COURSE MATERIAL FOR GST 121: USE OF LIBRARY, STUDY SKILLS AND ICT

Course Lecturer: Mr. Tunde Toyese Oyedokun, CLN

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

LECTURE ONE: BRIEF HISTORY OF LIBRARY, LIBRARY EDUCATION AND

TYPES OF LIBRARIES

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this lecture, you are expected to be able to:

1. Define library from the point of view of a layman, literate and professional librarian
2. Trace the history of library from Ancient time, Down to medieval and modern days.
3. Understand the relationship between library and education.
4. Identify types of libraries

Pre-test

What is information, relationship between data, information, knowledge and wisdom?

What is information literacy?

What is a Library?

CONTENT

A Library to a layman: A building or room containing collections of books, periodicals, and

sometimes films and recorded music for use or borrowing by the public or the members of an
institution.

A library to a literate: A library is a collection of materials, books or media that are accessible for
use and not just for display purposes. A library provides physical or digital access materials, and
may be a physical location or a virtual space, or both.

A library to Library and Information Science Professionals: A library is a collection of resources

in a variety of formats that is (1) organized by information professionals or other experts who (2)
provide convenient physical, digital, bibliographic, or intellectual access and (3) offer targeted
services and programs (4) with the mission of educating, informing, or entertaining a variety of
audiences (5) and the goal of stimulating individual learning and advancing society as a whole.

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The word "library" seems to be used in so many different aspects now, from the brick-and-
mortar public library to the digital library. Public libraries—and indeed, all libraries--are
changing and dynamic places where librarians help people find the best source of information
whether it's a book, a web site, or database entry.

Library, traditionally is collection of books used for reading or study, or the building or room in
which such a collection is kept. The word derives from the Latin liber, “book,” whereas a
Latinized Greek word, bibliotheca, is the origin of the word for library in German, Russian, and
the Romance languages.

From their historical beginnings as places to keep the business, legal, historical, and religious
records of a civilization, libraries have emerged since the middle of the 20th century as a far-
reaching body of information resources and services that do not even require a building. Rapid
developments in computers, telecommunications, and other technologies have made it possible
to store and retrieve information in many different forms and from any place with a computer
and a telephone connection. The terms digital library and virtual library have begun to be used to
refer to the vast collections of information to which people gain access over the Internet, cable
television, or some other type of remote electronic connection.

Library is concerned with the collection, processing, storage and dissemination of

recorded knowledge for the purpose of reading, study, research and consultation. The growth and
importance of libraries brought about the profession librarianship. The art of writing preceded
libraries. The need for human beings to transmit their thoughts and visions in an external
medium to others and the preservation of culture brought about the idea of writing. The need to
collect these writings for preservation do that they can be passed from one generation to the other
could have been the harbinger of libraries. Writing started more than 7,000 years ago. Writing is
a representation of sound and speech in a meaningful form. Many types of writing have evolved,
from cuneiforms to hieroglyphics and now the alphabets. Several kinds of media for the
transfer of information have evolved over the years. These include clay tablets, papyrus, stone,
parchment, paper, microforms and now digital medium.

BRIEF HISTORY OF LIBRARY

In describing the histories of libraries it will be delineated into three eras. These are the ancient
times, medieval times and modern era.

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Ancient Times

Libraries have existed for a long period, as far back as 6,000 years ago. The beginnings
can be traced to the Sumerian (West Pakistan) who developed the clay tablets in which
cuneiform signs and characters were used to record the activities of the government, temple
and business. Cuneiform writing was a form of wedge-shaped pen that was inscribed on
clay. It was used for inscribing symbols on clays. This made impression on wet clay tablets,
which were later dried and hardened. These tablets were later preserved and neatly arranged.
This can be said to be the precursor of libraries. When Babylonian Empire led by King Sargon 1
conquered Sumeria, the culture of cuneiform writing was integrated into the Babylonian
civilization. The Assyrians succeeded the Babylonians.

During the era of Assurbanipal, King of Assyria (668-626 BC) was known to have
collected over 30,000 tablets on all subjects throughout his empire. The collection consisted
mainly of inscribed tablets and cylinders of baked clays. His scribes transcribed the tablets. The
collections were found mainly in certain rooms in a place at Nineveh. The tablets contained
historical records, poetical works, myths and chronicles, religious texts, astronomical
observations etc. There was evidence that scholars and kings in the empire used the libraries.
Unfortunately, the Empire fell after the armies of Persia conquered it. They destroyed everything
including the library.

Later on, libraries were found in Egypt and instead of clay tablet as a media of
information, roll made up of papyrus were used as medium of recording information. In China,
animal bones and tortoise shells were used as a medium of recorded knowledge. The bones were
usually cleaned and polished before there were used as a writing medium. The Egyptians utilized
the type of writing called hieroglyphics to record all kinds of activities, be it in the temple, royal
palaces and other places. Hieroglyphic writing was made up of symbols and characters that have
been agreed upon by the society as representing certain ideas. These ideas were communicated
through drawing or painting. The papyrus was made from papyrus reed, in which the stems were

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cut into strips and then pressed into sheets which were joined together to form scrolls. Papyrus is
perishable.

The recorded knowledge in papyrus, used in ancient Egypt, covered many subjects
including agriculture, government, poetry and medicine. Priest dominated the educational system
because they were the first set of people to be literate. Amongst the priests were teachers,
scribes, etc. Thus, the priests were generally the custodians of papyrus they used in recording
information. It is therefore not surprising that most of the libraries were in temples. The ancient
Egyptians revered temples, because apart from being the spiritual centers, they were also the
economic and administrative centers.

Writing and Painting of Papyrus

Papyrus Scroll Stored in a Library Stack

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Cuneiform Writing on a Clay Tablet

Clay Tablet Stored on a Library Stack

Development of Libraries in Mesopotamia

The Mesopotamian civilization was one of the earliest civilizations. It started in the land
which lies between two rivers known as Rivers Tigris and Euphrates; hence, the Mesopotamia is
called the land between two rivers. The civilization took off in the southern part of Mesopotamia
in one of the towns known as Sumer. Today, the area formerly occupied by Mesopotamia is
being occupied by Iraq, Syria and Turkey. The Mesopotamian civilization grew up around the
Rivers Tigris and Euphrates in a number of towns such as Sumer, Nippur, Nineveh, Kish, Susa,
Assur, Ur, Babylon, Chaldea and Akhad. The development of libraries in Mesopotamia, an
ancient region located dates back to the early stages of human civilization. Here is an overview
of the development of libraries in Mesopotamia:

Clay Tablets and Archives: Mesopotamia is known for its early system of writing, known as
cuneiform, which involved impressing wedge-shaped marks onto clay tablets. These clay tablets
were used for various purposes, including record-keeping, administration, and the preservation of

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important texts. Collections of clay tablets formed archives that served as early precursors to
libraries.

Temple Libraries: Temples held a central role in Mesopotamian society, serving as religious,
educational, and administrative centers. Many temples had their libraries, known as "House of
the Tablets." These temple libraries housed a wide range of cuneiform tablets, including religious
texts, legal codes, scientific and medical texts, and literary works.

Royal Libraries: Kings and rulers in Mesopotamia were patrons of learning and literature. They
established libraries within their palaces, known as "House of Wisdom" or "House of the King."
These royal libraries housed extensive collections of texts, including historical records,
administrative documents, and literary works.

Assurbanipal's Library at Nineveh: One notable library in Mesopotamia was the Library of King
Assurbanipal in Nineveh (7th century BCE). It is considered one of the most famous ancient
libraries. This library housed thousands of clay tablets, including literary works, epic poems like
the Epic of Gilgamesh, historical accounts, scientific texts, and administrative records.

Cataloging and Organization: Libraries in Mesopotamia employed cataloging systems to

organize their collections. Cuneiform texts often had colophons (inscriptions) at the end,
providing information about the text, its author, and its content. These colophons aided in
cataloging and identifying the texts in the libraries.

Education and Scribal Training: Libraries in Mesopotamia were closely tied to education and
scribal training. The texts housed in these libraries served as resources for educating scribes, who
played a significant role in administrative and intellectual pursuits of the time.

Copying and Duplication: Libraries in Mesopotamia also engaged in the copying and duplication
of texts. Scribes would copy existing texts onto new clay tablets, contributing to the preservation
and dissemination of knowledge.

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It is important to note that the libraries in Mesopotamia primarily consisted of clay tablets and
were accessible primarily to the elite and educated classes of society, such as priests, scribes, and
rulers. The libraries played a critical role in the preservation, transmission, and advancement of
knowledge and formed an essential foundation for later library developments in ancient and
subsequent civilizations.

