‭Fruit‬ ‭It is the enlarged ripened ovary.

Eg:Mango,pea,pod‬

‭Seed‬ ‭Ripened ovule. Eg:Bean seed, peas‬

‭Grain‬ I‭t is actually a fruit in which the fruit wall and seed coat are fused‬
‭together to form a protective layer.Eg:Maize, wheat‬

‭Embroyo‬ ‭ onsists of radicle(future root), plumule(future shoot) and‬

C
‭cotyledons or seed leaves(future leaves)‬

‭Endosperm‬ ‭ eed may also contain it which is the food material for the‬
S
‭nourishment of the embryo during germination‬

‭ hat enables seeds to survive unfavorable‬

W ‭ eeds can withstand unfavorable conditions due to their ability to‬
S
‭conditions like temperature or drought?‬ ‭remain dormant for extended periods, even up to 100 years or‬
‭more.‬

‭ hat is the basis for classifying seeds into‬

W ‭ eeds are classified based on the presence or absence of‬
S
‭different types?‬ ‭endosperm.‬

‭ ame the two types of seeds based on‬

N
‭endosperm.‬ ‭The two types are:‬

‭‬ A
● ‭ lbuminous (endospermic) seeds‬
‭●‬ ‭Exalbuminous (non-endospermic) seeds‬

‭What is the key feature of albuminous seeds?‬ ‭ lbuminous seeds have thin, membranous cotyledons, and the‬
A
‭endosperm persists to store food.‬

‭Give examples of monocot albuminous seeds.‬ ‭Examples include cereals, millets, and palm.‬

‭List some dicot albuminous seeds.‬ ‭Examples are poppy and custard apple.‬

‭What is unique about exalbuminous seeds?‬ I‭n exalbuminous seeds, the food is stored in thick, fleshy‬
‭cotyledons instead of the endosperm.‬

‭ ention examples of monocot exalbuminous‬

M ‭Examples include Vallisneria, orchids, and amorphophallus.‬
‭seeds.‬

‭Name a few dicot exalbuminous seeds.‬ ‭Examples are gram, pea, mango, and mustard.‬

‭Which seeds are the largest in size?‬ ‭The largest seeds are those of coconut and double coconut.‬

‭What are some examples of very small seeds?‬ ‭Examples include poppy seeds and strawberry seeds.‬

‭Do all seeds have the same basic structure?‬ ‭ es, despite varying in size, shape, and structure, most seeds‬
Y
‭have the same basic structure.‬

‭What are the two broad kinds of seeds?‬

‭The two kinds of seeds are:‬

‭‬ M
● ‭ onocotyledonous seeds (one cotyledon)‬
‭●‬ ‭Dicotyledonous seeds (two cotyledons).‬
‭Give examples of monocotyledonous seeds.‬ ‭Examples include maize and grasses.‬

‭Name some examples of dicotyledonous seeds.‬ ‭Examples include pea, gram, and bean.‬

‭What is the general shape of bean seeds?‬ ‭ ean seeds are kidney-shaped with a convex and a concave‬
B
‭side.‬

‭What is the function of the testa in a seed?‬ ‭ he testa is the hard, outermost brownish covering that protects‬
T
‭the inner parts of the seed from injury and attacks by bacteria,‬
‭fungi, and insects.‬

‭What is tegmen, and what is its role?‬ ‭The tegmen is a thin inner protective layer lying next to the testa.‬

‭What is the hilum in a seed?‬ ‭ he hilum is a distinct whitish oval scar on the concave side of‬
T
‭the seed. It marks where the seed was attached to the ovary‬
‭wall.‬

‭ hat is the micropyle, and what are its‬

W
‭functions?‬ ‭The micropyle is a tiny pore near the hilum. Its functions are:‬

‭‬ A
● ‭ bsorbing water during germination.‬
‭●‬ ‭Allowing diffusion of respiratory gases.‬

‭What lies below the seed coat in a bean seed?‬ ‭ elow the seed coat are two thick cotyledons that store food for‬
B
‭the embryo and provide protection.‬

‭What does the embryo consist of in a seed?‬

‭The embryo consists of:‬

‭‬ R
● ‭ adicle:‬‭Develops into the root.‬
‭●‬ ‭Plumule:‬‭Develops into the shoot.‬

‭What is the epicotyl?‬ ‭ he epicotyl is the region of the axis between the point of‬
T
‭attachment of the cotyledons and the plumule.‬

‭What is the hypocotyl?‬ ‭The hypocotyl is the region of the axis below the cotyledons.‬

‭What does the plumule consist of?‬ ‭ he plumule consists of a short stem with a pair of tiny leaves‬
T
‭and a growing point between them.‬

‭ hat is the significance of cotyledons in a bean‬

W ‭Cotyledons store food for the embryo and protect it.‬
‭seed?‬

‭What is unique about the maize grain?‬ ‭ he maize grain is a single-seeded fruit where the fruit wall and‬
T
‭seed coat are fused to form a protective layer, making it a grain.‬

‭ hat does the light-colored oval area on the‬

W ‭It marks the location of the embryo inside the grain.‬
‭maize grain indicate?‬

‭ hat is the major part of the maize grain made‬

W ‭The major part is the endosperm, which is rich in starch.‬
‭of, and what is it rich in?‬

‭ hat separates the endosperm and the‬

W ‭ thin epithelial layer separates the endosperm and the‬
A
‭embryonic part in maize?‬ ‭embryonic part.‬
‭ hat is the aleurone layer, and where is it‬
W ‭ he aleurone layer is the outermost layer of the endosperm, rich‬
T
‭found?‬ ‭in protein.‬

‭ hat components make up the embryo in‬

W ‭The embryo consists of:‬
‭maize?‬
‭‬ A
● ‭ single cotyledon (scutellum)‬
‭●‬ ‭A radicle‬
‭●‬ ‭A plumule‬

‭What is the cotyledon in maize called?‬ ‭The cotyledon is called the scutellum.‬

‭ here is the radicle located, and how is it‬

W ‭ he radicle is towards the pointed end of the grain and is‬
T
‭protected?‬ ‭enclosed in a protective sheath called the coleorhiza.‬

