이 책의 차례

Part Ⅰ 틀리기 쉬운 유형편

01 8
Week

1 02 18

03 28
Week

2 04 38

05 48
Week

3 06 58

07 68
Week

4 08 78

09 88
Week

5 10 98

11 108
Week

6 12 118
Part Ⅱ Mini Test

Week
Mini Test 1 130
7

Week
Mini Test 2 156
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이 책의 특징, 활용법 및 구성

학생 EBS 교재 문제 검색 교사 교사지원센터 교재 자료실

EBS 단추에서 문항코드나 사진으로 교재 문항 한글 문서(HWP)와
문제를 검색하면 푸리봇이 해설 영상을 제공합니다. 교재의 이미지 파일을 무료로 제공합니다.

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 k1
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Jokes, by definition, are not to be taken seriously. We brush off their effects by saying, “It’s
just a joke,” or “I’m only joking.” We dismiss individuals we don’t respect in the same way:
“He’s a total joke.” When telling jokes, we agree that they are best delivered lightly, off-the-
cuff — however much effort may go into this appearance of levity. And that’s the extraordinary

7
ek

1
we

Mini Test

Dear Mr. Reid,

I am pleased to see you are living up to your campaign promises on the issue of
traffic improvements. There are far too many individual traffic situations needing

Sentence Structure

We commit them carefully to memory and share them with people [we love] or people [we want to
love us].
commit share

Word Search

1. d : to refuse to consider someone’s idea, opinion etc., because you think it is not
serious, true, or important
2. t : not serious, important, or valuable
3. m : very large and heavy

k1
wee

by definition
강
brush off
dismiss deliver
appearance
extraordinary
trivial
commit to memory
massive
joke-manufacturing industry
joke journalist gag-smith
asset admit

. dismiss . trivial . massive

sequel

1920
DJ 1930 Charlie Chan Mr Moto
Cisco Kid
PART

Ⅰ
 수능특강 Light 영어독해연습

틀리기 쉬운 유형편
 k1
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22664-0001

Jokes, by definition, are not to be taken seriously. We brush off their effects by saying, “It’s
just a joke,” or “I’m only joking.” We dismiss individuals we don’t respect in the same way:
“He’s a total joke.” When telling jokes, we agree that they are best delivered lightly, off-the-
cuff — however much effort may go into this appearance of levity. And that’s the extraordinary
thing about jokes, really: trivial as we insist they are, still we them. We
commit them carefully to memory and share them with people we love or people we want to
love us. We support a massive and increasingly global joke-manufacturing industry of stand-
up comedians and all sorts of backroom gag-smiths: sitcom writers, radio DJs, journalists. A
sense of humor is one of our most valued social assets; have you met a single person who will
cheerfully admit that they don’t have one?
*off-the-cuff: **levity:

censor
analyze
treasure
transform
exaggerate

Sentence Structure

We commit them carefully to memory and share them with people [we love] or people [we want to
love us].
commit share people

Word Search

1. d : to refuse to consider someone’s idea, opinion etc., because you think it is not
serious, true, or important
2. t : not serious, important, or valuable
3. m : very large and heavy

8
 22664-0002

The concept of sequels originated in the movie context. In the 1920s and 1930s, Hollywood
studios had “B units” which produced what was then called “series” — loosely connected
episodes of a popular character’s adventures, such as Charlie Chan, Mr. Moto, or Cisco
Kid. These serials were manufactured for a low budget and with limited artistic ambitions.
Beneath the Planet of the Apes, made in 1970 by 20th Century Fox, is often considered the
first “modern” sequel — the continuation of the studio’s previous box office hit Planet of the
Apes, itself the screen adaption of Pierre Boulle’s classic novel. Rather than being the result
of strategic managerial thinking, it was the studio’s then-troubled financial state that made
its managers look for ways to . At a time when
sequels were basically considered as both artistically inferior and commercially unattractive,
Fox made what has developed over the following decades into a family brand with numerous
products attached to it.
*sequel:

exploit its existing properties

faithfully mirror social trends
enhance the artistic value of its works
innovate with the emerging technology
take the audience to an imaginary world

Sentence Structure

In the 1920s and 1930s, Hollywood studios had “B units” [which produced {what was then called
“series”} — {loosely connected episodes of a popular character’s adventures, such as Charlie Chan,
Mr. Moto, or Cisco Kid}].
B units produced series

Word Search

1. b : an amount of money available for spending that is based on a plan for how it will
be spent
2. a : a strong desire to achieve something
3. f : relating to money or the management of money

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22664-0003

You have an old house and everything is a bit outdated, but you’re satisfied. You add a
room air conditioner during one particularly hot summer. A few years later, when you have
more money, you decide to add a central air-conditioning system. But you don’t remove that
room unit in the bedroom — why would you? It might come in handy and it’s already there,
bolted to the wall. Then a few years later, you have a catastrophic plumbing problem — pipes
burst in the walls. The plumbers need to break open the walls and run new pipes, but your
central air-conditioning system is now in the way, where some of their pipes would ideally
go. So they run the pipes through the attic, the long way around. This works fine until one
particularly cold winter when your uninsulated attic causes your pipes to freeze. These pipes
wouldn’t have frozen if you had run them through the walls, which you couldn’t do because of
the central air-conditioning. If you had , you would
have done things differently, but you didn’t — you added things one thing at a time, as and
when you needed them.
*uninsulated:

checked the changing climate

planned all this from the start
considered your limited budget
purchased more durable material
employed a more reliable technician

Sentence Structure

[These pipes wouldn’t have frozen if you had run them through the walls], [which you couldn’t do
because of the central air-conditioning].
have p p ~ if had p p
to run them through the walls

Word Search

1. h : very useful or helpful

2. p : someone whose job is to repair water pipes, baths, toilets, etc.
3. a : a space or room just below the roof of a house, often used for storing things

10
 22664-0004

In the short run — the cyclical relationship — GDP and happiness go up and down together.
During the Great Recession, for example, happiness in the United States collapsed as the
economy contracted and then recovered as GDP turned upward. But over the long run —
the trend relationship — countries with more rapid economic growth do not experience a
greater increase in happiness. Indeed, in the United States, the trend in happiness has been
flat for over seven decades, a period in which real GDP per capita more than tripled. Even
more spectacular, China’s life satisfaction was no higher in 2010 than in 1990, despite an
unprecedented fourfold multiplication of real GDP per capita in only two decades. There are
some scholars who claim to find that happiness trends upward along with GDP, but they are
confusing the positive short-term relationship with the nil long-term relationship. The absence
of a long-term relationship suggests that it is time to reconsider the long-held belief that
.
*nil:

global competition contributes to innovations

economic growth increases human well-being
production and consumption go hand in hand
a temporary economic solution is not sufficient
the wealth of the world will ultimately be redistributed

Sentence Structure

[There are some scholars {who claim to find <that happiness trends upward along with GDP>}], but
[they are confusing the positive short-term relationship with the nil long-term relationship].
but some scholars find
confuse ~ with

Word Search

1. c : to become smaller
2. m : an increase in the number or amount of something
3. c : to think wrongly that a person or thing is someone or something else

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22664-0005

Just the other day, a dear friend of mine — a retired brigadier — was narrating the story of
how a line he heard many, many years ago impacted him deeply and shaped his life. It was
his first week in the army. It was a Sunday morning. The task ahead was rather simple. They
had to run ten miles. My friend recalls having started enthusiastically, and then quickly tiring
out. After running half the distance, he felt he couldn’t continue any longer. He felt his legs
would fold up and he’d collapse. And just as he was about to give up and stop, he heard his
commanding officer say to him, ‘Come on, young man. Until now you’ve been running with
your legs. Now run with your mind!’ Those words seemed to work like magic. While my
friend doesn’t quite recall what happened thereafter, all he remembers is that he kept running.
He finished the entire ten-mile run. And to this day, he often hears the officer’s words echoing
in his mind.
*brigadier:

you have to set goals that match your willpower

you have to save energy to complete your mission
you need to perform your task with mental strength
you will be able to finish your task after taking a break
you should forget past failures to reach your future goal

Sentence Structure

Just the other day, a dear friend of mine — a retired brigadier — was narrating the story of [how a line
{he heard many, many years ago} impacted him deeply and shaped his life].
of a line a line ~ ago
impacted shaped

Word Search

1. r : having stopped working, usually because of your age

2. i : to have a strong and often bad effect on (something or someone)
3. m : a power that allows people (such as witches and wizards) to do impossible things
by saying special words

12
 22664-0006

In Thinking, Fast and Slow, Nobel Prize-winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman points
out an emotional benefit of motivated reasoning: resilience. It’s easier to bounce back from
a failure if you can blame it on anyone but yourself. He uses the example of a door-to-door
salesperson, a job that involves long strings of rejection: “When one has just had a door
slammed in one’s face by an angry homemaker, the thought that ‘she was an awful woman’
is clearly superior to ‘I am an inept salesperson.’” But are those really our only two options?
We could instead tell ourselves, “Yes, I screwed up that sale. But everyone makes mistakes.”
Or “Yes, I screwed up that sale. Still, I’m improving — I used to get doors slammed in
my face every day, and now it only happens every week!” Surely we can find a way to
bounce back from our setbacks that doesn’t require us to blame them on other people —
.
*resilience: **inept:

a novel selecting method

an honest coping strategy
an efficient tool for evaluation
a show of concern for strangers
a product differentiation example

Sentence Structure

He uses the example of a door-to-door salesperson, [a job {that involves long strings of rejection}]:
“[When one has just had a door slammed in one’s face by an angry homemaker], the thought [that ‘she
was an awful woman’] is clearly superior to ‘I am an inept salesperson.’”
a door-to-door salesperson a job
When had a door slammed the thought

Word Search

1. r : the act of not accepting, believing in, or agreeing with something

2. s : greater in amount, number, or degree
3. s : a problem that makes progress more difficult or success less likely

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22664-0007

If you visit a physician’s office, your behavior is part of a large context that has to do with the
specific goals of the visit, your overall plan for the day, and the wider plans and intentions of
your life, at varied time scales, relative to which your visit may be of some significance or not.
Everything you do in the “scene” at that office is informed by these multiple contents, even
if you do not need to hold them all in mind in order to behave coherently. The same happens
with the physician, relative to his role in the scene. In a state of diminished consciousness,
however, all that background influence . The
behavior is controlled by immediate cues, devoid of any insertion in the wider context. For
example, picking up a glass and drinking from it makes sense if you are thirsty, and that action
does not need to connect with the broader context.
*devoid of:

is reduced to little or nothing

is related to your overall plan
is enhanced by proper service
is crucial to interpreting intentions
is not exerted without a procedure

Sentence Structure

[Everything {you do in the “scene” at that office} is informed by these multiple contents], [even if you
do not need to hold them all in mind in order to behave coherently].
even if Everything
them these multiple contents

Word Search

1. i : a plan or desire to do something

2. c : the things that are in something
3. i : the act of putting something inside something else

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 22664-0008

Joseph Schumpeter once said that an invention that is not widely used is irrelevant to human
affairs. There are thousands of ingenious and admirable inventions that were neither carried
out in large scale nor used by millions of people to change the world. Hero of Alexandria in
the first century produced a steam engine by jet action, but it was treated as a curiosity and did
not lead to benefits for society. Leonardo da Vinci invented a number of flying machines, but
there is no record that they were ever built to change transportation or warfare. Crawford Long
of Georgia actually used ether for anesthesia in surgery a few years before William Morton
in Massachusetts, but Long did not publish his results and had no influence in subsequent
medical history. Out of the many thousands of inventions in history, only a few were able to
travel the long and difficult path from discovery to development, to be manufactured on a large
scale, and to be sold widely in the marketplace, and .
*anesthesia:

effect significant change in the world

inspire numerous would-be inventors
give hints to the importance of marketing
contribute to the discovery of energy sources
narrow the gap between developed and developing nations

Sentence Structure

There are thousands of ingenious and admirable inventions [that were neither carried out in large scale
nor used by millions of people {to change the world}].
thousands of ingenious and admirable inventions neither ~
nor to

Word Search

1. i : not relating to what is being discussed right now

2. c : something that is interesting because it is unusual
3. s : happening or coming after something else

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22664-0009

Try to abide by the rule that when , you should

make sure you understand why it is the way it is in the first place. This rule is known as
Chesterton’s fence, after G. K. Chesterton, the British writer who proposed it in an essay in
1929. Imagine you discover a road that has a fence built across it for no particular reason
you can see. You say to yourself, “Why would someone build a fence here? This seems
unnecessary and stupid, let’s tear it down.” But if you don’t understand why the fence is
there, Chesterton argued, you can’t be confident that it’s okay to tear it down. Long-standing
customs or institutions are like those fences, he said. Naive reformers look at them and say,
“I don’t see the use of this; let’s clear it away.” But more thoughtful reformers reply, “If you
don’t see the use of it, I certainly won’t let you clear it away. Go away and think. Then, when
you can come back and tell me that you do see the use of it, I may allow you to destroy it.”
*abide by:

you advocate changing something

you maintain an outdated practice
you make an additional suggestion
you encourage people to take a risk
you invite someone into a discussion

Sentence Structure

Imagine [you discover a road {that has a fence built across it for no particular reason <you can see>}].
Imagine a road particular reason

Word Search

1. c : sure that something is true

2. i : an important system of organization in society that has existed for a long time
3. n : having or showing a lack of experience or knowledge

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 22664-0010

My friend Mary Pat has a smart and capable 16-year-old grandson. He was not doing his
best in school, much to his parents’ dismay. One day he asked his mother if he could dye his
light brown hair. “What color?” she asked. “Bright blue!” he said with enthusiasm. Sensing
an opportunity here, Mom replied only with a number. “3.8.” Shorthand for, “If you want blue
hair you must earn a 3.8 grade point average in school. Otherwise I will say NO to this crazy
color!” Mary Pat saw her grandson a few months later sporting bright yellow hair. “I thought
you were going to dye your hair blue,” she said quizzically. Greg’s answer was short: “3.5.”
When Greg and his mom realized a 3.8 grade point average wasn’t going to happen they
adjusted his goal to one more attainable, and everyone was happy. Goals motivate only when
they are attainable. Sometimes they need to change to fit the individual and the circumstances.
*quizzically:

Greg expected his grandma to tell his mom to alter the goal.
Greg’s hair color was adjusted to match his academic ability.
Greg didn’t keep his word, so he had to keep his natural hair color.
Greg rejected his mom’s suggestion and gave up on dyeing his hair.
Greg did not satisfy his mom’s expectations, but he achieved his goal.

Sentence Structure

Mary Pat saw her grandson a few months later sporting bright yellow hair.
saw sporting

Word Search

1. e : strong excitement about something

2. a : to change in order to work or do better in a new situation
3. m : to give someone a reason for doing something

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22664-0011

In peer-reviewed publications, scholars who are at arm’s length from one another evaluate
a new experiment, report, theory, or claim. They must be expert in the domain they’re
evaluating. The method is far from foolproof, and peer-reviewed findings are sometimes
overturned, or papers retracted. Peer review is not the only system to rely on, but it provides a
good foundation in helping us to draw our own conclusions, and like democracy, it’s the best
such system we have. If something appears in Nature, The Lancet, or Cell, for example, you
can be sure it went through rigorous peer review. As when trying to decide whether to trust
a tabloid or a serious news organization, the odds are better that a paper published in a peer-
reviewed journal is .
*retract:

rare
correct
useless
subjective
impressive

Sentence Structure

In peer-reviewed publications, scholars [who are at arm’s length from one another] evaluate a new
experiment, report, theory, or claim.
scholars

Word Search

1. c : a statement that something is true, even though you have no definite proof
2. o : to say officially that something such as a decision or law is wrong and change it
3. r : demanding strict attention to rules and procedures

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 22664-0012

In a low-income society, when people have many children they tend to spend whatever
money they have on keeping those children fed, so there is little left over to invest in future
economic productivity (including education for children). This is a situation that tends to lead
to continuing poverty. If there is no surplus income, there is nothing for the government to tax,
so governments don’t expand infrastructure: they don’t build roads to rural areas so farmers
can get their product to market — or water treatment facilities, or electricity grids, or schools.
If farmers can’t get their products to market, they may eventually give up and move to the
cities where they strain whatever support infrastructure does exist. One of the best hopes for a
society in this kind of bind is to .
*infrastructure:

raise taxes
reduce fertility
build a new city
encourage farming
emphasize education

Sentence Structure

In a low-income society, when people have many children they tend to spend [whatever money they
have] on keeping those children fed, so there is little [left over] [to invest in future economic
productivity (including education for children)].
spend any money that they have little
little left over to

Word Search

1. i : money that someone gets from working or from investing money

2. e : to make something become larger in size and fill more space
3. f : a building or place that provides a particular service or is used for a particular
industry

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22664-0013

The idea that the effect of technology on work might depend upon the interaction between
these two rival forces — a harmful substituting force and a helpful complementing force —
is not new. However, these forces . Books, articles,
and reports on automation can be confusing, hinting at these two effects but often using
wildly different terms. Technology, they say, displaces and augments, replaces and enhances,
devalues and empowers, disrupts and sustains, destroys and creates. The challenge is to compete
with computers and to cooperate with them, to race against the machines and to run alongside
them. There is talk of the rise of machines and the advance of humans, of threatening robots
and comforting co-bots, of the artificial intelligence of machines and the augmented
intelligence of human beings. The future, they say, holds both obsolescence and ever-greater
relevance; technology is a threat and an opportunity, a rival and a partner, a foe and a friend.
*augment: **obsolescence:

never contribute to driving human evolution

cannot be completely controlled by institutions
tend not to be explained in a particularly clear way
operate in a manner irrelevant to how humans think
combine to facilitate the development of technology

Sentence Structure

Books, articles, and reports on automation can be confusing, [hinting at these two effects] but [often
using wildly different terms].
but Books articles and reports on automation

Word Search

1. c : to complete something else or make it better

2. e : to give someone more control over their life or more power to do something
3. d : to interrupt something and prevent it from continuing by creating a problem

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 22664-0014

Motivational psychologists explain human behavior in terms of deep-seated psychological

fears, desires, and needs. These needs include self-esteem, social approval, and a sense of
efficacy. Motivational psychology helps us understand, for example, why almost all German
diplomats before World War I gave false or misleading reports on the likely reactions of
European countries to Austrian and German military moves. The reason is that they were
simply frightened of the consequences of not telling the notoriously intolerant German foreign
ministry what it wanted to hear. The one German diplomat who accurately reported the likely
response of Britain to a German violation of Belgian neutrality, Ambassador Prince Karl
Lichnowsky in London, was dismissed in Berlin as having “gone native,” a judgmental error
that itself can be explained in terms of a well-documented motivational-psychological
tendency: namely, the desire to . Because Germany’s entire
strategy for swift victory in 1914 depended on Britain staying out of the war, Lichnowsky’s
accurate reports would have been extremely unsettling if they had been accepted.
*efficacy:

transfer responsibility for what one says to others

measure the unmeasurable for an accurate prediction
stay neutral in order to avoid conflict from happening
avoid the psychological pain of admitting one’s own error
learn from mistakes and reduce the chances of repeating them

Sentence Structure

The one German diplomat [who accurately reported the likely response of Britain to a German
violation of Belgian neutrality], [Ambassador Prince Karl Lichnowsky in London], was dismissed
in Berlin as having “gone native,” a judgmental error [that itself can be explained in terms of a well-
documented motivational-psychological tendency]: ~.
The one German diplomat The one German diplomat ~ Belgian
neutrality a judgmental error

Word Search

1. a : a positive feeling that you have toward someone or something that you think is
good or suitable
2. i : not willing to accept behavior, beliefs, or opinions that are different from your own
3. n : the state of not supporting either side in a war, disagreement, etc.

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22664-0015

Capitalism as an economic system thrives on the essential role played by failure in the
subject’s satisfaction. Without our enjoyment of failure and our constitutive allergy to
success, capitalism would never have developed. Although champions of the capitalist system
preach success and the system’s most fervent defenders are the successful rather than the
downtrodden, their professions of success mask the key role that failure has in the system.
Just on a psychic level, a sense of failure or dissatisfaction drives the capitalist to create new
products or find new markets for existing products, and it prompts the consumer to purchase
new commodities. The system itself expands because failure functions as an economic engine
for individual capitalists and consumers. Even those who are successful find motivation in the
fear of future failure. Scarcity is always just around the corner.
*constitutive: **fervent: ***downtrodden:

Capitalism works only if success is properly rewarded.

People easily get frustrated by the fear of future failure.
Failure acts as a driving force for the success of capitalism.
Capitalism as an economic system rarely encounters barriers.
The scarcity of a commodity is only in relation to its demand.