Medieval Times

During medieval times, libraries underwent significant transformations, reflecting

the cultural, religious, and educational developments of the era. Here is a brief overview of the
history of libraries during medieval times:

Early Medieval Period (5th-10th centuries): Monastic Libraries: Monasteries played a crucial
role in preserving knowledge during this period. Monastic libraries were established, primarily in
scriptoria, where monks copied and preserved important texts, including religious and
philosophical works.

Limited Access: Libraries were typically accessible only to monks and scholars within monastic
communities. Books were considered valuable and rare, leading to restricted access.

High Middle Ages (11th-13th centuries): Cathedral and Church Libraries: The construction of
cathedrals and the rise of universities led to the establishment of libraries associated with these
institutions. Cathedral libraries housed religious and theological texts and served as centers of
learning and scholarship.

Scriptoria and Manuscript Production: Scriptoria continued to be important centers for

manuscript production. Monks and scribes painstakingly copied and illuminated manuscripts,
preserving classical works, religious texts, and legal documents.

Late Middle Ages (14th-15th centuries): University Libraries: Universities emerged as centers
of learning and intellectual exchange. University libraries began to develop, providing access to

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a broader range of scholarly works and texts related to various disciplines such as theology,
philosophy, law, and medicine.

Growth of Book Production: The late Middle Ages witnessed advancements in book production
techniques, including the use of paper instead of parchment and the introduction of movable type
printing. These advancements contributed to increased book production and wider dissemination
of knowledge.

Preservation and Collection Development

Collecting and Preserving Ancient Works: Libraries during the medieval period focused on
collecting and preserving classical texts from the ancient world, such as the works of Aristotle,
Plato, and other Greek and Roman scholars. These works were valued for their intellectual and
philosophical content.

Ecclesiastical and Religious Texts: Libraries in monastic, cathedral, and university settings
primarily held religious texts, including Bibles, theological treatises, liturgical books, and
writings of the Church Fathers. These texts were central to religious education and worship.

Legal and Medical Texts: Libraries associated with universities and legal institutions also
collected legal and medical texts, reflecting the growing interest in these fields and the need for
specialized knowledge.

It's important to note that during the medieval period, libraries were often small and had
limited collections compared to modern libraries. The primary focus was on the preservation and
transmission of knowledge, particularly religious and scholarly works. The accessibility of
libraries was generally restricted to religious communities, scholars, and the educated elite.
Despite their limitations, libraries during medieval times played a crucial role in preserving and
transmitting knowledge, contributing to the cultural and intellectual development of subsequent
eras. They formed the foundation for the evolution of libraries in later periods, as the
dissemination of knowledge and access to libraries expanded.

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MODERN ERA

The paradigm for libraries and librarianship shifted radically in the 20th century with the advent
of new information technologies. By the end of the century, computer-based systems had given
individuals access to an enormous network of information. Especially in the world’s major urban
centres, the library’s traditional means of sharing access to information, such as the owning and
lending of books and other materials or the sharing of these resources with sister libraries, were
increasingly supplanted by the use of electronic databases that contained everything from library
catalogs and subject area indexes and abstracts to journal articles and entire book-length texts.
As individuals using home computers became familiar with a worldwide electronic network, the
library as a storehouse site was challenged by the so-called virtual library, accessible by
computer from any place that had telephone or cable lines. The role of the professional librarian
also evolved, as many were called upon to be familiar with and to train others to use a variety of
electronic databases.

ANCIENT, MEDIEVAL AND MODERN LIBRARIES COMPARED

Learning Objectives:

1. Identify and describe the key characteristics of ancient, medieval, and modern libraries.
2. Compare and contrast the roles and functions of libraries in different historical periods.
3. Analyze the similarities and differences in the types of materials stored in ancient,
medieval, and modern libraries.
4. Evaluate the access restrictions and user demographics of libraries in each historical
period.

Ancient Libraries

Ancient libraries were primarily repositories of written texts and served as centers of knowledge
and learning. They were often associated with religious institutions, such as temples or
monasteries, and were accessible to scholars, priests, and elites. Manuscripts and scrolls were the
predominant forms of written materials stored in ancient libraries. These libraries aimed to
preserve and transmit knowledge across generations. Ancient libraries played a crucial role in the
dissemination of cultural and philosophical ideas.

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Differences:

1. Ancient libraries were limited in size and scope compared to medieval and modern
libraries.
2. They were mainly private collections or associated with specific institutions, rather than
being open to the general public.
3. Ancient libraries focused primarily on religious or philosophical texts and were not as
comprehensive in terms of subjects covered.
4. Preservation techniques were less advanced, making ancient texts more susceptible to
damage or loss over time.
5. Access to ancient libraries was often restricted to a privileged few, limiting the
dissemination of knowledge to a select audience.

Medieval Libraries

Medieval libraries, like their ancient counterparts, were repositories of knowledge and served as
centers of learning. They were associated with religious institutions, such as monasteries,
cathedrals, and universities. Manuscripts continued to be the primary form of written materials
stored in medieval libraries. Preservation and copying of texts were important activities within
medieval libraries. Medieval libraries played a significant role in preserving classical knowledge
and transmitting it to future generations.

Differences

1. Medieval libraries expanded in size and collection compared to ancient libraries,

reflecting a broader range of subjects covered, including theology, philosophy, law, and
literature.
2. Access to medieval libraries was still limited, primarily to clergy, scholars, and nobility.
3. The organization and cataloging of materials in medieval libraries were based on
manuscript traditions, such as chained libraries and scriptoriums.

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 4. Medieval libraries often had specific rules and regulations for accessing and borrowing
materials.
5. The role of medieval libraries extended beyond preserving knowledge to actively
supporting teaching and research within educational institutions.

Modern Libraries

Modern libraries are repositories of knowledge and information, providing access to a wide
range of materials. They serve as community resources, catering to diverse users, including
students, researchers, professionals, and the general public. Printed books, manuscripts, journals,
and various multimedia formats are available in modern libraries. Modern libraries aim to
provide access to information, promote literacy, and support lifelong learning.

Differences:

1. Modern libraries have significantly expanded in size, collections, and resources compared
to their ancient and medieval counterparts.
2. They utilize advanced technologies for cataloging, organization, and access to materials,
such as online databases and digital libraries.
3. Modern libraries offer a wide range of services, including reference assistance, digital
resources, multimedia facilities, and community programs.
4. Accessibility is a key focus, with modern libraries striving to provide equal access to
information for all members of society.
5. Modern libraries often incorporate collaborative spaces, technology centers, and maker
spaces to foster creativity and innovation.

In general, modern libraries have developed to cater to a wider audience and adapt to changing
technological advancements, offering a more diverse range of resources, services, and
accessibility options. While ancient and medieval libraries laid the foundation for knowledge
preservation and dissemination.

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Roles of Libraries in Society

Libraries are essential community institutions that contribute to education, knowledge,

cultural preservation, social inclusion, and personal growth. They provide invaluable resources,
support lifelong learning, and serve as catalysts for positive change within society. Libraries play
a crucial role in society and the community by providing a wide range of benefits and services.
Below are some key roles of libraries:

1. Access to Information: Libraries serve as gateways to knowledge, offering free access to

a vast array of resources, including books, magazines, newspapers, digital materials, and
databases. They ensure that individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic background,
have access to information, fostering lifelong learning and intellectual growth.
2. Education and Learning Support: Libraries support education at all levels. They provide
resources and services that aid in formal education, such as textbooks, study guides, and
research materials. Libraries also offer educational programs, workshops, and tutoring
services to help students succeed academically.
3. Promotion of Literacy and Reading: Libraries play a crucial role in promoting literacy
and a love for reading. They provide a diverse range of books and reading materials for
all ages and offer programs that encourage reading, such as storytime sessions, book
clubs, and literacy initiatives. Libraries help develop literacy skills that are essential for
personal growth, lifelong learning, and social participation.
4. Community Gathering Spaces: Libraries serve as community gathering spaces where
people can come together, connect, and engage in various activities. They provide safe
and inclusive environments for people of all ages and backgrounds to learn, socialize, and
explore common interests. Libraries often host cultural events, workshops, exhibitions,
and lectures that foster community engagement.
5. Digital Inclusion and Technology Access: Libraries bridge the digital divide by providing
free access to computers, internet connectivity, and digital resources. They support digital
literacy by offering technology training, assistance with online resources, and guidance

