ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep sense of gratitude to

lecture Mrs. HARPREET KAUR in chemical
Engg. ( pulp & paper ) Department Seth Jai
Parkash Polytechnic Damla ( Yamuna nagar )
for his inspiration valuable guidance and
constant encouragement in the completion of
this project. Without his it would have been an
impossible task for us. I have to put my
sincere efforts to make this project interesting.
I have fully consulates all available books on
this subject and I am us strength, courage and
confidence to materialize our dream.

The blessing and guidance give by all these

people will carry us on long way in journey of life
and professional career on which we are about to
embark.
 CERTIFICATE

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certified that this project entitled

“ Manufacturing of different grade of paper “ has
been submitted by the final year chemical Engg.
Students Aaush ( 210150600002 ), Abhishek
kumar ( 210150600003 ), Abhishek kumar
( 210150600005 ), Abhishek dhiman
( 210150600006 ), Abhishek dhiman
( 210150600007 ) in partial fulfillment of the
requirement of the award of diploma in chemical
engg. ( pulp & paper ) at Seth Jai Parkash
polytechnic, damla ( yamuna nagar ) is done
under my guidance.
I wish success in every aspect of life.

Mrs. HARPREET KAUR

( lecturer in chemical department )
Seth Jai Parkash Polytechnic, Damla ( Ynr )
 PREFACE

Project work is an important part of theoretical

studies. It covers all what which remains
uncovered in the classroom. It offers the students
the exposure. As we know that the practical work
play an important in the future building of an
individual one can easily overcome to fear from
the life in which he has to fear from the life in
which he has to work in actual practical just about
each theoretical knowledge to one should have
practical knowledge about each theory in general
life.
In collection all the needed information in this date
for preparing this report equal importance was the
eagerness of all this staff and concerned
supervision. We are very thankful to all them for
their big help.
This project greatly enhances our knowledge and
provides good opportunities to learn something
new.
 INDEX

CONTENTS
PAGE NO

1. Definition of pulp and paper 7-8

2. History of paper 8-
9
3. Introduction to paper 9-11
4. Type of paper ( grades ) 12-
17
5. Process of manufacturing for paper 18-
20
6. Block diagram of paper making process 21
7. Manufacturing of writing paper 22-27
8. Manufacturing of newspaper 28-
31
9. Manufacturing of currency paper 32-
37
10. Manufacturing of tissue paper 38-
41
11. Manufacturing of magazine paper 42-45
12. Manufacturing of printing paper 46-49
13. Benefits of wood fibre 50-
51

14. Wire side & felt side of paper 52-

53
15. Machine direction & cross
53
direction of paper
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA
CABLE

S.No. Experiments
Page No.
1. To determine the moisture
55-57
content of sample
2. To determine the SR of pulp
58-62
3. To determine the preparation
63-64
Of hand made sheet
4. To beat a pulp sample with help
6-
Of valley beater and double
disc refiner
1. PAPER
Paper is a thin material production by
pressing together moist fibers, typically
cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or
grasses and drying them into flexible sheets.
It is a versatile material with many uses. While
the most common use is for writing and
printing upon, it is a number of industrial and
construction processes and in sample means
paper is random network of cellulosic fibrous
material.
Paper has tradionally been defined as a felted
sheet formed on a fine screen from a water
suspension of fibers, current paper products
generally conform to this definition exept that
most products also contain non-fibrous
additives. Dry forming methods are not
utilized for the manufacturing of a few
specially paper products.
2. PULP
Pulp is a lignocellulosic fibers material
prepared by chemically or mechanically
separating cellulose fiber from wood, fiber
crops or waste paper and some tree ( mango,
banana & equiplus ), grasses & wheat straw.
It is a fibrous raw material for making pulp
fibers are usually of vegetable origin, but
animals, minerals or synthetic fibers may be
non-paper products are called dissolving
pulps.

History of paper
During the 8th century, Chinese paper making
spread to the Islamic world,replacing,papyrus.
By the 11th century papermaking was brought
to Europe, where it replaced animal-skill
based parchment and wood pane. Later
improvement to the papermaking process
came in 19th century Europe with the invention
of wood based papers. Paper is a thin
nonwoven material made from a combination
of milled plant and textiles fibers.

The word “Paper” is etymologically

derived from papyrus, Ancient greek the
Cyprus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick,
paper-like material produced from the pith
of the Cyprus papyrus plant which was
used in ancient Egypt and other
meditteranean cultures for writing long
before the making of paper in china.

