22 Electric Fields Student Booklet

Unit 22.1/2 Electric Fields

To be able to calculate the force of gravity between two charges
Learning
To be able to explain what electric field strength is
Outcomes
To be able to calculate the electric field strength at a distance r from the centre

Coulomb’s Law (Electric Force) (Also seen in GCSE Physics 2)

The electrostatic force acts between all charged particles and can be attractive or repulsive. It is the charges
themselves that cause the force to exist. The force that acts between two charges, Q1 and Q2, whose centres
are separated by a distance of r is given by:
Q Q
F ∝ 12 2
r

Like charges Opposite charges Like charges

The proportional constant was found and the equation becomes:

1 Q1 Q2
F=
4 πε 0 r 2
ε0 is the Permittivity of Free Space, ε0 = 8.854 x 10-12 F m-1
When one of the charges is large, Q, the force between it and a test charge, q, whose centres are separated by
a distance of r is given by:
Qq
F=
4 πε 0 r 2
If the two charges are positive, (+Q)(+q) = + Qq A positive force means the charges repel.
If the two charges are negative, (–Q)(–q) = + Qq A positive force means the charges repel.
If one is negative and one is positive, (–Q)(+q) = – Qq A negative force means the charges attract.
Electric Fields
An electric field is the area around a charge where any other charge will experience a force. We can model a
field with field lines or lines of force.
Radial Fields
For a positive charge the field lines start at the charge and go out to infinity. For a negative charge the field lines
end at the centre of a mass and tail back from infinity. We can see that they become more spread out the
further from the charge we go.
Uniform Fields
The field lines are parallel in a uniform field. Between two
conducting plates the field lines leave the positive plate and
enter the negative plate.
Electric Field Strength, E
We can think of electric field strength as the concentration of the field lines at that point. We can see from the
diagrams above that the field strength is constant in a uniform field but drops quickly as we move further out in
a radial field.
The electric field strength at a point is a vector quantity and is defined as:
The force per unit charge acting on a small charge placed at that point in the field
F
E=
We can represent this with the equation: q
If we use our equation for the electric force at a distance r and substitute this in for F we get:
Qq Q
E= E=
4 πε 0 r 2 q which simplifies to: 4 πε 0 r 2 (RADIAL FIELDS)
Electric Field Strength is measured in Newtons per Coulomb, N C -1
 22.2 Investigating Electric Fields – Using a Fluid

Equipment: Glass plate with graph paper on the underside; probe; electrodes; electrode
support; 100ml copper sulphate solution; syringe; spirit level; 4 connecting leads; voltmeter
(0−50−5 & 0−15Vdc0−15Vdc); 6V6V battery; 2 sheets graph paper.

Method

1. Pour enough copper sulphate solution onto the glass plate to form a thin layer. Level the glass
carefully so that the pool is of uniform depth.
2. Arrange the apparatus as above, checking that the electrodes are clean (if necessary clean with sand
paper).
3. On a sheet of graph paper, mark XX and YY scales similar to the sheet under the glass plate. Draw a
point and a circle to show the positions of the electrodes.
4. Holding the probe vertically, touch the tip onto the copper sulphate solution between the electrodes.
Move the probe until a point is found where V= 1V. Read the XX and YY coordinates. Mark this point
on your graph paper.
5. Find another point about 2cm2cm from the first, where V= 1V. Mark this point on the graph paper.
Continue this process until either the line of points forms a closed loop or goes off the area of the
solution.
6. Join the points with a smooth curve and label it +1V+1V.
7. Repeat 4, 5, and 6 with V=2V,3V, and 4VV=2V,3V, and 4V.
8. Touch the probe onto each electrode in turn, read V, and mark these values on the graph paper beside
the electrodes.
9. Change the electrodes to these shown:
10. Draw two parallel lines on a new sheet of graph
paper to show these electrodes. Now repeat
steps 4 to 8, but place the probe tip onto
positions in the whole area of the copper
sulphate solution.
11. Use the syringe to replace the copper sulphate solution into its container. Wash the glass plate (top
surface only!) then rinse the electrodes and the probe in clean water.
Theory

The reading on the voltmeter was the value of electric potential, relative to the negative electrode. Thus,
the curves that you plotted were equipotential lines, that is lines drawn linking points at the same electric
potential.