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 on using digital tools effectively. Libraries ensure that individuals have the opportunity to
develop essential digital skills and participate in the digital age.
6. Support for Research and Lifelong Learning: Libraries support research and lifelong
learning by providing access to specialized databases, research materials, and academic
resources. They offer research assistance, guidance on citation and information
evaluation, and access to scholarly journals and other materials not easily accessible
elsewhere. Libraries contribute to the intellectual growth and professional development
of individuals.
7. Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Libraries act as custodians of cultural heritage,
preserving and protecting books, manuscripts, archives, and historical documents. They
ensure that future generations have access to the rich history and knowledge of their
communities and contribute to the preservation of cultural identity.
8. Support for Personal Development: Libraries offer resources and services that support
personal development and well-being. They provide resources on health, wellness, and
self-help, as well as materials for personal interests, hobbies, and leisure activities.
Libraries contribute to the overall enrichment and quality of life of individuals in the
community.
9. Community Information Hub: Libraries serve as community information hubs,
connecting individuals with local resources, government services, and community
organizations. They provide information on local events, job opportunities, social
services, and other relevant information. Libraries facilitate community engagement and
empower individuals to make informed decisions.
10. Equal Access and Equity: Libraries promote equal access to information, education, and
opportunities for all members of society, irrespective of their background, socioeconomic
status, or abilities. They play a crucial role in fostering social inclusion, empowering
marginalized groups, and reducing inequalities by providing free and open access to
resources and services.

Evolving Nature of Libraries in the Digital Age

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 The evolving nature of libraries in the digital age reflects their commitment to embracing
new technologies, expanding access to information, and enhancing user experiences. Libraries
continue to be important institutions in the digital landscape, serving as trusted sources of
knowledge, fostering lifelong learning, and facilitating digital inclusion within communities. The
digital age has had a profound impact on the nature and evolution of libraries. Here are some key
ways in which libraries have adapted and transformed in the digital age:

1. Digital Collections and Access: Libraries have embraced digital technologies to provide
access to a wide range of digital resources. They offer e-books, e-journals, databases, and
digital archives, expanding their collections beyond physical materials. Digital access
enables users to access resources remotely, anytime and anywhere, enhancing
convenience and flexibility.
2. Online Catalogs and Search Tools: Libraries have transitioned from traditional card
catalogs to online catalogs and search tools. Users can easily search and browse library
collections, access detailed information about resources, and check availability. Online
catalogs also facilitate interlibrary loan services, allowing users to request materials from
other libraries.
3. Digital Preservation and Archiving: Libraries play a crucial role in digital preservation
and archiving. They preserve and provide access to born-digital materials, such as
websites, electronic documents, and multimedia content. Libraries implement strategies
and technologies to ensure long-term preservation and accessibility of digital materials
for future generations.
4. Information Literacy and Digital Skills: Libraries have expanded their focus on
information literacy to include digital literacy and technology skills. They offer training
programs, workshops, and resources to help users navigate and critically evaluate digital
information, use digital tools effectively, and enhance their digital literacy competencies.
5. Technology Infrastructure and Access: Libraries have upgraded their technology
infrastructure to support digital services. They provide computers, internet access, and
Wi-Fi connectivity for users to utilize digital resources. Some libraries also offer loanable

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 technology, such as laptops or tablets, to enhance accessibility and bridge the digital
divide.
6. Virtual and Remote Services: Libraries have developed virtual services to reach users
beyond physical spaces. They offer virtual reference services, online chat support, and
virtual programming, enabling users to connect with librarians, access assistance, and
participate in library activities remotely.
7. Collaboration and Resource Sharing: Libraries collaborate with other institutions and
participate in resource sharing networks to expand access to digital resources. They
engage in cooperative collection development, share digital materials, and collaborate on
digitization projects, maximizing the availability and diversity of resources for users.
8. Digital Humanities and Data Services: Libraries support digital humanities initiatives,
providing access to digital collections, tools for text analysis, and resources for data
visualization. They assist researchers in managing and analyzing research data, offering
guidance on data management, data curation, and open access publishing.
9. Maker Spaces and Digital Creation: Libraries have introduced maker spaces and digital
creation labs. These spaces provide access to technology such as 3D printers, laser
cutters, and audiovisual equipment, enabling users to explore creativity, innovation, and
digital production. Libraries support users in acquiring digital creation skills and fostering
a culture of collaboration and experimentation.
10. User-Centric Services and Personalization: Libraries strive to provide personalized
services and tailor offerings to meet the diverse needs of users. They leverage digital
technologies to offer personalized recommendations, customized reading lists, and
targeted notifications based on user preferences and interests.

The Changing Role of Libraries

Libraries are collections of books, manuscripts, journals, and other sources of recorded
information. They commonly include reference works, such as encyclopaedias that provide
factual information and indexes that help users find information in other sources; creative works,
including poetry, novels, short stories, music scores, and photographs; nonfiction, such as
biographies, histories, and other factual reports; and periodical publications, including
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magazines, scholarly journals, and books published as part of a series. As home use of records,
CD-ROMs, and audiotapes and videotapes has increased, library collections have begun to
include these and other forms of media, too.

Libraries were involved early in exploiting information technologies. For many years libraries
have participated in cooperative ventures with other libraries. Different institutions have shared
cataloging and information about what each has in its collection. They have used this shared
information to facilitate the borrowing and lending of materials among libraries. Librarians have
also become expert in finding information from on-line and CD-ROM databases.

As society has begun to value information more highly, the so-called information industry has
developed. This industry encompasses publishers, software developers, on-line information
services, and other businesses that package and sell information products for a profit. It provides
both an opportunity and a challenge to libraries. On the one hand, as more information becomes
available in electronic form, libraries no longer have to own an article or a certain piece of
statistical information, for example, to obtain it quickly for a user. On the other hand, members
of the information industry seem to be offering alternatives to libraries. A student with her own
computer can now go directly to an on-line service to locate, order, and receive a copy of an
article without ever leaving her home.

Although the development of digital libraries means that people do not have to go to a building
for some kinds of information, users still need help to locate the information they want. In a
traditional library building, a user has access to a catalog that will help locate a book. In a digital
library, a user has access to catalogs to find traditional library materials, but much of the
information on, for example, the Internet cannot be found through one commonly accepted form
of identification. This problem necessitates agreement on standard ways to identify pieces of
electronic information (sometimes called meta-data) and the development of codes (such as
HTML [Hypertext Markup Language] and SGML [Standard Generalized Markup Language])
that can be inserted into electronic texts.

For many years libraries have bought books and periodicals that people can borrow or photocopy
for personal use. Publishers of electronic databases, however, do not usually sell their product,
but instead they license it to libraries (or sites) for specific uses. They usually charge libraries a
per-user fee or a per-unit fee for the specific amount of information the library uses. When
libraries do not own these resources, they have less control over whether older information is
saved for future use—another important cultural function of libraries. In the electronic age,
questions of copyright, intellectual property rights, and the economics of information have
become increasingly important to the future of library service.

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Increased availability of electronic information has led libraries, particularly in schools, colleges,
and universities, to develop important relationships to their institutions’ computer centres. In
some places the computer centre is the place responsible for electronic information and the
library is responsible for print information. In some educational institutions librarians have
assumed responsibility for both the library collection and computer services.

As technology has changed and allowed ever new ways of creating, storing, organizing, and
providing information, public expectation of the role of libraries has increased. Libraries have
responded by developing more sophisticated on-line catalogs that allow users to find out whether
or not a book has been checked out and what other libraries have it. Libraries have also found
that users want information faster, they want the full text of a document instead of a citation to it,
and they want information that clearly answers their questions. In response, libraries have
provided Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) services, in which librarians choose
information that may be of interest to their users and forward it to them before the users request
it.

As libraries have changed, so, too, has the role of the librarian. Increasingly librarians have
assumed the role of educator to teach their users how to find information both in the library and
over electronic networks. librarians have expanded their roles by providing local community
information through publicly accessible computing systems. Some librarians are experts about
computers and computer software. Others are concerned with how computer technologies can
preserve the human cultural records of the past or assure that library collections on crumbling
paper or in old computer files can still be used by people many centuries in the future.

The work of librarians has also moved outside library walls. Librarians have begun to work in
the information industry as salespeople, designers of new information systems, researchers, and
information analysts. They also are found in such fields as marketing and public relations and in
such organizations as law firms, where staffs need rapid access to information.

Although libraries have changed significantly over the course of history, as the following section
demonstrates, their cultural role has not. Libraries remain responsible for acquiring or providing
access to books, periodicals, and other media that meet the educational, recreational, and
informational needs of their users. They continue to keep the business, legal, historical, and
religious records of a civilization. They are the place where a toddler can hear his first story and
a scholar can carry out her research.