Sentence Structure

Capitalism as an economic system thrives on the essential role [played by failure in the subject’s
satisfaction].
the essential role

Word Search

1. t : to become very successful, happy, or healthy

2. c : something that can be bought and sold, especially a basic food product or fuel
3. s : a situation in which the supply of something is not enough for the people who want
it or need it

22
 22664-0016

Leslie doesn’t realize it, but she stalled out from her fear of failure. She imagined hundreds
of reasons why her ideas might not work, and then used these reasons as “legitimate” excuses
for not taking action. Leslie needed to face up to the fact that she concocted her own reasons
for failing to act, and that the development of those reasons, if not grasped and eliminated,
could lead to her being stymied further. Leslie functions like many of those who never go
forward with their ideas — the professor who never finishes writing his book, the artist who
never paints the picture she dreams about and mentions to others, the business person who
has a wonderful money-making scheme but never implements it. The fear of failure in these
people extends beyond an inability to reach a level of success or a level of perfection. To these
people — and Leslie might well be one of them — if their project isn’t flawless, if it isn’t
of Nobel Prize quality, then, in their minds, it’s a failure, and they will delay taking action
because they cannot tolerate being .
*stall out: **concoct: ***stymie:

imperfect
powerless
dependent
modifiable
aggressive

Sentence Structure

Leslie needed to face up to the fact [that she concocted her own reasons for failing to act], and [that
the development of those reasons, {if not grasped and eliminated}, could lead to her being stymied
further].
and the fact if not those reasons
they were

Word Search

1. l : fair and reasonable

2. e : a reason that you give to explain why you have not done something that you
should have done
3. t : to accept something unpleasant without becoming impatient or angry

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22664-0017

Automation is what most professionals have in mind when they think of the relevance
of technology for their disciplines. They think of how they work today, they identify some
inefficient activities, and then they imagine computerizing them. Their focus is often on
streamlining manual or administrative work. Old ways of operating are not discarded. Instead,
a drive for efficiencies and cost-savings leads to an optimization of traditional professional
work. Although adjustment in this spirit could be undertaken by introducing better manual
systems, most current streamlining across the professions involves the deployment of
technology. This automation therefore complements but does not fundamentally change
the central way in which services are delivered. Automation is the comfort zone of
technological change for most professionals. They recognize great scope for technology
.
*streamline: **deployment:

with the help of input from other fields

keeping in mind its possible side effects
within the range of certainty and accuracy
in support of their current ways of working
regardless of how it works and what it can do

Sentence Structure

Automation is [what most professionals have in mind when they think of the relevance of technology
for their disciplines].
is

Word Search

1. i : not working in the best possible way

2. d : to get rid of something that you no longer want or need
3. a : a change in something that makes it better, more accurate, or more effective

24
 22664-0018

Interdependence is where the condition of one depends on another and vice versa. Simply
put, interdependence means mutual dependence. Such a situation is neither good nor
bad in itself, and there can be more or less of it. Marriages are a good example of highly
interdependent relationships. The traditional Christian marriage vow commits both partners to
stick with it “for richer, for poorer, for better, or for worse.” Interdependence among countries
sometimes means richer, sometimes poorer, sometimes for better, sometimes for worse. In the
eighteenth century, Jean-Jacques Rousseau pointed out that along with interdependence comes
friction and conflict. His “solution” was isolation and separation, but that is seldom possible
in a globalized world. When countries try isolation, as with the cases of North Korea today
and Myanmar (formerly Burma) until quite recently, it comes at enormous economic cost.
.
*friction:

Mutual dependence brings each party joint gains

Highly interdependent relationships are easily broken
Independence is necessary even in the globalized world
Countries in the world always fight against one another
It is not easy for countries to divorce the rest of the world

Sentence Structure

In the eighteenth century, Jean-Jacques Rousseau pointed out [that along with interdependence comes
friction and conflict].
pointed out along with interdependence
comes friction and conflict

Word Search

1. c : strong disagreement between people, groups, etc. that often results in angry
arguments
2. i : the state of being separated from other people
3. e : very large in size or quantity

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22664-0019

When the information patterns of human mentality are successfully instantiated in a digital
form, the potential arises to make a large (theoretically unlimited) number of copies of the
autonomous agent. Each replica or simulated self will then be able to perform functions that
previously required the direct control of the embodied consciousness, thus creating a group
or army of selves to multiply the impact and functionality of the authoring consciousness.
In contemporary culture, the benefits and drawbacks of multitasking, that is, dividing
consciousness into more than one activity at the same time, are often discussed and debated.
In an immersive world filled with AI-equipped avatars, the self will have the unprecedented
ability to simultaneously execute multiple tasks with each of its intelligent agents being able
to fully focus on its assigned activity. Thus, the development of autonomous agents will
.
*instantiate: **replica: ***unprecedented:

allow one’s true self and individuality to blossom

reveal how the self falls apart when consciousness is divided
make multitasking or task-switching challenging for older adults
help achieve the coexistence of multitasking and undivided attention
be incompatible with human mentality which is based upon intuition

Sentence Structure

Each replica or simulated self will then be able to perform functions [that previously required the
direct control of the embodied consciousness], [thus creating a group or army of selves to multiply the
impact and functionality of the authoring consciousness].
functions

Word Search

1. a : having the ability to work and make decisions by yourself without any help from
anyone else
2. d : a feature of something that makes it less useful than it could be
3. s : at the same instant

26
 22664-0020

If your dog pesters you for petting when you need to be doing something else, break off
visual contact with him. You can use your torso to push him away with a body block (remember
not to use your hands) or turn your head away (chin raised) in a benevolent but royal
dismissal. It’s amazing how fast dogs will go away if you break off visual contact with them.
It’s equally notable how hard it is for us humans to do that when we’re trying to get our dogs
to do something. All of our instincts seem to have us look at our dog, just as primates do when
they are trying to communicate directly with another individual in the troop. But the look that
works best, that we use ourselves when we’re not thinking about it, is that slightly snobby,
hard-to-get look when we turn our head away in dismissal. It works with dogs as well as with
humans. Honest. Dogs can take you for granted just as anyone else in your social group can,
and most of us hate being taken for granted. You might be stuck with it from some of the
people you know, but you don’t have to put up with it from your dog.
*pester: **snobby:

respect the natural pack instinct of your dog

stop making your dog look visually attractive
maintain verbal contact with your dog at all times
benefit psychologically from the presence of your dog
give in to your dog’s demand for petting through eye contact

Sentence Structure

It’s equally notable [how hard it is {for us humans to do that when we’re trying to get our dogs to do
something}].
It it to
for us humans to do

Word Search

1. b : intending or showing kindness

2. d : the act of treating something as unworthy of serious consideration
3. i : a natural desire or tendency that makes you want to act in a particular way

27
 k2
wee

22664-0021

Many animals live a life that I would just as soon forgo, not because it ends in tragedy, but
because their approach to living is one of endless conflict. Imagine being a seagull and
spending your entire life fighting other seagulls for scraps. What makes us so lucky is the pure
happenstance that we evolved to be (mostly) good to one another. Our
nature also set the stage for the evolution of our amazing brain. Our sociality made us smarter
individually, but, far more important, it connected our minds to others’ minds in a manner that
massively increased our knowledge and computing power. As a result, we long ago surpassed
the predators that hunted us on the savannah, and are now holding most of the pathogens at
bay that are a much greater threat than predators ever were. For the first time in history, we no
longer bury almost half our children before they reach adulthood. Evolution is brutal, but
those of us with the good fortune to live in established democracies have used the tools that
evolution gave us to create unprecedentedly safe and satisfying lives.
*happenstance: **pathogen:

curious
competitive
cooperative
dissatisfied
unpredictable

Sentence Structure

Many animals live a life [that I would just as soon forgo, {not because it ends in tragedy, but because
their approach to living is one of endless conflict}].
a life not ~ but

Word Search

1. s : to be or do better than someone or something else

2. t : someone or something that is likely to cause harm or damage
3. d : a system of government in which people elect their leaders, or a country with this
system

28
 22664-0022

Experts agree that Jackson Pollock had little native talent for art, and when you look at
his early products, it showed. They also agree that he became one of the greatest American
painters of the twentieth century and that he revolutionized modern art. How did he go from
point A to point B? It’s the result of . Pollock was
wildly in love with the idea of being an artist. He thought about art all the time, and he did it
all the time. Because he was so enthusiastic, he got others to take him seriously and mentor
him until he mastered all there was to master and began to produce startlingly original works.
His “poured” paintings, each completely unique, allowed him to draw from his unconscious
mind and convey a huge range of feeling. Several years ago, I was privileged to see a show of
these paintings at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. I was stunned by the power and
beauty of each work.

modesty and sociability

hard work and dedication
creativity and artistic sense
natural gifts and good education
unconditional support from friends

Sentence Structure

They also agree [that he became one of the greatest American painters of the twentieth century] and [that
he revolutionized modern art].
agree and

Word Search

1. r : to completely change the way that something is done

2. c : to make ideas, feelings, etc. known to somebody
3. p : to give somebody or something special rights or advantages that others do not
have

29
 k2

wee

22664-0023

Evolution has taught the animal kingdom plenty of labor-saving shortcuts. One of these is to
. The most alert and insecure of woodland creatures
form part of a network of alarms; the birds, squirrels and deer are all tuned into each other’s
transmissions. This codependency will be found all over the world. In the African savannah,
wildebeest mix with zebras to share their awareness. The wildebeest have poor vision and a
strong sense of smell, but the zebras have good vision and a weaker sense of smell. Together
they notice more and alert each other to danger. We may think we are being very stealthy by
creeping up on a deer from downwind, but if we behave in a way that worries the songbirds
overhead, we will not get anywhere near the deer. Equally, a deer downwind of us may pick
up our scent long before a wren in a low bush sees us, and his warning cough-like call will
work perfectly well for the bird.
*wildebeest: **wren:

migrate in groups to more agreeable environments

remain sensitive to the alarm calls of other species
develop a variety of communication skills to find mates
avoid attracting a predator’s attention by remaining silent
distinguish the level of threats by responding only when necessary

Sentence Structure

We may think [we are being very stealthy by creeping up on a deer from downwind], but [if we behave
in a way {that worries the songbirds overhead}], we will not get anywhere near the deer.
think a way

Word Search

1. a : a loud noise or a signal that warns people of danger or of a problem

2. i : not safe or protected
3. s : behaving in a secret, quiet way

30
 22664-0024

The idea that goes back to ancient times and is

beginning to be applied to the brain in contemporary science. It is, of course, replacing one
metaphor with another but we cannot think in any sophisticated way without metaphors.
Furthermore, this one is more accurate. The cells that create our neural networks grow in the
form of tree-like branching structures and were originally named dendrites after the Latin
word for tree because of their visual similarity to one. This resemblance, it has recently been
discovered, reflects the fact that neuronal arbours and plants grow according to the operation
of the same three mathematical laws. A deeper similarity can be found in the active process of
pruning and weeding that maintains the health of our neural networks and is carried out by a
group of cells which function as the brain’s resident gardeners.
*arbour:

brain cells can work like mini-computers

humans are an integral part of mother nature
we can cultivate the soul or the self like a garden
the mind is the central controller of the human body
gardening can improve many aspects of mental health

Sentence Structure

The cells [that create our neural networks] [grow in the form of tree-like branching structures] and [were
originally named dendrites after the Latin word for tree {because of their visual similarity to one}].
The cells and The cells ~ neural
networks one a tree

Word Search

1. m : a way of describing something by comparing it with something else that has some
of the same qualities
2. n : relating to the nerves in your body
3. p : the activity of cutting off some of the branches from a tree, bush, etc. so that it will
grow better and stronger

31
 k2

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22664-0025

A director of a play has a peculiar job. For weeks, she orchestrates every move made by
various people in a variety of roles, from actors to support personnel. Little happens without
her intervention in one way or another. When the play opens, however, the director is
essentially useless. If the cast and crew still need her, she is a failure. Teaching is, or at least
ought to be, like that. Every day, the teacher should make himself increasingly useless in his
students’ lives. These kinds of teachers do not provide solutions when students can figure
things out for themselves. They provide directions and guidelines for quality, but they leave
some ambiguity, choice, and flexibility so that students have to make leaps of transfer and
apply common sense. They take careful measure of how much responsibility children can
manage, making sure to give them that much — and coaching for a bit more as well.

let students gradually work more independently

allow students to learn from anyone they choose
make students increasingly focused on their future
have more students apply their experiences to learning
invite more and more students to be part of the teaching

Sentence Structure

They provide directions and guidelines for quality, but they leave some ambiguity, choice, and
flexibility [so that students have to {make leaps of transfer} and {apply common sense}].
and have to

Word Search

1. d : a person in charge of a film or play who tells the actors and staff what to do
2. a : the state of having more than one possible meaning
3. f : the ability to change to suit new conditions or situations

32
 22664-0026

Strengths are . Any personal quality can be either an aptitude or a

handicap, depending on the situation. Let’s say you have difficulty reading printed text. This
might understandably seem like a shortcoming, especially if you want to be a literary critic, a
profession heavily dependent on the parsing of texts. But if you want to be an astronomer, the
same apparent shortcoming could turn into an unexpected strength. The brains of many people
who have trouble reading are better at detecting black holes and other celestial anomalies in
astronomical images than the brains of individuals without reading difficulties. A facility for
empathy is an asset for a nurse, but a shortcoming for a military drone pilot. Being tall is an
advantage for an NBA player, but a disadvantage for a coal miner.
*parsing: **celestial:

static
inherited
merciless
contextual
undetectable

Sentence Structure

Any personal quality can be either an aptitude or a handicap, [depending on the situation].
either ~ or

Word Search

1. s : a fault or failure to meet a certain standard, typically in a person’s character, a

plan, or a system
2. d : to discover or notice something, especially something that is not easy to see, hear,
etc.
3. e : the ability to understand another person’s feelings, experience, etc.

33
 k2

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22664-0027

Convictions feel certain. But not everything we feel certain about is a conviction. I don’t
need conviction for anything I’m absolutely or logically certain about. When René Descartes
declared he was certain that he thinks and exists (popularly, but erroneously, understood as the
inference “I think, therefore I am”), he meant he couldn’t actively doubt he was thinking at
that moment — because doubting is thinking. But it would be odd to say this was Descartes’s
conviction. Indeed, the interesting thing about convictions is that they are often formed
. Unlike logical certainties like 2 and 2 make 4, or
philosophical certainties like Descartes’s belief in his own existence, we generally know that
others may oppose our convictions. We are aware that our convictions can be doubted and
challenged, even if we ourselves just cannot imagine that they are false.

on rational reasoning
with doubt and anxiety
through philosophical reflection
in the face of opposite convictions
around a strong desire to stand out

Sentence Structure

But not everything [we feel certain about] is a conviction.

not everything everything

Word Search

1. d : to say something officially or publicly

2. i : something that you can find out indirectly from what you already know
3. o : to disapprove of and attempt to prevent, especially by argument

34
 22664-0028

In daylight, we only perceive full colour and fine detail in the central region of our visual
field, with less-defined vision and reduced colour perception from the outer region. Our
brain then takes the relatively small amount of detailed colour imagery it is presented with
and uses it combined with the less-colourful, less-defined peripheral imagery to interpret the
image by . If we see a Y-shaped image on a page,
for example, we can interpret it as a three-dimensional representation of a corner, which can
in turn be perceived either protruding from the page or depressed within it. Most people see
it as a projecting corner, perhaps recalling an early memory that a corner is hard and sharp,
discovered when exploring on all fours as an infant. What is important to understand here is
that our memory plays a critical role in the interpretation of the visual signals we receive from
our photoreceptors. If we wish to become good at spotting things, we need to have built up a
substantial store of imagery for comparison.
*peripheral: **protrude: ***photoreceptor:

adoption of various perspectives

visualization of different movements
application of other sensory information
exploration of unfamiliar shapes and colours
comparison to memories stored throughout life

Sentence Structure

[What is important to understand here] is [that our memory plays a critical role in the interpretation of
the visual signals {we receive from our photoreceptors}].
the visual signals

Word Search

1. r : the extended spatial location of something

2. c : to join two or more things or groups together to form a single one
3. s : large in size, value, or importance

35
 k2

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22664-0029

One of the most universal characteristics of the passage of time is that it’s not universal:
everybody experiences it a little bit differently. There’s a physics sense in which that’s
quantifiably true, but most of the differences between our experiences of time are subjective.
A full day of work can seem to fly by or drag on endlessly, depending on how you feel
about the tasks at hand, and what seems to a parent like a perfectly reasonable wait for
an amusement park ride will feel like HOURS to their young children. This difference
in subjective experience is exacerbated by the fact that, particularly in the adult world,
. The person at the supermarket checkout fumbling
to find the exact change for their purchases might see this as a good use of time because they
have no pressing responsibilities at the moment, while the troubled person behind them is
steaming because they’re running late for a meeting. Everybody’s doing their own thing, at
their own pace, and when schedules bump up against each other it can create tension.
*quantifiably: **exacerbate: ***fumble:

there’s no accurate timekeeper

everybody keeps their own schedule
cultural differences in time can be vast
the world is divided into 24 time zones
people’s attitudes towards time are universal

Sentence Structure

A full day of work can seem to [fly by] or [drag on endlessly], depending on [how you feel about the
tasks at hand], and [what seems to a parent like a perfectly reasonable wait for an amusement park
ride] will feel like HOURS to their young children.
or to on
will feel

Word Search

1. s : influenced by someoneʼs beliefs or feelings, instead of facts

2. p : urgent or needing to be dealt with immediately
3. t : a state in which people, groups, countries, etc., disagree with and feel anger
toward each other

36
 22664-0030

I think intuitively my colleagues and I have gravitated toward the kinds of questions that
knock down barriers by challenging past assumptions and create new energy for pursuing
solutions along some new pathway. And if we have, it is probably in part because asking a
question is a very effective way of introducing a novel way of thinking about something
without exposing oneself to judgment. A question, after all, is not a declaration of opinion
aggressive enough to draw fire. It is an invitation to think further within a different framing or
along a divergent line. If that line of thinking isn’t taken up, or fails to lead somewhere
valuable, there is no reputational damage to the person who suggested it. And, therefore, a
person is more likely to put it out there.
*divergent:

give a logical answer to a question

risk exposing themselves to judgment
avoid engaging in new ways of thinking
propose an idea in the form of a question
question the value of starting a discussion

Sentence Structure

[If that line of thinking {isn’t taken up}, or {fails to lead somewhere valuable}], there is no
reputational damage to the person [who suggested it].
or that line of thinking
the person

Word Search

1. i : in a way that is based on feelings rather than facts or proof

2. a : something that is believed to be true or probably true but that is not known to be
true
3. a : behaving in an angry and violent way towards another person

37
 k2
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22664-0031

Our ideas can liberate or imprison us. In a literal sense we create the worlds in which we
live; and there is always the possibility of . As psychologist George A.
Kelly put it: “to make sense out of events we thread them through with ideas and to make
sense of the ideas we must test them against events.” He describes this process as one of
successive approximations. The great generative ideas in human history have transformed the
world view of their times and helped to reshape their cultures. We make the world we live in
and we can remake it. This process of cultural evolution is probably what the comedian
George Carlin had in mind when he said, “Just when I found out the meaning of life, they
changed it.” What is true of the long cycles of creative change in a social culture is also true of
the shorter cycles of creative work by individuals and groups.
*approximation:

hardship
separation
re-creation
competition
self-control

Sentence Structure

This process of cultural evolution is probably [what the comedian George Carlin had in mind {when
he said, “Just when I found out the meaning of life, they changed it.”}]

Word Search

1. l : to give someone the freedom to do what they want

2. p : a series of actions that have a particular result
3. s : coming or happening one after another in a series

38
 22664-0032

Wood was such an essential component of everyday life that one might expect a limit to
wood production was responsible for the lack of progress. Almost all the possessions of
everyday folk were wooden, while those that were not actually made of wood needed large
quantities of wood to produce. In the Middle Ages, around thirty pounds of wood were needed
to smelt one pound of iron, for instance. People burned wood in even greater quantities to
cook food and heat their houses, and wood was a vital energy source for the major industrial
processes of the age: salt-making, brewing, tanning, and dyeing. In the language of chess,
wood was . And as the human population grew, and
land was cleared for agriculture, forests would have been destroyed, reducing the wood supply
still further. You might well think that this would eventually have led to a shortage of wood,
hindering further material progress. Popular histories, after all, are full of stories of how using
wood led to deforestation and disaster.
*smelt: **tan:

a support force
a well-trained player
an overworked piece
an old-fashioned board
an everlasting companion

Sentence Structure

Wood was [such an essential component of everyday life that one might expect {a limit to wood
production was responsible for the lack of progress}].
such ~ that expect

Word Search

1. c : a part or element of a larger whole

2. p : an item of property or something belonging to one
3. v : absolutely necessary or important; essential

39
 k2

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22664-0033

Beyond demographics, increased living standards had a significant consequence for

economic growth, which worked through . In 1940
you might have spent your money installing plumbing for running water or a toilet, if you
didn’t already have those things. The same went for air-conditioning, a TV, or a computer at
other points in time during the twentieth century. But once we had those goods, then what did
we spend our money on? Did people install an extra toilet in their bathroom? Probably not.
Instead, as goods became cheaper and we filled up our houses with them, our spending turned
toward services. We took advantage of the falling prices and availability of basic goods to take
longer and better vacations, to take classes, to see medical specialists, to get some physical
therapy, or to put more data on our phone plans. We took advantage of our success in
providing goods to buy more and more services.
*demographics:

firms and industries with a lot of market power

our choices about the kinds of products we purchase
a rough measure of material living standards per person
the value of all goods and services produced in the economy
real changes in the quantities of goods and services we produce

Sentence Structure

We took advantage of [the falling prices and availability of basic goods] [to take longer and better
vacations, to take classes, to see medical specialists, to get some physical therapy, or to put more data
on our phone plans].
took advantage of
to or

Word Search

1. s : important in effect or meaning

2. i : to put a piece of equipment somewhere and make it ready for use
3. t : a form of treatment for an illness or medical condition

40
 22664-0034

Technology allows research scientists to leverage tiny budgets in astonishing ways. And
each of us can now easily contribute to science as an amateur, through the growing prevalence
of citizen science, in which the general public helps — often in a small, incremental way —
in such tasks as data collection. From categorizing galaxies or plankton to figuring out how
proteins fold, everyone can now be a part of the scientific process. And although mathematics
might still be the domain of the singular genius, it, too, has a place for the hobbyist or
amateur: In the mid-1990s, two high school students discovered a novel additional solution to
a problem that Euclid posed and solved thousands of years ago and for which no other method
had been found since. There’s even an entire domain known as recreational mathematics.
What these examples demonstrate is that creative experiments and the right questions are as
important as ample funding and infrastructure — and that technology is making this work
easier than ever. .
*incremental: **ample:

Little science can still prosper

Science develops logical thinking
Science often precedes technology
Scientists do stand up for the truth
A genius alone can make science possible

Sentence Structure

In the mid-1990s, two high school students discovered a novel additional solution to a problem [that
Euclid posed and solved thousands of years ago] and [for which no other method had been found
since].
a problem

Word Search

1. t : any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

2. c : to put people or things into groups according to their qualities
3. f : the act of providing financial resources to make some project possible

41
 k2

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22664-0035

In a study of more than one thousand people in the Netherlands, vacationers exhibited a
bigger happiness boost in the weeks before their trip, rather than in the weeks afterward. And
people generate even more emotional images of Christmas and New Year’s when they imagine
these events in November than when they look back in January on their actual experiences.
Researchers have suggested that we experience a “wrinkle in time.” This is worth keeping in
mind if you’re moving soon. People feel more negative emotion when thinking about helping
friends move in the future compared to remembering helping in the past. And they demand
nicer thank-you gifts. If you plan to “reward” your friends for helping you move with nothing
more than cheap beer and pizza, they’re more likely to be satisfied with the cheap gifts if you
have them over the day after the move rather than the day before.

Our thoughts are more positive in pleasant situations.

Future events provoke more emotion in us than past ones.
Distorted thoughts happen quite often during our depressive episodes.
We get more pleasure from special occasions than from ordinary days.
We have more vivid memories of unpleasant events than of pleasant ones.

