Index

acrylic model, 340 CIDECT recommendation, 47

aircraft engineering, 266 clam shell markings, 8
aluminium alloy, 16, 21, 23, 26, 29, 62, 69, 72, comparison specimen, 192, 197, 225
80, 124, 127, 129, 130, 145–148, 197, 207, containment, welded joint, 224–227
214, 216, 218, 220, 263–267, 270, 280, 282, cope hole, 84, 224
290–292, 321, 322, 416, 425, 512, 536, 537 corner joint, 31, 85, 172, 173
angular joint specimen, 343–345, 357 corner notch stress intensity, 239, 240,
API guideline, 34, 37, 41, 45, 47, 63 297–304
ASME code 16, 20, 25, 40, 70, 72, 271 corrosive environment, 27, 263–266, 410
austenitic stainless steel, 127, 324, 412, 413, cover plate joint, 78, 86, 110–121, 132, 133,
417, 474, 543, 544 171, 172, 258, 286, 316
automotive engineering, 150–152, 366, 367, crack branching, 234, 436, 476, 481, 523
372, 426–432, 443 crack closure, 198, 246, 250, 410, 540, 564
AWS guideline, 34, 37, 41, 45, 63, 81, 82, 185 crack coalescence, 148, 260, 261, 277, 293
crack growth retardation, 249, 250
backing bar, 74 crack initiation, 3, 191, 196, 202, 207, 217,
back-tracing of failures, 241, 577, 578 277, 289, 324, 343–345, 437, 514, 515, 550,
Basquin relationship, 94, 194, 197, 203, 247 555
Bauschinger effect, 208 crack loading mode definition, 445
bead-on-plate weld, 31 crack opening displacement, 435, 482
beam-to-shell element model of weld spot, crack path, 248, 262, 276, 293, 437, 475, 550
373–376, 387 crack propagation angle, 479
bending loading mode, 178–180 crack propagation approach, 214, 233–295,
biaxial fatigue, 135, 136, 176–178, 201, 206, 323–326, 355–363, 513–517, 522–524,
212, 213, 423 538–542, 566, 567, 602–616, 631–634
blunt corner notch, 301–304 crack propagation life, 3, 197, 203, 217,
blunt crack, 303, 468–470 247–250, 360, 361, 514, 538–542, 555
boiler, welded joint, 157, 158 crack shape, 252–254, 259–262, 293
boundary element modelling, 36, 97, 107, crane construction, 102
162, 168–189, 244, 454, 455, 458 Creager formula, 468–470
Bredt formula, 465, 495, 498, 501 critical distance approach, 93–96, 125, 126
bridge construction, 61, 84, 283 critical plane criterion, 195, 370, 428
British standards, 16, 20, 22, 155, 241, 250, critical stress intensity factor, 245, 246, 267
252, 254, 255, 263–265, 267, 362 cross-sectional model, 97, 98, 109, 140, 151,
buckling fatigue at spot weld, 400–404 156, 159, 161, 166–190, 222, 346, 520, 525,
butt-welded joints, 21, 50, 74, 104, 109–123, 526, 528
167–169, 178, 181, 182, 214–221, 258, 283, cross-tension specimen, 398–400, 407, 474,
287–292 484, 485, 490–492, 524–527
cruciform joint, 21, 31, 35, 50, 66, 89, 90, 101,
calibration of assessment procedure, 267, 104, 110–121, 169, 170, 178, 181, 183,
364, 365 186–190, 221–224, 256, 257, 281–286, 316,
car loading standard, 426 317, 327, 330

635
636 Index

damage parameter, 193, 200, 210, 230, 428, Findley criterion, 71, 126, 137, 206
560 finite element modelling, 8, 51–55, 78, 107,
damage parameter, endurable value, 226, 244, 329, 337, 420–422, 452, 453, 545–547,
229 561
damage parameter P–N curve, 200, 201, 209, fitness for purpose, 22, 183, 241, 266, 577
210, 226, 229 FKM guideline, 2, 23, 428, 541
damage sum limit, 19, 22, 25, 200, 211, 240, flange attachment joint, 86–89
275, 276, 343, 416, 426 force F–N curve, 231, 352–355, 410, 483, 520,
damage zone approach, 276–278, 534, 535 533, 541, 542, 553, 565