If an electric charge moves between points at different electric potentials, it moves through a potential
difference (p.d.), and work is done. If a charge moves perpendicular to an equipotential line, work is done
at a maximum rate (per unit distance), and the charge is moving along a line of force.

A line of force is a line drawn to indicate the direction of the force on a unit positive charge placed at one
of the points on the line. A charge free to move would move along the line of force, so that work is done at
a maximum rate (per unit distance).

Example: (Note that the lines always cross perpendicularly)

Analysis

1. Sketch on your graph papers the lines of force, which are perpendicular to the equipotential lines (use
a different colour pen).

2. Use the graph paper obtained in 1 to 8, to find the approximate potential difference between
points AA (9,15) and BB(8,10).
3. Calculate the work done if a charge of +2C+2C moves from point AA to point BB. Describe the energy
change if the charge is acted on by no forces other than that exerted by the electric field.
4. How much work is done if the +2C+2C charge moves along an equipotential line?
5. Look at the pattern of lines of force from steps 1 to 8. What formula is used to find the force on a
charge in this field (in terms of the size of the charge, the charge on the central electrode, and the
distance from the central electrons)?

6. Look at the lines of force from step 9. What formula can be used to find the force on a charge
between the electrodes (in terms of p.d. between the electrodes, distance between electrodes, and
the charge)?

7. Calculate the work done if a −4C−4C charge moves between the electrodes (from the + to the -
electrode), in both of the fields studied.
 22.2/ 22.3 Electric Field Plotting – Carbon Paper
Aims
Lines of equal potential are called equipotentials. The lines of force of the field are perpendicular to the
equipotentials. If the field is uniform, the lines of force should be parallel to one another and the potential
gradient (i.e. the change of voltage per unit distance) should be the same at all points in the field.
In this investigation, you have to trace the equipotential lines in the electric field between two
oppositely charged parallel electrodes. There are no specific safety issues concerned with this
practical.

a. Makes accurate observations relevant to the experimental or investigative

procedure. Including tables, graphs
4 Makes and
records
b. Obtains accurate, precise and sufficient data for experimental and investigative
observations
procedures and records this methodically using appropriate units and conventions.
Includes gradient calcs.

Equipment, materials and method

1. For this experiment you will need: a low-voltage dc unit, four clean brass or copper strips, two bulldog
clips, a high-resistance voltmeter, a half-insulated pin, conducting paper, carbon paper, a blank sheet of
white paper and a millimetre ruler.
2. Clamp the clean metal strips as electrodes along opposite edges of a sheet of conducting paper as
shown in Figure 1. Arrange the strips so that they are parallel, about 200 mm apart. Connect the strips
to a low-voltage dc source to supply a fixed voltage between the electrodes.
3. Connect an insulated metal pin to one terminal of a high-resistance voltmeter and connect the other
terminal to the negative electrode. Touch the pin on the conducting paper and check that the
voltmeter gives a non-zero reading. This reading is the potential difference between the pin and the
negative electrode. By moving the pin to different points on the paper, you can find out how the
potential difference (relative to the negative electrode) varies with position between the electrodes.
4. Use a sheet of carbon paper on blank white paper under the conducting paper to trace lines of
constant voltage. Use the pin to outline the electrodes and then trace equipotentials at regular
intervals of voltage. Note the voltmeter reading for each equipotential.
5. Try another plot with the electrode in another position i.e. v shape.

Results and conclusions

1. Use the equipotential lines on the paper to draw lines of force. Note that the direction of the lines of
force is from the positive plate to the negative plate
2. Plot a graph to show how the potential (relative to the negative electrode) changes with distance along
a straight line from the centre of the negative electrode to the centre of the positive electrode.
3. Discuss whether or not the electric field between the electrodes is uniform.
4. Use the graph to prove the equation as shown and predict the field strength.
 Unit 22.3 Electric Potential
To be able to explain what electric potential is and be able to calculate it
Learning
To know what the field strength is like in a uniform field and how it is linked to electric potential
Outcomes
To be able to sketch graphs of potential and field strength over distance from surface

Electric Potential, V
The electric potential at a point r from a point charge is defined as:
The work done per unit charge against the field to move a positive point charge from infinity to that point