LIBRARY AND EDUCATION

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Libraries are pivotal to developing 21st Century learners. They are places for learning and
thinking, and play a key role in supporting and developing enjoyment of reading and multiple
literacies. Library offers the resources and encourages the thinking process, creativity,
inquisitiveness and makes the learning more fruitful. The function of library is to provide
textbooks, references, periodicals, research conducted till date on various subjects to students,
teachers and researchers. Library is the most important and essential part in education process.
Availability of library facility in school makes the teaching learning process more effective and
advanced.

Libraries promote academic research by offering access to books and information relevant to
student coursework and scientific studies. Librarians bear responsibility for the education of
library users and employees. Libraries actively contribute to students' awareness, understanding
and capabilities in using, managing and working critically with information.

TYPES OF LIBRARIES

Library is the store-house of knowledge for posterior use. Human knowledge can be recorded
and preserved in different media. Some years back, documents written or printed in paper were
considered as the best medium. But with the development of science and technology today
electronic multimedia have been widely used for preservation of knowledge in the libraries of
any kind whether it may be school, public, academic, national or special library. Since the
beginning of civilization human beings have been putting emphasis on storing of information in
different ways. However it must be admitted that libraries in ancient times were not like those of
the present days. Libraries are dynamic and grow along with human civilization. The urge of
social, economic, intellectual and cultural improvement necessitates the development of different
kinds of libraries.

Since knowledge and information are so vital for all round development, libraries that handle and
manage knowledge and information are invaluable indeed. The present knowledge society has
been, as understood, characterized by the competition, the supply and demand for knowledge to
meet the varied and complex needs of the individuals, which are expected from the library.
Dissemination of right information to the right reader /user at the right time is the dictum of all
the library and information centers. In short library is an agency for dissemination of
information. The basic function of library is education. The purpose of a library in modern
society is to educate the community in a wider sense. Libraries play a very important role in the
educational process of formal and non-formal learning, in research and development, in cultural
activities, in spiritual and ideological realms, in recreation and entertainment etc. With the
spectacular advances in information technology and increasing categories of users and their

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information needs in different situations, modern society is heading towards an information
society in which the central instrument of change, force and direction of change are knowledge
and information.

According to the mode of services rendered to the readers; libraries are broadly divided into five
types:

1. Academic Library,
2. School Library,
3. Special Library,
4. Public Library, and
5. National Library.

Academic Library:

Academic library is the library which is attached to academic institutions like polytechnics,
colleges and universities. An academic library serves more specifically the students, research
scholars, teachers and staff of the academic institution. Main objective of an academic library is
to give maximum learning materials to its clientele so that they may be fully educated in their
respective level. Academic libraries are categorized into polytechnic libraries, college libraries
and university libraries.

B. College Library: College performs an important function in educational process. A college

without a library is like a tree with no roots. The status of every college is measured through the
position of the library that it maintains. Hence every college library should become a teaching
instrument in itself. A college library is expected to support the objectives of the college. Thus,
the basic function of a college library is to assist its parent body to carry out its programs.

C. University Library: A library is more important in a University, because a library can do

without a University where as a university cannot function without a library. A university library
is an integral part of the institution. It is primarily maintained for the benefit of students, officers,
faculty members and for those who are engaged in research work. It plays a very important role
in the national life of the community by acquiring material for educational use for the benefit of
students and teaching departments.

School Library

A school library is a learning laboratory, providing a variety of instructional media, essential for
optimum support of the education programme. The purpose of the school library is to attain the
objectives of the educational programme. It concerns with the development of effective methods

19
of thinking, inculcation of social attitudes, acquisition of important information and promoting
growth and development among the children. The function of the school library is to help the
students in the process of their self-discovery, to adopt high ideals in life, improve scholastic
efficiency through self-study and to develop the capacity for critical thinking.

Special Library:

Special libraries are libraries established to meet the highly specialized requirements of special
set of users. They either cover a special collection, special subject, a specialized set of users or
even type of parent organization of institution. Special library became popular since the
beginning of 20th century. A special library is one which serves a particular group of people,
such as the employees of a firm of government department, or the staff and members of a
professional or research organization. Such a library deals essentially in information.

Public Library:

A public library (also called circulating library) is a library which is accessible by the public and
is generally funded from public sources (such as tax money) and may be operated by the civil
servants. Taxing bodies for public libraries may be at any level from local to national central
government level. The public library is an excellent model of government at its best. A locally
controlled public good, it serves every individual freely, in as much or as little depth as he or she
wants. (Wikipedia)

National Library:

A national library is a library specifically established by the government of a country to serve as

the preeminent repository of information for that country. Unlike public libraries, these rarely
allow citizens to borrow books. Often, they include numerous rare, valuable, or significant
works. A National Library is that library which has the duty of collecting and preserving the
literature of the nation within and outside the country, Thus, National Library are those libraries
whose community is the nation at large.

Reading Suggestions:

1. Library and Information Science Text for Africa by Prof. Lenrie Olatokunbo, AINA
2. History of Libraies by Dr. Rose Bini Okiy

LECTURE TWO: History of Libraries in Nigeria, Information Resources and Services in

an Ideal University Library, and Organization of Knowledge in the Library

Learning Objectives:
20
At the end of this lecture, you are expected to:

5. Be familiar with brief history of libraries in Nigeria;

6. Be able to identify information resources and services in an ideal university library; and
7. Understand how knowledge is being organized in the university library.

Pre-test

Identify and explain the five major types of libraries?

What differentiate a university library from other academic libraries?

What are ranges of information carriers in the library?

CONTENT

History is a chronological account of past event; therefore, the history of libraries in Nigeria is a
systematic account of ways libraries are developed in Nigeria. In order that the present day
development of libraries is appreciated by the students, hence, introducing them to the history of
libraries in Nigeria becomes essential.

Libraries in Nigeria have a long history dating back to the pre-colonial era. Traditional libraries
existed in the form of communal knowledge centers where stories, myths, legends, and oral
history were passed down from generation to generation. These libraries played a vital role in
preserving cultural heritage and fostering social cohesion.

During the colonial era, the first modern library was established in Lagos in 1895. This library
was set up by the colonial government to serve the needs of British officials and expatriates.
However, it was not until the 1920s that the Nigerian government began to take an active interest
in the development of libraries in the country. The establishment of the Nigerian Library Service
in 1954 marked a major milestone in the development of libraries in Nigeria. The service was
established to provide library services to the general public, particularly in rural areas.

The educational scenario in Nigeria started changing gradually from the 1900s when some
remarkable improvements were recorded in the educational sector. From 1940 to 1965, the
various levels of education, primary, secondary and tertiary, witness’s impressive improvement.
The population increased at all levels and mass education programs also took off. Several
primary, post-primary and tertiary institutions are established. As a result of the oil boom years
of the 1970s tertiary education was expanded to reach every sub region of Nigeria. This resulted
in six universities and ten other institutions of higher learning. The foregoing thereby created a
phenomenal growth in the development of libraries in Nigeria.
21
History of University Libraries in Nigeria

In this regards, the University College, Ibadan was established in 1948 as an arm of the London
University. It became a full-fledged university in 1962. Other universities which srang up during
this period were: University of Nigeria, Nsukka in 1960, Ife (Now Obafemi Awolowo)
University in 1961, Lagos and Akmadu Bello University in 1962. This scanty scene has since
changed in response to the increasing demand for higher education. This led to the birth of
additional universities, bringing the total number to 13 in 1976. By 1997, with the 36 States and
Federal Capital Territory in Abuja, the number of universities rose to 37. This has become a
catalyst with federal, state and private universities in Nigeria totaling 170 university as of 2023,
expressly, 79 private, 48 state and 43 federal owned universities with each having a library that
serve as appendages to provide support services for the university teaching, learning, research
and community services.

History of National Library of Nigeria

Following independence in 1960, the government of Nigeria continued to invest in the

development of libraries. In 1961, the National Library of Nigeria was established, which is now
the apex library in the country. The library is responsible for the collection, preservation, and
dissemination of Nigerian and foreign publications.

The National Library of Nigeria is the largest and most comprehensive library in the country. In
addition to the National Library, there are many other academic and research libraries, as well as
public libraries that provide access to information and resources for learning and research.
Despite the challenges faced by libraries in Nigeria, such as inadequate funding and
infrastructure, they continue to play a crucial role in the intellectual and cultural development of
the country.

History of Public Libraries in Nigeria

The history of public libraries in Nigeria dates back to the early 20th century, during the colonial
era. The first public library in Nigeria was established in Lagos in 1902, by the colonial
government, to cater to the needs of the expatriate community in the city. The library was later
expanded to include the Nigerian population.