INTRODUCTION OF PAPER

Paper is a thin material made from

cellulose fibers pressed together and
dried into flexiblesheets. Paper is usually
made from natural fibers, or long, thin
strands of plant material. The fibers are
usually derived from pulp made form
pulpwood trees, but they may also be
prepared from such sources as cotton,
hemp, linen, and wheat straw.

Process :-
The basic process of making paper has not
changed in more than 2000 years.
 It involves two stages :-
1. The breaking up of raw material ( which
contains cellulose fiber ) in water to from a
pulp ( I.e a suspension of fibers ), and
2. The formation of sheet paper by spreading
this suspension on a porous surface, and
drying, often under pressure.

 Uses :-
Paper is used for writing and printing, for
wrapping and packaging, and for a variety of

other applications ranging from kitchen towels

to the manufacturing of building materials.
In modern times, paper has become a basic
material, commonly found in almost all parts
of the world.

 Preparation :-
In the case of agricultural residue, raw
material received from the source requires
less conditioning for preparation for
pulping. Wheat straws, rise straws, and
bagasse.
These and other non-fibrous material
requires to be separated from the raw
material before pulping. Screening and
de-dusting of raw material is done in raw
material preparation section. In case of
bagasse, depicting ( dry and moist )is
necessary to remove pith ( non-fibrous
stricky material ).
 Writing paper
The manufacturing process of written paper
involves several steps :
Raw material
The raw material for papermaking in used wood
pulp and Agro pulp made from wheat straw and
bagasse.
Hardwood pulp made from wood i.e Eucalyptus &
Bamboo and Veneer chips.
Recycled paper may be used, undergoing a de-
inking process.

 Raw material preparation section

 Pulping section
 Refining section
 Bleaching section
 Screening & Cleaning section
  Paper machine section
 Pressing & Drying section
 Calendering section
 Cutting & Packaging section

Type of different raw material

1.Wheat straw
2.Rise straw
3.Hardwood ( Beech, Oak, Teak )
4.Softwood ( Pine, Rosewood, Cedar )

Pulping section
The pulping process in paper manufacturing
involves separating fibers from raw material,
such as wood, through either mechanical or
chemical methods. Mechanical pulping in
mechanically grinds wood, preserving lignin,
while chemical pulping in used the sodium
hydroxide to break down lignin and extract
cellulose fibers.

Refining section
The pulp may go through in the valley
beater or double disc refiner in create pulp
slurry and maintain the consistency. The
refining process to enhance fiber is
flexibility and improve paper strength.

Screening and Cleaning

The pulp is pass through screen by density of
particle ( pulp ) like vibrating and shaking,
gravity centrifugal screen. The cleaning
process the pulp with one or more screen to
remove impurities and unwanted particles and
improve the pulp quality to make the
papermaking.

Bleaching section
The bleaching is the treatment of
cellulosic fiber with chemical to increase
brightness. Bleaching chemicals like
sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide,
chlorine dioxide and ozone. Brightness
may be achieved by either lignin removal
( delignification ) or lignin decolonization.
Paper machine section
The pulp mixture is diluted with water to
create a slurry. The slurry is then evenly
distributed onto a moving wire mesh or a
series of mesh-covered rollers on the
paper machine.
Water drains through the mesh, and fibers
begin to bond, forming a wet sheet.

Pressing section
The wet sheet pass through in press
sections with large rollers. The pressure is
applied to remove additions water,
compact the fiber, and improve sheet
density.

Drying section
The sheet is dried using a combination of
air drying and heated drying cylinders.
Used the steam and hot air evaporate
water is present in the paper sheet is dry.
Calendering section
The paper is may be pass through the
calender rollers to enhance smoothness,
glossy, and surface finish.
This step improves the paper is appearance
and printability.

Cutting and Reeling

The finishing paper is cut into standard
sheet or roll sizes. Precision is crucial to
meet size specification for writing paper.

Packaging and Distribution

The final paper product is packaged and
prepared for distribution to wholesalers,
retailers, and end-users.
 NEWSPAPER

The manufacturing process of

newspapers in the paper industry involves
several steps :

Raw material preparation

The raw material for newspaper is used
the recycled paper and it undergoes a de-
inking process to remove ink and
sometime used veneer pulp ( grinds wood
with mechanical process ).

