors Gave to
existing crocodiles birds & extinct
way
:

dinosaurs .

·
origin of mammals :

Extinct Reptiles: Synapsids >

Pelycosaurs > Therapsids > Mammals
.
· 65 mya : Dinosaurs became extinct .
Small sized reptiles of that
still exist to day
era
.

&

o
&
I
↑
 20ft in height
3 horned clinosaur huge fearsome
with
bony frill dagger-like
teetle
around back of
.

carnivores
its head bipedal .

Herbivore
Flying
Reptiles
(extinct)

Living Thecoont
representative.

Transitional
Large triangular fossil blu
bony plates along birds & non-

vian dinosaurs
its back and a

spiked tail . Giraffle

Long
like neck ,

long forelimbs
Herbivore
Quaduped .
 HUMAN EVOLUTION .

Old world close

monkeys are more to

humans than world

new
monkeys.
·
Humans evolved from apes .

Evidences for common

origin of Apesk
Humans .

in chromosomal similarities
·
Banding pattern of chromosome no .
326

of human and chimpanzee is quite

similar.
·
No. of chromosomes - Man =
46

Apes =
48

DNA content is same in both.

Chimpanzee =
99 %
Gibbon =

gH)
-

Rhesus = 88 %
 (ii) The skull of baby chimpanzee is more like advit human skull

vii Ianthe adut himpanzee

tut in
la
0 of both.
(iv) Tail is absent in both
hand
() Both have
grasping .

Evolution of Man .

↓ ↓i ↓ ↓
Apefossils Prior to ape men .
Ape- men Pre-historic men
Living Modern
↓ Men .

↓ ↓
Australopithecus. Homo habilis ↓

↓ · Homo sapiens .

Dryopithecus Ramapithecus Homo erectus

↓ ↓
More man-like
more ape-like .
Neander that man .
Human Ancestor Years ago
cranial capacity special features.

Bryopithecus 15 m .

y .
.
a
-

More ape-like
posture Knuckle,
semi-erect ,

walker ate leaves& soft fruits. Body

Proconsul ,

was hairy a walked like Gorillas a Chimpanzees

Ape fossil common ancestor of and man .
apes

Ramapithews 15 mya -

Body was hairy and walked like Gorillas

& chimpanzees . Fossils were discovered
Apa fossil from Pliocene rocks of shivalik hills .

More man-like .

Few fossils of man-like bones have been discovered in

Australopithews 3-4 So0ce Ethopia & Tanzania. man-like

mya . 5-4 mya , primates
walked inFast African Grasslands .
Ape-man -

Australopithers was 1st

ape-man ; connecting link blu

Apes & man .

Height~ 4 feet walked

upright
~

; .

used stone weapons ; ate fruits

-

Raymond Dart discovered a

fossil of 5-6
year
old

baby in Pliocene rocks near trangin Africa) -

Baby
Trang .
-
32 .

million years
old fossil of a human ancestor was

found -

LUCY
Human Ancestor Years ago
cranial capacity special features.

no
# abilis -

650 -

800 CC .
↓ 2 m-1 5 .

m tall ; Ist human-like being

Pre-historic man . & Hominid) .
Probably did not eat meat .

Bipedal motion ; moved erect . Ist tool maker;

used tools of chipped stones .

Homo erectus lo5 mya goo 105m-1 8 m .

tall .

Fossils were discovered in 1891 . (Java man)

Probably eat meat ; Omnivore .

Made elaborate tools of stones and bones ;

used them for hunting Made use of

.
fire .

Ne underthal 1 lac - 40 000

,
years 1400cc .
i red
↓ in East & Central Asia
man .

ago .

Prognathus face (U-shaped Jaws

Cannibals (feed on the members of own species)
Homo sapiens hides protect their body
Used to
.
neanderthallen
-
is Buried. their dead .

Living Modern
75
, 000 - 10 ,000 1250cC Asose in Africa & moved across continents

man

Homo stations sapiens ago

 started
agriculture 10, 000
·

years age
.

· Pre-historic cave art found in Bhimbetka Rock shelter

Raisen District Pradesh 18 000 old
in of Madhya >
-

, years .

·
10 000 years
, ago
-

human settlements started .

Unit of Evolution -

Population
Natural Selection Individual
~