Sentence Structure

People feel more negative emotion when thinking about helping friends move in the future compared
to [remembering {helping in the past}].
when thinking when they think to remembering

Word Search

1. e : to show a particular feeling, quality, ability, or form of behavior

2. b : an increase in the amount of something
3. r : to make a gift of something to (someone) in recognition of their services, efforts, or
achievements

42
 22664-0036

The secrets of human curiosity have been explored by psychologists, perhaps most famously
by Professor George Loewenstein. He writes of a test in which participants were confronted
by a grid of squares on a computer screen. They were asked to click five of them. Some
participants found that, with each click, another picture of an animal appeared. But a second
group saw small component parts of a single animal. With each square they clicked, another
part of a greater picture was revealed. This second group were much more likely to keep
on clicking squares after the required five, and then keep going until enough of them had
been turned that the mystery of the animal’s identity had been solved. Brains, concluded the
researchers, seem to become spontaneously curious when presented with an ‘information
set’ that they realise is . ‘There is a natural inclination to resolve
information gaps,’ wrote Loewenstein, ‘even for questions of no importance.’
*grid:

chaotic
abstract
fictional
incomplete
unexpected

Sentence Structure

This second group were much more likely to [keep on clicking squares after the required five], and
then [keep going {until enough of them had been turned that the mystery of the animal’s identity had
been solved}].
and to

Word Search

1. e : to examine or discuss a subject, idea, etc., thoroughly

2. c : to come face to face with
3. i : the set of characteristics by which a person or thing is definitively recognizable or
known

43
 k2

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22664-0037

From a certain perspective, the political and ideological force of “social justice” may
be seen — by critics as well as some calculating proponents — as useful in its functional
vagueness. Sometimes a term is helpful in politics precisely because it is vague. For example,
“maximum feasible participation” became an important part of the War on Poverty because
it was unclear and no one could agree on what it actually meant. Social justice is a term that
can be used as an all-purpose justification for any progressive-sounding government program
or newly discovered or invented right. The term survives because it benefits its champions. It
brands opponents as supporters of social injustice, and so as enemies of humankind, without
the trouble of making an argument or considering their views. As an ideological marker, “social
justice” works best when it is .
*feasible:

not too sharply defined

the only thing that matters
regarded as a national priority
an unintended positive outcome
not a demand for individual rights

Sentence Structure

Social justice is a term [that can be used as an all-purpose justification for {any progressive-sounding
government program} or {newly discovered or invented right}].
a term for

Word Search

1. c : someone who criticizes a person, organization, or idea

2. v : not precisely limited, determined, or distinguished
3. o : someone who is arguing or fighting with you

44
 22664-0038

Nearly all of us live in a political community, usually a state, and abide by its rules. Whether
our current nation is open or authoritarian, if we leave we are likely to find ourselves in
another country with its own, possibly different rules. Even if we did find a corner of the
world where states and laws did not exist, chances are it would not be a place worth living
in. We come together for the sake of community and live under laws for good reason, and
our lives are shaped by the politically organized unit in which we live. Aristotle believed
that the state was a “creation of nature” that came before the individual. After all, people
when isolated are not self-sufficient and will seek to become part of a larger whole. To him,
individuals who decided to stay on their own would remain “either a beast or a god.” The state
was in every sense greater than the individual, and being part of it was a privilege. Humans
.

had a dominant place in the community

existed for the glory of the state, not vice versa
longed for a more sophisticated political system
doubted the correctness of all political judgments
needed to make decisions about where they stayed

Sentence Structure

Even if we did find a corner of the world [where states and laws did not exist], [chances are it would
not be a place {worth living in}].
a corner of the world chances are that ~
a place

Word Search

1. i : to keep someone in a place away from other people

2. b : an animal, especially a dangerous or strange one
3. p : a special benefit that is available only to a particular person or group

45
 k2

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22664-0039

Compared to other scientists, Nobel laureates are at least twenty-two times more likely to
partake as an amateur actor, dancer, magician, or other type of performer. Nationally
recognized scientists are much more likely than other scientists to be musicians, sculptors,
painters, printmakers, woodworkers, mechanics, poets, or writers, of both fiction and
nonfiction. And Nobel laureates are far more likely still. The most successful experts also
belong to the wider world. “To him who observes them from afar,” said Spanish Nobel
laureate Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the father of modern neuroscience, “it appears as though
they are scattering and dissipating their energies, while in reality they are channeling and
strengthening them.” The main conclusion of work that took years of studying scientists and
engineers, all of whom were regarded by peers as true technical experts, was that those who
did not make a creative contribution to their field .
*laureate: **dissipate:

lacked aesthetic interests outside their narrow area

switched jobs many times over their entire careers
didn’t seek to work at the cutting edge of their area
valued the practical application of their research results
wanted to expand the scope of their research to the fullest

Sentence Structure

The main conclusion of work [that took years of studying scientists and engineers, {all of whom were
regarded by peers as true technical experts}], was [that those {who did not make a creative contribution
to their field} ~].
work scientists and engineers
those

Word Search

1. p : to take or have a part or share; participate

2. e : a person with special knowledge or ability who performs skillfully
3. s : to cause to separate and go in different directions

46
 22664-0040

The experience of conscious decisions preceding events may be an illusion. If I ask you to
move your finger whenever you feel like it, you can sit there and then eventually decide to
raise your digit. That’s what conscious free will feels like. But we know from measuring your
brain activity while you’re sitting there waiting to decide that the point when you thought you
had reached a decision to move your finger actually occurred after your brain had already
begun to take action. In other words, the point in time when we think we have made a choice
occurs after the event. It’s like putting the action cart before the conscious horse. The mental
experience of conscious free will may simply justify what our brains have already decided to
implement. In describing this, Steven Pinker says, ‘The conscious mind — the self or soul —
is a spin doctor, not the commander-in-chief.’
*digit:

the system that helps to effectively implement decisions

the guidelines that partly restrict the free will to take action
the criticism of the idea that one can take action at any time
the obstacle that delays the execution of what has been decided
the indicator of the fact that an action precedes our conscious decision

Sentence Structure

But we know [from measuring your brain activity {while you’re sitting there waiting to decide}] [that
the point {when you thought you had reached a decision to move your finger} actually occurred {after
your brain had already begun to take action}].
know the
point

Word Search

1. p : to happen or exist before another person or thing

2. i : something that is false or not real but that seems to be true or real
3. m : relating to the mind

47
 k3
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22664-0041

Meaning matching is the process of recognizing elements (referents) in the message and
accessing our memory to find the meanings we have memorized for those elements. This is
a relatively automatic task. It may require a good deal of effort to learn to recognize symbols
in media messages and to memorize their standard meanings, but once learned this process
becomes routine. To illustrate, think back to when you first learned to read. You had to learn
how to recognize words printed on a page. Then you had to memorize the meaning of each
word. The first time you saw the sentence “Dick threw the ball to Jane,” which required a
good deal of work to divide the sentence into words, to recall the meaning of each word, and
to put it all together. With practice, you were able to perform this process more quickly and
more easily. Learning to read in elementary school is essentially the process of being able to
recognize a longer list of referents and to memorize their denoted meanings.
*denote:

Sentence Structure

[Learning to read in elementary school] is essentially the process of [being able {to recognize a longer
list of referents} and {to memorize ~ denoted meanings}].
Learning is of
able

Word Search

1. e : one part or feature of a whole system, plan, piece of work, etc., especially one that
is basic or important
2. r : a regular way of doing things in a particular order
3. r : to remember a particular fact, event, or situation from the past

48
 22664-0042

The idea of the machinelike brain has inspired and guided neuroscience since it was first
proposed in the seventeenth century, replacing more mystical notions about the soul and the
body. Scientists, impressed by the discoveries of Galileo, who showed (A) that / what the
planets could be understood as inanimate bodies moved by mechanical forces, came to believe
that all nature functioned as a large cosmic clock, subject to the laws of physics. And they
began to explain individual living things, including our bodily organs, (B) mechanistical /
mechanistically , as though they too were machines. This idea that all nature was like a
vast mechanism, and that our organs were machinelike, (C) replaced / to replace the two-
thousand-year-old Greek idea that viewed all nature as a vast living organism, and our bodily
organs as anything but inanimate mechanisms. But the first great accomplishment of this new
“mechanistic biology” was a brilliant and original achievement.

(A) (B) (C)

that mechanistically replaced
that mechanistically to replace
that mechanistical replaced
what mechanistically to replace
what mechanistical to replace

Sentence Structure

[Scientists, {impressed by the discoveries of Galileo}, {who showed ~ the planets could be understood
as inanimate bodies <moved by mechanical forces>}], came to believe [that all nature functioned as a
large cosmic clock, {subject to the laws of physics}].
Scientists Galileo
inanimate bodies came
believe being

Word Search

1. i : to give someone an idea about what to do or create

2. p : a science that deals with matter and energy and the way they act on each other in
heat, light, electricity, and sound
3. o : a part of the body, such as the heart or lungs, that has a particular purpose

49
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22664-0043

There is little doubt that climate change will make it harder to produce enough food for
the world’s growing population and will alter the seasonal timing, availability, and quality of
water resources. To avoid extending agriculture into already environmentally threatened
areas, the current rate of agricultural productivity growth will have to be doubled, according
to the World Bank, while minimizing the associated environmental damage. In the extreme
event of a 5°C warming, agricultural productivity would be likely to decline throughout the
world, particularly in the tropics, even with changes in farming practices. This could mean
that more than 3 million additional people could die from malnutrition each year. Switching
energy systems from fossil fuels to renewables like solar or wind will reduce the emissions
driving climate change. Even the more likely 2°C warming would produce new weather
patterns challenging conventional agricultural practices, and between 100 million and 400
million more people could be at risk of hunger.

Sentence Structure

There is little doubt that climate change will make it harder [to produce enough food for the world’s
growing population] and will alter the seasonal timing, availability, and quality of water resources.
there is little doubt that ~ it

Word Search

1. d : to become lower in amount or less in number

2. m : the unhealthy condition that results from not eating enough food or not eating
enough healthy food
3. e : a gas or other substance that is sent into the air

50
 22664-0044

Guilt must be distinguished from shame. The difference lies in how widely the bad
feeling is generalized.

(A) This may be worth keeping in mind when you deal with your assistants and workers,
or your children, or your students (or even your romantic partners). How do you
criticize them when they do something wrong?
(B) Calling their attention to what they did wrong may seem necessary, but phrasing your
criticism in terms of being a bad person (e.g., “you liar”) is not nearly as constructive
as allowing them to be a person who did a bad thing (e.g., “you shouldn’t have lied”).
(C) Guilt focuses narrowly on the action, whereas shame spreads to the whole person.
Guilt says, “I did a bad thing.” Shame says, “I am a bad person.” Research based on
that distinction has repeatedly shown that shame is usually destructive, whereas guilt
is usually constructive.

(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A)

(C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A)

Sentence Structure

[Calling their attention to {what they did wrong}] may seem necessary, but [phrasing your criticism in
terms of being a bad person (e.g., “you liar”)] is not nearly as constructive as [allowing them to be a
person who did a bad thing (e.g., “you shouldn’t have lied”)].
to
as as

Word Search

1. g : a bad feeling caused by knowing or thinking that you have done something bad or
wrong
2. c : the act of noting the problems or faults of a person or thing
3. d : causing damage to people or things

51
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22664-0045

Success at innovation will have a major impact on the quality of life in the years ahead as
will failure. Perhaps a vaccine can be found to prevent cancer. Perhaps an effective means
will be found of providing clean, inexhaustible, affordable energy for the entire planet.
Perhaps there is a large asteroid hiding somewhere and intent upon destroying the Earth —
a catastrophe that, through innovation, can perhaps be prevented. The quality of life in
developed countries today heavily depends upon advancements in science and technology
— and this is increasingly becoming the case for all the world’s nations. But the benefits of
scientific advancements often accrue, not simply to the individual investor but to society at
large, thus making it essential that the general public support both education and research in
science and technology. Only in this manner can our children and grandchildren hope to enjoy
a standard of living higher than that of the generations that have preceded themselves.
*asteroid: **accrue to:

Sentence Structure

[Only in this manner] can our children and grandchildren hope to enjoy a standard of living higher
than that of the generations [that have preceded ~].
Only our children and grandchildren can
that the standard of living the generations

Word Search

1. i : impossible to use up completely

2. c : a terrible disaster
3. e : extremely important and necessary

52
 22664-0046

Attempting to quantify human behaviour and reducing this behaviour to a set of statistics is
difficult and likely meaningless. Instead, anthropologists rely on qualitative research, (A) it /
which involves long-term observation of, and participation in, the daily lives and activities
of the people they are studying. This is known as participant observation, and its value
cannot be overstated, even in contemporary research. Living in close proximity to the study
group, learning their language, and participating in their daily lives (B) allow / allowing
anthropologists to develop a much deeper understanding of the range of human behaviour. The
adage “See me as I do, not as I say” is remarkably accurate when studying human behaviour.
For both anthropologists and the general public, trying to understand other people by listening,
observing, and even participating goes a long way toward dispelling some of the stereotypes
and intolerance we (C) hold / are held for other ways of living.
*proximity: **adage:

(A) (B) (C)

it allow are held
it allowing hold
which allow hold
which allowing hold
which allow are held

Sentence Structure

For both anthropologists and the general public, [trying to understand other people by listening,
observing, and even participating] goes a long way toward dispelling [some of the stereotypes and
intolerance {we ~ for other ways of living}].
trying goes dispelling
the stereotypes and intolerance

Word Search

1. q : to calculate the value of something and express it as a number or an amount

2. c : happening or beginning now or in recent times
3. s : a belief or idea of what a particular type of person or thing is like

53
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22664-0047

Exclusive technology can be used only by the elites who have access to required resources,
and have the aptitude and means to benefit from special training. Agriculture requires
warmth, rainfall, and soil, which are not available for people living on high mountains and
dry deserts. The invention of writing led to the formation of a class of scribes and elites,
who had the necessary time and means to learn writing, and had access to books that were
hand copied and kept in libraries away from the general population. The sharp increase in
literacy after the invention of the modern printing press broke the monopoly of the literate
elite on education and learning and helped the growth of the middle class. This led to a
division of the population into the literate lords and priests with knowledge and power, who
ruled over the illiterate common people. When a technology is new, it tends to be used only
by the elite to increase inequality; as the years go by and the cost keeps falling, it becomes
more affordable for everyone and thereby more egalitarian.
*scribe: **egalitarian:

Sentence Structure

The invention of writing led to the formation of a class of scribes and elites, [who {had the necessary
time and means to learn writing}, and {had access to books <that were hand copied and kept in
libraries away from the general population>}].
a class of scribes and elites who
books

Word Search

1. a : a natural ability to do something or to learn something

2. l : the state of being able to read and write
3. p : a person who has the authority to lead or perform ceremonies in some religions

54
 22664-0048

Oftentimes people talk about their “ideal day.” Perhaps they like sleeping in, only to be
woken up by the calming sounds of the ocean’s rising tide. Breakfast mimosas replace
brunch, and they lie on the beach with a good book and a year-round tan.

(A) Think of it like buying your dream car vs. renting it for a week. If you buy the
dream car, eventually you have to change its oil, replace its tires, be concerned about
parking it and getting scratches — your dream becomes tainted with problems.
(B) This is often defined as your ultimate day. And while it sounds fun in theory, the
reality is you will likely not be living your ultimate day every day. It is not practical,
and to be honest, it would not be as special if you did it every day.
(C) But if you occasionally rent the car, you get all the joys and fun of it without having
to worry about the problems. That’s what an ultimate day is more like, which is why
making an ultimate day your every day is problematic.
*mimosa: **tainted:

(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A)

(C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A)

Sentence Structure

If you buy the dream car, eventually you have to [change its oil, replace its tires, be concerned about
{parking it and getting scratches}] — your dream becomes tainted with problems.
change replace be have to about
parking getting

Word Search

1. t : the regular rising and falling of the level of the sea

2. s : a thin mark or cut on the surface of something
3. t : an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain something about life or the world

55
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[9~10]

Change is a common trait of living things. Each living thing changes as it grows older,
but more important forms of change occur from one generation to the next: Children
are (a) different from their parents. Nature cannot plan ahead and design a certain kind
of change. Instead, nature produces changes that are essentially random. That is, the
complicated processes that mix the genes of two parents to produce a (b) unique set of
genes in the baby sometimes produce novel outcomes in the form of new traits. However,
powerful forces react to these random changes. As a result, some random changes will
disappear, whereas others will endure. The process of natural selection decides which traits
will disappear and which will continue.
For example, imagine that one baby was born with no ears, another with one leg longer
than the other, and the third with eyes that could see farther than the average eye. Having
no ears or having legs of unequal length would probably be disadvantages, and natural
selection would not (c) remove these traits for future generations. A significant improvement
in vision might, however, be selected to remain because the baby who grew up seeing better
than other people would be able to find more food and spot (d) danger from a safer distance.
The genes for better vision would therefore remain in the gene pool (assuming that this
baby would grow up and have babies), and so in future generations more and more people
would (e) enjoy this improvement.

56
9 22664-0049

No Two Human Beings Are Alike

Nature Selects Good Genetic Traits
All Random Changes Will Disappear
What Are the Obstacles to Evolution?
What Decides Physical Characteristics?

10 22664-0050

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Sentence Structure

For example, imagine [that one baby was born with no ears, another with one leg longer than the
other, and the third with eyes {that could see farther than the average eye}].
imagine one ~ another ~ the third ~ eyes

Word Search

1. r : happening or chosen without any definite plan, aim, or pattern

2. e : to remain alive or continue to exist for a long time
3. s : to notice someone or something, especially when they are difficult to see or
recognize

57
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22664-0051

One aspect in which virtual relationships are different from other more tangible forms is
that, because the interaction is mediated and abstracted away from the physical person, people
may experiment with different aspects of their personas in a manner not easily executed in
face-to-face interaction. For example, there are instances of gender inversion, whereby a
man may use a female avatar to participate in an online community and vice versa. Also,
depending on the application or game, age, weight, skin color, and other phenotypes can be
altered so that the player may try out a different look and see how he or she is accepted by
the community. Although there is evidence that many people will adapt their virtual selves
to look a lot like themselves offline, there is an understanding among those in the virtual
community which it is acceptable practice to experiment. Thus, virtual communities provide
spaces for some networked individuals to connect, interact, play, and experiment, and for their
participants they are a source of meaningful interaction and purposeful relationships.
*phenotype:

Sentence Structure

One aspect [in which virtual relationships are different from other more tangible forms] ~ that, because
the interaction is mediated and abstracted away from the physical person, people may experiment with
different aspects of their personas in a manner [not easily executed in face-to-face interaction].
One aspect a manner

Word Search

1. t : having substance or material existence

2. e : to try something in order to discover what it is like or find out more about it
3. i : a situation in which something is changed so that it is the opposite of what it was
before

58
 22664-0052

Information technology has great potential for influencing markets. It bridges time and
distance in a completely new way, and (A) opens / opening markets that were previously
unattainable because they were geographically too remote. Until recently, a small town would
have no more than three banks competing with each other for the business of the town’s
residents. Today, we have a situation (B) which / in which literally thousands of national
and international banks compete with each other for customers in that same small town.
Financial institutions, such as banks, no longer have to maintain a physical presence to be able
to do business. Financial transactions, such as buying and selling shares, are being executed
electronically and the customer can monitor the progress of such transactions on his or her
personal Internet page. In 2000, more than half of all stock orders placed by individuals in the
United States (C) were / to be initiated via the Internet.

(A) (B) (C)

opens which were
opens in which were
opens in which to be
opening in which to be
opening which to be

Sentence Structure

Financial institutions, such as banks, no longer have to maintain a physical presence [to be able to do
business].
to

Word Search

1. r : a person who lives or has their home in a place

2. t : the action or process of buying or selling something
3. i : to make something start

59
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22664-0053

Emotions play a gatekeeper role in cognition. The allocation of attention and working
memory does not happen by miracle. We attempt to solve problems that are only emotionally
important to us. Think of emotions as a biological thermostat that activates attention,
which then activates a rich set of problem solving and response systems. When danger or
opportunity arises, information from our senses triggers an emotional reaction that informs
the rest of the brain that something requires further attention and maybe even some problem
solving. Usually, the positive emotions such as joy, love or affection do not interfere with
communication, but the negative emotions act as strong barriers to effective communication.
Emotions operate unconsciously constantly evaluating sensory information from our total
environment, even while we’re asleep or attending to other things. When our emotions enter
awareness, we call it a feeling, and then we can begin to consciously deal with the challenge
using our reasoning abilities.
*thermostat:

Sentence Structure

We attempt to solve problems [that are only emotionally important to us].

problems

Word Search

1. a : to make a piece of equipment or a process start working

2. b : something that prevents people from communicating, working together, etc.
3. r : the process of thinking about something in an intelligent, sensible way in order to
make a decision or form an opinion

60
 22664-0054

One day I walked out of the washroom to find my wife and children laughing heartily
on the couch. My wife had just told our daughters to listen at the door, promising that I
would whistle shortly before I departed.

(A) Several days later, lost in deep thought in the washroom, I reached for the toilet
paper. I heard myself whistle. Shocked, I started to laugh. What was going on? Upon
reflection I determined the origin of such odd behavior.
(B) Apparently I had. I say apparently, because I certainly wasn’t aware of it. Having no
recollection of whistling, I concluded that they were just having fun with me.
(C) During my toilet-training, my mother would often leave me seated on the toilet while
she went about her housework. I was to alert her when I finished. I would signal my
readiness with a whistle — a behavior that became unconsciously ingrained.
*ingrained:

(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A)

(C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A)

Sentence Structure

[Having no recollection of whistling], I concluded [that they were just having fun with me].
As I had no recollection of whistling concluded

Word Search

1. h : in a loud or enthusiastic way

2. o : unusual or unexpected in a way that attracts your interest or attention
3. r : the action or power of recalling to mind

61
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22664-0055

The rights to freedom of speech and access to certain information apply as equally to
journalists as they do to private citizens. Journalists have always resisted attempts to make
them different, partly because if the media were to have special privileges it might also be
expected to have special obligations. However, this is not the case throughout the world, and
in some European countries journalists have special rights and special rights of access to
information unavailable to the general public. In Belgium, for instance, journalists have
special travel rights and cut-price telephone calls. In Portugal, journalists have special rights
of access to government sources of information and a legal right not to be coerced into acting
against their consciences, while in both Portugal and Italy, journalists cannot work for the
media without being registered and obtained a press card. France, Britain, Luxembourg and
the Netherlands all have national identity card schemes in cooperation with the police. These
are voluntary and you can operate as a journalist without them, but they do make working in
dramatic situations such as demonstrations, riots and disasters much easier.
*coerce: **riot:

Sentence Structure

Journalists have always resisted attempts [to make them different], partly because [if the media were
to have special privileges it might also ~ to have special obligations].
attempts to if were to ~ might

Word Search

1. o : something that you must do because of a law, rule, promise, etc.

2. c : the ideas and feelings you have that tell you whether something you are doing is
right or wrong
3. d : something very bad that happens and causes a lot of damage or kills a lot of
people

62
 22664-0056

One of the most important developments in sports journalism in recent years has been the
growth of online publishing, or websites on the Internet. Websites have provided thousands
of new outlets for sports journalists, created many new jobs and offered new ways of
(A) satisfying / satisfaction the growing thirst for sporting information. Because websites
are easy to set up and relatively cheap to service and (B) maintain / maintenance , the growth
has been rapid. Almost every sports club and governing body now has its own site, many of
them employing professional journalists. The web now supports sites operated by everyone
from commercial and public service media organisations, through sporting organisations and
individual athletes, to fans. Not surprisingly, the quality of sporting websites (C) is / are
equally variable.