Pulping section
In which used the wood chips and
recycled paper undergo mechanical
pulping, involving grinding or shredding to
separate fibers.
The mechanical pulping retains more
lignin, providing cost efficiency for
newspaper.
Additives and Fillers
Additives and fillers, such as sizing agents
and calcium carbonate, may be added to
enhance paper properties.
Sizing agents controls ink absorption,
while fillers improve brightness.

Paper formation on the paper

machine

The pulp is dilute with water to create a

slurry in head box in pass through into
wire part ( fourdiner machine ). The slurry
is evenly distributed onto a continuous
mesh or rollers on the paper machine.
Water drains aways, and fibers bond to
from a wet sheet.

Pressing section
The wet sheet passes through press
sections with rollers to remove excess
water, increasing sheet density. Water is
totally drains by pressing.
Drying section
The partially dried sheet moves through
heated cylinders. The steam and hot air
evaporate water, leaving a dry paper
sheet.

Calendering section
The paper may undergo calendaring,
involves rollers to enhance smoothness
and surface finish.
Newspaper may have a relativity rough
compared to higher grade paper.

Cutting and Reeling

The dry paper is cut into large rolls
suitable for newspaper printing. Precision
is crucial for consistent roll sizes.

Printing section
The newspaper rolls are transported to a
printing pres. Printing involves applying
ink and image onto the paper to create the
final newspaper product.

Folding and Finishing

Printing sheets are folded and assembled
into the final newspaper format.
Additional finishing processes may include
trimming and building.

Distributon section
The newspapers are bundle and
distributed to various outlets, including
newspaper.

CURRENCY
The manufacturing of currency paper
involves specialized processes to create
durable and secure paper for the
production of banknotes and involves
several step :

Substrate section
Currency paper is often made from a
cotton and linen blend or a combination of
cotton, abaca ( a type of banana plant ),
and other specialty fibers.
Cotton provides durability, while lenin and
abaca contribute to the paper is strength
and resistance.

Pulping section
Cotton and other fibers are subjected to
pulping processes, typically using a
combination of mechanical and chemical
methods. The goal is to break down the
fibers while maintaining their strength.
Security Featuring
Incorporation
Special security features are integrated
during the papermaking process to deter
counterfeiting. These features may include
embedded security threads, watermarks,
holographic elements, and color-shifting
inks.

Multiple Layers and

Lamination
Some currency papers involves the
creation of multiple layers or laminations
to enhance strength and resilience.
These layers can provide additional
security by making it difficult to counterfeit
or alter the banknotes.

Sizing section
Sizing agents are applied to the paper to
control ink absorption and maintain the
integrity of the printed images.
This steps is crucial to ensure the precise
printing of intricate details on banknotes.

Calendering
The currency paper may undergo
calendaring , a process involving roller to
enhance smoothness and finish.
Calendering contributes to the tactile feel
and printability of the banknotes.

Security printing
After the paper is manufacturing, it is
transported to a secure printing facility
where banknotes are printed using the
specialized inks and printing techniques.
Printing involves the incorporation of
intricate designs, microprinting, and
additional security features.

Quality Control
Rigorous quality control measures are
implemented through the process to
ensure the paper meets the stringent
standards for durability, security, and print
quality.

Packaging and Distribution

The printed and process banknotes are
packaged security and distributed to
control banks or relevant authorities for
circulation.

TISSUE PAPER
Tissue paper manufacturing involves a
specifics process to create a soft,
absorbent, and lightweight paper product
commonly used for hygiene, facial tissues,
and other applications and its involves
several step :

Type of Tissue papers

Toilet paper, Wipes, Kitchen towels, Facial
tissue, House hold towels, Napkins.

Raw Material Selection

The primary raw material for tissue paper
is virgin pulp. Some tissue products may
use recycled paper pulp, which undergo
de-inking and cleaning processes.

Pulping section
Wood chips or recycled paper a raw
material undergo pulping and breaking
down into fibers. This can be achieved
through mechanical or chemical pulping
methods.
Cleaning & Refining
The pulps cleaned to remove impurities
and refining the pulp to achieve the
desired tissue paper quality.

Bleaching section
The pulp may undergo a bleaching
process to achieve the desired whiteness
pulp.

Formation of paper ( Tissue )

The prepared pulp is mixed with water and
chemicals to create a slurry. This slurry is
then formed into a continuous sheet on
paper machine, typically with the help of a
forming fabric or wire mesh.

Pressing section
Excess the water is removed from the
sheet by using a press and rollers, which
squeeze out water and flatten the paper.