Dang Van criterion, 103, 137, 423 forcing function, 259
degree of bending, 68, 77, 285, 355 Forman equation, 246, 538
DEn guideline, 45, 47, 63, 344, 345 frame corner joint, 150–155, 158–160
design optimisation, 365, 427–432, 577 friction-welded joint, 109, 270
design S–N curve, 19–23 functional analysis method, 107, 109, 110,
detail class, 1, 15, 22 243
displacement-controlled fatigue, 69, 232, 258, fusion zone, 123–125, 130, 196, 226–228, 349,
271, 537, 565 351, 352, 547–550
displacement loading, 173, 174
distortional strain energy criterion, 25, 72, geometric stress, 33, 39, 331
93, 105, 128, 137, 198, 201, 206, 212, 386 German standards, 16, 20, 155
documentation of assessment procedure, girder, welded joint, 61, 62, 84–89, 102,
574, 575 152–155
Dong’s crack propagation approach, girth butt weld, 160, 161, 258
271–275 Glinka formula, 209, 538
Dong’s structural stress approach, 41–43, global approach, 1, 7, 568, 569
55–57 Goodman relationship, 206
double-cup specimen, 507–510, grain size, 522
Dugdale–Newman model, 240, 277 gusset plate joint, 31, 85, 163–165

ECCS or ECSC recommendation, 22, 23, 47, Haigh diagram, 144, 369, 415
64, 335, 336, 344 hardness distribution, 123–125, 290, 547–550
edge attachment joint, 21, 40, 42, 49, 54, 56, hardness effect, 123, 203, 224, 349
86–88 hat section specimen, 392, 400–404, 411, 484,
eigenforce at weld spot, 369–371, 377, 378, 485, 493–501, 563
466, 561 heat affected zone, 123–125, 196, 201, 207,
elevated temperature, 27 218, 229, 230, 266, 349, 352, 355, 548–550,
energy release rate criterion, 246, 453, 477, 560, 561
479, 480 high strength steel, 82, 104, 144, 161, 197,
equivalent stress intensity factor, 440, 198, 214, 216, 218, 224–227, 232, 238, 266,
476–480 279, 281, 289, 408–413, 553
Eurocode, 16, 22, 23, 25, 45, 63–65, 82, 155, highly stressed volume approach, 93, 105,
163 145–150, 202
hot spot location, 39, 47, 49
failure probability, 17 hot spot structural stress, 38, 39–41, 46–55,
fatigue class (FAT), 1, 15, 21 85, 87, 329, 330, 340
fatigue-effective notch stress, 36, 96, 106, hot spot structural stress, endurable value,
127, 326, 347, 348, 470, 529 62–73, 165, 344, 345, 412, 415, 420–425
fatigue notch factor of welds, 95, 106, H-shaped specimen, 417, 501–506, 563,
121–138, 143, 145, 151, 152, 156, 158, 565
167–180, 471
fatigue strength reduction factor, 29–32, IIW recommendations, 2, 16, 20, 21, 24, 27,
98–101, 152–155 45, 63, 70, 74, 90, 101, 128, 145, 155, 183,
fictitious notch radius, 96, 100, 127–130, 166, 264, 265, 284, 286, 343, 417, 501
185–190, 524–527, 533 imperfection, 9, 108, 241
fictitious notch rounding approach, 36, inhomogeneous material, 9, 123–125, 196,
96–101, 126–143, 150–163, 166–190, 517, 201, 236, 355
518 initial crack size, 105, 214, 236, 237, 240, 267,
fictitious undercut, 131, 132 289, 355, 358, 523
fillet weld sector model, 327, 328 inspection interval, 241
final crack size, 247, 268, 358 intermittent weld, 140
 Index 637

internal displacement method, 139, 346 mixed-mode crack loading, 234, 246,
internal force splitting method, 139, 140–143 476–481
Irwin criterion, 246, 453, 477, 479 modified notch rounding approach, 101–104,
I-section girder, 61, 62, 84–89, 152–155 143–145
multiaxial fatigue, 24–27, 70–73, 135, 136,
Japanese standards, 16, 70, 84 147–150, 201, 202, 212, 313, 405
J-integral, 210, 234, 307, 308, 450, 454, 482