Q
V=
The electric potential at a distance r from a charge Q is given by:
4 πε 0 r
The value will be positive when work is done against the field (when like charges are repelling).
The value will be negative when work is done by the field (when opposite charges attract).
In both cases the potential at infinity is zero. Electric potential is a scalar quantity.
Electric Potential is measured in Joules per Coulomb, J C-1
Electric Potential Difference (Also seen in GCSE Physics 2 and AS Unit 1)
Electric potential is the work done per unit charge which can be written like this:
W
V=
Q
We came across this equation in the E=QV Q=It lesson of Unit 1. We used it to define the potential difference as
the energy given to each charge. From what we have just defined we can now update our definition of potential
difference. Potential difference is the difference in electric potential between two points in an electric field.
The work done to move a charge from potential V1 to potential V2 is given by:
ΔW =Q (V 2−V 1 ) which can be written as ΔW =QΔV
Uniform Fields
In a uniform field like that between two conducting plates the field strength is
constant as we have already seen. Now that we understand electric potential we can
use an equation for the field strength in a uniform field.
V
E=
d Where V is the potential difference between the plates and d is the separation of the plates.
Electric Field Strength can be measured in Volts per metre, V m-1
Graphs
Here are the graphs of how electric field strength and electric potential vary with distance from the centre of a
charged sphere. In both cases R is the
radius of the sphere.

The gradient of the electric potential graph

gives us the electric field strength at that
point. To find the gradient at a point on a
curve we must draw a tangent to the line
then calculate the gradient of the tangent:
Δy ΔV
gradient= E=
Δx  Δr
If we rearrange the equation we can see
where we get the top equation for electric
potential.
ΔV Q Q Q
E= 2
Δr=ΔV 2
r=V =V
Δr  EΔr=ΔV sub in the equation for E  4 πε 0 r  4 πε 0 r 
4 πε 0 r
 Unit 22.5 Fields Comparison
To be able to describe and explain the motion of a charged particle in an electric field
Learning
To be able to state the similarities between gravitational and electric fields
Outcomes
To be able to state the differences between gravitational and electric fields

Motion in an Electric Field

A charged particle moving through an electric field will feel a force towards
the oppositely charged plate.
We see that the electron moves in a parabola towards the positive plate and
the positron moves towards the negative plate.

The field strength is constant so the force is the same at all points in the field
and is given by F=qE . The direction of the force depends on the charge of
the particle entering the field

Like the projectiles we looked at during AS Unit 2, the vertical velocity is

independent from the horizontal velocity.
The acceleration in the vertical plane will be equal to E and it will ‘freefall’ like a mass in a gravitational field.

Comparing Fields
We have seen that the characteristics of gravitational and electric fields have some similarities and differences.
Gravitational Fields Electric Fields
Force is between Masses Charges
Constant of 1
proportionality
G 4 πε 0 = k (not boltzs or spring!)
Gm1 m2 1 Q1 Q2
F=− F=
Equation for force r 2
4 πε 0 r 2
Newton (N) Newtons (N)
Vector Vector
Like charges repel
Nature of force Attractive only
Different charges attract
Definition of field
Force per unit mass Force per unit charge
strength
GM Q
g=− E=
Field strength in r2 4 πε 0 r 2
radial field Newtons per kilogram (N/kg) Newtons per Coulomb (N/C)
Vector Vector
Definition of The work done in bringing a unit mass from The work done in bringing a unit charge
potential infinity to the point in the field from infinity to the point in the field
GM Q
V =− V=
Potential r 4 πε 0 r
Joules per kilogram (J/kg) Joules per Coulomb (J/C)
Scalar Scalar
Potential at
0 0
infinity
Work done
moving between
ΔW =mΔV ΔW =QΔV
Joules (J) Joules (J)
points of different
potential Scalar Scalar
Gradient of
potential against Field strength Field strength
distance graph
22.3 Analysis Electric Potential
You are going to analyse the data obtained in an investigation into the electric potential at different distances from a
Van de Graaff generator whose dome has a diameter of 40 cm.
Experimental Data
Distance from 1
r Electric Potential, V Mean V
the Van de
(m)
r (J C-1) (J C-1)
Graaff (m) (m-1)
0.30 62300 61500 61300
0.80 36300 36100 35300
1.30 25100 25000 26100
1.80 20300 19200 19300
2.30 16300 15900 15500
2.80 13600 13600 13300
3.30 11400 11600 11800
3.80 10300 10300 10300
4.30 9250 9060 9230
4.80 8190 8370 8310

