GEC8/ Ethics

I. Multiple Choices: Read the questions carefully and choose the best answer. (2pnts each)

1. Can culture be the basis of the genuine understanding of the good?

a. Yes, because it is a system of codes that gives the world meaning and shapes the behavior of the people.
b. No, because traditions are unquestionable.
c. Yes, because it is what we have grown up with some sense of good and evil.
d. No, because not all cultures reflect the good or what ought to be.

2. What is the importance of Ethics?

a. To arrive at useful and effective actions and decisions.

b. To seek to realize what is considered to be ethical acts that lead to human flourishing.
c. To provide people with a basis of ethical reflection upon which to discern their own accepted ethical systems and a basis for broadening their
own conceptions of the good.
d. To invalidate culture as a basis of the concept of the good.

3. When could an action require an ethical reflection?

a. When it is a free act that proceeds from ones freedom and knowledge.
b. When an act is involuntary that hinders freedom and desire to do it or not.
c. When one wants to realize his/her desired end.
d. When an action is thought in relation to human freedom.
e. Both a and c.

4. What makes man special among other creatures?

a. Man seeks growth, nourishment and to reproduce guided by feelings and emotions.
b. Man is capable of distinguishing moral from immoral acts and is guided by reason that directs man towards ethical impartial actions.
c. Man is brutal, evil and greedy unlike other animals but capable of retrieving himself.
d. Man is a social being shaped by its respective culture.

5. What is reason in relation to feelings or emotions and vice versa?

a. Reason must absolutely control emotions and vice versa.

b. Emotions invalidate reason as it is less emphatic.
c. Feelings without reason are blind and reason without emotions is cruel.
d. Both b and c

6. As a rational being, what are you ought to do?

a. To do expedient, efficient, and effective actions.

b. To flourish man by realizing the fullest potential in every action as free persons.
c. To actualize desires to achieve one’s goal in the expense of others.
d. To define one’s essence and cultivate transcendent values.

7. What is the fullest potential of man?

a. To be a man guided with wisdom.

b. To employ rationalization in every action and do what is ought to do guided by reason and emotions.
c. To fulfill one’s goal.
d. To think about how one can achieve happiness regardless of the others.

8. What is the importance of reason?

a. Reason invalidates emotions so as to ensure impartiality and bias judgment.

b. Reason overlooks options that impugn freedom.
c. Reason puts the emotions in their proper places seeking not to discredit their validity but calibrating them in such a way that they do not become
the primary motive in making moral decisions.
d. Both a and c

9. When can we say that an action is a free act?

a. If it is an involuntary act.
b. If it is based on feelings and emotion.
c. If it is free from external forces.
d. If it proceeds from freedom and knowledge.

10. Which of the following is true about the step 1 of moral reasoning?

a. Make sure you do not regret the decision you have conferred upon reality.
b. It involves a step-back from the situation to make sure that you do not act out of impulse.
c. Never make a choice on the basis of hearsay.
d. Clear your mind and try to think of other creative ways of clarifying your motives and implementing your actions with least ethical compromise.

11. Which of the following is NOT true about the step 3 of moral reasoning?

a. Make sure you gather enough information before you make a choice.
b. Make sure to try to come up with alternative options to exhaust all possible courses of action.
c. Make sure your sources are credible and have integrity.
d. Make sure that choices are supported by verified facts.

12. What of the following is true about the importance of seven-step moral reasoning?

a. All of the choices.

b. To ensure the rationality and impartiality of moral decisions.
c. To ensure the decision is base from how much one can benefit from the consequence of an action.
d. To ensure that action is cultured-base.
13. Do you agree that actions shape the person you are?

a. Yes, because actions cannot define one’s personality.

b. No, because a person chooses who s/he wanted to be through his/her actions.
c. Yes, because the person one becomes or grow into is based from their actions.
d. NO, because actions are sometimes involuntary.

14. Which of the following is false about “Gawi”?

a. It refers to the free action that is oriented toward a particular end.

b. It refers to the kind of acts that people are used to accomplishing.
c. it reveals truth about one’s personality.
d. none of the above.