In 1943, the Nigerian Library Association was established to promote the development of
libraries in Nigeria. The association helped to establish libraries in different parts of the country
and advocated for the provision of adequate funding for libraries.

22
In 1954, the Nigerian Library Service was established to provide library services to the general
public, particularly in rural areas. The service was set up to address the lack of access to
information and educational resources in rural communities. The Nigerian Library Service was
later merged with the National Library of Nigeria, which was established in 1961 as the apex
library in the country.

Today, public libraries in Nigeria are funded and managed by state and local governments, as
well as non-governmental organizations. There are also community-based libraries that are run
by volunteers and individuals who are passionate about promoting literacy and education in their
local communities.

Despite the challenges facing public libraries in Nigeria, such as inadequate funding, lack of
resources, and inadequate infrastructure, they continue to play a vital role in providing access to
information and educational resources to the general public. Public libraries in Nigeria are key
institutions for promoting literacy, lifelong learning, and the development of individuals and
communities.

Information Resources in the Library

Libraries are repositories of information resources that are carefully selected, organized, and
made available for use by their users. The type and nature of information resources found in a
library will depend on the library's mission, its users' needs, and the library's budget. They can be
print and non-print information materials.

Here are some common types of information resources you can find in a library:

1. Manuscripts: these are information materials writing by hand or as typescript, such as

letters, minute of the meetings, memo etc.
2. Cartographic Materials: these are materials representing the whole or part of the earth
surface or any celestial body at any scale. They include objects such as maps, plans, atlas,
globe etc.
3. Graphic Media: these are graphic materials such as picture, drawings, filmstrips, slides
etc.
4. Microform: these are transparent media bearing images in reduced form eg microform
and microfiche. They can be read by the use of microform projector called microfiche
readers.
5. Books: Books are perhaps the most common type of information resource found in a
library. They can be fiction or non-fiction and can cover a wide range of subjects.
Journals and magazines: These are periodicals that provide up-to-date information on

23
 current events, research findings, and trends in various fields. Journals are often peer-
reviewed, while magazines are generally popular in nature.
6. Audiovisual materials: Libraries may also have a collection of audiovisual materials,
including DVDs, CDs, and audiobooks, which can be checked out by users.
7. Databases: Many libraries offer access to electronic databases that provide users with
access to a vast amount of information in various fields. These may include academic and
research databases, online encyclopedias, and reference works.
8. Archives and special collections: Libraries may also have special collections and archives
that contain unique and rare materials, such as manuscripts, maps, photographs, and
artwork.
9. Internet access: Many libraries provide public access to the internet and offer free Wi-Fi,
which allows users to access various online resources and information.

Overall, libraries provide a wide range of information resources that enable users to access
information and knowledge on various subjects. By making these resources available to the
public, libraries play a vital role in promoting lifelong learning and intellectual growth.

Serials and Periodical Materials in the Library

Serials and periodicals are important information resources in libraries that provide up-to-date
and specialized information on various topics. These materials are typically published on a
regular basis, such as daily, weekly, monthly, or quarterly, and can be found in both print and
electronic formats.

Here are some examples of serials and periodicals that can be found in libraries:

1. Scholarly journals: These are academic publications that contain articles on research and
current developments in various fields. They are peer-reviewed and provide in-depth
analysis and discussion of specific topics.
2. Magazines: These are popular publications that provide current news, reviews, and
analysis on a wide range of topics, including entertainment, politics, fashion, and sports.
3. Newspapers: These are daily or weekly publications that provide news, feature stories,
and editorials on local, national, and international events.
4. Newsletters: These are publications that provide updates and information on specific
topics or organizations.
5. Annual reports: These are reports that provide information on the performance,
achievements, and challenges of an organization over the course of a year.
6. Trade publications: These are publications that provide information and analysis on
specific industries or professions.

24
 7. Electronic databases: These are online collections of articles and other resources that
provide access to a vast amount of information on various topics.

Libraries carefully select and acquire serials and periodicals based on their users' needs and
interests. They also ensure that these materials are organized and accessible to users through
indexing, abstracting, and other tools. By providing access to a diverse range of serials and
periodicals, libraries play a crucial role in promoting education, research, and lifelong learning.

Reference Materials in the Library

Reference materials are essential resources found in libraries that provide quick and reliable
access to information on a wide range of topics. These materials are typically used in the library
and cannot be checked out. Here are some examples of reference materials that can be found in a
library:

1. Encyclopedias: These are reference works that provide comprehensive information on

various subjects, including history, science, and art.
2. Dictionaries: These are reference works that provide definitions and explanations of
words and phrases in a specific language or field.
3. Thesauruses: These are reference works that provide synonyms and antonyms of words.
4. Almanacs: These are reference works that provide information on weather, astronomical
events, and other statistical information.
5. Atlases and maps: These are reference works that provide geographical information on
various locations.
6. Directories: These are reference works that provide information on organizations,
businesses, and individuals.
7. Handbooks: These are reference works that provide information on specific topics or
professions, such as medicine or engineering.
8. Yearbooks: These are reference works that provide information on current events,
statistics, and facts on a yearly basis.

Reference materials are often used for research, studying, and fact-checking. Libraries carefully
select and organize reference materials to ensure that they are easily accessible and provide
reliable and up-to-date information. By providing access to a wide range of reference materials,
libraries play a crucial role in promoting education and research.

Information Services in the University Library

25
University libraries offer a wide range of information services to support teaching, learning,
research, and scholarship. Here are some examples of information services offered by university
libraries:

1. Provision of Seating and Study Facilities

2. Reference and research assistance: This service provides assistance to library users in
locating and using information resources, including books, journals, and electronic
databases. Reference librarians offer one-on-one research consultations and assistance
with database searches and citation management.
3. Current Awareness Services (CAS): this is essentially to keep users up to date with
happenings in their subject areas of interest. It is to ensure that users are aware of recent
development in their field of interest. This information can be made available to the users
through phone call, e-mail message, newsletter, photocopy of table of new content, list of
new arrivals, publicity and exhibitions and even via social media such as Facebook,
Twitter, WhatzApp and many more.
4. Information Literacy, Users; Education, Instruction and Workshops: University libraries
offer instruction and workshops on research methods, database searching, and other
information literacy skills. These services help students and faculty becomes more
efficient and effective researchers.
5. Lending Services and Interlibrary loan: University libraries offer interlibrary loan
services that allow users to borrow materials from other libraries, both within and outside
the university system. This service helps users access materials that may not be available
in their own library.
6. Electronic resources: University libraries provide access to a wide range of electronic
resources, including databases, e-books, and e-journals. These resources are available to
users on and off campus and support research and learning in a variety of disciplines.
7. Special collections and archives: University libraries often have special collections and
archives that contain rare and unique materials. These collections can include
manuscripts, rare books, and other primary source materials that are valuable for
research.
8. Data management and curation: University libraries offer support for data management
and curation, including assistance with data management plans, data sharing and
archiving, and data analysis.
9. Scholarly communication: University libraries provide support for scholarly
communication, including open access publishing, copyright and intellectual property
issues, and author rights.

26
 10. Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI): these services provide users with the most
specific information that relieve the user from going through the stress of browsing
through avalanche of information resources.
11. Translation Services: Library also provides users with materials written in other
languages that the users can comprehend, example, translate an information materials for
international students and other users from diverse culture and languages.

These services are critical in providing access to information and promoting teaching, learning,
and research in the academic community. The library plays an important role in ensuring that the
academic community has access to the information they need to succeed.

Organization of Knowledge in the University Library

Cataloguing and classification are essential processes in managing and organizing information
materials in a university library. These processes help to ensure that library users can easily
locate and access the materials they need.

Cataloguing involves creating a record for each item in the library collection that includes details
such as the author, title, publisher, date of publication, and subject. The record is then added to
the library's online catalogue, making it searchable by users. The information in the catalogue
record is standardized using cataloguing rules, such as the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules
(AACR2) or Resource Description and Access (RDA), to ensure consistency and interoperability
between libraries.

Classification involves assigning each item in the library collection to a subject category based
on its content. The most commonly used classification system in academic libraries is the
Library of Congress Classification (LCC) system, which divides knowledge into 21 broad
subject areas and assigns a unique call number to each item. The call number is used to
physically organize the item on the library shelves, making it easy to locate.

In a university library, cataloguing and classification are typically performed by professional

cataloguers and subject specialists. They work closely with library staff and faculty to ensure that
the materials are properly catalogued and classified according to the needs of the academic
community.

