Network Synthesis and Realisability 577

Numerical Questions
s 2 + a s + a0
1. Determine the condition for which the function F ( s) = 2 1 is positive real. It is
given that a0, b0, a1 and b1 are real and positive. s + b1s + b0
2. Express the impedance Z(s) for the network shown in Figure 12.59
12
1H H
5

1 5
F F
Z(s) 6 18

Figure 12.59
N ( s)
Z ( s) = K . Plot its poles and zeros. From the pole-zero plot, what can you infer about
D ( s)
the stability of the system?
 ( s 2 + 9)( s 2 + 1) 
 Ans. Z ( s) = 
 s( s 2 + 4 ) 
Z ( s) is unstable.
3. Find voltage-transfer function for the network shown in Figure 12.60
2F 2F

I1

V1 2Ω 1F 1Ω V2

Figure 12.60
 V2 ( s) 8s 2 
 Ans. = 
 V1 ( s) 12 s 2 + 12 s + 1
4. Test whether the polynomial F ( s) = s 4 + s3 + 2 s 2 + 3s + 2 is Hurwitz
[Ans. Not Hurwitz]
5. Test whether the function
Ks
F ( s) = is positive real, where a and k are positive constants
2
s +a
[Ans. Positive real]
6. Given the network function F ( s) = s +1
, plot the zero and poles on s-plane
2
s + 2s + 5
N (s )
7. Find the driving point impedance Z (s ) = K ⋅ , for the network shown in Figure 12.61
D (s )

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 578 Network Analysis and Synthesis

1
F
2 1
1Ω H
Z(s) 3

Figure 12.61

Verify that Z(s) is positive real and that the polynomial D(s) + K.N(s) is Hurwitz
s2 + 2s + 6
[Ans. Z ( s) = , Z(s) is PRF, D(s) + K.N(s) is Hurwitz]
s 2 + 3s
3( s + 2)( s + 4)
8. Design a one-port R–L network to realise the driving point function F ( s) =
s( s + 3)
[Ans. as in Figure 12.62]
1 1
H H
9 72

Y(s) 1 1
Ω Ω
3 27

Figure 12.62

4s
9. Draw the pole-zero plot in s-plane for network function F ( s) = 2
s + 2s + 2
P ( s)
10. Express the driving point admittance Y(s) in the form Y ( s) = K ⋅ for the network
shown in Figure 12.63 and also verify that Y(s) is PRF. Q ( s)

1Ω
2Ω 3
Y(s) 3
F
2

Figure 12.63
7s + 2
[Ans. Y ( s) = is a PRF]
2s + 4

2(s + 1)(s + 3)
11. Consider the system function Z (s ) = . Determine the corresponding
(s + 2)(s + 6)
(a) R–C network; (b) R–L network;

[Ans. as in Figure 12.64]

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 Network Synthesis and Realisability 579

1Ω 5Ω
4 4
1Ω 1 8 5
Ω Ω Ω
2 2 7 14

Z(s) 1 5 Z(s) 1 5
F F H H
8 24 3 49

(a) (b)
Figure 12.64

s3 + 5s 2 + 9 s + 3
12. Determine if the function F ( s) = is positive real
s3 + 4 s 2 + 7 s + 9
[Ans. F(s) is a PRF]

2( s 2 + 1)( s 2 + 9)
13. Realise the impedance Z ( s) = in three different ways
s( s 2 + 4 )
[Ans. as in Figure 12.65]

15
H
8
2
F
2H 9

16 H 16 H
Z(s) Y(s) 3 5
2
F 3 F 5
15 F
16 144

(a) (b)

24
2H H
5

Z(s) 1 5
F F
12 36

(c)
Figure 12.65

14. List out the properties of LC immittance function and then realise the network having the
2 s5 + 12 s3 + 16 s
driving point impedance function Z ( s) = by continued fraction method.
s4 + 4s2 + 3
[Ans. as in Figure 12.66]