15. What is “Gawa”?

a. It comes from the word“mores”.

b. It is equivalent to the Greek word “Ethos”
c. It is a free action that is oriented toward a particular end.
d. It is a free action that becomes a person’s habit.

16. Which of the following is not true about the step 7 of moral reasoning?

a. Make sure to think of long-term consequences of your action.

b. One becomes aware of the consequences of an action.
c. One must have enough humility to modify his/her action or behavior as necessary.
d. None of the above.

17. What is an ethical reflection?

a. It is a moral reasoning that evaluates the conformity of an action towards moral principles.
b. It is the process assessing the morality of an action
c. Ethical reflection includes the seven-step moral reasoning.
d. All of the above.

18. It is a step of moral reasoning that involves formulating alternative options to exhaust all possible courses of action?

a. Determine Facts
b. Develop options
c. Consider consequences
d. Monitor and modify

19. Which of the following is true about the Will?

a. It chooses the action to be realized.

b. It decides the course of an action.
c. It implements your decision and projects your motives into reality.
d. It sets up the theoretical basis for moral action.

20. Which of the following is NOT false about the sequence of seven-step moral reasoning?

a. Stop and think, clarify goals, determine facts, develop options, consider consequences, choose, monitor and modify.
b. Stop and think, consider consequences, clarify goals, determine facts, develop options, choose, monitor and modify.
c. Stop and think, clarify goals, develop options, determine facts, consider consequences, choose, monitor and modify.
d. Stop and think, determine facts, clarify goals, develop options, consider consequences, choose, monitor and modify.

21. Which of the following is true about the focus of philosophy during medieval period?

a. Philosophy is focused on the notion of the law of nature.

b. Philosophy focused on the thought that there is a God and a divine plan.
c. Philosophy acknowledged the role of human responsibility guided by the power of human reason.
d. Both a and b

22. Which of the following is not true about normative ethics?

a. It deals with the nature and meanings of moral statements.

b. It explores ways and means as to how human beings must respond to a moral issue.
c. It prescribes moral principles to moral dilemmas.
d. It is concern with moral questions like what a person ought to do and how human beings be.

23. Which of the following is not TRUE about Philosophy?

a. Philosophy searches for an absolute resolution.

b. Philosophy comes from the greek words “philo” and “sophia” which means love of wisdom.
c. Philosopher searches for the meaning of life.
d. Philosophos is concerned not only with particular types of knowledge, but with all types.

Please read this scenario before answering the next questions.

Nina passes by a group of street children. She felt sympathy upon seeing them very thin and famished while looking for something they could eat
around the big cans of garbage along the street. She, then, quickly bought some groceries and gave it to them with a little amount of money. She
believes that as a human being it is her duty to help others in need.

24. Base on the scenario above, what is the moral judgment of Nina’s action of helping the street children according to Immanuel Kant’s moral theory of
Deontology?

a. Nina’s action is moral because it maximizes the pleasure and minimizing the pain of the children.
b. Nina’s action is moral because helping others is a moral duty regardless of the effect it produces.
c. Nina’s action is immoral because she is influencing the autonomy of the will of the street children.
d. Nina’s action is immoral because her actions may produce unforeseen evil effects.

25. What if Nina finds out that these children bought cigarettes from a nearby small street vendor with the money she gave to them? According to Jeremy
Bentham, what is the moral judgment of Nina’s action?
a. It is moral because it proceeds from Nina’s autonomy of the will.
 b. It is immoral because her action cannot be a universal principle.
c. It is immoral because it minimizes happiness and maximizes pain base on the hedonic calculus.
d. It is moral because helping others in need is one of the higher pleasure.

26. According to Immanuel Kant, is Nina’s action a categorical or hypothetical imperative?

a. It is a hypothetical imperative because Nina’s action proceeds from her personal interest.
b. It is hypothetical because she wants to achieve a certain goal which is to help others.
c. It is categorical because her action proceeds from duty.
d. It is categorical because her action causes an undesirable effect.