(A) (B) (C)

satisfying maintain is
satisfying maintenance is
satisfying maintenance are
satisfaction maintenance are
satisfaction maintain is

Sentence Structure

[One of the most important developments in sports journalism in recent years] has been the growth of
online publishing, or websites on the Internet.
One has been

Word Search

1. t : a strong feeling of wanting to have or do something

2. e : to pay someone regularly to do a job for you or to work as a member of your
organization
3. v : capable of being changed

63
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22664-0057

Until far into the nineteenth century, history was seen as being essentially the result of the
actions of kings, statesmen, generals, and other dignitaries. Readers expected the historian
to explain the actions of such people; this was the measure of the historian’s success.
Furthermore, it was generally believed that common sense was all that is needed for the
historian to be able to give such a plausible and convincing account of the actions of kings
and statesmen. And since common sense is, in Descartes’s well-known view, the most justly
distributed good, since nobody complains about having too little of it, there was no need for
the historian to have any specific abilities as a historian. The only talent that was needed,
beyond mere common sense, was the historian’s ability to write a sufficiently coherent and
convincing narrative. As a result, common sense and the capacity to empathize with the
actions of statesmen and generals could now no longer be considered sufficient qualifications
for writing history. Rhetoric was the discipline that taught the historian how to be such a
successful storyteller — hence, history was conceived as a branch of (applied) rhetoric rather
than as a discipline in its own right.
*dignitary: **rhetoric:

Sentence Structure

The only talent [that was needed], beyond mere common sense, was the historian’s ability [to write a
sufficiently coherent and convincing narrative].
The only talent the historian s ability to

Word Search

1. p : likely to be true
2. a : a detailed description of how or why something happens
3. q : an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something

64
 22664-0058

Sometimes we refer to practicing as a process of acquiring experience, implying that

we can collect and store our practice experiences. This metaphor is helpful.

(A) With a normally functioning brain, however, we can benefit from memories of our
experiences and gradually reshape our motor responses in ways that allow us to attain
skill goals more accurately and with greater efficiency.
(B) Because such people can’t store information about their previous response in
memory, successive repetitions of a skill usually do not bring about learning. They
may have played the piano 100 times, but each attempt is an entirely new experience.
(C) If we were unable to store memories of past physical activity experiences, each trial
would be like our first. We would be in the same situation as people who have lost
their short-term memory because of damage to an area of the brain known as the
basal ganglia.
*basal ganglia:

(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A)

(C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A)

Sentence Structure

With a normally functioning brain, however, we can [benefit from memories of our experiences] and
[gradually reshape our motor responses in ways {that allow us to attain skill goals more accurately and
with greater efficiency}].
and can ways

Word Search

1. m : a word or phrase for one thing that is used to refer to another thing in order to
show or suggest that they are similar
2. p : going before in time or order
3. s : coming or happening one after another in a series

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[9~10]

In 1958, a group of social scientists tested different techniques of brainstorming. They

posed a (a) thought-provoking question: If humans had an extra thumb on each hand,
what benefits and problems would emerge? Then they had two different types of groups
brainstorm answers. In one group, the members worked face to face; in the other group,
the members each worked independently, then pooled their answers at the end. You might
expect the people working face to face to be more (b) productive, but that wasn’t the case.
The team with independently working members produced almost twice as many ideas.
Other studies (c) confirmed these results. Traditional brainstorming simply doesn’t work as
well as thinking alone, then pooling results.
That’s because, the scientists found, groups that have direct contact suffer from two
problems. The big one is (d) blocking — a great idea pops into your head, but by the time
the group calls on you, you’ve forgotten it. The other is social dampening: outspoken,
extroverted members wind up dominating, and their ideas get adopted by others, even if
they’re not very good ones. Introverted members don’t speak up. In contrast, when group
members work physically separately from one another — in what researchers call “virtual
groups” — it (e) causes this problem because everyone can generate ideas without being
cognitively overshadowed or blocked.
*overshadow:

66
9 22664-0059

Brainstorming in Virtual Space Is It Possible?

Work Together Face to Face for Clear Communication
Group Members Working Remotely Produces More Ideas
Why Brainstorming Is Important in Today’s Business World
Conflicts Among Group Members That Take Several Forms

10 22664-0060

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Sentence Structure

That’s because, the scientists found, groups [that have direct contact] suffer from two problems.
groups

Word Search

1. p : working hard and producing or achieving a lot

2. o : direct and open in speech or expression
3. v : existing or occurring on computers or on the Internet

67
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22664-0061

You’ll remember that Odysseus asked his crew to tie him to the mast of his sailing ship to
avoid the lure of the Sirens. But if you think about it, he could simply have put beeswax in his
ears like he commanded the rest of his crew to do and saved himself a lot of grief. Odysseus
wasn’t a glutton for punishment. The Sirens could be killed only if whoever heard them
could live to tell the story afterward. Odysseus vanquished the Sirens by narrating his near-
death voyage after the fact. The slaying was in the telling. The Odysseus myth highlights a
key feature of behavior change: Recounting our experiences gives us mastery over them.
Whether in the context of psychotherapy, talking to an Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) sponsor,
confessing to a priest, confiding in a friend, or writing in a journal, our honest disclosure
bringing our behavior into relief, allowing us in some cases to see it for the first time. This
is especially true for behaviors that involve a level of automaticity outside of conscious
awareness.
*glutton for punishment:
**vanquish: ***automaticity:

Sentence Structure

You’ll remember [that Odysseus asked his crew to tie him to the mast of his sailing ship {to avoid the
lure of the Sirens}].
remember to

Word Search

1. c : to control someone or something and tell them what to do

2. p : the treatment of mental illness by discussing someone’s problems with them,
instead of using drugs or operations
3. d : the process of giving information to people, especially information that was secret

68
 22664-0062

If it is important to hold on to a certain self-image, then it also makes sense to burnish it.
We do this actively by filtering out negative information. Another option is to simply avoid
taking actions that have at least some chance of rebounding badly on us. If I cross the road to
avoid passing by a beggar, I won’t have to reveal to myself (A) that / what I lack generosity.
A would-be migrant who stays home can always maintain the fiction that he would have
succeeded had he gone. It takes an ability to dream, or a substantial dose of overconfidence,
(B) to overcome / overcoming this tendency to persist with the status quo. This is perhaps
why migrants, at least those not pushed out by desperation, (C) tend / tends to be not the
richest or the most educated, but those who have some special drive, which is why we find so
many successful entrepreneurs among them.
*burnish: **status quo:

(A) (B) (C)

that to overcome tend
what to overcome tend
that overcoming tends
what overcoming tends
that overcoming tend

Sentence Structure

Another option is [to simply avoid {taking actions <that have at least some chance of rebounding badly
on us>}].
is to avoid actions

Word Search

1. g : the quality of being kind, understanding, and not selfish

2. m : a person who goes from one place to another especially to find work
3. e : a person who starts a business and is willing to risk loss in order to make money

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22664-0063

The idea that education should increase intellectual independence is a very narrow view of
learning. It ignores the fact that knowledge depends on others. To fix cars, a mechanic needs
to know who can provide parts and who can deliver them, how to find out which cars have
been recalled, and how to learn about the latest design innovations. Cars these days depend
on technology that comes from all around the world, so a decent car mechanic will have
access to knowledge distributed throughout the community of knowledge within the
automobile industry. It is expected to undergo major changes due to the impact of
globalization, increased regulations because of environmental concerns, and rising fossil fuel
prices. Learning, therefore, isn’t just about developing new knowledge and skills. It’s also
about learning to collaborate with others, recognizing what knowledge we have to offer and
what gaps we must rely on others to help us fill.

Sentence Structure

Cars these days depend on technology [that comes from all around the world], so a decent car
mechanic will have access to knowledge [distributed throughout the community of knowledge within
the automobile industry].
technology knowledge

Word Search

1. i : relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated ideas
2. m : a person who repairs machines (such as car engines) and keeps them running
properly
3. r : control of an activity, process, or industry by official rules

70
 22664-0064

Euclid, who lived in Alexandria between 350 and 275 B.C., authored The Elements,
the most influential geometry book of ancient times. Ptolemy, the king of Egypt at that
time, asked for his advice on an easy way to read the book. “There is no royal road to
mathematics,” replied Euclid.

(A) Noticing them requires perceptive observation. They are easy to miss and skip.
Elementary school mathematics is not sophisticated, but it contains wisdom. It is not
complex, but it is profound.
(B) This is one of the reasons it is appropriate for children. In another sense, though, it is
harder. Some of its layers are hidden and difficult to discern, as if they were built
underwater and thus difficult to view.
(C) The same is true of elementary mathematics. However, since it deals with the bottom
of the tower, the number of layers it establishes is smaller. There are no long chains
of arguments as in higher mathematics.

(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A)

(C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A)

Sentence Structure

However, [since it deals with the bottom of the tower], the number of layers [it establishes] is smaller.
layers

Word Search

1. g : a branch of mathematics that deals with points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids
2. p : showing a clear and deep understanding of serious matters
3. d : to see, recognize, or understand something that is not clear

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22664-0065

Fungi make up one of life’s kingdoms — as broad and busy a category as “animals” or
“plants.” Microscopic yeasts are fungi, as are the sprawling networks of honey fungi, or
Armillaria, which are among the largest organisms in the world. The current record holder, in
Oregon, weighs hundreds of tons, spills across ten square kilometers, and is somewhere
between two thousand and eight thousand years old. There are probably many larger, older
specimens that remain undiscovered. Many of the most dramatic events on Earth have been —
and continue to be — a result of fungal activity. Plants only made it out of the water around
five hundred million years ago because their collaboration with fungi, which served as their
root systems for tens of million years until plants could evolve their own. Today, more than
ninety percent of plants depend on mycorrhizal fungi which can link trees in shared networks
sometimes referred to as the “wood wide web.” This ancient association gave rise to all
recognizable life on land, the future of which depends on the continued ability of plants and
fungi to form healthy relationships.
*microscopic: **mycorrhizal fungi:

Sentence Structure

There are probably many larger, older specimens [that remain undiscovered].
many larger older specimens undiscovered remain

Word Search

1. s : something (such as an animal or plant) collected as an example of a particular

kind of thing
2. c : the action of working with someone to produce something
3. a : a connection or relationship between things or people

72
 22664-0066

Telling ourselves everything other people could possibly use against us doesn’t numb us
to it. It only makes us believe we are worth those words and that those accusations would
be valid. Besides, there are (A) as / so many variables to whether or not someone will
grace you with their approval and praise that it’s nearly impossible to blanket over everyone
and everything completely and universally. And that’s what’s (B) required / requiring if
validation is to be sought: certainty, the kind we can’t find in ourselves. But people’s opinions,
especially negative ones, largely stem from what they know they don’t have and can’t do. You
eventually have to stop basing your self-worth on the insecurities of others and start basing it
on your own genuine convictions, no matter how long it takes for you to find them. I always
knew that my belief that I wasn’t worth it wasn’t the reason I played my own antagonist. My
fear of being hurt by other people (C) was / did .
*validation: **antagonist:

(A) (B) (C)

as required was
so required was
as required did
so requiring did
as requiring was

Sentence Structure

It only makes us believe [we are worth those words] and [that those accusations would be valid].
believe that

Word Search

1. n : to make (someone) unable to think, feel, or react normally

2. a : a claim that someone has done something wrong or illegal
3. a : the belief that something or someone is good or acceptable

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When we behave toward others with care and concern, sensitivity and tact, honesty and
integrity, generosity and grace, forbearance and forgiveness, we start to become a different
person. And such is the nature of reciprocity — itself one of the deeply engraved instincts that
is the basis of morality — that we begin to change the way others relate to us; not always, to
be sure, but often. Slowly but surely, a new atmosphere begins to be felt, at least in the more
intimate environments in which we function. Bad behavior can easily become contagious,
but so can good behavior, and it usually wins out in the long run. But like everything in life,
even good behaviors can have negative consequences when taken to the extreme. We feel
uplifted by people who care about other people.
*reciprocity:

Sentence Structure

Slowly but surely, a new atmosphere begins to be felt, at least in the more intimate environments [in
which we function].
the more intimate environments

Word Search

1. i : the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles

2. i : having a very close relationship
3. c : likely to spread to and affect others

74
 22664-0068

When you are learning from experience and moving boldly outside your comfort zone,
emotions are likely to be the biggest derailer of your personal learning.

(A) Emotions aren’t just “problems” to be dealt with or suppressed. They also signal that
“there is something to be learned here.” Understanding why you are feeling the way
you are feeling can be an important stimulus for making change if you can prepare
yourself to read the signs.
(B) There will be times when your body tenses, your head pounds, your mouth goes dry,
your hands sweat, your breathing accelerates, and you feel flushed with adrenaline —
all signs that a disruptive emotion is at work. Other times you may feel “down,”
“blah,” disconnected, despondent, or “just not into it” as you drag yourself through
the day.
(C) Though less dramatic, these reactions can also be signs of a disruptive emotion as
well. When this happens, it can be very hard to stay focused on learning from your
experiments. However, these kinds of emotions are also informative and worth
investigating. *derailer: **blah:

(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A)

(C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A)

Sentence Structure

There will be times [when your body tenses, your head pounds, your mouth goes dry, your hands
sweat, your breathing accelerates, and you feel flushed with adrenaline] — all signs [that a disruptive
emotion is at work].
times all signs

Word Search

1. s : to prevent something from being seen or expressed or from operating

2. s : something that causes growth or activity
3. d : causing or tending to cause disruption

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[9~10]

A friend of mine, David, used to be the house magician at a restaurant in Massachusetts.

Every night he passed around the tables; coins walked through his fingers, reappeared
exactly where they shouldn’t, disappeared again, divided in two, vanished into nothing. One
evening, two customers returned to the restaurant shortly after leaving and pulled David
aside, looking (a) troubled. When they left the restaurant, they said, the sky had appeared
shockingly blue and the clouds large and vivid. Had he put something in their drinks? As
the weeks went by, it continued to happen — customers returned to say the traffic had
seemed louder than it was before, the streetlights brighter, the patterns on the sidewalk more
fascinating, the rain more refreshing. The magic tricks were (b) changing the way people
experienced the world.
David explained to me why he thought this happened. Our perceptions work in large
part by expectation. It takes (c) less cognitive effort to make sense of the world using
preconceived images updated with a small amount of new sensory information than
to constantly form entirely new perceptions from scratch. It is our preconceptions that
(d) create the blind spots in which magicians do their work. By attrition, coin tricks loosen
the grip of our expectations about the way hands and coins work. Eventually, they loosen
the grip of our expectations on our perceptions more generally. On leaving the restaurant,
the sky looked different because the diners saw the sky as it was there and then, rather than
as they expected it to be. Tricked out of our expectations, we fall back on our senses. What’s
astonishing is the (e) resemblance between what we expect to find and what we find when
we actually look.
*from scratch: **attrition:

76
9 22664-0069

How Magicians Use Your Emotions

Expecting Less Enhances Your Perception
Secrets to Efficient Information Processing
Key to Magic Tricks Use Your Sixth Sense
Do Not Believe What You Hear from Others

10 22664-0070

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Sentence Structure

It is [our preconceptions] that ~ the blind spots [in which magicians do their work].
It is ~ that It is that the blind spots

Word Search

1. v : to disappear or stop being present or existing, especially in a sudden, surprising

way
2. p : an awareness of things through the physical senses, especially sight
3. s : relating to sensation or the physical senses; transmitted or perceived by the
senses

77
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22664-0071

The body of modern humans has adaptations that allow us to be more mobile than other
large animals. Even though we aren’t fast runners compared to horses, lions, and chimpanzees,
we can walk for miles without tiring, and we can, with training, become better at running
long distances than any other mammal. Some of our muscle fibers are actually built differently
than those of the animals we are most closely related to; our muscles are built for efficiency
and endurance rather than speed and strength. We can run marathons in the blazing heat, as
long as we keep drinking water. The skeleton found at Lake Turkana suggesting that our
ancestors that lived 1.5 million years ago already had uniquely human adaptations for
endurance. Their longer legs would have allowed them to stride along faster at a walk than
australopithecines, and the dimensions of the muscles and tendons attached to the leg bones
would have given their legs the same spring and strength that makes modern humans such
efficient runners.
*tendon:

Sentence Structure

The body of modern humans has adaptations [that allow us to be more mobile than other large
animals].
adaptations allow to

Word Search

1. m : moving or capable of moving readily

2. f : a long thin piece of a natural or artificial substance, similar to a thread or hair in
shape
3. a : to fasten or join one thing to another

78
 22664-0072

While we, like our ancestors, do battle in and with the dark hours, we also calculate and
recalculate their value, often cutting sleep time in favour of other obligations. And we tend to
be surprised when sleep researchers reveal the variety and extent of the lives we are
(A) unknowing / unknowingly living while we sleep. Our ancestors would not have been
surprised by this. To them, sleep was an active part of life (B) which / whose only distinction
from waking activity was that it usually took place in darkness. The gods might visit a sleeper
with prophetic dreams, or an enemy might take advantage of a hasty slumber, but for early
humans the rewards of oblivion were in active relation to everything else worth living for. We
are far more likely to see sleep as the necessary evil (C) is required / required for a
productive and happy life.
*slumber: **oblivion:

(A) (B) (C)

unknowing which is required
unknowing whose required
unknowingly whose is required
unknowingly whose required
unknowingly which is required

Sentence Structure

[While we, like our ancestors, do battle in and with the dark hours], we also calculate and recalculate
their value, [often cutting sleep time in favour of other obligations].
while do battle we

Word Search

1. r : to make previously unknown or secret information known to others

2. e : the range, distance, or space that is covered or affected by something
3. d : a difference between two things

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22664-0073

Today’s healthcare settings could not operate without computers and computerized
equipment. Computers are used for business operations, medical records, and collection of
clinical data. Computers may be voice activated for charting at the bedside, for use with
nursing care plans, for communication from the physicians’ office to nursing stations, for
regulating the administration of medications, and for many other facets of operation and
patient care. Most of the equipment used in today’s modern hospital is computerized.
New graduates move into a highly technical world when they seek their first nursing
positions. For those with physical health problems, it may not be possible to move at the
consistent speed required in many direct care nursing positions. The education they receive
to prepare them for these positions also must include the skills necessary to work in this
highly computerized environment.

Sentence Structure

For those with physical health problems, it may not be possible [to move at the consistent speed
{required in many direct care nursing positions}].
it the consistent speed

Word Search

1. a : to make a piece of equipment or a process start working

2. r : to set or adjust the amount, degree, or rate of something; control
3. s : to try to find something or someone that you need in your life

80
 22664-0074

People tend to wear the mask that shows them off in the best possible light — humble,
confident, diligent. They say the right things, smile, and seem interested in our ideas.
They learn to conceal their insecurities and envy.

(A) Armed with this knowledge, you can take the proper defensive measures. On the
other hand, since appearances are what people judge you by, you must learn how to
present the best front and play your role to maximum effect.
(B) If we take this appearance for reality, we never really know their true feelings, and on
occasion we are blindsided by their sudden resistance, hostility, and manipulative
actions. Fortunately, the mask has cracks in it.
(C) People continually leak out their true feelings and unconscious desires in the
nonverbal cues they cannot completely control — facial expressions, vocal
inflections, tension in the body, and nervous gestures. You must master this language
by transforming yourself into a superior reader of men and women.
*blindside: **inflection:

(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A)

(C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A)

Sentence Structure

People continually leak out their true feelings and unconscious desires in [the nonverbal cues {they
cannot completely control}] — [facial expressions, vocal inflections, tension in the body, and nervous
gestures].
the nonverbal cues they
that which

Word Search

1. h : not proud and not thinking that you are better than other people
2. c : to prevent someone from seeing or knowing your feelings
3. c : a narrow opening between two things or parts of things

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22664-0075

Absolute poverty (being below a certain threshold of basic needs) has received most
attention in the context of developing countries. Absolute poverty is commonly understood to
be morally unacceptable and unjust in that it reflects a situation where severe deprivation
perseveres in a world otherwise characterized by abundance. It is also possible to demonstrate
that absolute poverty is economically inefficient and costly. People who are poor may have
economically viable projects and be highly rational decision-makers. However, if the
resources they command are insufficient translate these projects into sustainable activities,
economic opportunities can be wasted and their resources degraded. An asset-based poverty
line is thus conceivable, and attempts to estimate this suggest that such a line is also above
most of the international poverty lines.
*viable: **conceivable:

Sentence Structure

It is also possible [to demonstrate {that absolute poverty is ~ inefficient and costly}].
It demonstrate

Word Search

1. a : plentifulness of the good things of life

2. d : to lower in quality or value; make inferior or less valuable
3. e : to calculate approximately (the amount, extent, magnitude, or value of something)

82
 22664-0076

Global health is a social concept (A) which / about which there is a great deal of
misunderstanding, even among those who are part of it. Global health work, like other
productive activities (for example the state, the family, sport), is a social institution completely
integrated into and influenced by the structure of all our other social institutions. Those who
work on global health view the topic through a lens that has been moulded by their social
experience. Global health work is a human productive activity that takes time and money, and
so (B) are / is guided by and directed by those forces that have control over money and time.
People earn their living by “doing global health” and as a consequence the dominant social
and economic forces in society (C) determine / determining to a large extent what global
health is about and how it is pursued.
*mould:

(A) (B) (C)

which are determine
which is determining
about which is determine
about which is determining
about which are determine

Sentence Structure

Global health work, like other productive activities (for example the state, the family, sport), is a
social institution [completely integrated into and influenced by {the structure of all our other social
institutions}].
a social institution into by

Word Search

1. i : a custom, practice, or law that is accepted and used by many people

2. i : to combine two or more things in order to form a single unit or system
3. d : more important, powerful, or successful than the other people or things of the
same type

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22664-0077

Job insecurity is obviously felt in France by workers with fixed-term contracts, whose jobs
are by definition precarious. More surprisingly, workers with permanent contracts also feel
insecure, even though they benefit from what are in practice the world’s most protective labor
laws. This observation is not as paradoxical as it seems, insofar as a worker with a
“permanent” contract knows that if he is fired or his firm goes bankrupt and he becomes
unemployed, his chances of finding an equivalent job are limited. Conversely, workers may
wish to take on new professional challenges and acquire knowledge while exploring new
fields. This leads to a feeling of pessimism that pervades the whole of French society and
paralyzes it, handicapping its ability to adapt and innovate. While the French example is
extreme, it illustrates the degree to which employment laws may have unintended
consequences.
*precarious: **pervade:

Sentence Structure

This observation is not as paradoxical as it seems, [insofar as a worker with a “permanent” contract
knows {that <if he is fired or his firm goes bankrupt and he becomes unemployed>, his chances of
finding an equivalent job are limited}].
insofar as knows

Word Search

1. p : happening or existing for a long time or for all time in the future
2. b : declared in law unable to pay outstanding debts
3. i : to show what something is like, or to show that something is true

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 22664-0078

In nature as a whole, orders of growth and decay are inseparably interwoven, as two
sides of one overall generative process. For example, with plants such growth and decay
give rise to the ground out of which other plants can grow.