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 580 Network Analysis and Synthesis

8 2
H H
2H 3 3

1 3
F F
4 4

Figure 12.66

2( s + 1)( s + 3)
15. For the network function Y ( s) = , synthesise in one Foster and one Cauer
form ( s + 2)( s + 4)
[Ans. as in Figure 12.67]

1 3
H H
4 16 1 1 1
Ω Ω Ω
2 2 6

3Ω
4 1Ω 3Ω 1
1H H
2 4 Z(s) 4

(a) (b)
Figure 12.67

s 2 + 1.03
16. Consider the function F ( s) = . Plot its poles and zeroes
s 2 + 1.23

s3 + 2 s 2 + 3s + 1
17. Determine whether the function F ( s) = is positive real or not.
s3 + s 2 + 2 s + 1
[Ans. F(s) is a PRF]
18. Synthesise a one-port LC network in Cauer form-II whose driving point impedance is
6 s3 + 2 s
Z ( s) =
12 s 4 + 8s 2 + 1
[Ans. as in Figure 12.68]

5
F
2 10 F

6
2H H
25

Figure 12.68

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 Network Synthesis and Realisability 581

4 s ( s + 2)
19. Given I ( s) = , draw its pole-zero plot. Further, find i(t) from it.
( s + 1)( s + 3)
[Ans. i(t) = −2e-t−6e-3t A]
20. Find the voltage transfer function for the network shown in Figure 12.69.
I1 I2

1 3H
F 1
4 H 2F
V1 2 V2

Figure 12.69

V2 ( s) s2
= 4 [Ans. ]
V1 ( s) 6 s + 57 s 2 + 8
21. Determine the range of constant ‘K’ for the polynomial to be Hurwitz
P(s) = s3 + 3s2 + 2s + k
[Ans. 0 < k < 6]
22. Synthesise an R–C ladder and an R–L ladder network to realise the function
s2 + 4s + 3
F ( s) = 2 as an impedance or an admittance.
s + 8s + 12
[Ans. as in Figure 12.70]
1Ω 5Ω
8 8
1Ω
4 1 4 5
Ω Ω Ω
4 7 28

1 5 1 10
F F H H
16 48 6 196

(a) (b)
Figure 12.70

23. Calculate the driving point admittance of the network shown in Figure 12.71

5F 1
F
8 12 H
Z 4H

Figure 12.71

 5s ( 2 s 2 + 1) 
 Ans. Y ( s) = 
 30 s 4 + 22 s 2 + 1

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 582 Network Analysis and Synthesis

24. A transform voltage is given by

3s
V ( s) = . Make the pole-zero plot in the s-plane and obtain the time domain
( s + 1)( s + 4)
response.
[Ans. i(t) = −e−t + 4e−4t]
25. Check if the given driving point impedance Z(s) represents a passive one-port network

s4 + s2 + 1
Z ( s) =
s3 + 2 s 2 − 2 s + 10
[Ans. No]

M U LTIP L E C H O I C E QU E S T I ON S
1. A network function is said to have simple pole or simple zero if
(a) The poles and zeros are on the real axis
(b) The poles and zeros are repetitive
(c) The poles and zeros are complex conjugate to each other
(d) The poles and zeros are not repeated.
2s
2. A function H(s ) = 2
will have a zero at
s +8
(a) s = ± j4
(b) Anywhere on the s-plane
(c) On the imaginary axis
(d) On the origin
3. The network shown in Figure 12.72 has zeros at

R
Z(s) C
L

Figure 12.72

R R 1
(a) s = 0 and s = ∞; (b) s = 0 and s = − ; (c) s = ∞ and s = − ; (d) s = ∞ and s = −
L L CR
4. Which of the following is a PRF

(a)
( s + 1)( s + 2)
( s 2 + 1) 2
( s − 1)( s + 2)
(b)
s2 + 1

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