‭ here is the plumule located, and how is it‬

W ‭ he plumule is towards the upper broader side of the embryonic‬
T
‭protected?‬ ‭region and is enclosed in a protective sheath called the‬
‭coleoptile.‬

‭What type of seed is a maize grain?‬ ‭Maize grain is monocotyledonous and endospermic.‬

‭Give examples of seeds similar to maize grain.‬ ‭Examples include rice, wheat, and oat.‬

‭What is dormancy in seeds?‬ ‭ ormancy is a period of rest when the embryo is inactive but‬
D
‭retains slow chemical activities with minimal food utilization.‬

‭ hat happens to a dormant embryo under‬

W ‭ he dormant embryo becomes active and starts growing into a‬
T
‭proper conditions?‬ ‭seedling.‬

‭Define germination.‬ ‭ ermination is the process of formation of a seedling developed‬

G
‭from the embryo.‬

‭ hy do fresh seeds not germinate immediately‬

W ‭ resh seeds need to pass through a period of dormancy for‬
F
‭even under favorable conditions?‬ ‭physiological maturation.‬

‭ hat are the three main conditions necessary‬

W
‭for germination?‬ ‭‬ W
● ‭ ater‬
‭●‬ ‭Suitable temperature‬
‭●‬ ‭Oxygen‬

‭How does water help in germination?‬ ‭-‬ ‭ ater causes the seed to swell, rupturing the seed coat‬
W
‭and allowing the radicle to emerge.‬
‭-‬ ‭It facilitates chemical reactions and enzyme activity,‬
‭converting stored food into a usable form.‬

‭What temperature is favorable for germination?‬ ‭ moderately warm temperature between‬‭25°C to 35°C‬‭is‬‭ideal,‬
A
‭also known as the optimum temperature.‬

‭ hy are very low and very high temperatures‬

W ‭ ery low temperatures inhibit embryo growth.‬
V
‭unsuitable for germination?‬ ‭Very high temperatures destroy delicate embryo tissues.‬

‭Why is oxygen important for germination?‬ ‭ xygen is needed for respiration, which provides the energy‬
O
‭required for cell division and growth.‬

‭Why do seeds sown deep in soil fail to‬ ‭-‬ ‭Lack of proper oxygen supply for respiration.‬
‭germinate?‬ ‭-‬ I‭nsufficient pushing force in the embryonic parts to break‬
‭through the soil layers.‬

‭ hat determines whether germination is‬

W ‭Germination type depends on which part elongates:‬
‭hypogeal or epigeal?‬
‭‬ H
● ‭ ypogeal:‬‭Epicotyl‬‭elongates.‬
‭●‬ ‭Epigeal:‬‭Hypocotyl‬‭elongates.‬

‭ hat happens to the cotyledons in hypogeal‬

W ‭The cotyledons remain underground or on the ground.‬
‭germination?‬

‭ ame examples of seeds that exhibit hypogeal‬

N ‭Examples include pea and gram.‬
‭germination.‬

‭ hat happens to the cotyledons in epigeal‬

W ‭The cotyledons are pushed above the ground.‬
‭germination?‬

‭ ive examples of seeds with epigeal‬

G ‭Examples include castor and bean.‬
‭germination.‬

‭ hat are the key features of hypogeal‬

W -‭ ‬ ‭ otyledons remain underground.‬
C
‭germination?‬ ‭-‬ ‭The epicotyl elongates faster.‬
‭-‬ ‭Usually occurs in monocotyledonous seeds.‬

‭ hat are the key features of epigeal‬

W -‭ ‬ ‭ otyledons are pushed above the ground.‬
C
‭germination?‬ ‭-‬ ‭The hypocotyl elongates faster.‬
‭-‬ ‭Usually occurs in dicotyledonous seeds.‬

‭Describe the germination process in a pea seed.‬ -‭ ‬ ‭ he seed absorbs water, swells, and the testa bursts.‬
T
‭-‬ ‭The radicle emerges and grows downward to form the‬
‭root system.‬
-‭ ‬ ‭The plumule grows upward, forming the shoot.‬
‭-‬ ‭The arched plumule protects the young shoot during its‬
‭emergence.‬
‭-‬ ‭The cotyledons provide food and later shrivel.‬

‭ hy is the germination of pea seeds considered‬ I‭n pea seeds, the cotyledons remain underground during‬
W
‭hypogeal?‬ ‭germination.‬

‭ hat method can be used to observe‬

W -‭ ‬ ‭ se sterilized sand in a glass vessel lined with paper.‬
U
‭germination stages?‬ ‭-‬ ‭Place seeds between the paper and glass, and add‬
‭water.‬
‭-‬ ‭The seeds will absorb water and germinate in a few days.‬

‭ hat protects the young shoot in the early‬

W ‭ he arched plumule protects the young shoot from injury during‬
T
‭stages of pea germination?‬ ‭emergence.‬

‭ hat happens to the hypocotyl during epigeal‬

W ‭ he hypocotyl forms an arch/loop above the soil, straightens,‬
T
‭germination?‬ ‭and brings the cotyledons above the soil.‬

‭ hy is the germination of beans considered‬

W I‭n beans, the hypocotyl elongates, bringing the cotyledons above‬
‭epigeal?‬ ‭the ground.‬

‭ hat role do cotyledons play in epigeal‬

W ‭ otyledons act as the first green leaves, but they fall off after the‬
C
‭germination?‬ ‭foliage leaves grow.‬
‭Describe the germination process in maize.‬
‭●‬ T ‭ he grain absorbs water, swells, and the radicle emerges‬
‭through the coleorhiza to form roots.‬
‭●‬ ‭The radicle dies, and adventitious roots develop from the‬
‭stem base.‬
‭●‬ ‭The plumule pierces through the coleoptile and grows‬
‭straight upward.‬
‭●‬ ‭The scutellum absorbs food from the endosperm until it is‬
‭exhausted.‬