Analysis
1. Calculate the distance from the centre (r) for each distance from the Van de Graaff generator.
2. What is the precision of the distance measurements?
3. Calculate 1/r for each distance from the Van de Graaff generator.
4. Calculate the mean electric potential (V) for each distance.
5. What is the uncertainty in V for a distance of 0.80 m?
6. Calculate this as a percentage of the mean value of V at this distance.
7. What is the uncertainty in V for a distance of 1.80 m?
8. Calculate this as a percentage of the smallest value of V at this distance.
9. What is the uncertainty in V for a distance of 3.30 m?
10. Calculate this as a percentage of the largest value of V at this distance.
11. What is the uncertainty in V for a distance on 4.30 m?
12. Calculate this as a percentage of the middle value of V at this distance.
13. What error is responsible for the spread in values of the electric field strength at 2.80 m?

14. Plot a graph of V against 1/r and draw a line of best fit.
Q
V=
15. If the equation of the line is
4 πε 0 r what does the gradient present?
16. Use your gradient to calculate the charge, Q, on the Van de Graaff.

17. Plot a graph of V against r and draw a line of best fit.

18. Draw a tangent to the line of best fit when r = 2.50 m.
19. Calculate the gradient of the tangent. This is equal to the electric field strength (E) at that distance from the
centre.
20. Write down your value of E obtained from the graph.
Q
E=
21. Use the equation 4 πε 0 r 2 to calculate the theoretical value of E when r is 2.50 m.
22. What is the difference between your value from the graph and the theoretical value?
23. Calculate this difference as a percentage of the theoretical value.
 22.4 Analysis Finding ε0
You are going to analyse the data obtained in an investigation into the electric potential at different distances from a
Van de Graaff generator that has a charge of 13 C stored on its surface. This will lead to you finding a value for ε 0.

Experimental Data
Distance from Electric Field Strength,
Mean E r2 1 / r2
Centre, r E
(x 109 N/C) (m2) (m-2)
(m) (x 109 N/C)
2.0 29.47 28.76 29.43
2.5 19.03 18.45 18.62
3.0 13.08 12.71 13.18
3.5 9.49 9.52 9.61
4.0 7.36 7.29 7.28
4.5 5.69 5.91 5.71
5.0 4.66 4.73 4.65
5.5 3.92 3.81 3.85
6.0 3.28 3.28 3.19
6.5 2.82 2.73 2.76

Analysis
1. What is the independent variable in this investigation?
2. What is the dependent variable in this investigation?
3. What is the precision of the distance measurements?
4. Calculate the mean values of electric field strength for each value of r.
5. Calculate the values of r2 and 1 / r2.

6. Calculate the uncertainty in the value of E when r is 2.5 m?

7. What is this as a percentage of the mean value of E?
8. Calculate the uncertainty in the value of E when r is 4.0 m?
9. What is this as a percentage of the mean value of E?
10. Calculate the uncertainty in the value of E when r is 5.0 m?
11. What is this as a percentage of the mean value of E?
12. Calculate the uncertainty in the value of E when r is 6.5 m?
13. What is this as a percentage of the mean value of E?

14. Plot a graph of E against 1 / r2 (on the x axis)

15. Draw a line of best fit and calculate its gradient.
Q
E=
16. If the equation linking E and 1 / r2 is 4 πε 0 r 2 , what does the gradient of your line represent?
17. Use the gradient to calculate a value of ε0.
18. The accepted value of ε0 is 8.85 x 10-12, what is the difference between your value and the actual value?
19. Calculate this as a percentage of the actual value?
Physics 4 Topic 4: Electric Fields Extended Writing
Task: Fields Comparison
Gravitational fields and electric fields have many features in common but also have
several differences. For both radial and uniform gravitational and electric fields,
compare and contrast their common features and their differences. In your answer
you should consider:
 The force acting between particles or charges
 Gravitational field strength and electric field strength
 Gravitational potential and electric potential
 Physics 4 Topic 4: Electric Fields Extended Writing Task: Fields Comparison
This work was done by ________________________________________ and was marked by __________________________________________

Praise. What were the positive aspects of the work? What did they do well? What skills did they demonstrate?

P Improvements. What were the literacy issues in the piece of Draw in

Write in ink. Use a ruler.
work? Pencil.
Always use capital letters at the beginning of a sentence. Learn the spellings identified in your work.