(A) Furthermore the decay of one society could provide a kind of fertile ground for the
growth of a new one. Thus it can be plausibly argued that this whole cycle is in some
sense conducive to creativity.
(B) In early times, such as the Stone Age, this cycle was, in a certain sense, a viable
possibility for humanity as a whole. Decay could take place in some part of the
world, while growth and flowering occurred in other parts.
(C) Indeed, without the death of the individual organism, life would not go on. It is also a
rather common feeling that perhaps it is natural for societies to take part in this cycle,
so that the ultimate decay of each society is therefore inevitable.
*plausibly: **conducive:

(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A)

(C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A)

Sentence Structure

It is also a rather common feeling [that perhaps it is natural for societies {to take part in this cycle}, {so
that the ultimate decay of each society is therefore inevitable}].
It it for societies
so that ~

Word Search

1. d : the process of becoming gradually worse in quality

2. f : rich in material needed to sustain plant growth
3. o : a living thing that has the ability to act or function independently

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[9~10]

Humans are natural people watchers, and most of the time we look at faces and eyes. The
focus of another person’s gaze is a very powerful signal for us to look in the (a) same
direction. Magic Johnson was a great basketball player because he used the “no look” pass:
he could pass the ball to a teammate without taking his eye off his opponent. He could
(b) control his gaze to hold the other player’s attention and not betray with his eyes where
he was about to pass. More impressive was his ability to look toward one teammate and
then pass to a completely different person.
Our difficulty in (c) ignoring the gaze of another person shows what an important
component of human social interaction it is. They say that the eyes are a window to the
soul. I don’t know about souls, but eyes are a pretty good (d) indicator of what someone
may be thinking. You can observe this yourself the next time you are standing in line at the
supermarket checkout. Just watch the rich exchange of glances between people. It’s
remarkable that we are often so unaware of how important the language of the eyes is. This
is one reason why it is so (e) comfortable to have a conversation with someone who is
wearing sunglasses. We cannot monitor where they are looking. Police officers wear
mirrored sunglasses to intimidate suspects for this very reason.

86
9 22664-0079

Gazing A Significant Part of Social Interaction

Two Ways of Gazing for Desire Direct and Indirect
Ways of Seeing The Male Gaze and the Female Gaze
Analysis of Gazing Points in Face-to-Face Conversations
Effects of Gazing on Athletic Performance and Development

10 22664-0080

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Sentence Structure

It’s remarkable [that we are often so unaware of {how important the language of the eyes is}].
It of

Word Search

1. o : someone who is competing against you

2. r : unusual in a way that surprises or impresses you
3. s : someone who the police believe may have committed a crime

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22664-0081

It’s very helpful to teach the concept that if something can’t be changed presently, there’s not
much point getting upset about it. Most children learn this concept most easily with animals.
Start with really obvious things, such as pointing out that a rabbit, for example, cannot open
the door to its cage and come over to eat the carrot you are holding, no matter how much
you might want it to. The rabbit is simply incapable of opening the lock on the cage door.
Ever. So there is no point thinking it is a stupid rabbit if you are sitting across the room with a
carrot in your hand. It isn’t being stupid. It’s doing the best it can, and we need to accept it
for where it is at in its reasoning abilities. Most children can see this easily. Move on to more
complex areas, such as how the rabbit scratches and struggles to get away when someone
picks it up and holds it incorrectly. It doesn’t know our thoughts and isn’t able to think like
a human, so it can’t understand why it is being held that way and becomes amused.

Sentence Structure

Start with really ~ things, such as pointing out [that a rabbit, for example, cannot open the door to its
cage and come over to eat the carrot {you are holding}, {no matter how much you might want it to}].
pointing out the carrot
no matter how ~ to open ~ holding

Word Search

1. o : easy for the mind to understand or recognize

2. c : a box made of wire or metal bars in which people keep animals or birds
3. r : a process of thinking carefully about something in order to make a judgment

88
 22664-0082

Adapting our skills for success in a less-than-perfect world means not only (A) ignoring /
managing the gray, subjective areas around and within us, but it also means doing the very
best we can with what we have. In situations with shocking shortfalls — in information,
time, materials, manpower, money — leaders cannot shut down or walk away. In a crisis we
don’t get to fill out an acquisition report or complain to our boss. We throw someone over our
shoulder and do what needs to be done without the (B) loss / luxury of all of the information,
and in a stressful time crunch. Nobody has enough money. No one has enough time or
manpower. But that doesn’t have to be a bad thing. As necessity is the mother of invention, so
can constraints bring out the best in us. (C) Improved / Tightened circumstances force us to
rethink, reframe, and do things differently, instead of conducting business as usual.

(A) (B) (C)

ignoring loss Improved
ignoring loss Tightened
ignoring luxury Improved
managing luxury Improved
managing luxury Tightened

Sentence Structure

[Adapting our skills for success in a less-than-perfect world] means not only ~ the gray, subjective
areas around and within us, but it also means [doing the very best {we can with <what we have>}].
it means
the very best with

Word Search

1. s : relating to the way a person experiences things in his or her own mind
2. m : the number of people who are available to work
3. c : something that limits or restricts someone or something

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22664-0083

There were no poisons, and nothing was allowed to influence the children’s food choices
except their own appetites.

Some have argued that people have an innate “body wisdom” that guides them to select
healthful foods naturally, thus implying that nutrition education is not needed. Much of
this line of thought grew out of the work of Clara Davis, who studied the spontaneous
food choices of infants. ( ) The infants, ages 6 to 11 months, were weaned by allowing
them to self-select their entire diets from a total of 34 foods, without added salt or sugar,
which were rotated — a few at a time — at each meal. ( ) Davis reported that after
several months of such “spontaneous” food selection, the children’s nutritional status and
health were excellent. ( ) However, one should note that the 34 foods were all simply
prepared, minimally processed, and nutritious whole foods, such as steamed vegetables,
fruit juice, milk, meat, and oatmeal. ( ) In other words, the food items were offered by
caretakers who were trained to provide no encouragements or discouragements while the
children ate. ( ) It comes as no surprise that the infants’ health was superb.
*wean:

Sentence Structure

Some have argued [that people have an innate “body wisdom” {that guides them to select healthful
foods naturally}], thus [implying {that nutrition education is not needed}].
argued an innate body wisdom
Some ~ naturally implying

Word Search

1. i : existing from the time a person or animal is born

2. s : done or said in a natural and often sudden way and without a lot of thought or
planning
3. a : a physical desire for food

90
 22664-0084

Sports teams are often cohesive groups, not simply because they wear uniforms of the
same color, but because they frequently have to work together for the common good
against a common opponent. A team that merely practiced, without ever playing against
an opponent, would probably not feel so unified. It is quite possible that the deeply
rooted human impulse to form social groups was partly stimulated by competition among
groups. If a lone person wanted something — the fruit on a particular tree, for example
— and a group also wanted it, the group would almost always win. Over evolutionary
history, loners would therefore be losers, whereas the people who passed on their genes
toward future generations would be the ones who formed groups. Groups promote safety,
they find and share food, and they can do tasks that no one individual can do alone.
*cohesive:

(A) among groups partly contribute to the impulse to form social groups, and
groups may provide the advantage for their success in (B) compared to loners.

(A) (B) (A) (B)

Differences exploration Differences unification
Collaborations reproduction Rivalries unification
Rivalries reproduction

Sentence Structure

It is quite possible [that {the deeply rooted human impulse <to form social groups>} was partly
stimulated by competition among groups].
It was stimulated the deeply
rooted human impulse to

Word Search

1. o : someone who you try to defeat in a competition, game, fight, or argument

2. i : a sudden strong desire to do something
3. p : to help something to develop or increase

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22664-0085

One way to ensure that our observations remain objective is to quantify them by counting,
estimating, or using measuring tools. “Small” might mean different things to different people:
a ladybug is small compared with a dog, but a dog is small compared with an elephant.
Adding numbers will help generate interpretation and doubt. “Small” is subjective; “one
inch across” is not. Measure whenever you can, estimate when you can’t, but always use
numerical values. Instead of saying there are “many” lights on the ceiling above the woman
in Edward Hopper’s Automat, note that there are “two rows of seven lights.” Rather than
stating that “there are a few chairs” in the scene, be specific: “there are three dark, wooden,
armless chairs visible.” Even phenomena that can’t be counted or measured can be quantified.
Instead of saying that the dog is “smelly,” quantify it: “On a scale of one to five, five being
the worst, the smell emanating from the dog was a four.”
*emanate from:

Sentence Structure

[One way to ensure {that our observations remain ~}] is [to quantify them by {counting, estimating, or
using measuring tools}].
to ensure
by

Word Search

1. e : to make something sure, certain, or safe

2. e : to give or form a general idea about the value, size, or cost of something
3. c : the inside surface at the top of a room

92
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Each animal in nature is usually best adapted to one habitat or biome, where their bodies
have the nature-provided tools to obtain resources and to avoid hazards. A Bengal tiger would
not trade places with a Gobi camel, as neither one has the tools to cope with the (A) natural /
swapped habitats. When the season changes, some animals migrate a great distance each
year to favored habitats, such as the annual arctic tern flight from the Arctic to the Antarctic
and back. The fable of the Hedgehog and the Fox describes two animals with different
(B) handicaps / strategies . The single-minded hedgehog has one big idea to cope with any
problem, by rolling up into a ball, but the versatile fox has many small ideas, by studying each
situation and arriving at a (C) fixed / tailored solution. Humans are the most versatile in
adaptations, as the clever fox that can live anywhere.
*biome: **tern:

(A) (B) (C)

natural handicaps fixed
natural handicaps tailored
swapped strategies fixed
swapped strategies tailored
swapped handicaps tailored

Sentence Structure

Each animal in nature is usually best adapted to one habitat or biome, [where their bodies have the
nature-provided tools {to obtain resources and to avoid hazards}].
one habitat or biome the nature-provided tools to

Word Search

1. h : something that may be dangerous, or cause accidents or problems

2. m : to move from one area to another at different times of the year
3. v : good at doing a lot of different things and able to learn new skills quickly and easily

93
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22664-0087

When you blow on your coffee, you are pushing these high-kinetic-energy molecules
away from the cup, preventing them from returning to the liquid and redepositing their
energy into the liquid.

A refrigerator lowers its internal temperature using the same physics you rely on to cool
off a hot cup of coffee by blowing on it — evaporation cooling. ( ) Say your morning
cup of coffee is too hot to drink. ( ) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic
energy of the molecules in the coffee. ( ) That is, some molecules will have a kinetic
energy below the average, and some will be much more energetic. ( ) Those more
energetic, eager-beaver molecules form the cloud of steam over your coffee cup and have
enough kinetic energy to initiate a phase transition, moving from the liquid state into the
vapor phase. ( ) With those high-energy molecules no longer part of the coffee liquid-
vapor system, the new average kinetic energy of all the molecules is lower than it was
before, reflected in a lower temperature for your coffee.
*kinetic: **eager-beaver: ***phase transition:

Sentence Structure

When you blow on your coffee, you are pushing these high-kinetic-energy molecules away from the
cup, [preventing them from returning to the liquid and redepositing their energy into the liquid].
When ~ cup prevent ~ from -ing
returning redepositing

Word Search

1. m : the smallest possible amount of a particular substance that has all the characteristics
of that substance
2. i : to start or begin
3. v : a mass of very small drops of a liquid which float in the air, for example because
the liquid has been heated

94
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We read an article in the newspaper about a famine that is starving three million
children in sub-Saharan Africa. We shake our heads and turn the page. Then we see a
TV documentary that explores the life of one such child and his family. Our check is
in the mail. Why is it that a matter-of-fact account of the suffering of many stimulates
little while a vivid account of the suffering of one immediately gets us to do something?
Psychologist Paul Slovic suggests that we are driven in situations like this by our
emotional reactions to suffering. An explicitly identified single individual, with a face, a
name, and a life story, elicits far more empathy and compassion than a number, no matter
how big the number. And it is our empathy and compassion — our emotions — that
compel us to act. In many studies, Slovic and his collaborators have shown that people
are more willing to volunteer time, or contribute money, when they read, for example,
a detailed account of a single flood victim than when they read a less vivid account of
hundreds or thousands who have lost their homes.

A vivid and detailed narrative of a person’s misery (A) emotions that lead
people to (B) actions, rather than a matter-of-fact account of numerous victims.

(A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B)

arouses reckless arouses charitable weakens selfish
weakens charitable regulates reckless

Sentence Structure

[An explicitly identified single individual, with a face, a name, and a life story], [elicits far more
empathy and compassion than a number], [no matter how big the number].
far more ~ than
no matter how is

Word Search

1. f : a situation in which many people do not have enough food to eat

2. a : a story or report about something
3. v : someone who suffers because of something bad that happens

95
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[9~11]

(A)
“Hey, wanna join me on a radio show after lunch?” Alyssa froze, her eyes growing
round as she stared at Molly. Molly is extravagantly generous and completely random like
that. (a) She is the executive director of a small nonprofit in town and had been given the
opportunity to share on the local talk-radio station about how assistive technology could
keep senior citizens in their homes longer.
*extravagantly:

(B)
While they don’t often have the chance to work together, Molly is a consistent cheerleader
in Alyssa’s life. (b) She is a strong leader, and she is always looking for ways that everyone
can win. There is no competition with this friend; she is wholeheartedly collaborative
in everything she does. Molly is a beautiful example of a woman who embodies the
giving spirit. (c) Her generosity with her time, her talents, and her resources has impacted
thousands of lives, and Alyssa strives to be more like her.

(C)
Molly’s invitation was sincere, and later that day Alyssa found herself being introduced
to the radio host and settling herself into a corner of the on-air studio, assuming that (d) her
role would be small and that of a supporting character in the interview. As it turned out, the
host introduced Alyssa and her law firm each time they broke for sponsors and again as they
returned to the air — which was easily hundreds of dollars in free radio advertising.

(D)
Though Alyssa was initially hesitant because she’d had no time to prepare and she felt
nervous about being on live radio, it all went fine, and she and Molly shared one last
chuckle in the parking lot afterward before they slipped into their cars and went back to
their respective offices. As Alyssa recounted the unexpected adventure to her husband
that evening, her thoughts turned again to Molly and the value of the radio time (e) she
suggested.

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(B) (D) (C) (C) (B) (D) (C) (D) (B)

(D) (B) (C) (D) (C) (B)

10 22664-0090

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

11 22664-0091

Molly Alyssa
Molly Alyssa
Molly
Alyssa
Alyssa

Sentence Structure

Molly’s invitation was sincere, and later that day Alyssa found herself [being introduced to the radio
host] and [settling herself into a corner of the on-air studio, {assuming that her role would be small
and that of a supporting character in the interview}].
found herself settling ~ studio

Word Search

1. c : always acting or behaving in the same way

2. e : to be a very good example of an idea or quality
3. h : uncertain about what to do or say because you are nervous or unwilling

97
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22664-0092

Discussions of corporate governance still pay much attention to the structure, role, and
responsibilities of the board of directors. Most boards contain a mixture of insiders and
outsiders. Insiders are people who are employed or have been employed by the corporation
or its subsidiaries. The CEO of a corporation, for example, is often a member of its board of
directors. Outsiders are more independent of the corporation. The insiders provide specific
insight into the relevant corporation. They have specialized information and experience of
the corporation precisely because of their close links to it. The outsiders provide a more
objective perspective and a more neutral oversight. They can prevent group-think and
collusion among the insiders, thereby protecting the interests of the shareholders. Indeed, most
accounts of corporate governance overlook the importance of the board having a majority of
outsiders. Studies suggest that having a majority of outsiders on the board generally improves
the performance of a corporation.
*subsidiary: **collusion:

Sentence Structure

They can ~ group-think and collusion among the insiders, [thereby protecting the interests of the
shareholders].

Word Search

1. n : not supporting or favoring either side in a war, dispute, or contest

2. o : the job of checking that a process or system is working well
3. s : someone who holds shares of stock in a corporation

98
 22664-0093

Although all human populations represent a single evolutionary lineage, there are some
genetic differences between human populations. These differences are (A) minor / significant
compared to the interpopulation differences observed in most other species. We are not
subdivided into discrete groups and clusters, as most of our diversity displays gradual changes,
including such traditional “racial” traits such as skin color. The few genetic changes that
show a more discrete distribution have distributions that (B) exclude / reflect local selective
agents and not races. For example, sickle cell is found in high frequency in malarial regions
and is not a disease of “blacks,” as it is in high frequency in many non-African populations
that live in malarial regions. The vast majority of genetic diversity in humans exists between
us as individuals, not members of a population, making each of us genetically (C) unique /
uniform .
*lineage: **sickle cell:

(A) (B) (C)

minor exclude unique
minor reflect uniform
minor reflect unique
significant reflect uniform
significant exclude uniform

Sentence Structure

The few genetic changes [that show a more discrete distribution] have distributions [that ~ local
selective agents and not races].
The few genetic changes distributions

Word Search

1. d : separate and different from each other

2. d : the process of spreading something over an area or the way in which it is spread
3. f : the number of instances of something

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22664-0094

Sadly, however, Turkmenistan’s irrigation systems are poorly designed and inefficient,
resulting in large tracts of cropland facing problems of salinization and/or waterlogging.

Very huge expansions in irrigated cropland were achieved in parts of Central Asia
during the 20th century during the period of the Soviet Union. ( ) The Karakum
Canal, which diverts water from the Amudarya westwards across southern Turkmenistan,
was completed in 1986 after more than 30 years in construction. ( ) The canal is no
less than 1,400 kilometres long and the water it delivers has enabled crops to be grown
on more than 7,000 square kilometres of land that would otherwise be too dry for
cultivation. ( ) The loss of water from irrigation canals is also considerable. ( ) Most
are not lined, so water seeps away, and evaporation rates in the arid climate are high.
( ) Consequently, more than one-third of the water diverted from the Amudarya never
reaches the fields.
*tract: **salinization: ***seep:

Sentence Structure

Sadly, however, Turkmenistan’s irrigation systems are poorly designed and inefficient, [resulting in
{large tracts of cropland facing problems of salinization and/or waterlogging}].
in large tracts of
cropland facing

Word Search

1. i : not producing desired results

2. e : the process of increasing in size and filling more space
3. e : change from a liquid to a vapor

100
 22664-0095

No one likes the feeling that other people are waiting — impatiently — for a response.
At the beginning of the day, faced with an overflowing inbox, an array of voice mail
messages, and the list of next steps from your last meeting, it’s tempting to “clear the
decks” before starting your own work. When you’re up-to-date, you tell yourself, it will
be easier to focus. The trouble with this approach is it means spending the best part of
the day on other people’s priorities. By the time you settle down to your own work, it
could be mid-afternoon, when your energy dips and your brain slows. “Oh well, maybe
tomorrow will be better,” you tell yourself. But tomorrow brings another pile of e-mails,
phone messages, and to-do list items. If you carry on like this, you will spend most of
your time responding to incoming demands and answering questions framed by other
people. And you will never create anything truly worthwhile.

Focusing on (A) work to deal with other people’s priorities before starting
your own work will make you (B) .

(A) (B) (A) (B)

reactive charitable reactive unproductive
creative impatient creative exhausted
repetitive social

Sentence Structure

The trouble with this approach is [it means {spending the best part of the day on other people’s
priorities}].
is it that means

Word Search

1. i : a place on a computer where e-mails that are sent to you are kept
2. p : something important that must be done first or needs more attention than anything
else
3. w : sufficiently valuable to justify the investment of time or interest

101
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22664-0096

Every comic moment is traumatic. The enjoyment that comedy offers is inseparable from
the trauma associated with making conscious an unconscious connection. Comedy forces us
to confront, for instance, the failings of those whom we suppose to embody flawless authority.
This authority secures the ground of our existence. Though we can laugh at this ground
trembling, it nonetheless also delivers a traumatic shock. Or comedy makes explicit the
connection between the act of eating and the act of defecating, a connection that might make
it harder to enjoy a hamburger. Those who hate all forms of comedy and retreat from every
joker they see coming are in some sense wrong. They recognize the inseparability of the
enjoyment that comedy provides from its traumatic impact. There is no comedy without a jolt
that potentially shatters the ground of our everyday lives.
*defecate: **jolt:

Sentence Structure

The enjoyment [that comedy offers] is inseparable from the trauma [associated with {making
conscious an unconscious connection}].
The enjoyment the trauma with
an unconscious connection making conscious

Word Search

1. t : causing physical or especially psychological injury

2. e : to represent or express something abstract in tangible form
3. e : precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable

102
 22664-0097

The response you make to someone’s message does not have to be (A) accurate /
immediate . You can respond minutes, days, or even years later. For example, your second-
grade teacher may have asked you to stop throwing rocks at a group of birds that were on the
playground. Perhaps the teacher added that the birds were part of a family and were gathering
food for their babies. She might also have indicated that birds feel (B) joy / pain just like
people. Perhaps twenty years later, as you think about eating an animal, you remember those
words from your teacher and decide to become a vegetarian. It is important to remember the
power of your messages and to consider the (C) ethical / economic consequences of your
communication actions, for, whether or not you want to grant those consequences, you are
changing people each time you exchange messages with them.

(A) (B) (C)

accurate joy ethical
accurate pain economic
immediate pain ethical
immediate joy economic
immediate pain economic

Sentence Structure

For example, your second-grade teacher may have asked you [to stop throwing rocks at a group of
birds {that were on the playground}].
asked to a group of birds

Word Search

1. v : someone who chooses not to eat meat or fish

2. g : to admit that something is true
3. c : a result or effect of something

103
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22664-0098

However, there are also a lot of downsides to hierarchy, and over the last decade my
collaborators and I have documented the many ways in which it can go wrong.

Hierarchy is probably the most common form of organizing the workplace. There
aren’t a lot of good alternatives to it, and companies need some say in managing workers,
particularly as they scale. ( ) Team members squabble over resources, engage in power
struggles, and battle over rank. ( ) All of this harms performance. ( ) One of the
burning questions in management research right now is, what are the best alternatives to
hierarchy? ( ) But it’s a complex picture — hierarchy isn’t always bad or harmful, and
its effectiveness may depend on where and how it’s implemented, and how the person
at the top manages the hierarchy. ( ) For example, there is growing interest in remote
work and virtual teams, and in that context, hierarchy works quite well.
*downside: **hierarchy: ***squabble:

Sentence Structure

But it’s a complex picture — hierarchy isn’t always bad or harmful, and its effectiveness may depend
on [where and how it’s implemented], and [how the person at the top manages the hierarchy].
and on

Word Search

1. a : something that you can choose instead of something else

2. d : a period of ten years
3. r : something such as money, workers, or equipment that can be used to help an
institution or a business

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 22664-0099

When we look around at our dwellings at the end of our lives and survey all the
commodities that we have accumulated, we often come to the insight that they amount
to nothing but a heap of worthless junk. Like most insights that come as one approaches
the end, this one is entirely misleading. The fact that the commodities were worthless
junk from the beginning is what gave them their sublimity and what gave us enjoyment
in accumulating them. No one values accumulating useful things. The collector, who
is a derivation of the capitalist bent on total accumulation, always collects items with
no use value — old stamps, empty beer cans, baseball trading cards, and so on. One
doesn’t collect useful items because there is no enjoyment attached to their accumulation.
Though capitalism preaches self-interest, the enjoyment that it offers — the enjoyment of
the sublime commodity — is an enjoyment that depends on the absence of self-interest.
*sublimity: **derivation:

The idea that what we as collectors have accumulated is (A) at the end of our lives
is completely false, since we get (B) from the act of collecting it.

