MECHANICS OF

DEFORMABLE BODIES
STRENGTH/MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
INTRODUCTION
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
1. Rigid Body Mechanics
2. Mechanics of Materials (Deformable Bodies)
3. Fluid Mechanics

Statics and Dynamics are devoted primarily to the study

of the external effects upon rigid bodies. In contrast, Mechanics of
Materials deals with the internal effects and deformations that are
caused by the applied loads.
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
External Loads. A body is subjected to only two types of external
loads; namely, surface forces and body forces.
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Support Reactions. The surface forces that develop at the
supports or points of contact between bodies are called
reactions.
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Equations of Equilibrium. Equilibrium of a body requires both a
balance of forces , to prevent the body from translating or
having accelerated motion along a straight or curved path, and
a balance of moments , to prevent the body from rotating.
These conditions can be expressed mathematically by two vector
equations :
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Internal Resultant Loadings. In mechanics of materials, statics is
primarily used to determine the resultant loadings that act within
a body.
Four different types of resultant loadings can then be
defined as follows:

 Normal force, N. This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is

developed whenever the external loads tend to push or pull on the two
segments of the body.

 Shear force, V. The shear force lies in the plane of the area, and it is
developed when the external loads tend to cause the two segments of the
body to slide over one another.
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Internal Resultant Loadings. In mechanics of materials, statics is
primarily used to determine the resultant loadings that act within
a body.
Four different types of resultant loadings can then be
defined as follows:

 Torsional Moment or Torque, T. This effect is developed when the

external loads tend to twist one segment of the body with respect to the
other about an axis perpendicular to the area.

 Bending moment, M. The bending moment is caused by the external

loads that tend to bend the body about an axis lying within the plane of
the area.
Problem No. 1
 Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the
cross section at C of the cantilevered beam shown.
Problem 2
 Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross
section at B of the pipe shown. End A is subjected to a vertical
force of 50 N, a horizontal force of 30 N, and a couple
moment of 70 N·m. Neglect the pipe’s mass.
Problem 3
 Determine the internal normal force, shear force,
and bending moment at point C in the beam.
Problem No. 4
 Determine the internal normal force, shear force,
and bending moment at point C in the beam.
Problem No. 5
 Determine resultant internal loadings acting on
section a–a and section b–b. Each section passes
through the centerline at point C.
Problem No. 6
 The pipe has a mass of 12 kg/m. If it is fixed to the wall at A,
determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross
section at B. Neglect the weight of the wrench CD.
CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Simple Stress
 The unit strength of a material is usually defined as
the stress in the material. Stress is expressed
symbolically as:

σ = stress or force per unit area

P = applied load
A = cross-sectional area
Unit of Stress
 SI Units (Le Systéme International d’Unités)

 force is measured in Newtons (N) and area is measured

in square meters ( )
 one newton per square meter is referred to as one
pascal (Pa).
 MPa is one pascal multiply to
Unit of Stress
 U.S. Customary Units (English Units)

 force is measured in pounds (lb) and area is measured

in square inches ( )
 the units for stress are pounds per square inch ( ),
abbreviated as psi.
 1 kips per square inch is abbreviated as ksi.
 Stress can also be measured in units of pounds per
square foot ( ), abbreviated as psf.
Evaluate the following:
 A 70 kg weight is suspended in a rod 100mm in
diameter. Find the stress and express it in the
following:
a) Pascal
• 87433.36 Pa
b) Mega Pascal
• 0.0874 MPa
c) Kilo Pascal
• 87.433 kPa
Evaluate the following:
 A 150 lb force is acting up in a triangular beam.
The beam is 15 inches wide and 10 inches deep.
Find the stress and express it in:
a. psi
• 2 psi
b. ksf
• 0.288 ksf
Simple Stresses

1. Normal Stress

2. Shear Stress

3. Bearing Stress
NORMAL STRESS
 Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress.
Members subject to pure tension (or tensile force) is under
tensile stress, while compression members (members subject to
compressive force) are under compressive stress.

 Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension

force on the other hand will tend to lengthen the member
Problem No. 1
 An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a
bronze rod as shown. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will not exceed a
stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in
bronze of 100 MPa.
Problem No. 2
 A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must
carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside
diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/ .
Problem No. 3
 A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by
a cable as shown. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if
the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in
steel.
Problem No. 4
 The homogeneous bar ABCD shown is supported by a cable
that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at E, a vertical
cable at C, and a smooth inclined surface at D. Determine the
mass of the heaviest bar that can be supported if the stress in
each cable is limited to 100 MPa. The area of the cable AB is
250 and that of the cable at C is 300 .
Problem No. 5
 The uniform beam is supported by two rods AB and CD that
have cross-sectional areas of 10 and 15 ,
respectively. Determine the intensity w of the distributed load
so that the average normal stress in each rod does not exceed
300 kPa.
SHEAR STRESS
 Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing
stress. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are
caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act.
Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.

SINGLE SHEAR DOUBLE SHEAR

Problem No. 1
 What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter
hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear strength
is 350 .
Problem No. 2
 As in the figure, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having
a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the
punch is limited to 50 ksi.
a. Compute the maximum thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches
in diameter can be punched.
b. If the plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the
smallest hole that can be punched.
Problem No. 3
 Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in
the clevis shown if P = 400 kN. The shearing strength
of the bolt is 300 MPa.
Problem No. 4
 The inclined member shown is subjected to a compressive force
of 600 lb. Determine the average compressive stress along the
smooth areas of contact defined by AB and BC , and the
average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by DB
.
Problem No. 5
 Determine the largest load P that can be applied to the frame
without causing either the average normal stress or the
average shear stress at section a – a to exceed
and , respectively. Member CB has a
square cross section of 25 mm on each side.
BEARING STRESS
 Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the
separate bodies. It differs from compressive stress,
as it is an internal stress caused by compressive
forces.
Problem No. 1
 In the figure, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the
plates that are each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are
120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for
shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each
plate; and (b) the largest average tensile stress in the plates.
Problem No. 2
 In the clevis shown, find the minimum bolt diameter
and the minimum thickness of each yoke that will
support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a
shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20
ksi.
Problem No. 3
 A 7/8-in.-diameter bolt, having a diameter at the root of the
threads of 0.731 in., is used to fasten two timbers together as
shown. The nut is tightened to cause a tensile stress of 18 ksi in
the bolt. Compute the shearing stress in the head of the bolt
and in the threads. Also, determine the outside diameter of the
washers if their inside diameter is 9/8 in. and the bearing
stress is limited to 800 psi.
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

Cylindrical Pressure Vessels

Spherical Pressure Vessels

CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSELS
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a
pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which resist
bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse
sections.

a) Tangential Stress

b) Longitudinal Stress
Tangential Stress

This stress is usually called the tangential stress because it

acts tangent to the surface of the cylinder; other common names
are circumferential stress, hoop stress, and girth stress.
Longitudinal Stress
SPHERICAL PRESSURE VESSELS
Problem No. 1
 A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in
diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm, is subjected
to an internal pressure of 4.5 . (a) Calculate
the tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel.
(b) To what value may the internal pressure be
increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120
? (c) If the internal pressure were increased
until the vessel burst, sketch the type of fracture that
would occur.
Problem No. 2
 The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank
is 5/16 in. Calculate the allowable internal pressure
if the stress is limited to 8000 psi.
Problem No. 3
 Calculate the minimum wall thickness for a
cylindrical vessel that is to carry a gas at a pressure
of 1400 psi. The diameter of the vessel is 2 ft, and
the stress is limited to 12 ksi.
Problem No. 4
 The strength of longitudinal joint is 33 kips/ft,
whereas for the girth is 16 kips/ft. Calculate the
maximum diameter of the cylinder tank if the
internal pressure is 150 psi.
Problem No. 5
 A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating
that has a thickness of 20 mm. The diameter of the pressure
vessel is 450 mm and its length is 2.0 m. Determine the
maximum internal pressure that can be applied if the
longitudinal stress is limited to 140 MPa, and the
circumferential stress is limited to 60 MPa.
Problem No. 6
 The tank shown is fabricated from 1/8-in steel
plate. Calculate the maximum longitudinal and
circumferential stress caused by an internal pressure
of 125 psi.