I
Always use capital letters for proper nouns. Ensure sentences make sense.
Make sure you write on the line and not above or below it. Use correct punctuation.
Use scientific vocabulary appropriate to the task. Vary your sentences to demonstrate your understanding.

D answer B answer A* answer

In a radial field, both gravitational and ...both gravitational and electric forces ...in both cases a spherical body may be
electric forces are proportional to the involve an inverse square relationship... considered to act as a point mass or
masses/charges of the thing causing the charge placed at the centre of the
field and experiencing it... sphere.
In a uniform field the force is constant ...gravitational forces are always ...the gravitational forces are usually
at all points... attractive whilst electric forces may be much smaller than electric forces (unless
attractive or repulsive... very large masses used).
Both field strengths are defined as a ...and are proportional to the magnitude ...and is also equal to the change in
force per unit mass or charge... of the mass or charge that produces the potential over the change in distance in
field and 1/r2 in a radial field... both cases.
In a uniform field the field has the same ...a gravitational field is always directed ...it is directed towards a negative
magnitude and same direction at all towards the mass producing it where as charge and away from a positive
points... an electric field does not... charge.
Potential is defined as the work done ...and is proportional to the mass or ...the work done in moving a mass or
per unit mass or charge to bring the charge that causes the field and to 1/r charge across a potential difference is
mass or charge from infinity to a point... in a radial field... calculated by multiplying the mass or
charge by the potential difference.
In a uniform field the potential varies ...gravitational potential is always ...it is positive for positive charges and
linearly with distance (owtte)... negative whilst electric potential can be negative for negative charges (in a
positive or negative... positive field).
Next Steps. How can they move their work onto the next grade? What didn’t they include? Grade Effort
N

Oxford Science – Exam Practice Questions
Refer to the Physics data sheet for data, formulae and relationships information.
1 Electrons experience forces in electric fields. In each of the following cases, state the
direction of the force that acts on a moving electron, and describe and explain the
electron’s subsequent motion.
1 a An electron enters a uniform electric field that is directed at right angles to the
electron’s velocity at the point of entry.

b An electron enters a uniform electric field whose direction is the same as that of the
electron’s velocity at the point of entry.

(5 marks)

AQA Physics, 2008, Unit 4 (Question 3)

2 a Define the electric potential at a point in an electric field.

(3 marks)

b Figure 1 shows part of the region around a small positive charge.

Figure 1
i The electric potential at point L due to this charge is  3.0 V. Calculate the
magnitude Q of the charge. Express your answer to an appropriate number of
significant figures.
magnitude of Q ................................. C

(3 marks)

ii Show that the electric potential at point N, due to the charge, is 1.0 V.

(1 mark)

iii Show that the electric field strength at point M, which is mid-way between L
and N, is 2.5 V m1.

(1 mark)

AQA Physics, 2012, Unit 4 (Question 1)

3 Figure 2 shows an electron at a point in a uniform electric field at an instant when it is
stationary.

Figure 2
a State and explain what, if anything, will happen to the magnitude of the
electrostatic force acting on the electron as it starts to move in this field.

(2 marks)

b Figure 3 shows a stationary electron in a non-uniform electric field. Figure 4 shows

a stationary proton, placed in exactly the same position in the same electric field as
the electron in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Figure 4
i State and explain how the electrostatic force on the proton in Figure 4
compares with that on the electron in Figure 3.

(2 marks)

ii Each of the particles starts to move from the positions shown in Figure 3 and
Figure 4. State and explain how the magnitude of the initial acceleration of the
proton compares with that of the electron.

(2 marks)
 iii Describe and explain what will happen to the acceleration of each of these
particles as they continue to move in the electric field.

(2 marks)

AQA Physics, 2012, Unit 4 (Question 2)

4 a State, in words, Coulomb’s law.

(2 marks)

4 b Figure 5 shows two point charges of 4.0 nC and 6.0 nC which are 68 mm apart.

Figure 5

i Sketch on Figure 5 the pattern of the electric field surrounding the charges. (3
marks)

ii Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force acting on the 4.0 nC charge.
magnitude of force ................................ N

(2 marks)

c i Calculate the magnitude of the resultant electric field strength at the

mid-point of the line joining the two charges in Figure 5.
State an appropriate unit for your answer.
electric field strength ................................ unit ...............

(4 marks)

ii State the direction of the resultant electric field at the mid-point of the line
joining the charges.

