Reading and Writing – Lesson 1

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 ✓Compare and contrast
patterns of written texts
across disciplines.
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 ✓ At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Identify the different patterns of paragraph
development and its transition signals.
2. Write a short paragraph using any mode of
paragraph development.
3. Use critical thinking in accomplishing various
tasks.
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 - The logical arrangement of ideas .
The pattern helps you follow ideas
easily and understand a text better. Having
the ability to recognize it will help you
distinguish major details from minor ones
and predict ideas.
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 Narration, in its basest
definition, is story telling.
It is a sequence of events, not necessarily
arranged in chronological order, told by a
narrator, happening in a particular place at a
particular time.
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 Narration is creating a world based
on the writer’s imagination. It is also
revisiting a world based on the author’s
memory. In either case, the reader is
aimed to be transported from one’s real
world to the reality of the story being
read.
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 The following signal words will help you in
identifying this pattern.
about before in the prior to
after during meantime second
afterwards eventually later soon
as finally meanwhile then
as soon first next week till
at this/that immediately next today
point when presently
tomorrow yesterday
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 Sample text: List down the signal word(s) that indicate
narration. Then, note down the important details.
Ondoy began to develop from an active low pressure area to a
tropical cyclone on September 24, 2009. The following day, PAGASA
raised storm signals all over the Philippine archipelago. At that point,
signal no. 2 was raised in Catanduanes and other parts of Luzon. By
Saturday morning, reports of flooding started to pour in. Meanwhile,
President Arroyo declared a state of calamity in Metro Manila.
Immediately after President Arroyo’s declaration, various government
agencies began the rescue and relief operations. As soon as Typhoon
Ondoy exited the Philippines, more and more relief and rescue
operations were conducted.
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 Using definition to develop an
idea helps to clarify and
explain concepts by answering the question
“What does it mean?” This pattern explains the
information using illustrations, examples, and
descriptions.
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 Take note of the term to be defined and
the detailed explanation of the term, as these
are the most important parts of this pattern.
The following signal words will also help you
in identifying this pattern.
is defined as, means, to define,
defined refers to to illustrate

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 Sample text: List down the signal word(s) that indicate
narration. Then, note down the important details.
Social engineering is defined as any method which
tricks people to share personal information using
technology. The ‘social’ component in this scheme means
that there is reliance on various psychological tricks and on
the gullibility of users rather than technical hacking. Social
engineering also refers to various malicious acts online such
as phishing, spamming, and pretexting.

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 An exemplification pattern
presents the general statement
and then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea. Simply
put, this pattern is used to provide an example
of something.
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 Pay attention to the main idea and the specific
examples, as these are the most important parts of
this pattern. The following signal words will help
you in identifying this pattern.
after all for instance specifically
as an example in other words stated differently
consider the in particular that is
following in short to be specific
for example to illustrate to clarify
namely
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 Sample text: List down the signal word(s) that indicate
exemplification. Then, note down the most important details of
the text.
While the internet offers so many benefits to man, it also has its
downsides. One of these is phishing, which refers to the act of
obtaining personal information, such as passwords and credit card
details, through online means. In other words, phishing is a form of
cybercrime. As an example, let us consider the case of Mr. X. he
received an email stating that his Gmail account has been compromised
and that he needed to click a link to update personal information. If
Mr. X clicks on the link, his personal information will be illegally
acquired by cybercriminals.
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 A descriptive paragraph
basically provides details on
the idea by using either a
sensory or spatial pattern. Through a sensory
pattern, ideas are arranged based on one or all
of the five senses. A spatial pattern, on the other
hand, arranges ideas by location or physical
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space.
 The following signal words will help you identify
such pattern.
above around between in front of onto
across away from beyond inside opposite to
adjacent to back of by into outside
against behind down near over
along below farther off throughout
alongside beneath here on to the right
amidst beside in on top of under

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 Sample text: List down the signal word(s) that indicate narration. Then,
note down the important details.
A laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a lightweight
device that can save a vast amount of information. The screen, touchpad, speakers,
keyboard, battery, and AC adapter are the basic parts of a laptop. The most noticeable
part of a laptop is its screen, which is responsible for displaying information. Another
major component is the keyboard. On it are the keys needed to enter data into the
computer. Near the keyboard you will find a smooth, rectangular surface which acts like a
desktop computer mouse – this is the touchpad. At the bottom part of this rectangular
surface, you will see buttons that operate like a mouse button. Below the keyboard and
touchpad, built into the laptop itself are the speakers which allow you to hear sounds and
music. Found at the back of the keyboard is the battery; it serves as the lifeline of the
computer. Finally, a laptop also comes with an AC adapter which charges the battery and
serves as the source of electric power when it is plugged in.
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 A comparison and contrast
pattern organizes ideas based
on how the events, places,
people, things, and concepts are similar to or
different from one another. There are two ways
on how ideas can be arranged: separately, which
involves describing one item first followed by the
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 second item, or side- by-side, which means
discussing both items based on each point of
comparison. Try using a Venn diagram or a
compare/contrast matrix to better understand
this pattern of development. The following
signal words will also help you in identifying
such pattern.