‭ hy is the germination of maize considered‬

W I‭n maize, the cotyledon (scutellum) remains underground, and‬
‭hypogeal?‬ ‭the hypocotyl does not elongate.‬

‭What is viviparous germination?‬ ‭ iviparous germination occurs when seeds germinate inside the‬
V
‭fruit while still attached to the parent plant.‬

‭ ive examples of plants that show viviparous‬

G ‭ xamples include‬‭Rhizophora‬‭and‬‭Sonneratia‬‭(mangrove‬
E
‭germination.‬ ‭plants).‬

‭ hat happens to viviparous seedlings after‬

W ‭ he parent plant drops the seedling into the soil, where it‬
T
‭germination?‬ ‭develops roots and fixes itself.‬

‭ hat are the two protective sheaths in maize‬

W ‭ oleorhiza‬‭: Protects the radicle.‬
C
‭seedlings, and their roles?‬ ‭Coleoptile‬‭: Protects the plumule.‬

‭ hat kind of roots develop in maize after the‬

W ‭Adventitious roots develop from the base of the stem.‬
‭radicle dies?‬
‭C. Short Answer Type‬

‭1.‬ ‭Definitions:‬
‭○‬ ‭(a) Health‬‭: The overall condition of the body and‬‭mind, where a person is physically, mentally,‬
‭socially, and emotionally fit.‬
‭○‬ ‭(b) Hygiene‬‭: The science and practice of maintaining‬‭good health by caring for one's body and‬
‭surroundings.‬
‭○‬ ‭(c) Pathogen/Germ‬‭: A microorganism that causes disease‬‭in the body.‬
‭○‬ ‭(d) Vector‬‭: An organism that transmits disease-causing‬‭pathogens from one host to another.‬
‭○‬ ‭(e) Contamination‬‭: The unwanted presence of harmful‬‭microorganisms in food, water, or air‬
‭that causes diseases.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Explanations:‬
‭○‬ ‭(a) One should breathe through the nose and never by mouth‬‭: Breathing through the nose‬
‭helps filter out dust and germs, keeping the respiratory system clean.‬
‭○‬ ‭(b) Hands must be washed before eating food‬‭: Hands‬‭carry germs from touching objects, so‬
‭washing them prevents transferring germs to food, reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses.‬
‭○‬ ‭(c) Eating places must be kept free of flies‬‭: Flies‬‭can carry harmful germs from dirty places‬
‭to food, leading to contamination and disease spread.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Harmful Effects of Cockroaches and Rats‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Cockroaches‬‭: They carry disease-causing germs on their‬‭bodies, spreading diseases like‬
‭asthma, allergies, and food poisoning.‬
‭○‬ ‭Rats‬‭: They spread diseases like plague and leptospirosis‬‭and contaminate food by eating or‬
‭urinating on it.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Types of Dysentery and Causative Germs‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Bacillary Dysentery‬‭: Caused by‬‭Shigella‬‭bacteria.‬
‭○‬ ‭Amoebic Dysentery‬‭: Caused by‬‭Entamoeba histolytica‬‭protozoa.‬
‭○‬ ‭Precaution‬‭: Drinking boiled or clean water and ensuring‬‭food is covered and not exposed to‬
‭flies.‬
‭5.‬ ‭Three Symptoms of Hepatitis‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Yellowish eyes and skin.‬
‭○‬ ‭Deep yellow urine.‬
‭○‬ ‭Enlarged liver.‬
‭6.‬ ‭Two Methods of Controlling Flies‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Use of insecticides to kill flies.‬
‭○‬ ‭Proper waste disposal to reduce breeding grounds for flies.‬
‭7.‬ ‭Three Effective Methods for Controlling Mosquitoes‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Eliminate standing water where mosquitoes breed.‬
‭○‬ ‭Use of mosquito nets while sleeping.‬
‭○‬ ‭Spraying insecticides in mosquito-prone areas.‬
‭8.‬ ‭Three Ways Potable Water Can Be Contaminated‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Sewage leaks into water sources.‬
‭○‬ ‭Animal waste near water bodies.‬
‭○‬ ‭Industrial waste (e.g., mercury, pesticides) entering water supplies.‬

‭D. Long Answer Type‬

‭1.‬ ‭Ways the Housefly Contaminates Our Food‬‭:‬

 ‭1.‬ B ‭ ody and Legs‬‭: The housefly picks up germs from dirty surfaces like garbage or feces and‬
‭transfers them to food.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Saliva and Vomit‬‭: Houseflies regurgitate saliva onto‬‭food and surfaces, which can carry‬
‭harmful bacteria.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Excreta‬‭: Flies may also contaminate food with feces‬‭when they land on it, transferring harmful‬
‭pathogens.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Four Major Aspects of Personal Hygiene‬‭:‬
‭1.‬ ‭Cleanliness‬‭: Regular cleaning of the body, including‬‭hands, teeth, and hair.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Physical Exercise‬‭: Engaging in regular exercise to‬‭maintain good health.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Rest and Sleep‬‭: Ensuring proper rest and sleep for‬‭body and mind recovery.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Healthy Habits‬‭: Following healthy routines like eating‬‭at regular hours and avoiding harmful‬
‭substances.‬

‭E. Structured/Application/Skill Type‬

‭1.‬ (‭ a)‬‭Identify the Organism and Name‬‭:‬

‭The organism is‬‭Entamoeba histolytica‬‭, which causes‬‭amoebic dysentery.‬
‭Scientific Name‬‭:‬‭Entamoeba histolytica‬‭.‬
‭(b)‬‭Causative Agent‬‭:‬
‭Yes,‬‭Entamoeba histolytica‬‭is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery.‬

‭(c)‬‭Label the Guidelines‬‭:‬

‭‬ 1
● ‭ ‬‭:‬‭Pseudopodium‬
‭●‬ ‭2‭:‬‬‭Nucleus‬
‭●‬ ‭3‬‭:‬‭Blood Cell‬

(‭ e)‬‭Function of Part Numbered 1 (Pseudopodium)‬‭:‬

‭The pseudopodium is used for movement and for capturing food by engulfing it (a process called‬
‭phagocytosis).‬

