RAVAGO, EDMAR JIM R.

PHYS101L –B13

04/17/2024
RAVAGO, EDMAR JIM R.
PHYS101L –B13

EXPERIMENT NO. 109 : RESISTORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

TABLE 1. RESISTORS IN SERIES

R1 = 10 Ω R2 = 15 Ω RT = 25 Ω
Experimental Computed Percentage Difference

Voltage Across Battery (V) 27.00 V (VT) 27.00 V 0 %

Voltage Across R1 (V1) 10.8 (V1) 10.8 0 %

V V
Voltage Across R2 (V2) 16.2 (V2) 16.2 0 %
V V
Current Flowing through (I1) 1.08
R1 A
Current Flowing through (I2) 1.08
R2 A
Total Current (I) 1.08 (IT) 1.08 0 %
A A
Computed Values:

IT = VT / RT = 1.08

V1 = IT R1 = 10.8

V2 = IT R2 = 16.2

Analysis:

We attempted to measure the current passing through series-connected resistors in this

experiment. In order to achieve the goals, we also intended to apply Ohm's Law to resistor
connections made in series and parallel, as well as measure the voltage across those connections.
After measuring the total current flowing through the circuit, we unplugged wire A and swapped
it out for the simulated ammeter. An ammeter's positive end should always be attached to the
positive side of the battery. Alternatively, when we measured the current in I1. I2 was flowing,
so I used the same procedure to disconnect wire B for the 𝐼2. To determine the voltage's
experimental value, we additionally employed a voltmeter. This is significant since obtaining
the voltage value was necessary in order to obtain the current value. The construction of the
circuit is shown in Figure 1.
RAVAGO, EDMAR JIM R.
PHYS101L –B13

Figure 1

The following images are showing the results of the experiment during measuring the values needed.

Figure 2. Total Current

RAVAGO, EDMAR JIM R.
PHYS101L –B13

Figure 3. Voltage across Battery

Figure 4 and 5. Voltages across R1 and R2

Figure 6 and 7. Current across R1 and R2

RAVAGO, EDMAR JIM R.
PHYS101L –B13

TABLE 2. RESISTORS IN PARALLEL

R1 = 10 Ω R2 = 15 Ω RT = 6 Ω
Experimental Computed Percentage Difference
Voltage Across Battery (V) 28.50 (VT) 28.50 0 %
V V
Voltage Across R1 (V1) 28.50
V
Voltage Across R2 (V2) 28.50
V
Current Flowing through (I1) 2.85 (I1) 2.85 0 %
R1 A A
Current Flowing through (I2) 1.90 (I2) 1.90 0 %
R2 A A
Total Current (I) 4.75 (IT) 4.75 0 %
A A
Computed Values:

IT = VT / RT = 4.75

I1 = VT / R1 = 2.85

I2 = VT / R2 = 2.85

We computed for the computed value of the currents in order to determine 𝑰𝒕 after
obtaining the voltage and calculating the current using the resistor's value and the voltage. The
average of the experimental and computed values was then obtained, and it was divided by the
difference between the experimental and computed values to determine the percentage
difference of the values. With the exception of computing the voltage values rather than the
current, we performed the same procedures on the series.
RAVAGO, EDMAR JIM R.
PHYS101L –B13

Figure 8. Parallel
Setup

Figure 9 and 10. Total Current and Voltage

RAVAGO, EDMAR JIM R.
PHYS101L –B13

EXPERIMENT NO. 110 : KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS

TABLE 1. KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS

Experimental Co puted Percentage Difference

0.20 0 %
I1 0.20 A
A
0.60 0%
0.60 A
I2 A
0.80 0 %
I3 0.80 A
A

5 V
Power Supply 1 Voltage (V1)
10 V
Power Supply 2 Voltage 2 (V2)
5 Ω
Resistance 1 (R1)
10Ω
Resistance 2 (R2)
5Ω
Resistance 3 (R3)

The Kirchhoff's law, which is applied in this experiment to determine the value of each
current I, is the main focus. Additionally, it is separated into two categories: loop law and
junction law. The junction law deals with current flowing into or out of junctions, while the loop
law regulates voltage. Specifically, a voltage is positive if it enters the battery's negative side
and negative if it enters its positive side. Our job in this experiment was to calculate for the
currents 𝐼1–𝐼3. With the resources available in the virtual lab, we built a parallel circuit and
utilized the resistance and voltage measurements to calculate the currents. In conclusion, the
experimental results provided in the previous analysis are consistent with the theory of resistor
in series and resistor in parallel, as well as with Kirchhoff's laws. The measurements for the
voltage across the battery, the voltage across the resistors, the currents flowing through the
resistors, and the total current flowing in the circuit are all in agreement with the theoretical
values. This indicates that the experiments were conducted correctly, and the circuits were
functioning as expected. The results demonstrate the fundamental principles of electrical circuits
and show the importance of accurate measurements and following the laws of physics to ensure
accurate and reliable results.
RAVAGO, EDMAR JIM R.
PHYS101L –B13