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 Signal words for comparison
also, equally, in the same similarly,
as, in a similar way, to compare
both fashion, like,
in likewise
comparison

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 Signal words for contrasting
although, despite, even instead, otherwise,
and yet, as so, even however, still, the fact
opposed to, though, in nevertheless, remains,
but, contrast, in nonetheless, unlike,
conversely spite of, in on the whereas ,
the contrary, on yet
meantime the other
hand
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 Sample text: List down the signal word(s) that indicate narration. Then,
note down the important details.
Are you not sure yet which phone to buy? To help you decide, this review will inspect the
basic similarities and differences of the flagship phones of two giant companies: Apples
iPhone 6 and Samsung’s Galaxy S5. Both brag to be the best smart phones in the market
to date. While these state-of-the-art phones have similarities in the form of sleek design,
multi-touch touch screen, and multimedia features, they have their distinctive features as
well. First, Galaxy S5 has a larger screen at 5.1 inches as compared to iPhone 6’s 4.7
inches. As for the operating system, iPhone 6 uses iOS(8x) while S5 uses Android (5.0,
2.4.2). In terms of the camera, S5 has a 2.1megapixel front-facing camera which is higher
than iPhone’s 1.2 megapixels. Unlike S5, iPhone’s battery is not user replaceable and has
a shorter talk time, but when it comes to built-in storage, iPhone 6 outperforms S5. Now
that you know the basic differences of the two phones, you can decide!

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 A classification pattern
organizes ideas into categories
or divisions based on criteria
and standards. This pattern can be used when
classifying people, things, places, and other items.
Make sure to always double-check whether each
term is undeniably part of a certain category.
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 Avoid oversimplifying just so you may be
able to assign something to a category, as it may
result in stereotyping. Take note of the
superordinate (name of the larger group) ideas,
the subordinate (subcategories of a larger group)
ideas, and the relationship between them, since
these are the most important parts of this
pattern.
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 The following signal words will help you in
identifying such a pattern.
Signal words for Classification and Division
another, one kind,
another kind, the first category,
classified as, the last group,
final type the next part

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 Sample text: List down the signal word(s) that indicate a classification and
division pattern. Then, note down the important details afterwards.
Earthquakes can be classified into three main types based on the
plate movements. The first type is known as a convergent boundary.
Also known as destructive plate boundary, this type of earthquake
happens when two tectonic plates move toward one another and
collide. The second type of earthquake is called divergent boundary.
During this type of earthquake, two plates are forced to move away
from each other resulting in a rift zone. The last type is called the
conservative plate boundary or transform fault. During this type of
earthquake, two tectonic plates slide past one another.

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 A cause-effect pattern
organizes details based on
the cause, the reason, and
the result or consequences of a certain
phenomenon. This pattern may discuss both
the causes and effects, the causes only, or the
effects only.
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 When reading this type of pattern, focus
on and take note of the following elements:
the purpose of the text, the relationship
between causes and effects, and the
potential causal fallacies or illogical
arguments.

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 The following signal words will help you in recognizing
these patterns.
Signal words for Causes
as, in view of (the fact),
because (of the fact), inasmuch as,
being that, one reason,
due to (the fact that), owing to (the fact),
for, for the reason that, seeing that,
in that since
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 The following signal words will help you in recognizing
these patterns.
Signal words for Effects
accordingly, In consequence,
as a consequence, so,
as a result (of this), so much (so) that,
because (of this), so that,
consequently, therefore,
for this reason, thus
hence
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 Sample text: List down the signal word(s) that indicate a cause-and-effect pattern.
Then, note down the important details afterwards.

The advancement in technology and economy has created major changes in modern
society. One of these changes is globalization. As we know, globalization has affected the
world in many ways. First, it served as a catalyst to worldwide trading, thus allowing
countries to access foreign products. Although this had positive effects, it also posed a real
threat to the merchandise of local traders. Second, globalization affected the financial
market. As a result, different countries had more access to funds, and the exchange in
national currencies dramatically increased. Finally, globalization also led the privatization
of various facilities, such as public health institutions. These institutions were being
privatized due to the idea that the private sector can better manage and provide health
services. In consequence, health policies become more and more of a commodity on a
global scale.