‭MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE‬

‭1.‬ A ‭ moebiasis is caused by a‬

‭(ii) Protozoan‬
‭2.‬ ‭A disease widely spread worldwide is known as‬
‭(iii) Pandemic‬
‭3.‬ ‭Which of the following transmits the pathogens of sleeping sickness?‬
‭(b) Tsetsefly‬
‭4.‬ ‭Use of disposable syringes for injecting medicines, etc. is especially advised to prevent‬
‭(iv) AIDS‬
‭5.‬ ‭The vector that transmits the malarial pathogen‬
‭(iii) Anopheles mosquito‬
‭6.‬ ‭Amoebiasis is caused by the protozoan‬
‭(iv) Entamoeba‬
 ‭7.‬ B ‭ CG vaccine provides immunity against‬
‭(iv) Tuberculosis‬
‭8.‬ ‭The expanded form of AIDS is‬
‭(ii) Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome‬
‭9.‬ ‭Which of the following is not a nutritional deficiency disease?‬
‭(iii) Thalassemia‬
‭10.‬‭In hepatitis, the virus causes an inflammation of‬
‭(ii) Liver‬

‭B. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE‬

‭1.‬ ‭Correct the following statements‬‭:‬

(‭ a)‬‭Pandemic‬‭diseases are widely distributed worldwide.‬

‭(b)‬‭Yellow fever‬‭is an‬‭endemic‬‭disease.‬
‭(c)‬‭Chicken pox‬‭is caused by a‬‭virus‬‭.‬
‭(d)‬‭Haemophilia‬‭is a‬‭genetic‬‭disorder.‬
‭(e)‬‭Ascariasis‬‭is caused by a‬‭roundworm‬‭.‬

‭2.‬ ‭Full forms of the following abbreviations‬‭:‬

(‭ a)‬‭HIV‬‭– Human Immunodeficiency Virus‬

‭(b)‬‭AIDS‬‭– Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome‬
‭(c)‬‭BCG‬‭– Bacillus Calmette-Guérin‬
‭(d)‬‭COVID-19‬‭– Coronavirus Disease 2019‬
‭(e)‬‭RNA‬‭– Ribonucleic Acid‬

‭3.‬ ‭True (T) or False (F)‬‭:‬

(‭ a)‬‭Filariasis‬‭is transmitted by the housefly.‬‭F‬

‭(b)‬‭Malaria‬‭is caused by a protozoan.‬‭T‬
‭(c)‬‭BCG vaccine‬‭is used for chicken pox.‬‭F‬
‭(d)‬‭Louis Pasteur‬‭discovered a cure for malaria.‬‭F‬
‭(e)‬‭AIDS‬‭is caused by a bacterium.‬‭F‬
‭(f)‬‭HIV‬‭is a serious disease, usually fatal.‬‭T‬
‭(g)‬‭AIDS‬‭is not transmitted by contact with a patient's‬‭clothes.‬‭T‬
‭(h)‬‭Chicken pox‬‭and‬‭hepatitis‬‭are bacterial diseases.‬‭F‬
‭(i)‬‭Goitre‬‭is endemic in sub-Himalayan regions of‬‭India.‬‭T‬
‭(j)‬‭AIDS‬‭is caused by a fungus.‬‭F‬
‭(k)‬‭Hay fever‬‭and‬‭asthma‬‭are allergies.‬‭T‬
‭(l)‬‭Smallpox‬‭still occurs in India.‬‭F‬
‭(m) The disease‬‭filariasis‬‭is caused by the bite of‬‭the female‬‭Anopheles‬‭mosquito.‬‭F‬

‭4.‬ ‭Name the following‬‭:‬

(‭ a) The vaccine for preventing tuberculosis –‬‭BCG‬‭vaccine‬

‭(b) An organ usually affected by tuberculosis –‬‭Lungs‬
‭(c) A disease that weakens the body's defense system against infections –‬‭AIDS‬
(‭ d) The microorganism that requires a host to reproduce –‬‭Virus‬
‭(e) The popular name of the disease filariasis –‬‭Elephantiasis‬

‭5.‬ ‭Name‬‭:‬

(‭ a) Four categories of diseases on the basis of their occurrence –‬‭Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic, Sporadic‬
‭(b) Two categories of diseases based on their communicability –‬‭Communicable, Non-communicable‬
‭(c) Two degenerative/ageing diseases –‬‭Arthritis,‬‭Alzheimer's disease‬
‭(d) Three diseases caused by protozoans –‬‭Malaria,‬‭Amoebic dysentery, Sleeping sickness‬
‭(e) Three diseases caused by helminths –‬‭Ascariasis,‬‭Taeniasis, Filariasis‬

‭6.‬ ‭Match the terms‬‭:‬

‭Column A‬ ‭Column B‬

‭(a)‬‭Allergy‬ ‭(vi)‬‭Hay fever‬

‭(b)‬‭Metabolic disease‬ (‭ v)‬‭Diabetes‬

‭mellitus‬

‭(c)‬‭Genetic disease‬ ‭(i)‬‭Thalassemia‬

(‭ d)‬‭Degenerative‬ ‭(ii)‬‭Cataract‬
‭disease‬

‭(e)‬‭Cancer‬ ‭(iii)‬‭Leukemia‬

‭7.‬ ‭Complete the pairs‬‭:‬

(‭ a) April 7: World Health Day,‬‭December 1: World AIDS‬‭Day‬

‭(b)‬‭Malaria: Plasmodium‬‭, Filariasis:‬‭Wuchereria bancrofti‬
‭(c)‬‭Hepatitis: Liver‬‭, Tuberculosis:‬‭Lungs‬
‭(d)‬‭Mumps: Viral disease‬‭, Typhoid:‬‭Bacterial disease‬
‭(e)‬‭Covid-19: Pandemic‬‭, Yellow fever:‬‭Endemic disease‬

