Teacher Guidelines

Topic 4: Human reproduction

Human
reproduction
(3 weeks, Paper 1: 41 marks)
This topic can be divided in the following 4. Puberty
subsections: 1. Human life Reproductive
cycle system (EG p 7, TB p 84-85, Reproduction
(EG p 7,WB p 2) (EG p 7, WB p 9-11) (EG p 7,

1. Human life cycle ● Meiosis TB p 75-81,

WB p 2-9)
● Male TB p 96-106,
WB p 21-26)
● Mitosis ● Female
2. Structure male reproductive system ● Fertilisation ● 2. Male
● 3. Female
● 7. Fertilisation
● 7. Development
of zygote to
3. Structure female reproductive system blastocyst
● 8. Implantation
4. Puberty 5. Gametogenesis
(EG p 7, TB p 86-89,
6. Menstrual cycle
(EG p 7, TB p 91-95,
● 8. Gestation
● 8. Placenta
WB p 11-15) WB p 15-21)
5. Gametogenesis ● Formation ● Ovarian cycle ● Prevention
● Spermatogenesis ● Uterine cycle
6. Menstrual cycle ● Oogenesis ● Hormonal control

7. Fertilisation
8.
2021
Implantation, gestation Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 1 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 2

1 2

1. Human life cycle 2. Male reproductive organs

Haploid (n)
sperm FERTILISATION
seminal vesicle

Haploid (n)
ovum prostate gland
MIEOSIS

Cowper’s gland
Diploid (2n) vas deferens
zygote
penis

Diploid (2n) Diploid (2n)

multicellular multicellular epididymis
male female MITOSIS
testis
scrotum
glans
2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 3 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 4
urethra

3 4

2. Male reproductive organs

Bag of skin
Scrotum → Outside (2°C lower than body temperature for best
spermatogenesis)

Complete Self-Activity 1 on page 3 of the Grade 12

Function:
Life Sciences Workbook. Inside scrotum Produce testosterone
Testis → →
Plural: testes Spermatogenesis =
Oval shaped gland (1) spermatozoa

→ On top of testis → Stores spermatozoa to mature

Epididymis
(temporarily)

2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 5 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 6

5 6

Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh – Mrs A Laas

1
 Teacher Guidelines
Topic 4: Human reproduction
2. Manlike voortplantingsorgane 2. Male reproductive organs 2. Male reproductive organs
Cowper’s Lubricates head of penis
Vas deferens → 2 x tube → Gland (4) →
→ Carries spermatozoa to urethra gland Maximise motility of sperm

Seminal Secretes sugary yellow substance for

→ Gland (2) → Urinating
vesicles ENERGY Urethra → Tube →
Ejaculation (NOT AT SAME TIME)

Ejaculation Forces semen (yellow liquid + spermatozoa) through

→
tubes prostate to exterior Male reproductive organ Transfer spermatozoa
penis → Cone shaped head = glans → from male to female
Balance pH of semen penis through copulation
Prostate → Gland (3) →
Milky liquid

2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 7 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 8

7 8

2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 9 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 10

9 10

2. Female reproductive organs

Fallopian tube

uterus

ovary
Complete Self-Activity 2 on page 3 of the Grade 12
Life Sciences Workbook. Uterus wall
endometrium
cervix

vagina

vulva

Opening of vagina
2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 11 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 12

11 12

Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh – Mrs A Laas

2
 Teacher Guidelines
Topic 4: Human reproduction
Functions and pathway 2. Female reproductive
Primary sex organ organs
Produce oestrogen +
Ovaries → almond shaped gland → progesterone
(1) Oogenesis = ova

Complete Self-Activity 3 on page 6 of the Grade 12

Extend from ovary Transport ovum + developing
Life Sciences Workbook. Fallopian tube → to uterus → zygote
Ciliated Place of fertilisation = conception

Hollow and pear shaped

Care of embryo / foetus
3 layers: perimetrium,
Uterus → → from implantation to
myometrium,
birth
endometrium
2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 13 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 14

13 14

Cervix → Muscular canal at base of uterus

Copulation
Vagina → Muscular tube →
Birth canal
Complete Self-Activity 4 on page 8 & 9 of the Grade
12 Life Sciences Workbook.