(A) (B) (A) (B)

valueless pleasure valueless frustration
profitable tension profitable frustration
interesting pleasure
Sentence Structure

When we [look around at our dwellings at the end of our lives] and [survey all the commodities {that
we have accumulated}], we often come to the insight [that they amount to nothing but a heap of
worthless junk].
and we all the commodities
the insight

Word Search

1. a : to get more and more of something over a period of time

2. m : intended or likely to make someone believe something that is incorrect or not true
3. s : interest in yourself and how to gain advantages for yourself

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[9~11]

(A)
Gifts build fans and result in people sharing on social media and in person to their friends.
A gift is often so unexpected that people can’t help but feel compelled to talk about it.
When Paul needed to go from (a) his hotel at Sydney Olympic Park to the international
airport for a flight to Los Angeles, he asked a hotel staffer to call a cab. About halfway
through the forty-five-minute ride to the airport, Paul’s driver turned to him and handed him
a pen with the words “HI CHARLIE” (in all capital letters) and his telephone number on it.
Paul smiled and said “Hi, Charlie!”

(B)
Five months later Paul was in Sydney again. This time, he didn’t ask the hotel to call him
a cab. And (b) he didn’t use a ride-sharing company. This time when he was ready to go
to the airport, he knew what to do. And when he got into his cab for the second time, he
greeted his driver with “Hi, Charlie!” Just as the free pen had prompted Paul to do.

(C)
At first, Paul thought he didn’t really need a pen, and was about to give it back. And
then (c) he started to think about that gift. The hotel called Charlie’s cab over the other
cabs in the area, so he was doing something right to get that work. But with ride-sharing
companies, the traditional cab business was getting squeezed. How could an independent
cab driver compete? The pen was an interesting way to stand out and be remembered. And
then Charlie gave Paul another unexpected gift.

(D)
When they were about a mile from the airport, Charlie did something Paul has never
experienced before in hundreds of cab rides in cities all over the world. He turned the meter
off at exactly one hundred dollars. Paul and Charlie didn’t set that as a fixed price, and Paul
was willing to pay the full fare. (d) He just turned off the meter! At the end of the ride, Paul
tried to give Charlie a tip, but he refused. Paul had such a great experience and shared it on
(e) his blog.

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(B) (D) (C) (C) (B) (D) (C) (D) (B)

(D) (B) (C) (D) (C) (B)

10 22664-0101

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

11 22664-0102

Paul
Paul Sydney
Paul Charlie
Charlie 100
Charlie Paul

Sentence Structure

Gifts [build fans] and [result in {people sharing on social media and in person to their friends}].
and Gifts in people

Word Search

1. u : not anticipated
2. g : to welcome someone with particular words or a particular action
3. f : the money that you pay for a journey in a vehicle such as a bus or train

107
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22664-0103

The problem is not that using social media directly makes us unhappy. Indeed, as the
positive studies found, certain social media activities, when isolated in an experiment,
modestly boost well-being. The key issue is that using social media tends to take people
away from the real-world socializing that’s massively less valuable. As the negative studies
imply, the more you use social media, the less time you tend to devote to offline interaction,
and therefore the worse this value deficit becomes — leaving the heaviest social media
users much more likely to be lonely and miserable. The small boosts you receive from posting
on a friend’s wall or liking their latest Instagram photo can’t come close to compensating for
the large loss experienced by no longer spending real-world time with that same friend. As
Shakya summarizes: “Where we want to be cautious ... is when the sound of a voice or a cup
of coffee with a friend is replaced with ‘likes’ on a post.”

Sentence Structure

Indeed, as the positive studies found, certain social media activities, [when isolated in an experiment],
modestly ~ well-being.
certain social media activities

Word Search

1. i : to separate a part of a situation, problem, idea, etc. so that you can see what it is
and deal with it separately
2. d : an amount (such as an amount of money) that is less than the amount that is
needed
3. c : to provide something good to balance or reduce the bad effects of damage, loss,
etc.

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 22664-0104

It turns out that we tend to have more doubt about the truth of the facts described by
speakers with a foreign accent compared to native speakers. For example, if we are asked to
judge whether we believe the content is real in the phrase Ants do not sleep, we believe it to be
more (A) doubtful / true when someone with a native accent says it rather than someone
with a foreign accent. In addition, it seems that when we interact with a person who has a
foreign accent, we tend to process language somewhat differently than with native people. In
some ways, and maybe due to certain problems with understanding, we pay less attention to
the details of speech and look more at the communicative (B) format / intent . It’s a bit like
we do not care what the person says, but what they really mean. And that is why our memory
of the exact words that people use in a conversation is much more accurate when people speak
with a (C) native / foreign accent. So when you speak in a foreign language, don’t expect
people to remember exactly what you said or the details of your message.

(A) (B) (C)

doubtful format native
doubtful intent foreign
true format foreign
true intent native
doubtful format foreign

Sentence Structure

It’s a bit like [we do not care {what the person says}, but {what they really mean}].
like not ~ but
care

Word Search

1. j : to form an opinion about somebody or something, based on the information you

have
2. c : the things that are contained in something
3. e : fully and completely correct or accurate

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22664-0105

Nevertheless, even purely scientific voyages were intended to enhance the image of the
sponsoring nation in an eighteenth-and-nineteenth-century equivalent of the Cold War
space race.

Driven by enlightenment ideals, exploration gradually evolved from the wholesale

plunder of foreign lands in search of gold to more virtuous scientific purposes. Instead of
conquerors, explorers were now botanists, physicists, astronomers, and anthropologists.
( ) It was no longer enough to merely find the world — exploration now meant truly
discovering it. ( ) Curiosity had always been an exploratory motive, but an international
competition for prestige based on scientific discovery was something new. ( ) Even the
ships were intended to reflect the new ideals under which they sailed, with names such as
Discovery, Resolution, Endeavour, Adventure, Géographie, Naturaliste, and Astrolabe.
( ) Some ventures, such as the French 1735 mission to Ecuador to measure the shape
of Earth, were virtually devoid of nonscientific purpose. ( ) In this exploratory contest,
a new figure emerged: the scientist-hero, conquering ignorance on behalf of the nation.
*plunder: **devoid of:

Sentence Structure

[Driven by enlightenment ideals], exploration gradually evolved from [the wholesale plunder of
foreign lands in search of gold] to [more virtuous scientific purposes].
exploration from ~ to

Word Search

1. s : to pay for someone to do something or for something to happen

2. b : someone who studies plants
3. p : the respect and admiration that someone or something gets for being successful
or important

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John Barth discusses an Egyptian papyrus complaining that all the stories have been
told and that therefore nothing remains for the contemporary writer but to retell them.
That papyrus describing the postmodern condition is forty-five hundred years old. This
is not a terrible thing, though. Writers notice all the time that their characters resemble
somebody — Persephone, Pip, Long John Silver, La Belle Dame sans Merci — and
they go with it. What happens, if the writer is good, is usually not that the work seems
derivative or trivial but just the opposite: the work actually acquires depth and resonance
from the echoes and chimes it sets up with prior texts, weight from the accumulated use
of certain basic patterns and tendencies. Moreover, works are actually more comforting
because we recognize elements in them from our prior reading. I suspect that a wholly
original work, one that owed nothing to previous writing, would so lack familiarity as to
be quite discouraging to readers. *derivative:

The (A) between literary works can give them added depth and make them
more (B) for readers to read.

(A) (B) (A) (B)

similarity comfortable difference exciting
connection demanding difference convenient
similarity boring

Sentence Structure

John Barth discusses an Egyptian papyrus [complaining {that all the stories have been told} and {that
therefore nothing remains for the contemporary writer but to retell them}].
an Egyptian papyrus complaining and

Word Search

1. c : belonging to the same time

2. a : to gradually get more and more of something over a period of time
3. d : causing loss of hope or confidence

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22664-0107

In the period after the Second World War, fat and oil were in short supply, so people collected
beechnuts in the woods. These are rare enough most years even without human intervention,
and the animals urgently need these calorie bombs for the winter. But during the war, the rural
population were ruthless in their desperation. Unwilling to wait for the beechnuts to fall
from the trees by themselves, they went around the forest bashing the trunks with mallets.
The serious damage to the trees was seen as a necessary consequence. Gathering firewood,
especially brushwood which isn’t useful for much else, was also common until after the war
and caused widespread harm to the forest. Twigs are mostly made up of bark, which means
they are particularly nutritious for their size. Full of this groundcover of twigs, the forest
was starved, leaving nothing for the smallest woodland inhabitants to eat.
*beechnut: **mallet:

Sentence Structure

Twigs are mostly made up of bark, [which means {they are particularly nutritious for their size}].
means

Word Search

1. d : a state of hopelessness leading to rashness

2. n : containing many of the substances which help the body to grow
3. i : a person or animal that lives in a particular place

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All animals have coping mechanisms, including insects. Contrary to popular opinion, a
harsh winter has little effect on their population size. Otherwise, most insect species would
have long since become (A) extinct / prosperous . A particularly cold winter is therefore no
guarantee that there will be fewer mosquitoes, ticks, or other pests in spring. What is much
harder for animals to bear is the cold, wet weather. At temperatures slightly above freezing,
rain or mist causes the body temperature to fall quickly. Even for us humans — who can
easily wrap up with extra layers of clothing — (B) dry / damp and cold together make for
the worst combination. Water conducts heat better than dry air, so the body cools faster. For
animals, this means that they (C) conserve / consume more energy to maintain the required
minimum temperature. And if their fat reserves are depleted too early, before the end of the
winter — they’re done for.
*tick: **deplete:

(A) (B) (C)

extinct dry conserve
extinct damp consume
extinct damp conserve
prosperous damp conserve
prosperous dry consume

Sentence Structure

A particularly cold winter is therefore no guarantee [that there will be fewer mosquitoes, ticks, or other
pests in spring].
guarantee

Word Search

1. h : very cold, dangerous, or unpleasant and difficult to live in

2. c : a mixture of different people or things
3. r : a supply of something that you keep until it is needed

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22664-0109

If they cannot do this to your satisfaction, it may be fair to suspect that they themselves
do not fully understand what they are trying to say.

Examples can be useful, but only to illustrate what you are saying, never to prove it.
They should be well chosen for the purpose of making a general statement of your point
more intelligible. ( ) Many persons have difficulty in dealing with generalizations,
especially when these are stated at a high level of abstraction. ( ) A concrete example
offered to illustrate something stated abstractly helps them to understand what is being
said. ( ) If you don’t understand what others are saying, it is not only proper but also
prudent for you to ask them to give you an example of the point. ( ) Examples should
be treated like assumptions. ( ) Just as assumptions should be allowed to exert
whatever force they have only with everyone’s explicit acknowledgment and consent, so
examples should stand only if everyone sees their relevance and is aware that they are
being used to illustrate a point, not to prove it.

Sentence Structure

A concrete example [offered {to illustrate something <stated abstractly>}] helps them [to understand
{what is being said}].
A concrete example to something
helps to understand

Word Search

1. g : a statement about all the members of a group that may be true in some or many
situations but is not true in every case
2. a : a general idea or quality rather than an actual person, object, or event
3. c : permission for something to happen or be done

114
 22664-0110

Living below a noisy neighbor can be trying, but what generally is the cause of the
noise? Most of the irritating noise is described as “thuds” or “thumps” and, perhaps
surprisingly, is not due to something like high heels clicking on the floor. Rather it is due
to low-frequency noise generated by someone walking across the floor. The repeated
footfalls cause the floor to oscillate like a drumhead, typically at a frequency between 15
and 35 hertz, which is at the low-frequency end of the audible range for most people.
Such noise can be heard, and even felt, by the downstairs neighbor. The high-frequency
sound of heels clicking on a floor might be heard, but far more energy is transferred to
the drum-like, low-frequency floor oscillations. Installing a carpet might actually worsen
the situation because, with its softer surface, the footfalls can then transfer even more
energy into the floor oscillations. *footfall: **oscillate:

Generally the frequency of the most annoying noises from upstairs neighbors is
(A) , and laying a carpet on the floor might (B) noises since the
footfalls can then transfer more energy into the floor oscillations.

(A) (B) (A) (B)

low increase high worsen
steady absorb high reduce
low relieve

Sentence Structure

The repeated footfalls cause the floor to oscillate like a drumhead, typically at a frequency between 15
and 35 hertz, [which is at the low-frequency end of the audible range for most people].
a frequency ~ 35 hertz

Word Search

1. f : the number of times that something (such as a sound wave or radio wave) is
repeated in a period of time (such as a second)
2. g : to cause something to exist
3. t : to move something or someone to another place

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[9~11]

(A)
We lived in farmland and my dad ran a sawmill. My dad got his leg cut off in a farming
accident just before I was born. At that time, artificial legs were made out of paper with
varnish; they were put around a mold, and there were cables in the ankles that connected
the leg to the foot. (a) He was learning to walk again about the same time I was learning to
walk. So I grew up with my dad’s artificial leg, and things would happen.
*sawmill: **varnish:

(B)
It let out a pretty loud pop, and (b) he said, “Oh, darn, I think I broke my foot!” My dad
came walking across the truck, and the foot was turned at right angles to what it should be.
And he caught that foot in his two hands, and he straightened it up. It cracked and popped
something awful. And that timber checker turned white as cotton. We didn’t think anything
about it.

(C)
One time we were delivering mining materials, and there was a timber checker that had to
look at every support beam that we were unloading. And these headers weighed anywhere
between 200 and 240 pounds apiece. My dad had to pick every one of those up on the truck
and turn it over so the man could see all four edges of it. My dad pulled one of the headers
out and got his artificial leg caught, and as he turned, (c) he snapped one of the cables.

(D)
Several years later, Uncle Lon, my dad’s brother, had run into the guy. He asked Uncle
Lon, “Lon, are you any kin to Tom Granger that used to deliver mining materials?” Uncle
Lon said, “Sure, that’s my little brother.” The timber checker said, “I’ll tell you one thing.
That’s the toughest man I’ve ever seen. When (d) he broke his foot, he just set that thing and
finished unloading that truck.” Well, Uncle Lon was laughing so hard, he said tears were
rolling down his cheeks. (e) He never told the guy that it was an artificial leg that my dad
was working with.

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9 22664-0111

(B) (D) (C) (C) (B) (D) (C) (D) (B)

(D) (B) (C) (D) (C) (B)

10 22664-0112

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

11 22664-0113

Lon Tom Granger

Lon

Sentence Structure

Well, Uncle Lon was laughing so hard, [he said] tears were rolling down his cheeks.
so ~ that he that

Word Search

1. c : to join or be joined with something else

2. u : to remove something (such as cargo) from a truck, ship, etc.
3. s : to break quickly with a short, sharp cracking sound or movement

117
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22664-0114

Some of animal communication techniques are instinctive and require no learning. The
honeybee, for example, needs no lessons to execute or understand its dance. This particular
language is obviously carried from one generation of bees to another in the genes. In other
cases, animal language seems to arise from both genetically transmitted information and
environmental learning. One way to test this statement with songbirds is to raise the birds in
an environment in which they do not hear the songs characteristic of their species. Some
species, such as flycatchers, can produce their songs even when raised in acoustic
abundance. Others, such as wrens, must have a model from which to learn. In an experiment
with cowbirds, for example, chicks from North Carolina were raised around Texas adults. The
result: The chicks grew up singing with a strong Texas accent!
*flycatcher: **wren: ***cowbird:

Sentence Structure

[One way {to test this statement with songbirds}] is [to raise the birds in an environment {in which
they do not hear the songs ~ of their species}].
One way to
to an environment

Word Search

1. e : to perform a difficult action or movement

2. t : to pass information, beliefs, or attitudes to others
3. a : relating to sound and the way people hear things

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 22664-0115

To the extent that the units in a social system are not all identical in their behavior, structure
exists within the system. We define structure as the patterned arrangements of the units in
a system. This structure (A) denies / gives regularity and stability to human behavior in a
social system; it allows one to predict behavior with some degree of accuracy. Thus, structure
represents one type of information in that it (B) decreases / increases uncertainty. Perhaps
we see an illustration of this predictability that is provided by structure in a bureaucratic
organization like a government agency. The well-developed social structure in such a system
consists of hierarchical positions, giving individuals in higher-ranked positions the right to
issue orders to individuals of (C) lower / upper rank. Their orders are expected to be carried
out.
*hierarchical:

(A) (B) (C)

denies decreases lower
gives increases lower
gives decreases lower
gives increases upper
denies decreases upper

Sentence Structure

Perhaps we see an illustration of this predictability [that is provided by structure in a bureaucratic

organization like a government agency].
an illustration of this predictability

Word Search

1. i : being the exact same one; not any other

2. p : to say what you think will happen in the future
3. i : to put forth or distribute for sale or official purposes

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22664-0116

Many of us have experienced that feeling on occasion; and some of us become addicted
to it as means of “self-medication.”

While economic theory is not the driving force behind hyperconsumerism, it has
certainly provided a convenient rationalization. ( ) Hyperconsumerism is the result of a
combination of factors, psychological and sociological, as well as economic. ( )
Purchasing a new thing is a simpler, more easily controllable source of pleasure than
building a new connection with another human being. ( ) To the extent that material
possessions are a source of status in any particular society, it can also be an easier, more
manageable source of social standing and self-esteem. ( ) And there can be a kind of
mild narcotic rush, a fleeting sense of relief from the blues, connected to acquiring a new
thing. ( ) They seem to live by the slogan, “When the going gets tough, the tough go
shopping.”
*narcotic: **fleeting:

Sentence Structure

And there can be [a kind of mild narcotic rush], [a fleeting sense of relief from the blues], [connected
to acquiring a new thing].

Word Search

1. a : compulsively or physiologically dependent on something habit-forming

2. t : one or more ideas that explain how or why something happens
3. s : a position relative to that of others

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 22664-0117

In 1985 the typical American reported having three people he could confide in about
important matters. By 2004 his network had shrunk to two, and it hasn’t bounced back
since. Almost half the population say they have no one, or just one person, in whom they
can confide. Considering that this included close family members, it reflects a stunning
decline in social connection. Other surveys show that people are losing ties with their
neighborhoods and their communities. They are less likely to say they trust other people
and institutions. They don’t invite friends over for dinner or participate in social or
volunteer groups as they did decades ago. Most Americans simply don’t know their
neighbors anymore. Even family bonds are being strained. By 2004 less than 30 percent
of American families ate together every night.

People are becoming (A) because their social network has been (B) .

(A) (B) (A) (B)

active expanding selfish blocked
private complicated solitary shrinking
cautious strengthened

Sentence Structure

In 1985 the typical American reported [having three people {he could confide in about important
matters}].
reported three people he that
whom

Word Search

1. r : to show something; to make something known

2. d : a reduction in the amount or quality of something
3. s : a general examination of a subject or situation

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22664-0118

Provenance in collecting is the proof of originality. Collectors seek authentic originals

with provenance because they are more valuable. But why are originals more valuable than an
identical copy? One could argue that forgeries or identical copies reduce the value of originals
because they compromise the market forces of supply and demand. In the same way that a
prolific artist who floods the market with work enhances the value attributed to each piece,
rarity means limited supply. For many collectors, however, possessing an original object
fulfills a deeper need to connect with the previous owner or the person who made the item.
I think that an art forgery is unacceptable because it does not generate the psychological
essentialist view that something of the artist is literally in the work.
*provenance: **prolific:

Sentence Structure

I think that an art forgery is ~ [because it does not generate the psychological essentialist view {that
something of the artist is literally in the work}].
the psychological essentialist view

Word Search

1. a : real or genuine, not false or copied

2. c : to damage or weaken something
3. f : to supply with an excess of something

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 22664-0119

The need to belong is so innately human that no one can deny its importance. On some level
we all want to be accepted by others — so much so that social (A) exclusion / inclusion
causes the same areas of your brain to light up that physical pain does. Think of a time
when you felt that you did not belong — when you were unwelcomed, unloved, treated with
suspicion, or even ignored. How did it feel? If not painful, it was most likely not a situation
you would want to find yourself in again. This is part of the reason we try to (B) fire / hire
people who are “culture fits” with our organizations. We want to avoid having people who
are unhappy or quit because they don’t fit in. But only hiring people who fit in (C) limits /
maintains the diversity of perspective needed to drive innovation. The alternative is to create
an inclusive space where people — all of whom are different from one another — can fit
together.

(A) (B) (C)

exclusion fire limits
exclusion hire maintains
exclusion hire limits
inclusion hire maintains
inclusion fire limits

Sentence Structure

Think of a time [when you felt {that you did not belong}] — [when you were unwelcomed, unloved,
treated with suspicion, or even ignored].
a time felt

Word Search

1. d : to say that something is not true

2. s : a feeling that someone has done something wrong
3. i : to not consider something, or to not let it influence you

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22664-0120

In a desire for more uniformity and to reduce confusion, the railroads adopted a
standardized time based on Greenwich Mean Time from England.

Before the creation of standardized time, regions of the United States were isolated
pockets each with its own time zone. ( ) Many cities had their own local time based on
the position of the sun at high noon. ( ) A traveler would find that Michigan had
twenty-seven time zones; Indiana, twenty-three; Wisconsin, thirty-nine; and Illinois,
twenty-seven. ( ) Some train stations had multiple clocks hung on their walls. ( )
The eight thousand rail stations associated with nearly six hundred independent railroad
lines and their fifty-three time schemes were arranged into one system of four time zones.
( ) But the train systems, like those in Bern, Switzerland, had the new challenge of
determining the time on the train and keeping it in sync with the clocks at the station,
which kept Einstein busy in the patent office.
*scheme:

Sentence Structure

But the train systems, like those in Bern, Switzerland, had the new challenge of [determining the time
on the train] and [keeping it in sync with the clocks at the station], [which kept Einstein busy in the
patent office].
of and

Word Search

1. a : to choose to take up, follow, or use

2. m : involving or consisting of many people, things, or parts
3. a : to put things in a neat, attractive, or useful order

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 22664-0121

Long-term elephant groups are composed exclusively of adult females and juvenile
males and females. Elephant leaders are typically chosen from among the oldest females
in the group, and this matriarch is relied on to coordinate group movements, migration,
and responses to threats, such as lions. The leader’s role in these situations is to call the
other elephants to action and direct them toward threats or opportunities. She doesn’t
dash out in front to provide protection (when threatened by lions, all the adults position
themselves in front to protect their young); nor does she suffer hardships on behalf of her
group. The leadership she provides is in the form of guidance. Because leadership does
not give her preferential access to food sources or mating opportunities, elephant leaders
do not gain unique benefits from their position. *matriarch:

The elephant leader, who is typically chosen from among the oldest females in the group,
neither makes any special (A) for the group nor is given any (B) in
the group.