‭8.‬ ‭Choose the odd one out‬‭:‬

(‭ a)‬‭Malaria‬‭is the odd one out; the others are bacterial‬‭diseases.‬

‭(b)‬‭Ascariasis‬‭is the odd one out; the others are‬‭viral diseases.‬
‭(c)‬‭Hepatitis‬‭is the odd one out; the others are helminthic‬‭diseases.‬
‭(d)‬‭Depression‬‭is the odd one out; the others are‬‭nutritional deficiencies.‬
‭(e)‬‭Cataract‬‭is the odd one out; the others are protozoan‬‭diseases.‬

‭C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE‬

‭1.‬ ‭Define‬‭:‬

(‭ a)‬‭Infection‬‭– The invasion and multiplication of‬‭microorganisms in the body, which may cause harm.‬
‭(b)‬‭Pathogen‬‭– Any microorganism (bacteria, virus,‬‭fungus, etc.) that causes disease.‬
(‭ c)‬‭Incubation period‬‭– The time between exposure to a pathogen and the appearance of symptoms.‬
‭(d)‬‭Disease‬‭– A condition where the normal functioning‬‭of the body or mind is disrupted due to an infection or‬
‭other factors.‬
‭(e)‬‭Vaccine‬‭– A biological preparation that provides‬‭immunity to a particular disease.‬

‭2.‬ ‭Scientific names of the causative organisms‬‭:‬

(‭ a)‬‭Cholera‬‭–‬‭Vibrio cholerae‬
‭(b)‬‭Typhoid‬‭–‬‭Salmonella typhi‬
‭(c)‬‭Tuberculosis‬‭–‬‭Mycobacterium tuberculosis‬
‭(d)‬‭Taeniasis‬‭–‬‭Taenia solium‬
‭(e)‬‭Filariasis‬‭–‬‭Wuchereria bancrofti‬

‭3.‬ C
‭ ausative germ of AIDS‬‭–‬‭HIV‬‭(Human Immunodeficiency‬‭Virus).‬
‭Transmission‬‭– AIDS is transmitted through contact‬‭with infected body fluids like blood, semen,‬
‭vaginal fluids, or from mother to child during birth.‬

‭D. LONG ANSWER TYPE‬

‭ .‬ W
1 ‭ rite very briefly about the following‬‭:‬
‭●‬ ‭BCG‬‭: The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine is used‬‭for preventing tuberculosis, particularly in‬
‭children.‬
‭●‬ ‭Incubation period‬‭: The period between exposure to‬‭an infectious agent and the appearance of‬
‭symptoms.‬
‭●‬ ‭Chicken pox‬‭: A viral disease characterized by itchy red spots and blisters. Caused by the‬
‭varicella-zoster virus.‬
‭●‬ ‭Hepatitis A‬‭: A viral infection of the liver caused‬‭by the Hepatitis A virus, transmitted through‬
‭contaminated food and water.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Causes, symptoms, and prevention of malaria, chicken pox, and tuberculosis‬‭:‬
‭●‬ ‭Malaria‬‭: Caused by‬‭Plasmodium‬‭(protozoan). Symptoms‬‭include fever, chills, sweating, and‬
‭headaches. Prevented by using mosquito nets and insect repellents.‬
‭●‬ ‭Chicken pox‬‭: Caused by the varicella-zoster virus.‬‭Symptoms include itchy red spots and blisters.‬
‭Prevented by vaccination.‬
‭●‬ ‭Tuberculosis‬‭: Caused by‬‭Mycobacterium tuberculosis‬‭.‬‭Symptoms include persistent cough, fever,‬
‭and weight loss. Prevented by BCG vaccination and proper sanitation.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Ways infectious diseases can spread‬‭:‬
‭●‬ ‭Through air (coughing, sneezing), contaminated water, food, direct contact, and vectors like‬
‭mosquitoes.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Four non-infectious diseases and their causes‬‭:‬
‭●‬ ‭Hypertension‬‭– Poor diet, lack of exercise.‬
‭●‬ ‭Diabetes‬‭– Genetic factors, lifestyle choices.‬
‭●‬ ‭Cancer‬‭– Genetics, environmental factors.‬
‭●‬ ‭Heart disease‬‭– High cholesterol, smoking.‬
‭5.‬ ‭Distinguish between‬‭:‬

(‭ a)‬‭Pandemic and sporadic diseases‬‭: A pandemic is‬‭widespread across many countries, while sporadic‬
‭diseases occur irregularly. (b)‬‭Communicable and non-communicable‬‭diseases‬‭: Communicable diseases‬
‭spread from person to person, while non-communicable diseases are not contagious. (c)‬‭Allergens and‬
‭ arcinogens‬‭: Allergens cause allergic reactions, while carcinogens are substances that can cause cancer. (d)‬
c
‭Endemic and Epidemic diseases‬‭: Endemic diseases are‬‭regularly found in a particular area, while‬
‭epidemics are sudden outbreaks of diseases. (e)‬‭Pathogen‬‭and Vector‬‭: A pathogen causes disease, while a‬
‭vector spreads the pathogen (e.g., mosquitoes for malaria).‬

‭ .‬
6 ‭ ive preventive measures for COVID-19‬‭:‬
F
‭●‬ ‭Stay at home if feeling unwell.‬
‭●‬ ‭Regularly wash hands with soap and water.‬
‭●‬ ‭Avoid crowded places.‬
‭●‬ ‭Wear a mask and maintain social distancing.‬
‭●‬ ‭Get vaccinated against COVID-19.‬

‭Part 1: Virus (Image of HIV structure)‬

‭1.‬ ‭Identify the microorganism.‬

‭○‬ ‭The microorganism is‬‭HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)‬‭.‬
‭2.‬ ‭To which category of microorganisms does it belong?‬
‭○‬ ‭It belongs to the‬‭virus‬‭category.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Label the guidelines 1, 2, and 3.‬
‭○‬ ‭1: Viral Protein (glycoprotein spikes).‬
‭○‬ ‭2: Protein Coat (capsid).‬
‭○‬ ‭3: RNA Core (contains genetic material).‬
‭4.‬ ‭Does it cause any disease? If yes, name the disease.‬
‭○‬ ‭Yes, it causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).‬
‭5.‬ ‭Mention two ways by which it can be transmitted from one person to another.‬
‭○‬ ‭Unprotected sexual contact.‬
‭○‬ ‭Sharing needles or syringes.‬