27. How can we achieve happiness according to Socrates?

a. By asking and answering questions in a dialogue form.
b. Through ironic and maieutic process by ridding the mind of biases and accepting once ignorance.
c. By achieving the true knowledge through self-examination or Socratic Method and one lives them through the practice of virtue.
d. By living a virtuous life through moderation and avoiding the two extremes (vices, deficiency).
28. What is true knowledge according to St. Thomas Aquinas?

a. True Knowledge comes from the practice of virtue.

b. True knowledge can be attained through the rational order.
c. True knowledge must proceed from the autonomy of the will.
d. True knowledge is guided by faith and understanding which leads to God.

29. Can anything beyond be known for Immanuel Kant?

a. Yes, because through illumination God intervenes and bestowed us the capacity to grasp the knowledge beyond experience.
b. No, because if it is beyond sense-experience there is no way of knowing it even claiming that it is beyond experience.
c. Yes, the outside world can be explored through natural method that enables man to make hypothesis of what is beyond experience.
d. No, because knowing noumenon can be disfigured when interpreted.

30. According to him, the good life is one that can be pictured out in terms of the efficient functioning of things.

a. Aristotle
b. Immanuel Kant
c. Plato
d. Albert Camus

31. It signifies the capacity to be excellent in what one is able to do and become or a characteristic that comes as a result of doing things as a matter of
practice.

a. Moral virtue
b. Moderation
c. Actualization
d. Habit

32. It is the final end or goal of human action. It is that which all beings tend toward.

a. Purpose
b. Happiness
c. Motives
d. Duty

33. It refers to the rational element of soul. It is the center that determines how human beings must act.

a. Morale
b. Intelligence
c. Intellect
d. Moral principles

34. According to Aristotle, it is a state of one’s character concerned with choice. It is one that is lying in the mean or middle.

a. Virtue
b. Choices
c. Freedom
d. Will

35. It is a concept that is beyond intellectual knowledge. It comes from how one actually lives his or her life.

a. Noumenon
b. Self-understanding
c. Will
d. Freedom

36. It does not emanate from dong a thing or two. It is not about one act of kindness or honesty. It is a habit

a. Moral virtue
b. Moral wisdom
c. Actualization
d. Habit

37. According to Aristotle, it is the state of living well.

a. Moderation
b. Eudaimonia
c. Peace
d. Following the law of nature
38. It refers to one’s unfolding or the actualization of one’s capacities.

a. Experience
b. Self-realization
c. Potentialities
d. Living well

39. According to him human soul is consists of rational and irrational elements. The rational element is intellect and the irrational part is consists of
vegetative and appetitive elements.
 a. St. Aquinas
b. Schopenhauer
c. Karl Jasper
d. Aristotle

40. This irrational element of the soul deals with the body’s organic growth

a. Reason
b. Vegetative
c. Appetitive
d. Human body

41. According to Aristotle, this is a kind of virtue that owes its birth and growth to teaching.

a. Intellectual virtue
b. Moral virtue
c. Atheistic virtue
d. Theistic virtue

42. Which of the following is true about Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean?

a. We must avoid actions that do not have practical consequences.

b. We must seek the higher forms of pleasure
c. We must follow eternal law imprinted within us.
d. We must avoid the vices of every action

43. Which of the following is true about man’s will according to Immanuel Kant?

a. Man’s will is based on the amount of pleasure it produces.

b. Man’s will is evil but it seeks the good through reason.
c. Man’s will is good in itself.
d. Man’s will either good or evil.