Cataloguing and classification are ongoing processes that require regular updates to reflect
changes in the collection and in the subject matter. Cataloguers and subject specialists must stay
up-to-date with the latest cataloguing and classification standards and best practices to ensure the
accuracy and consistency of the library's catalogue and classification system.

27
The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a widely used library classification system in
the United States, as well as in many other countries. It was first developed by the Library of
Congress in the early 20th century to organize and classify its growing collection of books and
other materials.

The LCC system is based on the idea of dividing knowledge into 21 broad subject areas, each
identified by a letter of the alphabet. These subject areas are then further divided into narrower
subcategories, which are represented by a combination of letters and numbers.

Here is a breakdown of the main subject areas and their associated letters:

A - General works

B - Philosophy, psychology, and religion

C - Auxiliary sciences of history

D - World history and history of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Oceania

E-F - History of the Americas

G - Geography, anthropology, and recreation

H - Social sciences

J - Political science

K - Law

L - Education

M - Music

N - Fine arts

P - Language and literature

Q - Science

R - Medicine

S - Agriculture

T - Technology

28
U - Military science

V - Naval science

Z - Bibliography, library science, and information resources

Within each main subject area, the LCC system provides for further subdivision by using
numbers and additional letters. For example, the letter "B" represents philosophy, psychology,
and religion, and "BF" represents psychology. "BF121" represents the subcategory of personality
psychology.

The LCC system is widely used in academic libraries, and its flexibility and adaptability make it
suitable for a wide range of materials, including books, journals, and other types of media. The
LCC system is continually updated and revised to reflect changes in knowledge and the growing
diversity of library collections.

Overall, cataloguing and classification are critical processes in ensuring that the library's
resources are organized, accessible, and discoverable, which is essential to supporting the
teaching, learning, and research activities of the academic community.

LECTURE THREE: Understanding Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), Available

Information Databases, Required Skills for Online Information Retrieval, Copyright Issues
and Its Implications, Bibliographic Citations and Referencing Styles.

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this lecture, you are expected to:

8. Know how to use the university library OPAC;

9. Familiarized with the available information databases;
10. Possessed the require skills for online information retrieval;
11. Know the legal implication of copyright infringement;
12. Aware of various referencing styles for academic writings.

Pre-test

What is Library OPAC?

What are relevant available information databases peculiar to your field of study?

What is copyright, copyright infringement and plagiarism?

29
Enumerate at least five referencing styles for academic writings.

CONTENT

What is Library OPAC?

OPAC stands for Online Public Access Catalog, which is an electronic database of materials held
in a library or group of libraries. It is an online catalog that allows library patrons to search for
books, journals, audiovisual materials, and other resources available in the library's collection.

OPACs are typically web-based interfaces that allow users to search for materials in the library
catalog by author, title, subject, and keyword. They may also include features such as the ability
to place holds or requests for materials, renew materials, and create reading lists.

OPACs have become an essential tool for libraries, as they provide a more convenient and
efficient way for library users to access the library's collections. They have also made it possible
for libraries to offer remote access to their collections, allowing patrons to search for and access
materials from anywhere with an internet connection.

Thomas Adewumi University Library Web Public Access Catalogue Search Help

On the Thomas Adewumi university website ( https://tau.edu.ng/) click on E-resources and then
on OPAC or click directly on this link:
https://koha.tau.edu.ng/?_ga=2.138325616.1566680497.1676578987-
1705674335.1675094345&_gl=1*15xost0*_ga*MTcwNTY3NDMzNS4xNjc1MDk0MzQ1*_ga
_KBGJY5WLE9*MTY3NjU3ODk4Ni4yMC4xLjE2NzY1Nzk1NjUuMC4wLjA to access the
university library OPAC.

1. Open the drop-down list by moving the "mouse pointer" to the arrow in front of "library
catalog".

2. Click on the arrow to select preferred access point (Title, Author, Subject. ISBN, Call
Number, Series)

3. Highlight (i.e. by moving the mouse pointer to the preferred access point) and click on the
preferred access point to move it into "search"

4. Type in the search term (s) (i.e. Title, Author, Subject etc.) in the search box in front of
"search" and

5. Click "Go" to conduct search.

30
While we make efforts to attend to queries by our patrons who visit the library physically, we
also attend to queries sent to us via email: [email protected]

Information Databases

Information databases are structured collections of information that are organized and stored in a
computer system or a network of computers. These databases can contain a variety of
information, such as text, images, audio, video, and other types of data.

The purpose of information databases is to store, organize, and manage large amounts of data in
a structured and searchable way. They are commonly used to store and manage data in various
fields, including business, finance, healthcare, scientific research, and education.

There are many different types of information databases, including relational databases,
document-oriented databases, graph databases, and more. Each type of database has its own set
of characteristics, and is designed to store and manage data in a specific way.

In addition to providing a means to store and manage data, information databases also enable
users to search, query, and analyze the information stored in the database. This can be done using
specialized software tools that allow users to interact with the database and retrieve the
information they need.

Available Information Databases in a University Library

The information databases available in a university library can vary depending on the
institution's subscription and collection policies. However, here are some examples of commonly
available information databases in a university library:

1. JSTOR - an academic database that provides access to thousands of scholarly journals,

books, and primary sources in a wide range of disciplines.
2. Academic Search Complete - a multi-disciplinary database that provides access to
academic journals, magazines, and newspapers, covering a wide range of subjects.
3. Scopus - a comprehensive scientific database that provides access to scholarly journals,
conference proceedings, and books in the fields of science, technology, medicine, social
sciences, and arts and humanities.
4. Web of Science - a research database that provides access to scientific research, including
peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and books, in various fields such as
science, technology, medicine, social sciences, and arts and humanities.

31
 5. ProQuest - a multi-disciplinary database that provides access to academic journals,
magazines, newspapers, and other sources in various fields such as science, technology,
medicine, social sciences, and arts and humanities.
6. Project MUSE - an academic database that provides access to over 600 scholarly journals
and books in the humanities and social sciences.
7. IEEE Xplore - a digital library that provides access to scientific research in the fields of
engineering, computer science, and related disciplines.

These are just a few examples of the many information databases that might be available in a
university library. The specific databases available will depend on the institution's subscription
policies, academic programs, and areas of research focus.

Online Information Retrieval

Online information retrieval is the process of searching for and retrieving information from
electronic sources, typically through the internet or other online networks. It involves using
search engines, databases, and other online tools to locate and access relevant information.

Online information retrieval has become a crucial part of daily life, as individuals and
organizations use the internet to find information on a variety of topics. Online information
retrieval is used for a wide range of purposes, including research, education, business,
entertainment, and personal communication.

To retrieve information online, users typically enter keywords or search terms into a search
engine, which then searches the internet or other online resources for relevant information. The
results are then displayed to the user, typically in the form of a list of links to websites, articles,
or other sources.

The effectiveness of online information retrieval depends on the quality of the search query and
the relevance of the results. Users must carefully consider their search terms and use advanced
search techniques, such as boolean operators, to refine their search and locate the most relevant
information.

Information Searching Techniques

There are many techniques that can be used for online information searching. Here are some
common techniques that can help improve the accuracy and relevance of search results:

32
Using advanced search techniques: Search engines often offer advanced search options that
allow users to refine their search results. These options may include Boolean operators (AND,
OR, NOT), phrase searching, wildcard searches, and more.

1. Using quotation marks: When searching for a phrase, enclose the phrase in quotation
marks. This tells the search engine to search for the exact phrase, rather than individual
words.
2. Using specific keywords: Use specific keywords that are relevant to the topic being
researched. Using more specific keywords can help to narrow the search results and
increase the relevance of the results.
3. Using synonyms: Use synonyms for keywords to broaden the search results. This can be
helpful if the user is unsure of the best keyword to use, or if there are multiple ways to
describe a topic.
4. Using search operators: Many search engines allow the use of operators, such as site:,
filetype:, or intitle:, to narrow the search results to specific websites, file types, or page
titles.
5. Checking the credibility of sources: It is important to evaluate the credibility of sources
when conducting online research. Look for information from reputable sources, such as
government websites, academic journals, or well-known news outlets.
6. Using multiple sources: Use multiple sources to cross-reference information and verify
its accuracy. This can help to ensure that the information is reliable and trustworthy.

By using these techniques, online information searching can be made more effective and
efficient, helping users to find the information they need more quickly and easily.

Copyright

Copyright is a legal concept that grants the creator of original work exclusive rights to that work,
typically for a limited period of time. Copyright law gives creators the right to control the use of
their work, including how it is distributed, reproduced, performed, or displayed.