J-integral, endurable value, 321, 322, 473, Neuber formula, 8, 200, 202, 208, 211, 232,
482, 510 538
J-integral damage parameter, 210, 235 Neuber hyperbola, 218, 350
J–N curve, 482, 492, 510 nominal stress approach, 13–32, 579–583
joint face fracture, 437, 438 nominal stress, endurable value, 19–23, 101,
165, 184, 419
Kandil–Brown–Miller damage parameter, nominal stress intensity factor, 465, 466
210 nominal stress S–N curve, 13–16, 19–23, 216,
219–221, 223, 234
lap joint, 31, 104, 110–121, 171, 172, 256, 258, nominal structural stress, 383–388, 466
286, 317, 327, 433–512, 536, 537 nominal weld stress, 14, 74, 75, 80
lap joint in dissimilar materials, 457–459 nominal weld stress, endurable value, 75,
lap joint with large deflections, 395–400, 79
459–461, 536 non-fused weld root face, 74
lap joint with unequal plate thickness, non-load-carrying fillet weld, 50, 66, 123,
453–456 167, 276, 316, 324
laser beam welded joint, 165, 166, 168–173, non-proportional loading, 24–27, 137, 149,
417–420, 432, 510–512, 536, 551, 566, 567 194
layered material model, 236 normal strain criterion, 230, 558, 559, 561,
leak-before-break criterion, 82, 268 562
limit load factor, 209 normal stress criterion, 25, 137, 370, 388
load-carrying fillet weld, 24, 50, 66, 167, 256, normalised S–N curve, 15, 28, 29, 125
276, 283, 324 notch class, 1, 14, 15, 21–23
load shedding, 258, 259 notch effect, 38, 91
load spectrum, 250, 335, 358, 426 notch loading mode, 298–300
load–strain curve, 200, 230, 351 notch sensitivity, 122
local approach, 1–12, 568–578, 634 notch shielding, 33
longitudinal attachment joint, 7, 21, 31, 44, notch strain approach (elastic-plastic),
49, 66, 161–163, 256, 279–281, 292–295 191–232, 348–355, 513–522, 531–538,
longitudinal section model, 140, 152, 379, 551–566, 598–601, 631–634
394, 395, 396, 399, 511 notch strain, endurable value, 207, 215, 226,
low-cycle fatigue, 17, 39, 46, 72, 73, 93, 195, 229, 515, 559
202, 212, 213, 394, 437 notch strain energy density, 308–310
notch strain energy density, endurable value,
macrostructural support formula, 8, 200, 322, 323, 520
202, 208, 211, 515 notch stress approach (elastic), 91–190,
Manson–Coffin–Morrow relationship, 200, 345–348, 467–471, 513–518, 524–531,
207, 232 535–537, 590–598, 631–634
Masing relationship, 200, 205, 208 notch stress concentration factor of welds,
material parameters, 199, 207, 215, 222, 95, 107–121, 182, 183, 188, 235, 356, 527
226, 230, 263–267, 288, 290, 349, 357, 358, notch stress, endurable value, 106, 128,
440 143–150, 165, 536
mean stress effect, 23, 24, 136, 137, 144, 206, notch stress evaluation methods, 107
263, 415 notch stress gradient, 92, 105, 145, 146
mean stress sensitivity, 24, 415, 476 notch stress intensity approach, 41, 239, 240,
microcrack, 3, 263, 237, 277 296–333, 616–619
microstructural support hypothesis, 92, 122, notch stress intensity factor, endurable
126, 127, 240 value, 310–313, 319–321
microstructural zones, 123–125, 198, 266, notch stress intensity factor of fillet welds, 8,
548–550 297–304, 313–317
Miner’s rule, 19, 64, 82, 106, 197, 206, 211, notch stress on structural stress
225, 236, 249, 370, 410, 416, 426, 565 superposition, 39, 141, 142, 331, 332
misalignment, 50, 69, 168, 221–224, 283 notch stress S–N curve, 147, 150, 536
638 Index

notch support factor, 194, 515, 516, 532 seawater corrosion, 266, 336, 344, 352, 357,