Drying section
The tissue paper is produced on a paper
machine that has a single large steam
heated drying cylinder ( Yankee dryer ). In
which the pressed sheet is dried with the
help of sues heated rollers and hot air,
through a series of drying cylinder.

Calendering
The dried sheet may go through
calendaring, a process that gives the
tissue paper a smooth finish.

Rolling and Cutting

The large sheets are rolled onto reels
and then cut into smaller rolls. The
large reels are then converted into the
final consumer product such as tissue
paper

Packaging section
The finished tissue products are
packaged for distribution like facial
tissue, toilet tissue & paper towels.

MAGAZINE
The manufacturing process of magazine
paper involves several key steps :

Raw material

The high quality paper is produced from

higher strength like cotton, linen, and
hemp fiber. These raw material are used
to give strength and stiffness to the paper.
Straw, bamboo and esparto grass are
used to manufacturing the fiber.

Pulping section

The raw material are broken down into

pulp through mechanical or chemical
processes, is common for magazine paper
as it produced strong fiber.

Bleaching section
The pulp undergoes a bleaching process
to remove impurities and achieved the
desired brightness. Chlorine compounds
where traditionally used, but
environmentally friendly alternatives like
oxygen or hydrogen peroxide are
increasingly employed.

Papermaking process
The pulp is mixed with water to create a
slurry. This mixture is then formed into
sheets on a paper machine. The machine
consists of various sections, including the
headbox, wire section, press section and
dryer section.

The headbox in pulp slurry pass through

into the wire section and sheet is prepared.
The sheet is travel into the press section
in applied pressure to remove the water.
The sheet is dried using a combination of
air drying and heated dryer cylinder.
Coating section
Magazine paper is often coated to
improve its printability and appearance.
Coating material, such as clay or calcium
carbonate, are applied to the paper
surface. This coated paper is then passed
through heated rollers for an even finish.

Calendering section
The paper goes through calender, a
process where it pass through rollers to
enhance surface smoothness and gloss.
This step improve the paper’s print quality.

Cutting and Finishing

The large paper rolls produced are cut into
a smaller rolls or sheet suitable for
magazine printing. The finished rolls or
sheets undergo quality control checks
before being pakckaged for distribution.

PRINTING
The manufacturing process of printing
paper involves several steps :
Raw material selection
The process begins with the selection of
raw materials, which can include wood
pulp, recycled paper, vegetable tissues or
a combination of both, depending on
desired paper quality.

Pulping section
The raw material are pulped, a process
where fibers are separated broken down
into a slurry. This can be achieved through
chemical or mechanical pulping.

Refining section
The pulp undergoes refining to improve
fibers quality, ensuring strength and
uniformity in the paper. The pulp is refining
with help of valley beater and double disc
refiner and maintain pulp consistency.
Formation of paper sheet
The refined pulp is then formed into
sheets on a paper a machine. During this
stage, water is drained and the fibers
begin to bond, creating a continuous sheet.

Pressing section
The formed paper goes through into the
press section and which is pressure is
applied on the sheet, where excess water
is removed, further consolidating the fibes
and improves sheet quality.

Drying section
The pressed paper sheet is dried using
hot air and steam into roll dryer machine.
The some quantity of water is present in
the sheet in removed and moisture less
the sheet.
 In this process not totally removed the
moisture because the sheet broken and
quality of paper is deteriorates.

Calendering section
Depending on the application, printing
paper might receive coatings to improve
printability, brightness, or other specific
properties.

Cutting & Packaging

The final steps involves cutting the paper
into standard sizes and packaging it for
distribution to consumers or other
industries

BIO DATA OF STUDENT

Name Aaush
Roll no. 210150600002
Father name Mr. Lalan yadav
Date of birth 29/07/2002
Address Shiv nagar colony, camp, Ynr]

Name Abhishek kumar

Roll no. 210150600003
Father name Mr. Sanjeev kuma
Date of Birth 23/06/2005
Address Sanjeev kuamr, roop nagar,
Ynr

Name Abhishek kumar

Roll no. 210150600005
Father name Mr. Sandeep kumar
Date of birth 20/05/2005
Address 247 gandhi nagar, byepass,
gurdwara, Ynr

Name Abhishek dhiman

Roll no. 210150600006
Fathe name Mr. Devi lal
Date of birth 14/11/2004
Address Gali no.4 laxmi nagar,
camp, Ynr