Copyright protects a wide range of creative works, including literary, artistic, musical, and
dramatic works, as well as software, films, and other media. The specific rights granted to the
creator of a work vary by jurisdiction, but typically include the exclusive right to reproduce the
work, create derivative works based on the original, distribute copies of the work, perform the
work publicly, and display the work publicly.

Copyright is designed to encourage and reward creativity by giving creators control over their
work and the ability to profit from it. However, copyright law also balances the rights of creators

33
with the needs of the public, by allowing for exceptions and limitations to copyright that allow
for things like fair use and other forms of educational or research-related use.

Copyright law is enforced through legal action, such as lawsuits, in cases where someone
infringes on the rights of a copyright holder. In general, it is important for individuals and
organizations to understand and respect copyright law to avoid potential legal consequences.

Copyright Infringement and Plagiarism

Copyright infringement and plagiarism are both forms of intellectual property violations, but
they are distinct concepts with different implications and consequences.

Copyright infringement occurs when someone uses, copies, distributes, or otherwise exploits a
copyrighted work without permission from the copyright owner. This can include using parts of
a copyrighted work or creating a derivative work without permission, or distributing copies of a
work without authorization. Copyright infringement is a violation of the exclusive rights of the
copyright holder, and can result in legal action and penalties.

Plagiarism, on the other hand, involves the use of someone else's work without proper attribution
or credit. This can include copying text or ideas from a source without citation, or presenting
someone else's work as one's own. Plagiarism is a violation of ethical standards and academic
integrity, but it is not necessarily a violation of copyright law, unless the work being plagiarized
is also protected by copyright.

While both copyright infringement and plagiarism involve the unauthorized use of someone
else's intellectual property, they have different legal and ethical implications. Copyright
infringement can result in legal penalties, while plagiarism can result in reputational damage and
academic consequences. It is important for individuals and organizations to understand the
differences between these concepts and to respect the rights of copyright holders and the ethical
standards of intellectual integrity.

Bibliographic Citation and Referencing Styles

Bibliographic citation is the process of identifying and documenting the sources of information
used in a written work, such as a research paper or article. Referencing styles are established
guidelines that provide a consistent and standardized way of citing sources in written works.

The purpose of bibliographic citation and referencing styles is to give credit to the original
authors or creators of the information used in a written work and to help readers locate the

34
sources cited in the work. This is important for academic and scholarly works, as well as for any
other type of work that draws on the ideas and information of others.

There are many different referencing styles, including MLA (Modern Language Association),
APA (American Psychological Association), Chicago/Turabian, Harvard, and Vancouver styles.
Each style has its own set of rules and guidelines for citing different types of sources, such as
books, journal articles, websites, and other types of media.

In general, a citation will include information such as the author's name, the title of the source,
the date of publication, and the publication information, such as the publisher and location.
Depending on the referencing style being used, the citation may also include additional
information, such as the edition or volume number, page numbers, or URLs.

It is important to use a consistent and appropriate referencing style for a particular discipline or
field of study, as different fields may have different requirements for citation styles.
Additionally, it is important to ensure that all sources are cited correctly and completely to avoid
plagiarism and to give credit to the original authors or creators of the information used in the
written work.

The American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style

The APA (American Psychological Association) referencing style is commonly used in the
social sciences, education, and business fields. The style provides guidelines for citing sources in
a paper, including in-text citations and a reference list at the end of the paper.

In-text citations in APA style generally include the author's last name and the publication year in
parentheses, such as (Smith, 2021). If the author's name is already mentioned in the sentence,
only the publication year is required in the citation, such as "Smith (2021) found that...". If there
are multiple authors, all names should be listed the first time the source is cited in the text, and
subsequently, only the first author's name should be listed, followed by "et al." For example,
"Smith, Johnson, and Lee (2021) found that..."; subsequently, "Smith et al. (2021) reported
that...".

The reference list at the end of the paper should include all sources cited in the text, arranged in
alphabetical order by the author's last name. Each reference should include the author's name, the
publication year, the title of the article or book, the name of the journal or publisher, and relevant
publication information such as the volume number, issue number, and page numbers.

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Different types of sources have slightly different citation requirements in APA style. For
example, journal articles should include the article title, journal name, and page numbers, while
books should include the publisher and location.

It is important to carefully follow the guidelines for APA referencing style to ensure that all
sources are cited correctly and completely, and to avoid plagiarism. There are many resources
available to help with APA referencing, including the official APA Publication Manual, as well
as online citation tools and guides.

The Modern Language Association (MLA) referencing style

The MLA (Modern Language Association) referencing style is commonly used in the
humanities, including literature, language, and cultural studies. The style provides guidelines for
citing sources in a paper, including in-text citations and a Works Cited list at the end of the
paper.

In-text citations in MLA style generally include the author's last name and the page number of
the source in parentheses, such as (Smith 17). If the author's name is already mentioned in the
sentence, only the page number is required in the citation, such as "According to Smith (17)...".
If there are multiple authors, the last names of all authors should be listed in the citation,
separated by "and," such as (Smith and Johnson 17).

The Works Cited list at the end of the paper should include all sources cited in the text, arranged
in alphabetical order by the author's last name. Each entry should include the author's name, the
title of the article or book, the name of the publisher or journal, the publication year, and relevant
publication information such as the volume number, issue number, and page numbers.

Different types of sources have slightly different citation requirements in MLA style. For
example, book entries should include the city of publication and the name of the publisher, while
journal entries should include the volume number and issue number of the journal.

It is important to carefully follow the guidelines for MLA referencing style to ensure that all
sources are cited correctly and completely, and to avoid plagiarism. There are many resources
available to help with MLA referencing, including the official MLA Handbook, as well as online
citation tools and guides.

LECTURE FOUR: Study Skills for Students, Modern ICT Tools that Support Students
Education and Word Processing Skills

Learning Objectives:

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At the end of this lecture, you are expected to:

13. Be familiar with study skills require of a student for effective learning;
14. Be able to identify modern technologies that support education; and
15. Acquire basic word processing skills (Microsoft Word).

Pre-test

What are the basic study skills require of students for effective learning?

What are technologies that support education?

What is Artificial Intelligent (AI)?

CONTENT

Effective study skills are essential for students to succeed in university. Here are some tips for
developing good study habits:

1. Create a study schedule: Create a schedule that includes specific times for studying,
attending classes, and completing assignments. This will help you stay organized and
manage your time effectively.
2. Take notes: Take notes during lectures and while reading textbooks to help you retain the
information. Consider using different note-taking techniques like mind maps or Cornell
notes.
3. Stay engaged: Participate in class discussions and ask questions to stay engaged with the
material. This will help you understand the concepts better and retain the information.
4. Manage distractions: Find a quiet and comfortable study space and remove any
distractions like your phone or social media. This will help you focus on your studies and
retain more information.
5. Study with others: Consider forming a study group with other students in your class. This
will allow you to share ideas and insights, and learn from each other.
6. Practice active learning: Instead of just memorizing information, practice active learning
by engaging in activities like group discussions, problem-solving, or writing summaries.
This will help you understand the material better and retain the information.
7. Take breaks: Taking regular breaks during studying can help improve focus and
productivity. Consider taking a short break every 45-60 minutes to help you stay fresh
and avoid burnout.

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 8. Stay organized: Keep your notes, textbooks, and other study materials organized and in
one place. This will help you avoid wasting time searching for materials and stay focused
on your studies.
9. Seek help: If you're struggling with a particular subject or assignment, seek help from
your professor, tutor, or classmates. Don't be afraid to ask questions or seek additional
resources to help you better understand the material.

By incorporating these study skills into your routine, you can improve your learning and achieve
greater success in university.

The Use of Library for Effective Learning

Using the library is an important part of study skills for university students. Here are some tips
on how to use the library effectively:

1. Understand the layout: Get familiar with the layout of the library and the location of
various resources such as the reference section, periodicals, and study areas. This will
help you save time and make it easier to find the information you need.
2. Use the online catalog: Many libraries have online catalogs that allow you to search for
books, journals, and other materials. Use the catalog to find the resources you need
before you go to the library, so you can make the most of your time there.
3. Ask for help: Library staff are there to help you, so don't be afraid to ask for assistance.
They can help you find resources, recommend books, and give you tips on how to use the
library effectively. If you are in need of any relevant e-books or other information
materials, you can ask your library via email: [email protected] or on Whatzapp:
08066495263.
4. Check out textbooks: Many textbooks are available to borrow from the library, which can
save you money and make it easier to access the material you need.
5. Use study areas: Libraries often have designated study areas that are quiet and conducive
to learning. Use these areas to focus on your studies and avoid distractions.
6. Attend library workshops: Many libraries offer workshops and training sessions on how
to use the library effectively, such as research strategies, citation styles, and database
searching. Attend these workshops to improve your research skills and learn new
techniques.
7. Access online databases: Many libraries offer access to online databases, which can be an
excellent source of academic journals, research papers, and other materials. These
databases can be a valuable resource for your research and can help you find up-to-date
information on your topic.