‭Part 2: Tapeworm (Animal Parasite)‬

‭1.‬ ‭Identify and name the animal.‬

‭○‬ ‭It is a tapeworm (likely Taenia solium or Taenia saginata).‬
‭2.‬ ‭Write the phylum to which it belongs.‬
‭○‬ ‭Phylum: Platyhelminthes.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Name the disease caused by this animal.‬
‭○‬ ‭It causes Taeniasis and in severe cases, cysticercosis.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Write its scientific name.‬
‭○‬ ‭Examples of scientific names:‬
‭■‬ ‭Taenia solium (pork tapeworm).‬
‭■‬ ‭Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm).‬
‭5.‬ ‭Mention two common hosts (animals) for this parasite.‬
‭○‬ ‭Pig (intermediate host for Taenia solium).‬
‭○‬ ‭Cow (intermediate host for Taenia saginata).‬

‭Aids to Health‬

‭A. Multiple Choice Type‬

 ‭1.‬ ‭Choose the correct answer:‬

‭(a) Penicillin is:‬

‭●‬ ‭(iii) an antibiotic‬

‭(b) Which of the following immunity is present from our birth?‬

‭●‬ ‭(i) Innate immunity‬

(‭ c) Naturally acquired active immunity would be most likely acquired through which of the following‬
‭processes?‬

‭●‬ ‭(iv) previous infection with a disease-causing organism‬

‭(d) DPT stands for:‬

‭●‬ ‭(ii) Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus‬

‭(e) Vaccines are:‬

‭●‬ ‭(ii) An extract of dead and weakened microbes.‬

‭(f) The letter "B" in the name BCG vaccination stands for:‬

‭●‬ ‭(iv) Bacillus‬

‭(g) The body's defense against diseases is termed as:‬

‭●‬ ‭(ii) Immunity‬

‭(h) The slimy secretion of the epithelial lining of various organs is called:‬

‭●‬ ‭(iv) Mucus‬

‭(i) Which of the following is not a germ-killing secretion?‬

‭●‬ ‭(i) Blood‬

‭(j) Antibody is a blood serum protein produced in response to:‬

‭●‬ ‭(i) Antitoxins‬

‭B. Very Short Answer Type‬

‭1.‬ ‭Name the following:‬

‭(a) The drug based on arsenic compound, produced in 1910 which killed germs of syphilis.‬

‭●‬ ‭Salvarsan‬

‭(b) The antibiotic that was discovered first.‬

 ‭●‬ ‭Penicillin‬

‭(c) The category of immunity required in the treatment of snakebite.‬

‭●‬ ‭Passive immunity‬

‭(d) The medicines made by the combination of penicillin and sulpha drugs.‬

‭●‬ ‭Pentidsulph‬

‭(e) The scientist who discovered the first antibiotic.‬

‭‬ A
● ‭ lexander Fleming‬
‭2.‬ ‭Write the full forms of the following abbreviations:‬

‭(a) AIDS -‬‭Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome‬

‭(b) BCG -‬‭Bacillus Calmette-Guérin‬

‭(c) DPT -‬‭Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus‬

‭(d) DDT -‬‭Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane‬

‭(e) WHO -‬‭World Health Organization‬

‭(f) HIV -‬‭Human Immunodeficiency Virus‬

‭(g) STD -‬‭Sexually Transmitted Disease‬

‭(h) WBC -‬‭White Blood Cell‬

‭(i) TAB -‬‭Typhoid, Abdominal Typhoid vaccine‬

‭3.‬ ‭Name:‬

‭(a) Five antiseptics:‬

‭●‬ ‭Lysol, Carbolic acid, Iodine, Benzoic acid, Mercurochrome‬

‭(b) Five disinfectants:‬

‭●‬ ‭Cresol, Phenol, Bordeaux mixture, Formalin, DDT‬

‭(c) Two antibiotics:‬

‭●‬ ‭Penicillin, Streptomycin‬

‭(d) Two sulpha drugs:‬

‭●‬ ‭Sulphadiazine, Sulphanilamide‬

‭(e) Two sexually transmitted diseases:‬

 ‭‬ G
● ‭ onorrhea, Syphilis‬
‭4.‬ ‭Fill in the blanks:‬

‭Disease(s)‬ ‭The Nature of‬

‭Vaccine‬

‭(1) Typhoid‬ ‭(ii) Antibiotics‬

‭(2) Polio‬ ‭(i) Antigens‬

(‭ 3)‬ ‭(ii) Antibiotics‬

‭Measles‬

‭(4) BCG‬ ‭(iv) Antiseptics‬

‭5.‬ ‭Classifying Immunity:‬

‭Immunity‬

‭1)‬‭Innate immunity‬

‭2)‬‭Acquired immunity‬

‭3)‬‭Active immunity‬

‭4)‬‭Passive immunity‬

‭C. Short Answer Type‬

‭6.‬ ‭Define the terms:‬

‭(a)‬‭Immunity‬‭- The ability of the body to resist or‬‭fight infections through the immune system.‬

‭(b)‬‭Antibodies‬‭- Proteins produced by the immune system‬‭that help fight infections by attacking pathogens.‬
‭(c)‬‭Prophylaxis‬‭- Preventive treatment or measures taken to avoid diseases.‬

(‭ d)‬‭Vaccine‬‭- A substance that stimulates the body's immune system to produce immunity to a specific‬
‭disease.‬

‭(e)‬‭Immunisation‬‭- The process of making a person‬‭immune to a disease by vaccination or other means.‬

‭D. Long Answer Type‬

‭1.‬ ‭Differentiate between:‬

‭(a)‬‭Antiseptic vs Antibiotic‬‭:‬

‭●‬ A
‭ ntiseptics are applied to living tissues to kill germs, while antibiotics are substances used to kill or‬
‭inhibit bacteria, usually administered inside the body.‬

‭(b)‬‭Antiseptic vs Disinfectant‬‭:‬

‭●‬ ‭Antiseptics are mild and used on the body, while disinfectants are stronger and used on surfaces.‬