44. Which of the following is NOT false about Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy?
a. The concept of duty is prior to all experiences.
b. Man’s autonomy of the will means freedom to will either the good or evil.
c. Actions are morally good based on the amount of happiness it produces.
d. Both a and c

45. Which of the following is true according to Kant?

a. The intention of doing what is good because the consequence is good.

b. Human action, to be morally good, must proceed from the will free from the influence of external factors.
c. The end justifies the mean.
d. Both a and b

46. Which of the following true about moral autonomy of Kant?

a. Moral autonomy is freedom to choose actions base on their consequences.

b. Moral autonomy provides man the capacity to legislate the moral law within.
c. Moral autonomy is the freedom of moral principles from others.
d. Both b and c
47. According to Kant, this imperative seeks to realize an outside inclination or a desired end.

a. Categorical Imperative
b. Hypothetical Imperative
c. Hedonic Imperative
d. Cultural Imperative

48. According to Kant this imperative desires only to do the good because it is good in itself and not the desire to gain something from doing the good.

a. Categorical Imperative
b. Hypothetical Imperative
c. Hedonic Imperative
d. Cultural Imperative

49. It is a moral theory that grounds the rightness or wrongness of an act based on its effects rather than on the act per se.

a. Deontology
b. Virtue Ethics
c. Utilitarianism
d. Natural Law

50. Which of the following is NOT true about Utilitarianism?

a. It asserts that the moral value of an act is something that we can find in its consequences.
b. Consequences are to be morally evaluated based on the tendency to bring pleasure or happiness.
c. The motive behind the act is sufficient to determine the goodness or wrongness of an act.
d. Both a and b

51. Which of the following is false about the principle of utility?

a. Pleasure determines whether or not an act is worth doing.

b. An act that produces any disadvantage or suffering is undesirable
c. Acts should be considered in terms of their benefits or advantages.
d. None of the above

52. According to the principle of utility pleasure or happiness is measurable.

a. Yes
b. No
c. It depends on the motive of the person
 d. It depends on the amount of happiness or pleasure.

53. He explains that happiness or pleasure should not only be about quantity or the amount of pleasure but also matters what kind of pleasure one gains.

a. Jeremy Bentham
b. John Stuart Mill
c. Michel Foucault
d. Both a and b
54. This type of utilitarianism prescribes actions which are done in order to achieve maximum pleasure or utility.

a. Act utilitarianism
b. Rule Utilitarianism
c. Fair Utilitarianism
d. Both a and b
55. This type of utilitarianism prescribes rules or standards which are followed so as to achieve the same maximum utility.

a. Act utilitarianism
b. Rule Utilitarianism
c. Fair Utilitarianism
d. Both a and b

56. Which of the following is true about justice of John Rawls?

a. The distribution of wealth, opportunities and other social goods, the principles of justice advance a preferential concern for the least advantaged
in society.
b. People can pursue the good that they desire as long as it produces the maximum utility for the greatest number of people.
c. Assignment of roles and positions can be allowed as long as it doesn’t harm the least advantaged.
d. Both a and c

57. Which of the following is false about St. Thomas Aquinas moral theory?

a. We share in the perfection of God as our Creator.

b. The Divine providence is the ultimate good.
c. All men at the moment of Birth bear the imprint of the Creator enabling them to follow the eternal law.
d. All of the above

58. This refers to the capacity in humans doing what is good and avoiding evil.

a. Synderesis
b. Priori
c. Phoesis
d. Posteriori

59. According to St. Aquinas, it is through this law that we discern what is good and evil and God’s law.

a. Eternal law
b. Natural law
c. Law of nature
d. Both b and c

60. Which of the following is False according to St. Aquinas’ moral theory?

a. The natural law tells us to do the good and to avoid evil based on our belief in God.
b. The natural law reconciles with the freedom of the human being because it manifests the idea of self-realization or self-perfection.
c. The person completes his or her self-realization in the other human being because the other human being is also a creature of God.
d. None of the above.

II. Essay

1. Discuss briefly the the moral theory of Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, Jeremy Bentham and St. Thomas Aquinas.

1. D
2. C
3. E
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. B
11. B
12. B
13. C
14. A
15. C
16. A
17. D
18. B
19. C
20. A
21. B
22. A
23. A
24. B
25. C
26. C
27. C
28. D
29. D
30. C
31. A
32. B.
33. C
34. A
35. B
36. B
37. B
38. B
39. D
40. B
41. A
42. D
43. C
44. A
45. B
46. B
47. B
48. A
49. C
50. C
51. D
52. A
53. B
54. A
55. B
56. D
57. A
58. A
59. B
60. D