Name Abhishek dhima

Roll no. 210150600007
Father name Mr. Suneel kumar
Date of birth 12/11/2003
Address Vill nagla kindar lakhora
mainpuri, UP

3. Hand mate sheet

1) Aim :-
Preparation of hand made sheet.
2) Apparatus :-
Pulp, British sheet former and water.
3) Scope :-
Handmade paper is a layer of fiber that are held
together by the natural bonding properties of
cellulose of fibers.
4) Procedure :-
. Take 100gm of pulp in 1000ml of water and out
into the disintegrater & Start the disintegrater to
make the pulp slurry in very small pieces.
. Take 20ml pulp slurry in 1000ml of beaker and
filled with water and mixed.
. Put mixed slurry inside the BSF and start water
drainage with valve & Then pick up the sheet and
put in to oven to dry.
5) Result :- We have study the experiment.

6) Precaution :-
. Used the apparatus carefuly.
. Weight the specimen carefuly.
Observation and calculation

Amount of water = 1000ml

Amount of pulp = 100gm
Consistency of pulp = 1.2%
Give pulp slurry = 1100ml
S.no Pulp slurry Amount of Water Time
( in ml ) Water add drainage ( in sec. )
( in ml ) ( in ml )

1 10ml 900ml 896ml 50 sec

2 15ml 900ml 895ml 47 sec
3 20ml 900ml 893ml 48 sec
4 30ml 900ml 894ml 51 sec

Sheet of 10ml of pulp slurry = very thin ( less

0.2mm )
Sheet of 30ml of pulp slurry = thin sheet ( less
0.3 )

CONTENTS

1. Preface 1
2. Acknowledgement 2
3. Certificate 3-7
4. Company profile 8
5. Process department mill 9
6. Introduction to star paper mill 10
7. Chipping house 11-15
8. Type of chipper 16-17
9. Digester 18-19
10.Chemical recovery 20-22
11. Paper machine 22-24
12. Screening plant 24-26
13. Bleaching plant 27-29
14. Type of bleaching 29-30
15. Process of paper making 30-31
16. Canclusion 32
17. Reference 33
17. Bio data of student 34-35

PREFACE
Practical training is an important part of theoretical
studies. It covers all that remains uncovered in the
classmate. It offers the student to exposure an
invaluable treasure of experiment. I express my
deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Sandeep singh in
Star paper mill ( pulp & paper ) section for his
inspiration valuable guidance and constant
encouragement.
the completion of this training. Without his it would
have been an impossible task for us. I have to put
my sincere efforts to make this project interesting.
The blessing and guidance give by all these
people will carry us on long way in journey of life
and professional career on which we are about to
embark.
I feel proud to get training at Star paper mill ltd,
Saharanpur, UP that is one paper manufacturing
industries in India. I aviles this opportunity in a
very satisfactory manner.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report conveys my heartiest thanks to all

those officers and employes of at Star paper
mill ltd. Who have give me their full co-
operation and devoted their valuable time, I
express my deep sense of gratitude to
Department of pulp section members for his
inspiration valuable guidance and constant
encouragement in the completion of this
summer training. Without his it would have
been an impossible task for us. I have to put
my sincere efforts to make this project
interesting
The blessing and guidance give by all these
people will carry us on long way in journey of
life and professional career on which we are
about to embark and precious help I have
been able to complete my practical summer
training successfully.

Reference
1)www.starpapers.com
2)www.ndtv.com
3)www.dnb.com

REFERENCE
1. www.gutenberg.com
2. www.en.m.wikipedia
3. www.new.abb.com

BIO DATA

Name Aaush
Roll no. 210150600002
Father name Mr. Lalan yadav
Date of birth 29/07/2002

Name Aarzu deen

Roll no. 210150622001
Father name Mr. Gaffar
Date of birth 22/11/1998

Name Abhishek
Roll no. 210150622002
Father name Mr. Kuldeep kumar
Date of birth 04/07/

Name Pushav kumar

Roll no. 210150622008
Father name Mr. Narender kumar
Date of birth 23/09/2000

Name Salman khan

Roll no. 210150622009
Father name Mr. Shokat Ali
Date of birth 09/08/2001
Name Aaush
Roll no. 210150600002
Father name Lalan yadav
Date of birth 29/07/2002
Address Shiv nagar colony, camp, Ynr]

Name Shubham
Roll no. 210150622010
Father name Mr. Rakesh kumar
Date of birth 29/07/1999