Opening of vagina (outside)

Vulva → -labia
-hymen (membrane)

2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 15 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 16

15 16

4. Puberty • Female sex hormone – oestrogen and progesterone

 Produced and released in ovaries
• Male sex hormone
• Main changes
 Produced and released by testes
 Increased fat deposits below skin
• Main changes  Widening of hips
 Increased muscle mass  Development of breasts
 Development of deeper voice (larynx enlarges)  Increased height
 Enlargement of penis testes  Development of ova in ovaries
 Start menstruation
 Production of sperm
 Growth of body hair
 Increased production of sweat  Skin becomes oily
 Increase in facial and body hair  Behavioural changes
2021 Behavioural changes
Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 17 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 18

17 18

Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh – Mrs A Laas

3
 Teacher Guidelines
Topic 4: Human reproduction
5. Gametogenesis
Germinal epithelium
• Spermatogenesis
← MITOSIS
Spermatogonium
← Grow
Complete Self-Activity 5 on page 10 of the Grade 12 Primary spermatocyte
Life Sciences Workbook.
← MEIOSIS I
Secondary spermatocyte
* Genetically different

Spermatids ← MEIOSIS II
-Going to become head
part of spermatozoa

Spermatozoa
2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 19 2021 - AllCopyright
genetically different
Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 20

19 20

5. Gametogenesis
• Spermatogenesis (explain on transparency)
• Structure of spermatozoa

Head
Complete Self-Activity 6 on page 12 of the Grade 12
Midpiece Tail – enables to swim
Life Sciences Workbook.

Acrosome
*Contain
enzyme to Nucleus Mitochondrion
penetrate
2021
*haploid *Energy for locomotion
Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 21 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 22
ovum
21 22

5. Gametogenesis 5. Gametogenesis
Germinal epithelium
• Oogenesis ← MITOSIS
• Structure of ovum
In foetus
Oogonium
*Lies in a Graafian follicle ← Grow
At birth
Primary oocytes Jelly-like layer
← MEIOSIS I *Protection
Secondary oocytes Polar body Nucleus
*Genetically different *haploid
← MEIOSIS II
From
puberty to Cytoplasm
Ovum
menopause *contains yolk – nutrients
3 Polar bodies
*Graafian follicle ripens and *Degenerate and
burst on Day 14 to release ovum
2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleighform jelly
- Mrs A Laas 23 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 24
*All genetically different around ovum

23 24

Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh – Mrs A Laas

4
 Teacher Guidelines
Topic 4: Human reproduction
6. Menstrual cycle

Complete Self-Activity 7 on page 15 of the Grade 12

Life Sciences Workbook.

2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 25 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 26

25 26

6. Menstrual cycle Uterine cycle (Menstrual cycle)

Ovarian cycle • Approximately 28 days
• Layer of germinal epithelium lines each ovary
• Undergoes mitosis to form ovarian follicle (1 to 2)
• Endometrium of uterus becomes richly supplied
• Single cell undergoes meiosis (3)
with blood
• Matures into Graafian follicle –once every 28 days (4 to 6) • In preparation for implantation of fertilized ovum
• Haploid ovum forms in Graafian follicle under influence of LH • No fertilization = unfertelised ovum reaches uterus
• Follicle swells and bursts = ovulation (7) • Corpus luteum disintegrates = progesterone levels
• Ovum released into fallopian tube decrease
• Empty Graafian follicle develops into corpus luteum (8)
• Endometrium breaks down with discharge of blood
• Secretes progesterone to maintain pregnancy
• Secretes estrogen
and mucus via vagina
• No pregnancy = corpus luteum disintegrates (10) • Known as menstruation – continues for about 5 days
2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 27 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 28