(1 mark)

AQA Physics, 2013, Unit 4 (Question 4)

5 Figure 6 shows a small polystyrene ball which is suspended between two vertical
metal plates, P1 and P2 (80 mm apart), that are initially uncharged. The ball carries a
charge of 0.17 C.

Figure 6
i A pd of 600 V is applied between P1 and P2 when the switch is closed.
Calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength between the plates,
assuming it is uniform.
magnitude of electric field ...........................Vm1

(2 marks)

ii Show that the magnitude of the electrostatic force that acts on the ball under
these conditions is 1.3 mN.

(1 mark)

5 b Because of the electrostatic force acting on it, the ball is displaced from its original
position. It comes to rest when the suspended thread makes an angle  with the
vertical, as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7

i On Figure 7, mark and label the forces that act on the ball when in this position.
(2 marks)
 ii The mass of the ball is 4.8 × 104 kg. By considering the equilibrium of the ball,
determine the value of .
 ........................degrees

(3 marks)

AQA Physics, 2011, Unit 4 (Question 4)

Oxford Science – Exam Practice Answers

Question
Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a Any five from:
Force is perpendicular to initial velocity or acts in opposite
direction to direction of electric field

Initial horizontal velocity component is maintained

Electron is accelerated in perpendicular direction

Max 5
Parabolic path, due to acceleration in perpendicular direction
1b Force is in opposite direction to initial velocity

Electron decelerated

Direction of motion may eventually be reversed, if the size of

the force on the electron is great enough

2a Work done [or energy needed] per unit charge [or (change
in) electric PE per unit charge] 1

On [or of] a (small) positive (test) charge 1

In moving the charge from infinity (to the point) [not from the 1
point to infinity]
2bi Q
V 4 πε 0 r gives Q (40rV)  4 × 8.85 × 1012 × 0.30 ×
3.0 3
 1.0 × 1010 (C)
Answer given to two significant figures
2 b ii 1 VL
1
Use of V  r gives VM  3 ( () 1.0 V)
 Question
Answer Marks Guidance
number
2 b iii
1
(=2. 50 V m −1 )
3a The electrostatic force is unchanged
2
Because electric field strength is constant
3bi Forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction

2
(E is the same for both and) Q has same magnitude but
opposite sign
3 b ii Acceleration of proton is (much) smaller (than acceleration of
electron)
2
Because mass of proton is (much) greater (than mass of
electron)
3 b iii Acceleration of proton increases and acceleration of electron
decreases
2
Correct reference to changing strength of electric field (for
either or both)
4a Force between two (point) charges is proportional to (product Formula not
of) charges acceptable. Accept
‘charged particles’
2
for charges. Accept
And inversely proportional to the square of their distance
‘separation’ for
apart
distance apart
4bi Any three from:
Lines with arrows radiating outwards from each charge

More lines associated with 6 nC charge than with 4 nC

Max 3
Lines start radially and become non-radial with correct
curvature further away from each charge

Correct asymmetric pattern (with neutral point closer to 4 nC

charge)
4 b ii Treat substitution
errors such as 106
2 (instead of 109) as
force
AE with ECF
available

4ci 4 For both of 1st two

marks to be
E4  ( 3.11 × 104 V m1) (to the right) awarded,
substitution for
either both of E4 or
E6 (or a substitution
in an expression for
E6  (4.67 × 104 V m1) (to the left) E6  E4) must be
shown
If no substitution is
Eresultant  (4.67 – 3.11) × 104  1.5(6) × 104 shown, but
Unit: V m1 (or N C1) evaluation is correct
for E4 and E6, award
one of 1st two marks
Use of
r  68  103 is a
 Question
Answer Marks Guidance
number
physics error with no
ECF
Unit mark is
independent
4 c ii Direction: towards 4 nC charge or to the left 1
5ai
2
 7.5  10 (V m )
3 1

5 a ii Force F ( EQ)  7500 × 0.17 × 106 ( 1.28 × 103 N) 1

5bi Correct labelled arrows placed on diagram to show the three
forces acting

● electric force F (or 1.3 mN) horizontally to left 2

● W (or mg) vertically down and

● tension T upwards along the thread
5 b ii F  T sin and mg  T cos give F  mg tan (or by triangle
or parallelogram methods) ALLOW use of 1.3 ×
10-3 as well as
1.28 ×10-3
3
tan ( 0.272)

Gives   15(.2) (°)