(A) (B) (A) (B)

plans respect sacrifices priority
plans freedom decisions attention
sacrifices protection

Sentence Structure

She doesn’t dash out in front [to provide protection] (when threatened by lions, all the adults position
themselves in front [to protect their young]); [nor does she suffer hardships on behalf of her group].
to when threatened when they are threatened they
are nor

Word Search

1. c : to constitute or make up (a whole)

2. t : a situation or an activity that could cause harm or danger
3. a : the act of approaching or entering

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[9~11]

(A)
My friend, Jenny, had recently moved into a small apartment as a result of a divorce. She
was unable to keep her pedigree dog in such cramped accommodation. But she was able to
find a good home for the dog with a kind elderly woman who had another dog of the same
breed. One day, the elderly woman called Jenny at work to ask if she would be able to drive
her from (a) her suburban home to the doctor in the city for an appointment.
*pedigree:

(B)
There, in front of her lawyer, to her astonishment, she made her the sole beneficiary of
(b) her estate, which was substantial. The elderly woman was to die soon after. Jenny was
amazed at her good fortune. She was only being kind and, anyway, she enjoyed looking
after her. The last thing that she expected was to inherit such wealth.
*beneficiary:

(C)
One morning the elderly woman called to ask if Jenny were free to take her to an
important appointment with (c) her lawyer. Jenny obliged, as usual, and dropped the elderly
woman outside her lawyer’s office in town. She asked politely if Jenny could spare a few
more moments to accompany her inside, which Jenny happily did.

(D)
The elderly woman was desperate and could not find any other means of transport. Jenny
was running a small advertising business at the time that was just getting by. Being (d) her
own boss, she was able to take the time off to drive the woman to her appointment. That
began a regular private taxi service for the dear old woman. Jenny didn’t mind taking her
to the dentist or wherever, because she got joy out of helping (e) her and it was a welcome
break from the grind of her work.

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9 22664-0122

(B) (D) (C) (C) (B) (D) (C) (D) (B)

(D) (B) (C) (D) (C) (B)

10 22664-0123

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

11 22664-0124

Sentence Structure

There, in front of her lawyer, to her astonishment, she made her the sole beneficiary of her estate,
[which was substantial].
to one s astonishment her estate

Word Search

1. a : a place where people can live, stay, or work

2. s : fairly large in amount or degree
3. i : to receive property or money from someone who has died

127
PART

Ⅱ
수능특강 Light 영어독해연습

Mini Test
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Mini Test
22664-0125

Dear Councilmember Reid,

I am pleased to see you are living up to your campaign promises on the issue of
traffic improvements. There are far too many individual traffic situations needing
attention to enumerate them all, but I would like to draw your attention to a
particular intersection. The intersection of Main and Center Streets in Springfield is
filled with danger for the dozens of elementary school children who cross these
streets every day. Without a traffic light or crosswalk there, it is only a matter of
time until tragedy strikes. Please pay special attention to this situation before the
new school year starts. Your constituents will thank you; their children will thank
you.

Yours faithfully,
Brandon Hardesty

*enumerate: **constituent:

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 22664-0126

Outside the airport doors, I confronted the usual collection of cab drivers waiting
to prey on arriving visitors. The cab was like a toaster on wheels and I was the
bread — white bread — processed and enriched! My old taxi moved slowly into
downtown Dar with its passenger bothered by heat. What I saw was neither pretty
nor inviting, but I praised God when we finally arrived at my hotel of choice —
until I saw that it was no longer there. Minutes later, we arrived at my second
choice. I was by that time thoroughly cooked from the toaster taxi and ready to be
buttered. At the first hotel I was able to recognize as being a hotel, I asked my
driver to stop and quickly jumped out of the cab. Welcome to the Hotel Continental:
TV, toilet and shower, across from the railroad station, two blocks from the ocean,
six or seven blocks from downtown, breakfast included. Perfect! I was home at last!

bored upset
nervous envious
frustrated pleased
confident doubtful
excited disappointed

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1
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Mini Test

22664-0127

There is an inspiring thing that ambitious and successful people normally do. You
will have been doing this if you are ambitious. They dream and fantasise. In line
with Mark Victor Hansen’s prescription, they make up a dream list comprising at
least one hundred prioritised goals that they want to accomplish in their lifetime.
Then they imagine that they have all the money, time, friends, and other resources
needed to achieve these goals. Amazingly, after doing this, they soon experience
tremendous progress as extraordinary things begin to happen in their lives. It is
recommended that you do the same. This will give you leverage to set out on the
adventure of moving from success to greatness. Thomas Edison said, ‘We shall
have no better conditions in the future if we are satisfied with all those which we
have at present.’
*leverage:

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 22664-0128

We love our children and do not want to see them struggle, so we do things for
them. The story of the man who was walking in the forest and saw a butterfly
struggling to get out of its cocoon illustrates this point. The man went over to the
butterfly and very carefully took out his knife and slit open the side of the cocoon
so that the butterfly could get out more easily. The beautiful butterfly flew away for
about ten yards, then fell to the ground, and died of exhaustion. You see, the
butterfly needed to build up his strength and stamina by struggling to get out of the
cocoon. When the man made it easier for the butterfly to fly away without
developing fully, the butterfly could not live in the world on his own. When we do
things for our children instead of letting them learn how to do things for
themselves, we deprive them of the strengths they need to survive in the real world
when we are not there. One change we can make as parents is to change from doing
to and doing for, to doing with our children.
*cocoon: **slit:

prepare our children for any emergency situation

offer our children the best education we can afford
be there for our children but let them work things out
make life easier for our children by providing guidance
provide our children with the chance to learn from their peers

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Mini Test

22664-0129

Species inhabiting unstable environments are opportunists. They must seize

resources while they are there and to achieve this they must be able to reproduce
rapidly. Producing large numbers of progeny, they can afford only the minimum
investment in each. In plants, small seeds containing few nutrients are released in
huge numbers. Among animals, large numbers of eggs are laid and abandoned to
their fate or, if they are mammals, large litters are produced several times a year.
Survival rates for the progeny are low, but the resource is overwhelmed and
competitors are excluded by sheer weight of numbers. As a reproductive strategy it
is highly successful and is known as r-selection (‘selection’ because it results not
from some deliberate scheme devised by the organisms or their ancestors, but by
natural selection, which favours it). It is a typical adaptation to unstable
environments, shared by primary colonizers of newly cleared sites.
*progeny: **litter:

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 22664-0130

Domestication had long-range consequences for the animals themselves; the very
nature of the animals changed throughout the process — typically not in the
animals’ favor. Through domestication, once-wild animals become increasingly
more dependent on humans, physically and emotionally. Because a handful of traits
(such as curiosity, lack of fear, willingness to try new things, food begging,
submissiveness, etc.) found among the juveniles of a species are those selected in
domestication, the physical traits of the young (shorter faces, excess fat, smaller
brains, smaller teeth, etc.) will also be selected. This leads to modern domesticates
that are physically and behaviorally unable to live independently and that are, in
fact, perpetual juveniles. Once humans began selectively breeding their animal
charges to emphasize or discourage certain physical or behavioral traits, the animals
changed even further. Today, domesticates are, for the most part, smaller (yet
fleshier), more brightly colored, with shorter faces, and rounder skulls. In addition,
domestication has resulted in a permanent loss of genetic diversity within the
species.
*submissiveness: **juvenile:

effects of domestication on animal traits

social causes of the domestication of animals
reasons for the diversity of physical traits in animals
differences between the traits of young and old animals
characteristics of animal traits which humans identify with

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Mini Test

22664-0131

If we are going to decrease the number of cases of food poisoning, then everyone
who interacts with the food in any way from the farm to the table must take
responsibility for the safety of his or her food. Food scientists believe that one of
the least controlled steps from farm to table is in the home or wherever consumers
handle and prepare the food after they buy it. This belief goes back to the idea that
foods are inherently unsafe in their natural state and that a scientific understanding
of what causes safety problems leads to development of technology that provides
safer foods. Food companies that produce the packaged foods we buy and
restaurants that prepare the meals we eat have access to this knowledge, but many
consumers do not. When food inspectors went into homes using the same forms
they use in restaurants, they found that more than 99% of homes failed!

Fresh Food Can Be More Harmful to Us

Is Mere Knowledge Enough for Food Safety?
Does Food Science Really Make Food Safer?
Packaged Foods A Solution to Food Poisoning
Food Poisoning More Than Likely Happens at Home

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 22664-0132

Percentages
PercentagesofofConsumers
Consumers Distrustful
Distrustful
of of
Self-Driving Cars from 2017 to 2020
Self-Driving Cars from 2017 to 2020

The above graph shows the percentages of consumers from five selected countries
who distrusted the safety of self-driving cars, from 2017 to 2020. In all five
countries, the percentages of consumers distrustful of self-driving cars in 2020
were lower than those in 2017. In 2017, the smallest percentage of distrustful
consumers among the five countries was found in India, whereas in 2020 it was
found in Germany. In each year from 2017 to 2020, the Republic of Korea,
Japan, and India experienced a steady decrease in the percentage of distrustful
consumers, but in the U.S. and Germany, the percentages of distrustful consumers
fluctuated. In all the countries except India, the percentages of distrustful
consumers were below 50% in 2020. The biggest gap in the percentages of
distrustful consumers between 2017 and 2020 was found in the Republic of Korea,
and the smallest gap was found in India.

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1
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Mini Test

22664-0133

Louis Agassiz was born on May 28, 1807, in Motier, Switzerland. He earned a
medical degree from the University of Munich and a Ph.D. in zoology from the
University of Erlangen. From 1829 to 1842, he focused on the study of fossil fishes
and published studies of the natural history of Brazilian and European fishes. In
1836, Agassiz turned his attention to the geology of the Swiss Alps, his boyhood
home. His interest was stimulated by his own investigations of fossils in the region
and by recent writings suggesting that the existing glaciers had once been more
extensive. He began to study the movement and effects of glaciers. Leading
geologists thought that glaciers were static, but Agassiz noted evidence suggesting
that glaciers moved, causing striations, or grooves, in rock and depositing massive
boulders and debris. From his observations he concluded that in the past much of
northern Europe had been covered in ice; he published this theory in 1840.
*striation: **boulder:
***debris:

University of Munich
1829 1842
1836

138
 22664-0134

Woodland Logo Design Contest

We are looking for a logo that well represents Woodland High School.

Rules:
- Participants must be Woodland High School students. This contest excludes staff
members and teachers.
- Only one entry is allowed per participant.
- Submissions can be digital, hand-drawn, painted, or photographed.

Prize:
- The winner will receive a gift certificate for $20.
- The winner will see his/her design come to life by developing his/her entry into a
computer design with Mrs. Lloyd.
- The runner-up will receive a gift certificate for $10.

Submission Deadline: Tuesday, May 31st, 2022

Woodland

1 20
2022 5 31

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1
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Mini Test

22664-0135

Summer Camp at Camp Baker

Join us for a summer of FUN at Camp Baker! Each week we will explore a
different fun theme. The camp is open to kids ages 10 – 12.

SCHEDULE: Mondays – Thursdays, 9:00 AM – 11:50 AM

WEEK 1, August 1 – 4: History

WEEK 2, August 8 – 11: Science
WEEK 3, August 15 – 18: Arts and Crafts
WEEK 4, August 22 – 25: Adventure Playground

TO SIGN UP: First come, first served. Group sizes will be limited, so please be
sure to sign up early!

COST: FREE but we ask for a $50 deposit, which will be refunded at the end of
your last week of participation.

All participants must bring their own water and snacks.

For more information, contact our coordinator at [email protected].

10

140
 22664-0136

There are many reasons why diets are unsuccessful. Diet plans, particularly
those that result in major losses, involve voluntary starvation. Low-fat diets
eliminate the component in our food that carries flavor and enhances the eating
experience during chewing, termed mouthfeel by food scientists. Since fat stays
in the stomach longer than other food components, the time between feeling full
and feeling hungry again for low-fat dieters are shorter. People on these diets
tend to be hungry most of the time. High-protein, low-carb diets are more desirable
and filling but tend to be high in fat unless whole foods are abandoned for protein
powders, shakes, and bars. Diets high in water and fiber are filling and low in
calories, but a lack of variety can become monotonous fairly quickly. All of these
diets tend to eliminate favorite foods. It is possible to tell ourselves that we can
forgo these temptations until we reach our target weight, but it is harder to be true
to a diet if it means forever abstaining from what gives us pleasure.
*low-carb: **forgo:

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22664-0137

When do we share? What are the politics of equality? Horizontal herding patterns
emerge when our times are safe and our resources plenty, such as those we find in
democracies. Leadership in these situations is temporary, weak, and sometimes
hardly existent. The security of the home spills over into the streets and promotes
this mindset; everyone must be provided for and the weakest shall get the most
attention. This social outlook creates the circumstances conducive to republics,
democracies, and communes. These forms of government emerge in times of
wealth and commercial exchange where socially we are surrounded by security and
plenty. In such social situations, decisiveness is not likely trivial. Threats are few;
expanding wealth and sharing it receives our attention. We are tolerant. Risk and
change are okay. The richer and safer society becomes, the more we bring “family
style” morality into the public square.
*herd: **conducive: ***commune:

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Young children are sensitive to inequality, expect it from others but not of
themselves and are reluctant to share. There is, however, one set of circumstances
which seems to trigger spontaneous sharing in children: those situations where they
have to work together in order to gain a mutual benefit. Michael Tomasello and his
colleagues in Leipzig set about testing his idea about the importance of
in the evolution of human pro-sociality. Pairs of three-year-
olds had to work together to pull on two ropes simultaneously in order to dislodge
four marbles. The apparatus was designed so that it delivered three marbles to one
child but only one to the other. In this situation, the ‘lucky’ child gave one of his
three marbles to the ‘unlucky’ child. However, when there was no need for a
collective effort, such as a windfall, they did not share.
*mutual: **apparatus: ***windfall:

creativity
tolerance
leadership
cooperation
independence

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22664-0139

In view of the many valuations we assign time, and in view of the fact that time is
our most valuable commodity, it is striking to note .
If a slightly annoying acquaintance asked you to invest money in her new business,
you would probably consider the potential costs and benefits of the proposed
transaction. If you judged her project a bad investment, you would have no problem
saying no, even at the risk of offending her. After all, who rationally throws money
out the window? But suppose the same acquaintance asked you to dinner. Chances
are you would not engage in a similar cost-benefit analysis. No matter how little
you wanted to go, you would probably take an hour out of your packed schedule to
meet for dinner — all the while perhaps feeling resentment because of the time you
sacrificed on something you did not want to do.
*cost-benefit analysis:

how willingly we invest it for good causes

why we hardly want to spend it with others
what results in our cost-benefit analysis of it
how little thought we give to how we spend it
why we sometimes overemphasize its emotional value

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Daniel Kahneman, an Israeli-American psychologist and economist, believes that

in most situations, . In many areas, such
as the evaluation of credit risk, the chance of sudden infant death, the prospects of
success for new businesses, or the suitability of foster parents, algorithms make
more accurate predictions than “expert” practitioners. Humans are horribly
inconsistent in their valuations; algorithms are not. Experts want to take account of
a whole range of complex information, but usually only two or three parameters are
enough to make a good judgment. For instance, there is an algorithm for predicting
the future value of Bordeaux wines using only three variables of weather, and it is
much more accurate than the evaluations of professional wine tasters. Intuition or
global judgment can be useful, but only after getting the facts — it is not a
replacement. Expert intuition can be trusted only when the environment is stable
and regular (e.g., in chess), not open-ended and complex.
*parameter:

intuition is based on past experiences

simple formulas trump human intuition
more data produce more accurate results
information can come from indirect evidence
experts focus on the known facts within their fields

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The introduction of magnetic tape into music production in the late 1940s brought
with it important changes in the situation for the profession of the popular music
composer, as it enabled musical parameters that were difficult to notate, such as
timbre (the quality of sound itself) and melodic and rhythmic inflection, to be more
easily handled on a trial-and-error basis during the recording and mixing process.
With this, the function of the composer became integrated into the recording
process, which was carried out much more as teamwork. Although for legal reasons
there was always someone named as composer, in practice it became more and
more difficult to during the recording
process. This was particularly the case since the sound of the music was normally
finalized after initial recording through the ‘mixing down’ of a multitrack recording
and the editing of this mixdown in a postproduction process. Frequently, in the rock
genre, songs were co-credited to the performer and the record producer — for
example, Bryan Adams and Robert John ‘Mutt’ Lange.
*parameter: **inflection:
***mixdown:

mix several recorded sounds into music

distinguish who exactly contributed what
make some changes to the original song
include the composer as a team member
create a great harmony between performers

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 22664-0142

Science fiction does not set out to predict the future — instead it’s about asking,
“What if?” for all kinds of scenarios. It doesn’t matter if those possible futures
are likely to happen or not, as long as they are interesting. The aim is to portray
the human reaction to new and interesting circumstances. If the writer happens to
be lucky enough to hit on a match with what really takes place in the future, that’s
great — but it certainly isn’t the point of the stories. Clearly science fiction can
be a source of inspiration for new technology. In the two words “science fiction,”
the “fiction” part has to dominate, because unless the book is a good tale, it doesn’t
matter how interesting or surprising the science it contains is.

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22664-0143

A patient of mine who is more of an outwardly focused perfectionist feels angry

when other people make errors, forget things, misplace objects that he needs,
respond too slowly, or give him incorrect information.

(A) In most cases, these situations are not that simple. They do not involve just the
perpetrator (the one who made the mistake) trying to do harm to the victim (the
perfectionist). There are usually many other circumstances that influence the
situation.
(B) These kinds of things would probably bother most people, but for some
perfectionists these errors feel personal. It can seem as if others are
intentionally doing these things just to irritate you.
(C) For example, the person giving misinformation may be new on the job, may
have been misinformed by her boss, may be correct under different
circumstances, or may have misunderstood the question. When you
oversimplify, none of these “excuses” matter because you are focused only on
the wrong-doing and your upset feelings.

(A) (C) (B)

(B) (A) (C)
(B) (C) (A)
(C) (A) (B)
(C) (B) (A)

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 22664-0144

In 1920 two scientists discovered that plants, and especially their flowers, are
peculiarly responsive to the length of the day.

(A) Florists, by darkening the greenhouses for retardation of bloom, or by electric

illumination to speed it up, can now deliver flowers with far greater precision
than before. This process was given its rather repulsive name of photoperiodism
by its authors. It was a major discovery in the plant world.
(B) This varies from about twelve hours at the equator (a short-day region) to
almost twenty-four hours at the Arctic Circle during their brief summer (a long-
day region). Such astronomical data has, of course, been known for centuries,
but Doctors Garner and Allard were the first to point out its significance to
plants and their flowers.
(C) For instance, a short-day plant brought into a long-day region increased
tremendously in vigor. Sometimes it changed its flower color, and most of all it
changed its time of blooming. And this striking effect of the length of the day
on flowers has already been commercially recognized.
*repulsive: **photoperiodism:

(A) (C) (B)

(B) (A) (C)
(B) (C) (A)
(C) (A) (B)
(C) (B) (A)

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22664-0145

The other possibility is that distastefulness came first.

Clearly, bright colours are advantageous for prey defences. But how did they
evolve? One possibility is that conspicuous colours evolved first, followed by
distastefulness. ( ) For example, some brightly coloured birds like kingfishers
are distasteful. ( ) Their colours may have been favoured for better mate
attraction or territory def ence and then, because they also increased
conspicuousness to predators, this then favoured the evolution of distastefulness.
( ) This may apply to those insects, such as caterpillars of the monarch butterfly,
Danaus plexippus, which feed on plants containing toxins and incorporate the
toxins in their bodies as a defence against predation. ( ) It is plausible that here
distastefulness evolved first followed by conspicuousness. ( ) In this case, then,
bright colouration evolves specifically as a warning device.
*conspicuous: **caterpillar: ***plausible:

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However, it is highly implausible that science has ever been done in such a way
because it is not an automatic process at all.

It is sometimes said that the job of science is to discover facts. ( ) This has to
be qualified, however. ( ) The empiricist Francis Bacon (1561–1626) thought
that collecting facts like a bee gathers honey is the right method of doing science:
doing research is systematically collecting observations and compiling lists of data,
and if the scientist does that carefully the scientific laws will be discovered
automatically. ( ) One always starts from preconceived ideas when gathering
data. ( ) You cannot do science without some power of imagination, without
some idea of what to look for. ( ) For Bacon, however, imagination and fantasy
constitute dangers for science, which should eschew prejudices (‘idols’), and he put
all his money on ‘pure’ empirical facts.
*implausible: **empiricist: ***eschew:

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22664-0147

It is a marvelous evolutionary story that some sports arrived at their superfast-but-

not-too-fast timing. Tennis and baseball could have been structured to demand
faster reactions, which would have tested pure reflexes. Or they could have allowed
for slower reactions, which would have tested conscious responses. But if the
service line or pitching mound had been just thirty feet away — or two hundred
feet away — the games would have been less compelling. At closer distances, the
players would have had just enough time to react and hit, but not enough time to
show off their preconscious preparatory skills. And at longer distances, players
could have planned too much; incoming serves and pitches would have been lobs.
Our fascination with the professional tennis serve and the major league fast ball
comes not at a response time of two hundred milliseconds or at one full second, but
somewhere in between. Four to five hundred milliseconds is a kind of sporting
sweet spot.
*lob:

Some ball sports such as tennis and baseball fascinate us because they test the
players’ reflexes and preconscious preparatory skills in a (A) way
because of the ideal (B) the sports have adopted.

(A) (B)
fair rules
competitive equipment
competitive distance
balanced equipment
balanced distance

152
 On a very cold day in winter normally shy birds become quite tame at the garden
bird table, presumably because their (a) increased need for food overrides the
danger of coming into the open. Manfred Milinski and Rolf Heller studied a similar
problem with sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). They placed hungry fish in a
small tank and offered them a simultaneous choice of different densities of water
fleas, a favourite food. When the fish were very hungry they went for the highest
density of prey where the potential feeding rate was (b) high, but when they were
less hungry the fish preferred lower densities of prey. Milinski and Heller
hypothesised that when the fish feeds in a high density area, it has to (c) concentrate
hard to pick out water fleas from the swarm darting around in its field of vision, so
it is less able to keep watch for predators. A very hungry fish runs a relatively high
chance of dying from starvation and so is (d) willing to sacrifice vigilance in order
to reduce its food deficit quickly. When the stickleback is not so hungry it places a
higher premium on vigilance than on feeding quickly, so it (e) avoids the low
density of prey. The balance of costs and benefits shifts from feeding to vigilance
as the stickleback becomes less hungry.
*stickleback: **swarm: ***vigilance:

22664-0148

A Clever Way to Keep Predators Away

For Whom Is the High Feeding Rate Good?
The Higher Prey Density, the Safer for the Prey
Does an Open Area Always Favour the Predator?
Hunger Decides an Animal’s Focus Food or Safety

22664-0149

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

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(A)
Two monks were traveling together, a senior and a junior. They stopped to spend
the night in the home of a wealthy family. The family was rude and refused to let
them stay in the mansion’s guest room. Instead they were given a small space in the
cold basement. As they made their bed on the hard floor, the older monk saw a hole
in the wall and repaired it. When the younger monk asked him why, (a) he replied,
“Things aren’t always what they seem.”

