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MR t-test

A t-test is a statistical method used to compare the means of two groups, often employed in hypothesis testing to assess differences or effects. There are three main types of t-tests: independent samples, paired samples, and one-sample tests, each applicable under specific conditions. The t-test assumes data independence, normal distribution, and homogeneity of variance, and can be either one-tailed or two-tailed depending on the hypothesis being tested.

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5 views

MR t-test

A t-test is a statistical method used to compare the means of two groups, often employed in hypothesis testing to assess differences or effects. There are three main types of t-tests: independent samples, paired samples, and one-sample tests, each applicable under specific conditions. The t-test assumes data independence, normal distribution, and homogeneity of variance, and can be either one-tailed or two-tailed depending on the hypothesis being tested.

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valechany9113
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© © All Rights Reserved
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t-test

Dr Lila Simon
T- Test
A t-test is a statistical test that is used to compare the means of two groups.
It is often used in hypothesis testing to determine whether a process or treatment
actually has an effect on the population of interest, or whether two groups are
different from one another.
https://online.stat.psu.edu/statprogram/reviews/statistical-concepts/hypothesis-test
ing/examples
https://online.stat.psu.edu/statprogram/reviews/statistical-concepts/hypothesis-test
ing/examples
https://online.stat.psu.edu/statprogram/reviews/statistical-concepts/hypothesis-test
ing/examples
Two-tailed test One-tailed test One-tailed test

H0: p = p0 H0: p ≤ p0 H0: p ≥ p0

Ha: p ≠ p0 Ha: p > p0 Ha: p < p0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTmLQvMM-1M
When to use a t-test
A t-test can only be used when comparing the means of two groups (a.k.a.
pairwise comparison). If you want to compare more than two groups, or if you
want to do multiple pairwise comparisons, use an ANOVA test
t-test

The t-test is a parametric test of difference, meaning that it makes the same
assumptions about your data as other parametric tests. The t-test assumes your
data:

● are independent
● are (approximately) normally distributed.
● have a similar amount of variance within each group being compared (a.k.a.
homogeneity of variance)
One-sample, two-sample, or paired t-test
If the groups come from a single population (e.g. measuring before and after an
experimental treatment), perform a paired t-test.

If the groups come from two different populations (e.g. two different species, or
people from two separate cities), perform a two-sample t-test (a.k.a. independent
t-test).

If there is one group being compared against a standard value (e.g. comparing the
acidity of a liquid to a neutral pH of 7), perform a one-sample t-test.
One-tailed or two-tailed t-test
If you only care whether the two populations are different from one another,
perform a two-tailed t-test.

If you want to know whether one population mean is greater than or less than the
other, perform a one-tailed t-test.
T-test formula
The formula for the two-sample t-test ( the Student’s t-test) is shown below.

In this formula, t is the t-value, x1 and x2 are the means of the two groups being compared, s2 is
the pooled standard error of the two groups, and n1 and n2 are the number of observations in
each of the groups.

A larger t-value shows that the difference between group means is greater than the pooled
standard error, indicating a more significant difference between the groups.
Conclusions
A large t-score tells you that the groups are different.

A small t-score tells you that the groups are similar.

There are three main types of t-test:

1. An Independent Samples t-test compares the means for two groups.


2. A Paired sample t-test compares means from the same group at different
times (say, one year apart).
3. A One sample t-test tests the mean of a single group against a known mean.
Testing the significance of mean of a Random Sample
Testing the significance of mean of a Random Sample
Testing the significance of the difference between the
means of two independent random samples
Testing the significance of the difference between the
means of two independent random samples
Testing the significance of the difference between the
means of two independent random samples
Testing the significance of the difference between the
means of two independent random samples
Testing the significance of the difference between the
means of two independent random samples
Testing the difference between the means of two
dependent samples
Testing the difference between the means of two
dependent samples
Testing the difference between the means of two
dependent samples
Testing the difference between the means of two
dependent samples
Testing the difference between the means of two
dependent samples
Testing the significance of an observed correlation
coefficient
Applications of t-distribution
1. To test the significance of the mean of a random sample
2. To test the significance of the difference between means of two
independent samples
3. To test the significance of the difference between means of two
dependent samples or paired observations
4. To test the significance of an observed correlation coefficient.
List of Formulae for t -test
List of Formulae for t -test

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