nuclear engineering, 224–227 358, 359
nugget fracture, 368, 369, 370, 388, 414, 438 service life S–N curve, 5, 18, 227, 344
nugget rotation, 483 set-up loading cycle, 197, 205, 218
shear stress criterion, 25, 72, 137
oblique notch, 135, 136, 176, 177 shear-loaded weld, 26, 31, 134, 150, 174, 175
occurance probability, 20 shipbuilding, 84–90, 158–163
octahedral shear strain criterion, 73, 212, short crack, 8, 237, 238, 275, 471
213, 230 short slit correction factor, 133, 134
offshore engineering, 334–365 shoulder-notched bar, 115, 315
one-millimetre-stress approach, 43, 44, 69, size effect, 300, 301, 306, 307, 320, 428
70 slit closure, 397, 505, 543
optimised weld contour, 185, 186–190 slope exponent of S–N curve, 15, 17, 231,
out-of-phase loading, 26, 72, 93, 149, 213, 536 232, 416
overload effect, 250 small size notch approach, 94, 520–522,
527–531, 535–538
Paris equation, 8–23, 194, 245 Smith–Watson–Topper damage parameter,
partial penetration butt weld, 71, 120, 216, 200, 210, 230, 428, 560
219–221, 287–292 S–N curve, 15–16, 19–23, 216, 219–221, 223,
partial penetration fillet weld, 74, 110–120, 234
284, 285, 470 software tools for fatigue evaluation, 19,
peel tension specimen, 484, 485, 490–492, 107, 242, 372, 374, 426, 427
510, 511, 564 solid-to-shell element model of weld spot,
permissible stress, 18–23, 165 382, 383
photoelastic model, 8, 107, 108, 109, 390 spot-welded joints, 28, 31, 172, 366–578
pipe branch, 227 steel, 16, 21, 22, 26, 28, 29, 62–70, 73, 79, 82,
plastic hinge at weld spot, 394 95, 104, 124, 127, 128, 143, 144, 147, 150,
plastic notch stress intensity, 304–307 161, 184, 189, 197, 198, 214, 216, 218,
plate fracture, 189, 282, 368, 369, 412, 414, 224–232, 238, 263–267, 320–324, 334, 344,
437, 438 405–426, 473, 474, 510, 511, 536, 541–550,
plate-type joint, 40, 48–51, 61 553
postweld treatment, 27, 108, 198, 220, 545, storm load spectrum, 250
556 strain energy density criteria, 322, 323, 477
pressure vessel, welded joint, 155–157 strain gauge measurement, 8, 34–36, 38, 45,
principal internal force method, 138, 139, 47, 63, 107, 158, 338, 389–393
141–143, 153 strain S–N curve, 191, 200, 207, 215, 226, 229,
process zone criterion, 477 352, 426, 428, 515, 516, 559
stress averaging approach, 92, 470, 529
quality class, 14, 22, 74 stress gradient approach, 92
stress index, 480, 481
rainflow cycle counting, 211, 368, 426, 428, stress intensity approach, 433–512, 626–631
483 stress intensity factor determination,
Ramberg–Osgood relationship, 205, 207, 348 243–245, 443, 452, 467–469
refined crack propagation approach, stress intensity factor, endurable value,
275–279, 292–295 471–476, 563, 564
residual fatigue life, 241, 262 stress intensity factor of fillet weld, 250–259
residual stress effect, 23, 24, 104, 137, 138, stress intensity factor of lap joint, 447–466
144, 198, 201, 217–221, 268–271, 283, 354, stress intensity geometry factor, 246,
359, 361, 542–547 250–255
rigid core model of weld spot, 369, 384–386, stress intensity K–N curve, 472–475, 538,
561, 564 539, 562–564
rivet hole crack model, 554 stress intensity magnification factor, 50, 246,
RPG load, 276–279, 294 250–255, 325, 375
stress ratio effect, 23, 24, 101, 128, 144, 246,
SAE recommendation, 37 247, 352, 354, 415, 475, 476, 540
safety factor, 18–20 stress relaxation, 197, 200, 205
scatter range index of S–N curve, 17, 20 stress relief groove, 155–157