‭(c)‬‭Disinfectant vs Deodorant‬‭:‬

‭●‬ ‭Disinfectants kill germs, whereas deodorants mask bad odors.‬

‭(d)‬‭Vaccination vs Sterilisation‬‭:‬

‭●‬ V
‭ accination introduces harmless forms of pathogens to stimulate immunity, while sterilisation kills all‬
‭forms of germs on objects or surfaces.‬

‭(e)‬‭Active vs Passive Immunity‬‭:‬

‭●‬ A
‭ ctive immunity is the body's direct response to infection or vaccination, while passive immunity is the‬
‭transfer of antibodies from another source.‬

‭(f)‬‭Innate vs Acquired Immunity‬‭:‬

‭●‬ I‭nnate immunity is present at birth and provides general protection, while acquired immunity develops‬
‭after exposure to specific pathogens.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Principle of vaccination to produce immunity‬‭:‬
‭Vaccination introduces weakened or killed pathogens into the body to stimulate the immune system,‬
‭which produces antibodies and memory cells to protect against future infections from the same‬
‭pathogen.‬
‭3.‬ ‭WBCs and infection‬‭:‬
‭An abnormally large number of WBCs in the blood indicates an infection or inflammation, as the body‬
‭is trying to fight off harmful organisms.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Role of health aids‬‭:‬
‭(a)‬‭Antiseptics‬‭: Help in cleaning wounds and preventing‬‭infection.‬
‭(b)‬‭Disinfectants‬‭: Used to clean surfaces and kill‬‭harmful microorganisms.‬
‭(c)‬‭Vaccines‬‭: Stimulate the immune system to protect‬‭against specific diseases.‬
 ‭5.‬ T ‭ reatment for diphtheria‬‭:‬
‭Diphtheria treatment involves administering antitoxins and antibiotics to neutralize the toxin and kill the‬
‭bacteria causing the infection.‬
‭6.‬ ‭Importance of knowing how germs leave the body‬‭:‬
‭Understanding how germs leave the body helps in preventing the spread of infections and aids in‬
‭controlling outbreaks.‬

‭Health Organisation‬

‭A. MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE‬

‭1.‬ (‭ a)‬‭The alphabet C in NICD stands for:‬

‭(iii) Communicable‬
‭2.‬ ‭(b)‬‭WHO headquarters are located in:‬
‭(iii) Geneva‬
‭3.‬ ‭(c)‬‭Red Cross Day is celebrated on:‬
‭(ii) May 8‬
‭4.‬ ‭(d)‬‭Which of the following cities has the regional‬‭office of WHO:‬
‭(iii) Delhi‬
‭5.‬ ‭(e)‬‭Which of the following is not a water-borne disease:‬
‭(iv) Diabetes‬

‭B. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE‬

‭1.‬ N ‭ ame these:‬

‭(a)‬‭Five main types of habitations in India‬‭:‬
‭1.‬ ‭Big cities‬
‭2.‬ ‭Small towns‬
‭3.‬ ‭Villages‬
‭4.‬ ‭Remote areas‬
‭5.‬ ‭Slum-dwellings‬
‭2.‬ ‭(b)‬‭Two major categories of health problems in India‬‭:‬
‭1.‬ ‭Food and water-borne diseases‬
‭2.‬ ‭Insect and air-borne diseases‬
‭3.‬ ‭(c)‬‭Four water-borne diseases of humans‬‭:‬
‭1.‬ ‭Diarrhoea‬
‭2.‬ ‭Typhoid‬
‭3.‬ ‭Gastroenteritis‬
‭4.‬ ‭Dysentery‬
‭4.‬ ‭(d)‬‭Four insect-borne diseases of humans‬‭:‬
‭1.‬ ‭Malaria‬
‭2.‬ ‭Dengue‬
‭3.‬ ‭Plague‬
‭4.‬ ‭Yellow fever‬
‭5.‬ ‭(e)‬‭Two important International bodies concerned with‬‭people's health‬‭:‬
‭1.‬ ‭Red Cross‬
‭2.‬ ‭WHO‬
 ‭6.‬ W
‭ hat do the following abbreviations stand for?‬
‭(a)‬‭WHO‬‭: World Health Organisation‬
‭(b)‬‭UNO‬‭: United Nations Organisation‬
‭(c)‬‭NICD‬‭: National Institute of Communicable Diseases‬

‭C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE‬

‭1.‬ ‭List any three health problems in India‬‭:‬

‭○‬ ‭Diarrhoea‬
‭○‬ ‭Malaria‬
‭○‬ ‭Typhoid‬
‭2.‬ ‭State the main functions of Red Cross‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Extend relief to victims of calamities like floods, fires, and earthquakes.‬
‭○‬ ‭Provide blood for transfusions.‬
‭○‬ ‭Offer first-aid services and accident prevention education.‬
‭3.‬ ‭State the main functions of World Health Organisation‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Collect and share information on epidemic diseases.‬
‭○‬ ‭Promote research on diseases and health hazards.‬
‭○‬ ‭Establish pharmaceutical standards for drugs.‬

‭D. LONG ANSWER TYPE‬

‭1.‬ D
‭ escribe the reasons for the formation of WHO‬‭:‬
‭The World Health Organisation (WHO) was established in 1948 to address global health concerns,‬
‭particularly in research, disease control, and healthcare improvements. The formation of WHO was‬
‭prompted by the need for a unified, international effort to handle health issues like epidemics, the‬
‭research of diseases, and the sharing of knowledge and resources. Poor and developing countries‬
‭were expected to benefit from WHO's support in controlling health problems through cooperative‬
‭efforts, enhancing research, and creating a global health strategy.‬

‭Waste‬

‭A. Multiple Choice Type‬

‭1.‬ ‭Choose the correct answer from the options below:‬

‭(a) The 'Municipal solid waste' is the term used to describe what kind of solid waste?‬