(B)
“Then last night as we slept in the farmer’s bed, the Death God came for his wife.
I gave him the cow instead. Things aren’t always what they seem.” (b) He
continued, “Sometimes there is a time when things don’t turn out the way they
should. If you have faith, you just need to trust that every outcome has a reason.
You just might not know it until sometime later.”

(C)
The younger monk was infuriated and asked the older monk, “How could you
have let this happen?” And he continued, “The first man had everything, yet (c) you
helped him. The second family had little but was willing to share everything, and
you let the cow die.” “Things aren’t always what they seem,” the older monk
replied. “When we stayed in the basement of the mansion, I noticed there was gold
stored in that hole in the wall. Since the owner was so obsessed with greed and
unwilling to share his good fortune, (d) I sealed the wall so he wouldn’t find it.”
*infuriated:

(D)
The next night the pair came to rest at the house of a very poor, but very
hospitable farmer and his wife. After sharing all the food they had, the couple let
the monks sleep in their bed, where the monks could have a good night’s rest. When
the sun came up the next morning, the monks found the farmer in tears. His only
cow, whose milk had been his sole income, lay dead in the field. It looked like (e) he
couldn’t understand why this had happened to him.

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(B) (D) (C) (C) (B) (D)

(C) (D) (B) (D) (B) (C)
(D) (C) (B)

22664-0151

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

22664-0152

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22664-0153

Dear Ron Smith,

Often, in our industry (and I guess in yours as well), when a challenging plan or
project is successfully brought to completion, we tend to remember the problems
and the disputes rather than the pleasures of accomplishment. Happily, this is
decidedly not the case with the completion of our office move thanks to you and
your dedicated team. Paul McGill, our corporate facilities manager, joins me in
extending our particular appreciation to the on-site estimator, Jack Vaknin and
the project manager, Yaron Golan. Both were always ready to come up with a
straightforward solution for any occurring problem. We are happy to say that
everything arrived in superb condition at the correct destination. Thank you again
for all your help. We are looking forward to working with you again in the future.

All the best,

Andrea Berg
Office Manager

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After two hours of trekking through the valley, Daniel returned to the starting
point. Now he began to take another trail through the dark forest. The sun
was beginning to set and it was even darker. Soon he found himself lost and
wandering in circles. He mumbled to himself, “I must have gone the wrong way or
something.” His phone battery was almost running out. Now Daniel was about to
call 911 and ask for emergency help. At that moment, he saw a tour guide with her
group walk past him and decided to follow them. She ended up leading him straight
out of the woods. Daniel didn’t say a word to the tour guide and her group. As they
disappeared from sight, he sighed deeply, thinking he was now out of danger.
*mumble:

bored excited
nervous relieved
relaxed annoyed
regretful confused
satisfied disappointed

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22664-0155

Nothing destroys a sense of gratitude faster than being told we “should” feel
grateful. Some “should”s are necessary in teaching manners to children. But when
we try to experience gratitude as a living force in our lives, guilt, whether imposed
by others or by ourselves, is deadly. We’ve probably all had someone in our lives
tell us we should be grateful for something, or perhaps we say it to ourselves.
Either way, this is the least likely way to promote an attitude of gratitude. As far
as I can tell, gratitude is generated in two ways: one, by a spontaneous upswelling
of the heart toward the wonder of life; and two, by a conscious decision to practice
looking at what’s right in our lives rather than focusing on what’s missing. Either
way, we don’t get to gratitude by guilt-trips. Guilt is a terrible motivator. It makes
us want to run away from whatever is making us feel bad, and to avoid looking at
whatever is underlying it.
*upswelling: **guilt-trip:

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There are hundreds of chimpanzees who have spent their whole lives in human
captivity. They’ve been institutionalized. They’ve been like prisoners, and in the
course of the day they hear probably about as many words as a child does. They
never show any interest. They apparently never get curious about what those sounds
are for. They can hear all the speech, but it’s like the rustling of the leaves. They
never get to share discoveries the way we do and to share our learning. That is the
single feature about human beings that distinguishes us most clearly from all others:
we don’t have to reinvent the wheel. Our kids get the benefit of not just what
grandpa and grandma knew. They get the benefit of basically what everybody in the
world knew, in the years when they go to school. They don’t have to invent calculus
or maps or the wheel or fire. They get all that for free. It just comes as part of the
environment.

learn to make tools that are easy to use

can repair old tools and machines for reuse
encourage our children to preserve our heritage
are always ready to imitate what others invented
have the ability to share and pass down knowledge

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22664-0157

Beyond self-replication and the copying of minds, people have another concern
with intelligent machines. Might intelligent machines somehow threaten large
portions of the population, as nuclear bombs do? Might their presence lead to
the superempowerment of small groups or malevolent individuals? Or might
the machines become evil and work against us, like the implacable villains in
The Terminator or the Matrix movies? The answer to these questions is no. As
information devices, brainlike memory systems are going to be among the most
useful technologies we have yet developed. But like cars and computers, they will
only be tools. Just because they are going to be intelligent does not mean they
will have special abilities to destroy property or manipulate people. And just as
we wouldn’t put the control of the world’s nuclear arsenal under the authority of
one person or one computer, we will have to be careful not to rely too much on
intelligent machines, for they will fail as all technology does.
*malevolent: **implacable: ***arsenal:

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We are witnessing, across a wide range of domains, a shift away from the
exclusive ownership and consumption of resources to one of shared use and
consumption. This shift is taking advantage of innovative new ways of peer-to-
peer sharing that are voluntary and enabled by Internet-based exchange markets
and mediation platforms. Value is derived from the fact that many resources
are acquired to satisfy infrequent demand but are otherwise poorly utilized (for
example, the average car in the US is used less than 5% of the time). Several
successful businesses, such as Getaround for cars, Spinlister for bikes, and JustPark
for parking, provide a proof of concept and evidence for the viability of peer-to-
peer product sharing or collaborative consumption. These businesses allow owners
to rent on a short-term basis poorly utilized assets and non-owners to access these
assets through renting on an as-needed basis. Collectively, these businesses and
other manifestations of the collaborative consumption of products and services are
giving rise to what is becoming known as the sharing economy.
*viability:

how the sharing economy became a reality

why consumers like to share their experiences
common characteristics of successful businesses
creative ways to promote the consumption of goods
efforts to regulate the exclusive use of public property

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22664-0159

Carbon emissions trading — the buying and selling of permits to emit greenhouse
gases caused by burning fossil fuels — is becoming a top strategy for reducing
pollution that causes global climate change. Advocates say carbon trading is the
best way to generate big investments in low-carbon energy alternatives and control
the cost of cutting emissions. But carbon trading schemes in Europe and developing
countries have a mixed record. Some industries are resisting carbon regulations,
and programs intended to help developing countries onto a clean energy path have
bypassed many poor nations, which are the most vulnerable to the impacts of
climate change. Some experts argue that there are simpler, more direct ways to put
a price on carbon emissions, such as taxes. Others say curbing climate change will
require both taxes and trading, plus massive government investments in low-carbon
energy technologies.
*vulnerable: **curb:

Global Warming Is It Caused by Humans?

Carbon Trading Will It Reduce Global Warming?
Carbon Taxes Are Less Effective Than Carbon Trading
Impacts of Carbon Emissions on Economic Growth
The Right Measures to Prevent Air Pollution

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Top 5 US States Based on Number of Milk Cows

from 2018 to 2020

The graph above shows the top five US states based on the number of milk cows
in each state from 2018 to 2020. Throughout the three years, California had by
far the largest number of milk cows, but the number dropped by 5,000 each year.
Wisconsin had more than 1,250,000 milk cows each year during the period,
maintaining a firm second place. The number of milk cows in Idaho continued
to increase from 2018 to 2020, but its number of milk cows remained about half
that of Wisconsin during the same period. New York had more than 600,000 milk
cows in 2018, but its number of milk cows declined sharply in 2019 and 2020.
The number of milk cows in Texas was less than 600,000 both in 2018 and 2019,
but exceeded 600,000 in 2020.

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22664-0161

Born into a Quaker family in Thetford, England, in 1737, Thomas Paine later
recalled that his parents “were not able to give me a shilling, beyond what they
gave me in education.” After he left Thetford Grammar School, Paine worked as a
corset maker, a profession that earned him a modest living. He tried a seaman’s life
aboard the ship King of Prussia but abandoned it quickly. In 1772 he was fired from
a job as customs officer after writing an essay demanding higher wages. In 1774
he immigrated to America. In the turbulent political environment of the colonies,
Paine found a situation suited to his talents. As the editor of The Pennsylvania
Magazine, he published essays such as “Reflections on Titles,” in which he attacked
the institution of hereditary privilege, and “The Abolition of Slavery.” He believed
that American independence would lead to a new age, free of class and social
distinctions.
*corset: **hereditary:

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Sunny Coast Dance Competition

Solo Dance / Duet Dance / Group Dance

Where: Auditorium at Sunny Coast High School

When: June 24th (Friday), 3 p.m.

The first prize winner(s) in each category will be given a

chance to participate in a national dancing competition.

Register online at www.sunnycoasthighschool.org by June 17th. On-site registration

will not be available.

Registration Fees
Solo Dance: $30 per person
Duet Dance: $40 per team
Group Dance (Max 5 members): $80 per team

Time Limit for Performance

Solo Dance and Duet Dance: 3 minutes
Group Dance: 5 minutes

For more information, please call (091) 978-2802.

6 24 3 Sunny Coast

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22664-0163

Kinsale Lions Walking Festival

September 10th & 11th
Walks for All Ages & Abilities

SAT September 10th

Courtmascsherry Woodland & Coastal Walk, 14km

SUN September 11th

Kinsale James Fort & Sandycove Loop, 16km

You may register online at www.kinsalelionswalking.com or in person at the

Boathouse Gallery, Main St., Kinsale. If you have not registered in advance, you
can register at Courtmascsherry Hotel from 9 a.m. on September 10th and at
Kinsale Community School from 9 a.m. on September 11th.

Registration Fee: Both days – €25 total / Single day – €20

All profits go to charity.

All walks will be fully guided. All walkers must read and comply with the safety
instructions and information. The organization is not responsible for any accidents
or injuries that may occur.

For more information, please call (087) 288-7715.

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 22664-0164

As instructional technology tools were developing, the level of technology

sometimes drove the learning experience. However, it is the learning outcome that
must be the focus of the activity, not the technological tool used to implement the
activity. Thus, designing online activities is very similar to designing classroom-
based activities. To determine whether a classroom-based activity is adaptable to
the online environment, the activity must first be examined to see that it meets
the learning outcomes of the online course. Often a classroom-based course
is redesigned before it is put online, and learning outcomes or objectives are
modified. Every activity should be scrutinized to determine whether it matches a
learning objective. An activity that does not contribute to a learning outcome only
adds confusion to the course and risk learner dissatisfaction at having to do an
unnecessary activity.
*scrutinize:

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22664-0165

Plants must survive in their own environment. They must be adapted to the
conditions in the area where they live. If they are not adapted to that area’s
conditions, they grow and reproduce poorly or die prematurely. Other plants
whose genes result in characters that make those plants more suited to live in
that area grow and reproduce more successfully and produce more offspring. Also,
plants do not exist in isolation: A significant aspect of a plant’s environment is
the presence of other organisms. Some neighboring organisms may be helpful to the
plant; others may be harmful, and most perhaps have little effect on it. This concept
can be important when trying to understand a plant’s structure and metabolism.
One type of photosynthetic metabolism and leaf structure may function well if a
particular plant always grows in the shade of taller neighbors, whereas a similar
type of photosynthetic metabolism and leaf structure may be necessary for a plant
that grows nearby but in an unshaded area.
*photosynthetic:

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Physical forces that control the world are the same all the time and everywhere.
Water has always been and always will be composed of hydrogen and oxygen;
gravity is the same now as it has been in the past. The world itself changes —
mountains erode, rivers change course, plants evolve — but the forces remain the
same. Experiments done at one time and place should give the same results if they
are carefully repeated at a different time and place. allow
us to plan future experiments and predict what the outcome should be. If we do the
experiment and do not get the predicted outcome, it must be that our theory was
incorrect, not that the fundamental forces of the world have suddenly changed.
This prevents people from explaining things as miracles or the intervention of evil
spirits.

Attraction and intimacy

Creativity and innovation
Quickness and availability
Constancy and universality
Sophistication and complexity

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22664-0167

Many animal or plant species have proved to be .

Through millions of years of evolution, they have evolved many special chemicals
to meet their special needs in their respective niches, which can be exploited
by man. The saliva of the vampire bat of Central and South America contains a
substance to prevent heart attacks. The Malayan pit viper contains a substance
called ristrin, which has similar properties. Caribbean sponges can be used to
tackle rejection of organ transplants. Rauvolfia serpentina, the serpent wood plant,
has been traditionally used in India to treat snake bite, nervous disorders, cholera
and fever. Reserpine, an extract from the plant, has become the principal source
of materials for tranquilizers. Domesticated animals have given us hormones and
enzymes, while fungi and microbes provide life-saving drugs such as antibiotics.
*niche: **pit viper: ***sponge:

obstacles to promoting tourism

helpful to people facing hunger
very useful for medical purposes
great threats to forest ecosystems
valuable sources of renewable energy

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The development of food habits clearly indicates that for humans, food is more
than just nutrients. Bread is an excellent example. White bread was traditionally
eaten by the upper classes, dark bread by the poor, but whole wheat bread is
consumed today by people concerned more with health than status. A person with
money has “a lot of bread.” In many cultures, bread is shared by couples as part of
the wedding ceremony or left for the soul of the dead. Superstitions about bread
also demonstrate its importance beyond sustenance. Greek soldiers took a piece
from home to ensure their safe, victorious return; English midwives placed a loaf at
the foot of the mother’s bed to prevent the woman and her baby from being stolen
by evil spirits; and sailors traditionally brought a bun to sea to prevent shipwreck.
It is that is valued most by people, not its
nutritional composition.

the symbolic use of food

the natural flavor of food
the proper cooking of food
the medicinal effect of food
the required amount of food

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In a classic piece of psychology research, a primary school teacher and a

professor teamed up to study . To do so,
they administered IQ tests to California pupils in grades one through six. Teachers
were told that certain pupils — around 20 percent — showed great promise and
could be expected to make exceptional progress. At the end of the year, that
forecast proved true: the IQ of the nominated pupils showed superior improvement.
But, like all great social psychology experiments, this one had a catch. The “high-
potential students” had been chosen at random. What came to be known as the
Pygmalion effect argued that it is expectations, more than innate ability, that
influence outcomes. Never mind who’s gifted, who’s talented. Expect great things
and you are more likely to get them. The talent, energy, insight, and opportunity of
any organization lie with its people. They are where all ideas come from; they are
its best early-warning system.

how far expectations drive outcomes

whether intelligence can be measured
whether students enjoy learning at school
why students strive to earn a college degree
how emotional intelligence can be improved

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 22664-0170

Because ways of thinking and communicating in any society are learned when
we are very young, they seem natural and normal, like our use of the bathroom.
As adults care for, speak to, and play with their babies, they are at the same time
gradually turning a biological being into a social being, who will learn as it grows
to share the language he or she absorbs, spoken and unspoken. Babies pick
up signals through all their senses, and the emphasis on communicating through
different senses is another variable feature from one social group to another.
Sounds, for example, which babies may at first seem to use indiscriminately,
gradually take on a meaning shared with the surrounding adults, and they soon
learn when and where it is appropriate and useful to apply those sounds to
maximum effect. Sounds are produced by human speech organs using the
breath stream which leaves the lungs. They also learn when some other form of
communication, such as smiling, laughing, or crying, might transmit better what
they have in their highly absorbent minds.
*indiscriminately: **absorbent:

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Physiological responses that prepare the body for food occur in response to cues
normally related to eating. These cues are such things as the sight or smell of food,
other people eating, and the clattering of dishes.

(A) Because of this, you tend to eat more when there is a variety of food available
rather than just one type of food. Food variety matters in how much you eat.
(B) The early phases of eating depend on the taste of food, but as you continue
eating the same food, its positive incentive value declines. The first taste of
barbecued ribs may be wonderful, but they lose their appeal with each bite.
(C) This means that hunger also is a response to environmental cues that indicate
food is on the way, rather than simply being a response to specific changes
occurring within the body. Another control over eating is the incentive value of
food.

(A) (C) (B)

(B) (A) (C)
(B) (C) (A)
(C) (A) (B)
(C) (B) (A)

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Every human contact we experience is unique. It has never happened before and
will never again happen in just the same way.

(A) In addition to being unrepeatable, communication is also irreversible. We

cannot take back something we have said or tweeted any more than we can
erase the effects of something we have done.
(B) Just as toothpaste cannot be squeezed back into a tube, the e-mails, texts, and
tweets we send are going to be out there forever. Because of this, knowing how
to communicate carefully in a wide variety of contexts and with a variety of
people becomes very important.
(C) Our interpretation of the adage “You can never step into the same river twice”
is that the experience changes both you and the river forever. A communication
encounter similarly affects and changes people so that one encounter can never
occur exactly in the same way a second time.
*adage:

(A) (C) (B)

(B) (A) (C)
(B) (C) (A)
(C) (A) (B)
(C) (B) (A)

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A further change may take place, as the marble and steel gradually adopt the
temperature of the surroundings (for instance, the room that holds the objects).

When two objects at different temperatures come into contact, the warmer object
cools down, and the colder object warms up. ( ) Heat flows from hot bodies to
cold ones and continues to flow until the objects reach the same temperature, which
will be somewhere between the two initial temperatures. ( ) This is thermal
equilibrium. ( ) For example, a marble at 65°F (18.3°C) and a small steel ball at
75°F (23.9°C) placed together might both end up at a temperature of 68°F (20°C),
which is the thermal equilibrium temperature. ( ) The heat transfers in this case
by conduction — the contact allows the atomic and molecular motion of one solid
object to influence the other. ( ) After that, there is no change, unless the room
temperature changes.

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 22664-0174

Through the use of social media, organizations can breed loyalty in their members
by interacting regularly with them, befriending them, and empowering them to
make a difference.

Traditional forms of media, such as television, radio, and print, provide an

excellent means of reaching vast amounts of people quickly, but their downside
is that these touches are both brief and scarce. ( ) This works if the objective is
to create awareness, but it falls short of creating loyalty for an organization or a
cause. ( ) Loyalty, unlike awareness, takes time to develop. ( ) It finds its roots
in the trust, familiarity and respect that stem from frequent interactions with an
organization, and the repetitive validation of a value alignment without which these
interactions are meaningless. ( ) The magic stems from the fact that social media
can help humanize communications to such a degree that genuine friendships can
begin to form between an organization’s staff and the members they interact with
online, even if they have never met in the real world. ( ) The depth of these
interactions, combined with their potential frequency, can accelerate this process
to such an extent that a new member can begin to feel loyal to an organization in a
matter of days rather than in a matter of months.

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Have you ever wondered why companies offer a free sample of products, test
drives, or trial subscriptions for 1 month, or 14-day free trial? Many brands use
money-back guarantee and free day trial strategy to pull the customer into the
product. They know that these strategies make consumers overvalue and pay
more for what they’re selling. When they put the expiry date on the availability
of freebies, it also triggers loss aversion and creates a sense of urgency for added
potency. In the same way, lots of audiobook and podcast apps offer free trial.
Once we get to hang on to it, we feel the desire to purchase the subscription.
Many e-commerce companies also use this strategy to let customers order multiple
dresses or any products with a promise that they can return the items that they don’t
like for free of cost.
*freebie: **aversion: ***potency:

Once we feel that we (A) something, we are more likely to become

(B) to it, and this tendency is used in the marketing strategy of
companies.

(A) (B)
trust addicted
like indifferent
own attached
understand tolerant
deserve sensitive

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 Many people who understand human social evolution as a story of continual
progress fail to appreciate the role that environmental degradation has played.
Commonly, people believe that the change from food foraging to agriculture
happened because people traded an insecure way of life for one that was more
secure and satisfying. Little evidence exists to (a) support this view. Rather,
climate changes that “shrank” livable environments, human population growth,
the exhaustion of edible plant and large animal populations, and the discoveries
and innovations that made dependence on agriculture possible all combined to
cause this transformation. Furthermore, fossil records and archaeological evidence
(b) confirm that hunter-gatherers did not abandon their lifestyle until forced to do so
by the problems, and did so at different times and in widely scattered areas around
the world.
A similar combination of environmental problems, scarcities, and technological
possibilities caused the decline of ancient empires (like the Mayans,
Mesopotamians, and Romans) and (c) prevented the emergence of industrial
societies. The growth of innovations and technologies produced more complex
human systems having ever-larger productive capacities to support human
populations. Elites may have (d) benefited from an enhanced ability to extend their
control and powers of taxation across larger systems. Non-elites, however, often
did not change their lifestyles from positive attractions but rather to survive when
they had no other choices. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, (e) established
farmers often did not willingly move to cities seeking urban employment, but
the story of rural to urban migration is also one of progressive rural poverty,
bankruptcy, and foreclosed farm mortgages.
*foreclosed: **mortgage:

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How Social Inequality Came into Being

Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security
The Influence of Climate on Human Evolution
Why Biodiversity Is Important to Human Survival
Social Change Caused by Environmental Degradation

22664-0177

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

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 (A)
A group of frogs were hopping contentedly through the woods, going about
their froggy business, when two of them fell into a deep pit. All of the other frogs
gathered around the pit to see what could be done to help their companions. When
they saw how deep the pit was, the rest of the dismayed group agreed that it was
hopeless and told the two frogs in the pit that (a) they should prepare themselves for
their fate, because they were as good as dead.
*pit:
(B)
The two frogs continued jumping as hard as (b) they could, and after several hours
of desperate effort they were quite weary. Finally, one of the frogs paid attention
to the calls of his fellows. Spent and disheartened, he quietly resolved himself
to his fate, lay down at the bottom of the pit, and died as the others looked on in
helpless grief. The other frog continued to jump with every ounce of energy he had,
although his body was wracked with pain. His companions began a new yelling for
him to accept his fate, stop the pain and just die.
*wrack:
(C)
Unwilling to accept this terrible fate, the two frogs began to jump with all of
(c) their might. Some of the frogs shouted into the pit that it was hopeless, and that
the two frogs wouldn’t be in that situation if they had been more careful, more
obedient to the froggy rules, and more responsible. The other frogs continued
sorrowfully shouting that they should save their energy and give up, since (d) they
were already as good as dead.
(D)
The weary frog jumped harder and harder and — wonder of wonders! Finally
leapt so high that he sprang from the pit. Amazed, the other frogs celebrated his
miraculous freedom and then gathering around him asked, “Why did you continue
jumping when we told you it was impossible?” Reading their lips, the astonished
frog explained to (e) them that he was deaf, and that when he saw their gestures
and shouting, he thought they were cheering him on. What he had perceived as
encouragement inspired him to try hard and to succeed against all odds.

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(B) (D) (C)

(C) (B) (D)
(C) (D) (B)
(D) (B) (C)
(D) (C) (B)

22664-0179

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

22664-0180

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PART

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