Problems and Solutions:

1. A circuit consists of two loops. The first loop consists of a 12 V battery and two resistors
connected in series, with resistances of 4 Ω and 6 Ω, respectively. The second loop consists of
a single resistor with a resistance of 8 Ω. Find the current flowing through each resistor.
Solution: We can apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law to each loop to find the total voltage drop in
each loop: Loop 1: 12 V = I1 x R1 + I2 x R2 Loop 2: I2 x R2 = I3 x R3 We can also apply Kirchhoff's
Current Law at the junction point of the two loops to find the current flowing through each
resistor: I1 = I2 + I3 Now we can substitute the second equation into the first equation to
eliminate I2: 12 V = I1 x R1 + (I3 x R3) x R2 / (R2 + R3) We can also substitute the third equation
into the previous equation to eliminate I1: 12 V = (I2 + I3) x R1 + (I3 x R3) x R2 / (R2 + R3) We
can then solve for I3: I3 = 0.62 A Now we can use the third equation to find I2: I2 = I1 - I3 = 0.38
A Finally, we can use Ohm's Law to find the current flowing through each resistor: I1 x R1 = 2.5
V, I2 x R2 = 2.25 V, and I3 x R3 = 4.96 V Therefore, the current flowing through each resistor is
0.62 A (for the 8 Ω resistor), 0.38 A (for the 4 Ω and 6 Ω resistors in series), and 0.62 A (for the
6 Ω resistor).
2. Three resistors R1, R2, and R3 are connected in series to a battery with voltage V = 12V. The
resistance of each resistor is R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 4Ω, and R3 = 6Ω. Find the total resistance and the
current flowing through the circuit. Solution: To find the total resistance (RT) of the circuit, we
add the individual resistances of each resistor: RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = 2Ω + 4Ω + 6Ω = 12Ω. To find
the current (I) flowing through the circuit, we use Ohm's Law: V = IR. Since the resistors are
connected in series, the same current flows through each resistor. Thus, I = V / RT = 12V / 12Ω
= 1A. Therefore, the total resistance of the circuit is 12Ω, and the current flowing through the
circuit is 1A.
3. Three resistors R1, R2, and R3 are connected in parallel to a battery with voltage V = 24V. The
resistance of each resistor is R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 4Ω, and R3 = 6Ω. Find the total resistance and the
current flowing through the circuit. Solution: To find the total resistance (RT) of the circuit, we
use the formula for resistors in parallel: 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3. Plugging in the values, we
get 1/RT = 1/2Ω + 1/4Ω + 1/6Ω = 1/1.333Ω. Solving for RT, we get RT = 1.5Ω. To find the current
(I) flowing through the circuit, we use Ohm's Law: I = V / RT = 24V / 1.5Ω = 16A. Since the
resistors are connected in parallel, the same voltage is applied across each resistor. Thus, the
current through each resistor can be found using Ohm's Law: I1 = V / R1 = 24V / 2Ω = 12A, I2 =
V / R2 = 24V / 4Ω = 6A, and I3 = V / R3 = 24V / 6Ω = 4A. Therefore, the total resistance of the
circuit is 1.5Ω, and the current flowing through the circuit is 16A. The current through each
resistor is 12A for R1, 6A for R2, and 4A for R3.
4. A circuit consists of a 12 V battery and three resistors connected in series. The resistors have
resistances of 4 Ω, 6 Ω, and 8 Ω, respectively. Find the current flowing through each resistor.
Solution: Using Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, we can find the total voltage drop across the circuit: V
= V1 + V2 + V3 12 V = I1 x R1 + I2 x R2 + I3 x R3 Using Kirchhoff's Current Law, we can find the
current flowing through the circuit: I1 = I2 = I3 = I Now we can write three equations using
Ohm's Law: I x R1 + I x R2 + I x R3 = 12 V I x 4 Ω + I x 6 Ω + I x 8 Ω = 12 V 18I = 12 V I = 0.67 A So
the current flowing through each resistor can be found by multiplying the current by its
resistance: I1 = 0.67 A x 4 Ω = 2.67 A I2 = 0.67 A x 6 Ω = 4 A I3 = 0.67 A x 8 Ω = 5.33 A Therefore,
the current flowing through each resistor is 2.67 A, 4 A, and 5.33 A
RAVAGO, EDMAR JIM R.
PHYS101L –B13