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 A problem-solution pattern
organizes ideas into problems and
proposed solutions. The problem
section usually includes what, who, when, where, why,
and how of the problem. The other part then presents
the major effects of the problem and the possible
solutions to address it, as well as the steps in
implementing the solution.
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 The following signal words will help you in
identifying this pattern.
Signal words for Problem-solution
but, one solution is,
first, one way is,
second, the problem,
nonetheless, the solution
one reason for the
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 Sample text: List down the signal word(s) that indicate problem- solution
pattern. Then, note down the important details.
Today, most of the energy resources we have generated from coal, oil, and natural
gas. However, these resources are limited. If continuously consumed at an alarming rate,
fossils necessary for generating power to operate vehicles and factories will run out before
long. Nonetheless, this problem can be resolved using alternative sources of energy and
conservation efforts. First, using alternative sources of energy such as solar energy and
fusion energy would lessen pollution. These alternatives are actually more accessible and
cost-efficient. Although there are some potential risks in using fusion energy, these risks
can be mitigated by implementing strict safety measures. The second solution that
governments can adopt is the enhancement of conservation efforts. To do this,
governments need to make public more aware of the benefits of conservation, as well as
ways of conserving energy, such as recycling. Laws can also be passed to mandate the
public and all stakeholders to recycle energy.
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 A persuasion pattern organizes
ideas to show how a set of evidence
leads to a logical conclusion or
argument. Specifically, this pattern presents the issue,
position, and the supporting evidence that supports the
position. Make sure to check these three essential
elements while reading a persuasion text.
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 The following signal words will help you in
identifying such pattern.

Signal words for Emphasizing a word

again, to emphasize,
for this reason, to repeat,
in fact, truly,
in that case, with this in mind
indeed
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 Signal words for Concluding and Summarizing
accordingly, in short,
all in all, in summary,
as a result, inevitably,
as I have said, on the whole,
consequently, since,
due to, in essence,
finally, in a nutshell,
in any event, therefore,
in brief, thus,
in conclusion to sum up
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 Signal Words for Conceding a Point
admittedly, obviously,
assuredly, of course,
certainly, to be sure,
granted, true,
it is true that, undoubtedly,
needless to say, unquestionably
no doubt
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 Sample text: List down the signal word(s) that indicate persuasion. Then,
note down the important details.
Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely debated issue. It is an act to
end a person’s life to alleviate the suffering brought about by a terminal or grave
illness. While it may be supported by some, mercy killing is not only an
unethical medical practice, it is also a crime. After all, on the most basic level,
euthanasia still takes a life. In fact, majority of the countries in the world,
including those that have legalized it, consider it as homicide. Aside from being
a crime, euthanasia is unethical in the medical context because it violates the
principle of “primum non nocore” which means “first, do no harm.” In their
code of ethics, doctors have responsibility of saving lives, not destroying them,
which is why euthanasia can never be acceptable.

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 Writing needs direction before your ideas slip away
Let these patterns in writing help you, if they may

If you tell a story of what happened, narration is the way

Description is when large, sweet or soft are words you say

If you tell the meaning of a concept, term or subject

And explain what something is, definition is what you expect

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 Put items related in categories or groups in any way,
Classification is definitely the game you play

Stating the reason and result, that’s cause and effect

You want to convince readers? Persuasion is perfect

When there’s an issue or problem and a solution is made today

Obviously, problem- solution pattern is on display

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 If similarities and differences are the ideas you collect
then comparison and contrast pattern is what you reflect

These are the patterns of developing the thoughts in your head

Remember that to achieve a particular purpose in the end,
information in a written text may be organized and selected.

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 GLOSSARY
Narration It is a sequence of events, not necessarily arranged in chronological order, told
by a narrator, happening in a particular place at a particular time.
Definition This pattern explains the information through the use of illustrations,
examples, and descriptions.
Exemplification This pattern presents the general statement and then provides specific and
concrete examples to expound on the main idea.
Description A descriptive paragraph basically provides details on the idea by using either a
sensory or spatial pattern.
Comparison and This pattern organizes ideas based on how the events, places, people, things,
Contrast and concepts are similar to or different from one another.
Classification and This pattern organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and
Division standards.
Cause and Effect This pattern organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or
consequences of a certain phenomenon.
Problem-solution This pattern organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions
Persuasion This pattern organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical
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