seam-welded joints, 13–365 stress rise at weld toe, 35, 36, 181, 317–319,
seam-welded thin-sheet lap joints, 417–426, 330, 331
510–512, 566, 567 stress singularity, 297–300, 443–447, 457
 Index 639

stress–strain curve, 205, 207, 213, 225, 228, tubular joint, 37–39, 46–48, 59–65, 81–84,
349 227–231, 255, 259, 261, 334–365, 426
stress–strain cycle, 218, 560
stress–strain path, 200 uniform material law, 199, 207
striations on fracture surface, 263
structural strain approach, 33–37, 336–340, validation of assessment procedures, 86–89,
392, 393, 411 121, 573, 574
structural strain at weld spot, 389–393 variable-amplitude loading, 19, 22, 25, 197,
structural strain, endurable value, 34, 62, 81, 206, 249, 250, 344, 358, 361, 415, 416, 556
82, 405–407 verification by experiment, 573
structural strain S–N curve, 407 von Mises criterion, 25, 72, 105, 128, 137,
structural stress approach, 33–90, 326–332, 198, 201, 206, 212, 350, 369, 386, 536
336–340, 366–432, 583–590, 620–626
structural stress at weld spot, 380–388, wave load standard spectrum, 335, 358
495 web stiffener joint, 152–155
structural stress concentration factor, 57–62, weight function method, 243, 254
235, 340–343 weld defect, 9, 168
structural stress definition, 7, 38–45, 371, weld reinforcement, 161
380–388 weld root fatigue, 44, 73–80
structural stress, endurable value, 62–73, weld root fracture, 100, 189, 223, 248, 282,
165, 344, 345, 412, 415, 420–425 286, 287, 324
structural stress S–N curve, 62–73, 344, 345, weld root radius, 108
408, 411, 417, 422, 423, 533 weld seam end, 140, 141, 424
structural weld stress, 73–80, 90 weld seam modelling, 51–55, 329, 422, 424
substitute microstructural length, 127, 524, weld spot contour, 519
533 weld spot failure type, 437, 438, 523
survival probability, 20 weld spot force decomposition, 376–378, 466
weld spot force, endurable value, 410, 414,
tangential stress criterion, 286, 440, 477, 478, 487, 489, 491, 492, 494–496, 524, 526, 553
540 weld spot modelling, 373–376, 382–387, 427,
T butt joint, 252–254 428
technical crack, 3, 197, 233 weld spot resultant force, 369, 373–381, 392,
technical endurance limit, 15, 17 393
tensile-shear specimen, 379–383, 394–398, weld spot rotation, 394, 395–397
407, 412, 417, 441, 464, 474, 484–490, weld spot stress decomposition, 447–459
510–512, 524–527, 533, 534, 551, 563–567 weld toe angle, 108, 161, 180–183, 255, 288,
thickness effect, 27, 36, 64, 65, 67, 180, 300, 289, 297, 363
306, 307, 320, 372, 408, 488, 489, 492, 553, weld toe dressing, 27, 108, 198, 220
563, 566 weld toe fracture, 100, 189, 223, 282, 283,
threshold stress intensity factor, 245, 323, 324
265–267, 542 weld toe radius, 35, 108, 161, 185, 255, 297,
through-tension specimen, 484, 485 363
titanium alloy, 266, 270 weld toe undercut, 161, 183–185, 283
T-joint, 52, 110–121, 179, 224, 256, 258, welded joint pecularities, 8–10, 575, 576
285 welding distortion, 9
transition fatigue life, 203, 215 welding imperfection, 9, 108
transverse attachment joint, 21, 31, 44, 49, welding residual stress, 9, 24, 218, 284,
51, 66, 101, 104, 110–121, 170, 171, 178, 542–547
256, 258, 279–281, 317, 320–325 wind energy converter, 163–165
tube-to-plate joint, 26, 149, 150, 317 worst case assessment, 96, 97, 128, 129, 574
tubular flange or lap joint specimen, 484,
485 yield curve, load–strain, 200, 230, 351