27 28

Marking Guideline for Self-Activity 8

Oogenesis The production of female gametes through meiosis
The male reproductive tube that connects the testis with the
Vas deferens
urethra
The attachment of the fertilized ovum or blastocyst to the wall
Implantation of the uterus at the start of pregnancy.
Complete Self-Activity 8 on page 17 of the Grade 12 Blastocyst
A hollow ball of cells formed from the zygote. (Also called a
blastula)
Life Sciences Workbook. Testosterone
A hormone that stimulates the maturation of sperm and
Stimulates puberty in males
The hormone that causes the thickening of the endometrium
Oestrogen and is produced by the Graafian follicle
When the nucleus of the sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of the
Fertilization
ovum.
Spermatogenesis The production of male gametes through meiosis
The stage in humans when sexual maturity is reached in males
Puberty and females.
The hormone responsible for ovulation and the formation of the
Luteinising hormone corpus luteum
2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 29 2021
Zygote The diploid cellHoërskool
Copyright formed by the
Birchleigh - Mrsprocess
A Laas of fertilisation. 30

29 30

Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh – Mrs A Laas

5
 Teacher Guidelines
Topic 4: Human reproduction
Hormonal control of menstrual cycle • Progesterone
• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) • Secreted by corpus luteum
• Secreted by pituitary gland • Two option
• Not pregnant
• Stimulate the maturation of a follicle in one ovary
-Corpus luteum degenerates
• Promotes formation of ovum
-decrease progesterone levels
• Oestrogen -endometrium breaks down (menstruation)
• Released by growing follicle in ovary -lack of progesterone mean FSH not inhibited
-cycle starts again
• Increase of oestrogen stimulates pituitary gland to secrete LH
• Pregnant
• Lutenising hormone (LH) -Corpus luteum does not degenerate
• Spike or sudden increase in LH triggers ovulation on day 14 -keeps on releasing progesterone
• After ovulation the Graafian follicle develops into a corpus luteum -progesterone inhibited release of FSH
-maintains pregnancy
• LH secreted by pituitary gland
2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 31 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 32

31 32

Complete Self-Activity 9 on page 20 of the Grade 12

Life Sciences Workbook.

2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 33 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 34

33 34

Key:
Hormonal control Bold = Hormones

Follicle secretes
Stimulate ovary for
oestrogen
follicle growth

Secretes FSH Oestrogen stimulates

Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)

 Progesterone stimulates

Secretes LH Corpus luteum degenerates

& progesterone levels 

Triggers ovulation &

corpus luteum forms Birth
Not pregnant
Corpus luteum
2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 35 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 36
secretes progesterone Pregnant

35 36

Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh – Mrs A Laas

6
 Teacher Guidelines
Topic 4: Human reproduction
Key:
Negative feedback
Negative feedback mechanism
7. Fertilisation and development of zygote and blastocyst
Follicle secretes
Stimulate ovary for
follicle growth
oestrogen • Copulation
• Sperm deposited in vagina through sexual intercourse
Inhibits • Fertilisation
Secretes FSH (No follicle growth) Oestrogen stimulates
• Fusion of the nucleus of a sperm with the nucleus of an ovum
Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)
(No follicle growth)

 Progesterone stimulates
Inhibits

Secretes LH Corpus luteum degenerates

& progesterone levels 

Triggers ovulation &

corpus luteum forms Birth
Not pregnant
Corpus luteum
2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 37 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 38
secretes progesterone Pregnant

37 38

Cleavage
Process (occurs in Fallopian tube) 2 cells 4 cells 8 cells
zygote
morula
• Thousands of spermatozoa released into vagina Fusion of
ovum and
• Spermatozoa swim towards fallopian tubes with the help of spermatozoon
the tail nuclei
• One ovum is released into fallopian tube during ovulation blastocyst
• Spermatozoa release enzyme to break down follicle cells
• Only one spermatozoon penetrates cell membrane of ovum
• Nuclei of spermatozoon and ovum fuse to form diploid
zygote fertilisation
Implanted
ovum blastocyst

2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 39 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 40

39 40

8. Implantation, gestation and role of placenta Structure of developing foetus in the uterus

2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 41 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 42

41 42

Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh – Mrs A Laas

7
 Teacher Guidelines
Topic 4: Human reproduction

Contraceptives Complete Self-Activity 10 on page 27 to 29 of the

Grade 12 Life Sciences Workbook.

2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 43 2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 44

43 44

 END OF TOPIC 4

2021 Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh - Mrs A Laas 45

45

Copyright Hoërskool Birchleigh – Mrs A Laas

8