1.

Operating Systems:-
Compiler: It is a computer program that translates computer code written in one
computer language into another language.
Interpreter: It directly executes instructions written in a programming language without
previously converting them an object code/machine code.
Debugger: It is a computer program used to test and debug other programs.
Need for an Operating System: Control, Hardware Independence, Portability, Upward
compatibility
Functions of an Operating System: Process management, Memory management,
Device management, File management, Interface management,
Features of an Operating System:
 Designed to work on different hardware platforms
 Offers one or more user interface
 Supports connectivity to different devices like, USB, CD/DVD etc.
 It has an administrative user that can make changes to the computer settings
 Controls all the input/out operations securely and efficiently
 Maintains data and program security
Types of OS:
 Single user (DOS) and Multi user (UNIX)
 Real-time (Windows CE & Lynx) – Hard Real-time, Firm Real-time, Soft Real-time
 Distributed (UNIX & Windows 2003)
 Interactive (Windows) Batch processing (MVS)
 Multi-processor (Windows NT, Solaris, OS/2, Digital UNIX, Linux)
 Multithreading (Windows 10, UNIX)
 Multi-tasking (Windows 10)
Character User Interface: Only keyboard, MS DOS, Windows Command Prompt
Graphical User Interface: Comprises WIMP, accepts keyboard and mouse, Windows 10

2. Spreadsheet – Formulas and Functions:-

Types of data in an Excel cell – number, text and formula
The complex in-built read-to-use formulas are called functions
A moving dashed border, called marquee
Clicking on the cell instead of typing cell address is called pointing
A rectangular block of contiguous cells is called a range
A reference identifies a cell or a range of cells in a worksheet
Short cut key to Open Insert Function dialog box: Shift + F3
The status bar:
 When you are not doing anything Ready
 When you are enering data Enter
 When you double-click or press F2 Edit
Repeated use of F4 key: =A1 to =$A$1 to =$A1 to =A$1 to the original =A1

3. Charts:-
2D Charts- x-axis(category axis) and y-axis(value axis) the two sides of the rectangular
plot areas
3D Charts- base area has one floor (xy plane) and two walls (yz and xz planes)
A Sparkline is a miniature chart embedded in a sinlge cell of the worksheet

4. App Development:-
Using the below apps, we can make audio/video calls even on tablets: Google
Hangouts, Google Duo, Skype, Facebook Messanger, Facetime and iMessage,
Whatsapp
Mobile OS:
 iOS – Apple iPhones, iPads & iPod Touch – Apple App Store - Obejective C & Swift 4
 Android – Google – Google Play - Linux based – Java
 BlackBerry – Used on RIM devices – BlackBerry App World, Java
 Windows Mobile – Mobile version of windows – Windows Phone Store – Visual C++
First call from mobile phone: By Martin Cooper of Motorola to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell
Labs on 03.04.1973.
First smartphone was developed by IBM Simon.
First smartphone for general use by IBM in 1993 (apps like calculator, world clock,
calendar, contact book etc)
BlackBerry smartphone released in 2002 (wireless email)
Apple iPhone was launched in 2007. Apple launched App Store in July 2008 with 500
apps.
Google Play Store for Android devices launched on 06.03.2012.
Native Apps – Written in native language (Android & BlackBerry – Java, iOS – Objective
C, Windows Mobile – Visual C++). Video games
Web Apps – Designed for mobile devices. Written in HTML5 & JavaScript.
Hybrid Apps – Online banking services, range of game software(playing game with
other player anywhere in the world)
Play Store – 4 buttons (Games, Apps, Movies & Books)
App development softwares – Mobincube, Unity3d, Appypie, Appinventor(uses
Scratch programming language), Thaunkable

5. Networks:-
Network – Number of things connected with each other
Computer Network – Collection of interconnected computers that are euipped to
exchange information and share resources with each other.
Advantages: Resource sharing, Reliability, Financial benefits, Better communication,
Access to a remote database, Improved storage capacity
Componenets: Sender(Server), Receiver(Client) and Media
Server: A computer or a program that manages access to shared resources of a network
Client/Workstation: Any computer connected to the server

Wired Networking Technology:

 Co-axial Cables – Consistes central copper wire surrounded by a conductive
sleeve separated by an insulator – Cable TV networks – a) Baseband cable – One
signal at a time b) Broadband cable – Multiple signals
 Ethernet Cables – Connects network devices – 8 wires(4 for data transfer and 4
for internet) – a) Patch cables- computer to a hub/switch, b) Crossover cables- Two
computers without a hub/switch
 Optical Fibre Cables – Thin strand of light-conducting glass fibre – Data
transferred as a light signal – Can transmit voice, video and coded data in the form
of light signals at high speed.
Wireless Networking Technology:
 Bluetooth – Low-power radio wave – 8 devices – Line of sight not required – 10 m
to 15 m – Slow transfer rate – Transfer of songs and games
 Infrared – Infrared wave – 2 devices – Line of sight transmission – 5 m – Remote
controls & Cordless phones –
 Wi-Fi – Uses radio waves – High speed – Owned by Wi-Fi Alliance – Two-way radio
communication – Computers, Laptops, Smartphones, Video game consoles
PAN- Computers, phones, MP3/MP4 players, cameras – 10 m – transfer of songs between
phones, Uses wired media(USB cable) wireless media(Bluetooth)
LAN – Area to a b uilding or a groups of buildings – 1 km – Computers in office building or
a school – uses Ethernet cables
WAN – Covers a very large geographical are which may span a country, continet or even
the whole world – Includes, public packet networks, corporate networks, military
networks, banking networks, stock brokerage networks and airline reservation networks
– Various LAN’s connected to form a WAN through routers
MAN – Covers are larger than LAN but smaller than WAN – town or a city – Cable
television network
CAN – Intgerconnection of LAN’s within a limited area such as school campus, military
base etc.
MODEM – Modulator-demodulater – digital signal into analog signal(modulation) and
analog signal into digital(demodulation) - Internal or External
HUB – Connects a number of computers/computing devices on a network through its
ports – Does not have data processing or checking abilities – Provides only pathway for
data transfer
Broadcast – In computer networks, to broadcast a message is to transmit it to all the
recipients simultaneously
SWITCH – Similar to hub but it is an intelligent hub – Data processing and checking
abilities –
REPEATER – Is a hardware device that regenerates and retransmits a received signal
with the same strength as the original or even at a high power.
ROUTER – Forwards packets/data from one network to another – Two LAN’s or LAN &
WAN –
BRIDGE – Connects several LAN’s using a common protocol – It forwards a data packet
only to the intended network.
GATEWAY – Connects dissimilar networks(LAN’s and WAN’s) – It extends the
functionality of routers by performing data translation and protocol conversion
INTERNET – Is a worlwide public network of computer networks – WAN category
INTRANET – Based on internet technologies and is private to an organisation – Gives
access to only organisation to which it belongs
EXTRANET – Controlled intranet which is allowed to be accessed by authorised set of
people such as customers and members outside an organisation
BANDWIDTH – Amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time
through a network connection
ISP – A company that offers internetservices to individuals against a fee – Idea,
Vodafone, Jio, Airtel, BSNL, MTNL
WEB PAGE – Is a document written in HTML – We can read HTML documents with the
help of a program called Web Browser
HYPERLINK / LINK – Connects one web page to another web page/file, to a different
part of same web page – Mouse pointer moved over hyperlinked text, the pointer
changes to a hand symbol – A hypertext is text with a hyperlink – A hypermedia is a
hypertext which can be text, graphics, video and sound
WEBSITE – Collection of web pages with related information
WEB PORTAL – Is a specially designed website that serves as the single point of access
for wide category of information. Ex- a bank portal provides all personal banking services
available with the bank
HOMEPAGE – First page(index page) of any website
URL – Unique address identifying a file on the web
NUMBER ADDRESS / IP – Made up of 4 posite whole numbers in the range of 0 to 255
inclusive joined together by dots. Ex- 192.12.145.76
LETTER ADDRESSING / DNS – Consists of letters of the alphabet – Also called Domain
name – Last 3 letters of the domain name provide information about the kind of
organisation to which the address belongs – It also used 2 letter country codes – When
you enter letter address in a browser, the internet send the information to DNS servers
that translates the letter address to the corresponding IP address. This is called DNS
name resolution
ROM Read only Memory
RAM Random Access Memory
CPU Central Processing Unit
USB Universal Serial Bus
CD Compact Disc
DVD Digital Versatile Disc
BIOS Basic Input Output System
RTOS Real-time Operating System
iOS iPhone Operating System
MS-DOS Microsoft Disk Operating System
GUI Graphical User Interface
CUI Character User Interface
MVS Multiple Virtual Storage
UI User Interface
WIMP Windows, Icons, Menus, Painters
SMS Short Message Service
APP Application
API Application Programming Interface
RIM Research in Motion
HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
QR Quick Response
OFC Optical Fibre Cables
Wi Fi Wireless Fidelity
PAN Personal Area Network
LAN Local Area Network
WAN Wide Area Network
WLANWireless Local Area Network
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
CAN Campus Area Network
MODEM Modelator-Demodulator
ISP Internet Service Provider
Bps Bits Per Second or Bytes Per Second
Kbps Kilobits/bytes Per Second
Mbps Megabit/bytes Per Second
BSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
MTNL Maganagar Telephone Nigam Limited
URL Uniform Resource Locator
DNS Domain Name System
IP Internet Protocol
NP Network Protocol
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
FTP File Transfer Protocol
IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
CC Cloud Computing
VBA Visual Basic for Applications
LED Light-emitting Diode
NIC National Informatics Centre
NET Network Access Provider