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By using the library effectively, you can access a wealth of resources and information that will
help you succeed in your studies. Remember to plan ahead, seek assistance when needed, and
take advantage of the various resources available to you.

Modern ICT Tools that Support Student Education

There are several modern ICT (Information and Communication Technology) tools that can
support students' education, including:

1. Learning Management Systems (LMS): LMS platforms like Moodle, Blackboard, and
Canvas are widely used in universities to provide course materials, interactive activities,
discussion forums, and assessments. LMS platforms can help students stay organized,
collaborate with peers, and monitor their progress.
2. Online Collaboration Tools: Tools like Google Docs, Dropbox, and Microsoft Teams
allow students to collaborate on projects and share files in real-time. This can help
students work together effectively, even when they are not physically in the same place.
3. E-Books and Digital Libraries: E-books and digital libraries like Kindle, Google Books,
and JSTOR provide students with access to a vast array of digital books, articles, and
journals. This makes it easier for students to access relevant and up-to-date information
for their studies.
4. Interactive Whiteboards: Interactive whiteboards like Smartboard and Promethean Board
provide an interactive learning experience for students. They allow teachers to create
engaging and interactive lessons that keep students interested and involved in the learning
process.
5. Video Conferencing Tools: Video conferencing tools like Zoom, Skype, and Microsoft
Teams allow students to participate in virtual lectures, group discussions, and office
hours. This can be especially useful for students who are unable to attend classes in
person due to distance, scheduling conflicts, or other reasons.
6. Educational Apps: There are many educational apps available that provide students with
interactive and engaging learning experiences. Apps like Duolingo, Khan Academy, and
Quizlet help students learn new concepts, review material, and prepare for exams.
7. Social Media: Social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram can be used
to enhance learning and facilitate communication between students and teachers. For
example, teachers can use Twitter to share news and updates about course material, and
students can use Facebook groups to collaborate and share resources.

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These are just a few examples of the modern ICT tools that can support students' education. By
leveraging these tools, students can enhance their learning experiences, collaborate with peers,
and access a wealth of information and resources.

Word Processing

Word processing is the creation and editing of digital documents using a computer program
designed for this purpose. Some of the most commonly used word processing software programs
are Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and Apple Pages. Word processing software provides a range
of features that make it easier to create and edit documents, such as:

1. Text formatting: Word processing software allows you to easily change the font, size, and
color of text, as well as add bold, italic, or underline formatting.
2. Spell check and grammar check: Word processing software can help you catch spelling
and grammar errors in your documents.
3. Auto-correct: Word processing software can automatically correct common typing errors
as you type.
4. Copy and paste: Word processing software allows you to copy and paste text and images
within a document, as well as between documents.
5. Track changes: Word processing software allows you to track changes to a document,
making it easier to collaborate with others and keep track of revisions.
6. Insert images and other media: Word processing software allows you to easily insert
images, videos, and other media into your documents.
7. Page layout: Word processing software provides tools to adjust the page layout of your
documents, such as margins, spacing, and page numbering.

Word processing is an essential skill for students and professionals alike. By using word
processing software effectively, you can create high-quality documents, communicate your ideas
clearly, and collaborate more effectively with others.
Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word is a widely used word processing software program that is part of the Microsoft
Office suite. It is available for both Windows and Mac operating systems.

Some of the key features of Microsoft Word include:

1. Text formatting: Microsoft Word allows you to change the font, size, color, and style of
text, as well as add effects such as bold, italic, underline, and strikethrough.

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 2. Templates: Microsoft Word provides a range of templates for common document types,
such as resumes, letters, and reports. These templates can save time and provide a
professional-looking document.
3. Page layout: Microsoft Word allows you to adjust the page layout of your documents,
including margins, spacing, and page numbering.
4. Headers and footers: Microsoft Word allows you to add headers and footers to your
documents, which can include page numbers, logos, and other information.
5. Tables and charts: Microsoft Word provides tools to create and format tables and charts
within your documents.
6. Spell check and grammar check: Microsoft Word includes a built-in spell check and
grammar check feature to help you catch errors in your documents.
7. Collaboration: Microsoft Word provides tools to collaborate with others on a document,
such as track changes, comments, and version history.

Microsoft Word is an essential tool for students and professionals to create and edit documents.
By using the features of Microsoft Word effectively, you can create professional-looking
documents, communicate your ideas clearly, and collaborate more effectively with others.

Operations in Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word provides many operations that can help you create and edit documents. Here are
some of the most commonly used operations in Microsoft Word:

1. Creating a new document: To create a new document, click on "File" and select "New,"
or press the shortcut Ctrl + N.
2. Opening an existing document: To open an existing document, click on "File" and select
"Open," or press the shortcut Ctrl + O. You can choose the document you want to open
and click "Open."
3. Saving a document: To save a document, click on "File" and select "Save," or press the
shortcut Ctrl + S. You can choose a location on your computer to save the document, and
give it a name.
4. Formatting text: To format text, select the text and use the tools in the "Home" tab. You
can change the font, size, color, and style of your text, as well as add bold, italic,
underline, and other formatting effects.
5. Inserting images and other media: To insert images, videos, and other media into your
document, select the "Insert" tab and choose the type of media you want to insert.

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 6. Adding headers and footers: To add headers and footers to your document, select the
"Insert" tab and choose "Header" or "Footer." You can choose from pre-made templates
or create your own.
7. Adding tables: To add a table to your document, select the "Insert" tab and choose
"Table." You can choose the number of rows and columns, and format the table to your
liking.
8. Checking spelling and grammar: To check the spelling and grammar of your document,
select the text and click on "Review" and then "Spelling & Grammar," or press the
shortcut F7.
9. Collaborating on a document: To collaborate with others on a document, select the
"Review" tab and use features like "Track Changes" and "Comments" to communicate
and make edits.

To operate Microsoft Word, you will need to follow these basic steps:

1. Open Microsoft Word: You can open Microsoft Word by clicking on the program icon in
your computer's taskbar, or by searching for it in the start menu.
2. Create a new document: Once Microsoft Word is open, you can create a new document
by clicking on "File" and selecting "New," or by pressing the shortcut Ctrl + N.
3. Type and format text: Start typing your text in the document. You can format the text
using the tools in the "Home" tab. You can change the font, size, color, and style of your
text, as well as add bold, italic, underline, and other formatting effects.
4. Insert images and other media: You can insert images, videos, and other media into your
document by selecting the "Insert" tab and choosing the type of media you want to insert.
5. Save your document: To save your document, click on "File" and select "Save," or press
the shortcut Ctrl + S. You can choose a location on your computer to save the document,
and give it a name.
6. Print your document: To print your document, click on "File" and select "Print," or press
the shortcut Ctrl + P. You can choose the printer and other printing settings before
printing the document.

These are just some of the basic steps for operating Microsoft Word. There are many other
features and tools available in Microsoft Word that can help you create and edit documents.

Shortcuts in Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word includes many shortcuts that can help you work more efficiently and save time.
Here are some useful shortcuts in Microsoft Word:

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 1. Ctrl + C: Copy selected text or object.
2. Ctrl + V: Paste copied text or object.
3. Ctrl + X: Cut selected text or object.
4. Ctrl + Z: Undo the last action.
5. Ctrl + Y: Redo the last undone action.
6. Ctrl + A: Select all text in the document.
7. Ctrl + B: Bold selected text.
8. Ctrl + I: Italicize selected text.
9. Ctrl + U: Underline selected text.
10. Ctrl + S: Save the current document.
11. Ctrl + N: Create a new document.
12. Ctrl + O: Open an existing document.
13. Ctrl + F: Find text within the document.
14. Ctrl + H: Replace text within the document.
15. Ctrl + P: Print the document.
16. Ctrl + K: Insert a hyperlink.
17. Ctrl + L: Align text to the left.
18. Ctrl + R: Align text to the right.
19. Ctrl + E: Center text.
20. Ctrl + J: Justify text.

These are just a few of the many shortcuts available in Microsoft Word. By using shortcuts, you
can work more efficiently and save time. Additionally, you can customize or create your own
shortcuts for specific commands that you use frequently.

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