‭●‬ ‭(iii) Non-hazardous‬

‭(b) The most rapidly increasing and harmful waste today is:‬

‭●‬ ‭(iv) Electronic waste‬

‭(c) Out of the following, which substance can be recycled many times?‬
 ‭●‬ ‭(iv) Aluminium‬

‭(d) Which of the following is not a waste from construction sites?‬

‭●‬ ‭(ii) Bagasse‬

‭(e) Which of the following is a kind of gaseous waste?‬

‭●‬ ‭(iii) Fly ash‬

‭B. Very Short Answer Type‬

‭1.‬ ‭Name the following:‬

(‭ a) The solid precipitated material produced during secondary treatment of the effluent, carried out in the‬
‭Effluent Treatment Plants.‬

‭●‬ ‭Sludge‬

‭(b) The two types of devices commonly used for removing the particulate air pollutants.‬

‭●‬ ‭Scrubbers and Electrostatic Precipitators‬

‭(c) The process of disposal of waste by burning.‬

‭●‬ ‭Incineration‬

‭(d) The solid waste residue left after burning.‬

‭●‬ ‭Ash‬

‭(e) The category of wastes given out from homes.‬

‭‬ D
● ‭ omestic waste‬
‭2.‬ ‭Correct the following statements by changing the first/last word only:‬

‭(a) Some of the electronic wastes may contain valuable metals such as‬‭gold‬‭.‬

‭(b) Sludge is the‬‭solid‬‭waste of cement industry.‬

‭(c) Drains are used to remove‬‭fluid‬‭and particulate‬‭air pollutants.‬

‭(d) Industrial liquid waste is termed as‬‭effluents‬‭.‬

‭(e) Rags are the‬‭cloth‬‭residue left after extracting‬‭the sugarcane juice.‬

‭3.‬ ‭Match the items in Column I with the items in Column II:‬

‭Column I‬ ‭Column II‬

 ‭ .‬
1 ‭ ow dung | (ii) Manure‬
C
‭2.‬ ‭Bagasse | (i) Sugarcane‬
‭3.‬ ‭Okhla Khad | (iii) Food wastes‬
‭4.‬ ‭Lead and cadmium | (iv) E-wastes‬

‭C. Short Answer Type‬

‭1.‬ ‭Define the terms:‬

‭(a)‬‭Waste‬‭: Any substance that is discarded after primary‬‭use, or is worthless and of no use.‬

(‭ b)‬‭Fly ash‬‭: Fine solid particles of non-combustible‬‭ash produced by industries, particularly in cement‬
‭factories, often used in construction.‬

‭(c)‬‭E-wastes‬‭: Discarded electrical and electronic‬‭devices such as computers, phones, refrigerators, etc.‬

‭(d)‬‭Composting‬‭: The process of decaying organic waste‬‭to convert it into manure, often used in agriculture.‬

‭(e)‬‭Mine tailing‬‭: The waste left after extracting‬‭minerals from ores, often containing harmful chemicals.‬

‭2.‬ ‭Give reasons for the following:‬

(‭ a)‬‭Broken glass utensils are a kind of non-degradable‬‭waste‬‭: Because glass does not break down‬
‭naturally and remains in the environment for a long time.‬

(‭ b)‬‭Landfills are coming up fast near large cities‬‭:‬‭Due to the increasing urban population and waste‬
‭generation, landfills are needed to dispose of the growing amount of waste.‬

(‭ c)‬‭Why is municipal sewage first separated into degradable‬‭and non-degradable wastes?‬‭: To ensure‬
‭that biodegradable waste can be treated biologically, while non-degradable waste needs to be handled‬
‭separately to avoid pollution.‬

‭D. Long Answer Type‬

‭1.‬ ‭Define electronic waste and list at least six items which come under this category.‬

‭ lectronic Waste (E-Waste)‬‭: E-waste refers to discarded‬‭electrical or electronic devices that are no longer in‬
E
‭use or have become obsolete. These can contain harmful chemicals and valuable materials.‬

‭Items included in E-Waste‬‭:‬

‭‬
● ‭ ld computers‬
O
‭●‬ ‭Mobile phones‬
‭●‬ ‭Televisions‬
‭●‬ ‭Refrigerators‬
‭●‬ ‭Radios‬
‭●‬ ‭Batteries‬
 ‭2.‬ L
‭ ist some of the common wastes produced in mining operations and mention how these can‬
‭be reused.‬

‭Common Mining Wastes‬‭:‬

‭‬ M
● ‭ ine tailings‬‭: Waste left after extracting valuable‬‭minerals, often containing chemicals.‬
‭●‬ ‭Rock waste‬‭: Broken rock from drilling and excavation.‬

‭Recycling/Reuse‬‭:‬

‭‬ M
● ‭ ine tailings can be used in construction for making tiles, cement, or bricks.‬
‭●‬ ‭Rock waste can be reused in construction projects like roads and buildings.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Describe the procedure usually used to produce compost.‬

‭Composting Process‬‭:‬

‭ .‬
1 ‭ ig a trench of about 5 m long, 1.5 m wide, and 1.5 m deep.‬
D
‭2.‬ ‭Place a layer of mixed organic waste (vegetable peelings, leaves) about 30 cm thick.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Wet the layer with a mixture of water, cow dung, and some mud.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Add more layers of waste on top, and cover with earth.‬
‭5.‬ ‭After 2-3 months, the material is rearranged in conical heaps and covered again.‬
‭6.‬ ‭After about 2 months, the compost is ready for use.‬
‭7.‬ ‭Describe the usefulness of incineration of wastes, and also mention the precautions required‬
‭in it.‬

‭Usefulness of Incineration‬‭:‬

‭‬ R
● ‭ educes the volume and weight of waste.‬
‭●‬ ‭Destroys harmful pathogens and toxins.‬
‭●‬ ‭Can generate electricity from heat produced during burning.‬

‭Precautions‬‭:‬

‭ ‬ ‭Incineration must be done at very high temperatures to avoid harmful emissions.‬

●
‭●‬ ‭Incinerators should be equipped with pollution control devices like scrubbers.‬
‭●‬ ‭Incinerators should be located away from residential areas to minimize health risks from fumes.‬