UNIVERSITY OF MINES AND TECHNOLOGY

( UMAT )

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT

BY:

COLEMAN EMMANUEL

REF NUMBER: 3000119923

26TH/MARCH/2024.

CHEMISTRY LECTURER, ESTHER OWUSU BOATENG.

LABORATORY TECHNICIAN, MR. AMI JOHANNES

 CONTENT

1. ACID AND BASE TITRATION

2. PURPOSE

3. APPARATUS AND THEIR USES

4. PROCEDURE

5. DATA

6. SAFETY

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

8. EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS

9. SOLUTIONS

10. CONCLUSION

11. RECOMMENDATION

12. REFFERENCE
 ACID-BASE TITRATION

In chemistry laboratory, it is sometimes necessary to experimentally

determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base solution. A
procedure for making this kind of determination is called an acid-base
titration. In this laboratory process, a solution of known concentration, called
the standard solution, is carefully added to a solution of unknown
concentration until the mixture becomes neutral. The neutral point of the
solution is recognized by an indicator’s color change. If the unknown solution
is acidic, then the standard solution will be basic. The opposite would be true
if the unknown solution was basic. Titration is a laboratory technique used to
determine the concentration of a solution using another solution with a known
concentration. One of the solutions involved in a titration is used as a
standard solution. A standard solution of titrant in a burette is gradually
applied to react with an analyte with an unknown concentration in an
Erlenmeyer flask . The standard solution can be classified as either primary or
secondary. A primary standard solution is prepared by dissolving an
accurately weighed pure solid of a known molar mass in a known volume of
distilled water. A primary standard is used to determine the molarity of the
other standard solution, known as a secondary solution.

A standard solution can be prepared by accurate weighing of the solute,

followed by precise dilution to an exactly known volume in a volumetric flask.
The most common standard solutions used in acid-base titration. An
acid-base titration is an experimental procedure used to determine the
unknown concentration of an acid or base by precisely neutralizing it with an
acid or base of known concentration. Solutions of sodium hydroxide are
commonly used in titration analysis of samples containing an acidic solute.
The NaOH solution used in titration need to be standardized because they
contained impurities . Solid NaOH is hygroscopic (it absorbs moisture). it is
difficult to obtain its accurate mass. The standardized NaOH becomes the
secondary solution and can then be used to determine the concentration of
other acids such as H2SO4 acid. NaOH solutions are generally prepared to be
approximately a given concentration. By measuring how many volume of the
approximately prepared NaOH are necessary to react completely with a
weighed sample of a known primary standard acidic substance, the
concentration of the NaOH solution can be calculated. Once prepared, the
concentration of a NaOH will change with time. As a consequence, NaOH
solutions must be used relatively quickly. The purpose of the titration is the
detection of the equivalence point, the point at which chemically equivalent
amounts of the reactants have been mixed called end point. In titration
analysis, a pH indicator is usually added in the analyte solution to indicate the
end point of titration.. In an acid-base titration analysis, there should be a
sudden change in pH when the reaction is complete. For example, if the
sample being titrated is an acid, then the titrant to be used will be basic. When
one excess drop of titrant is added, the solution being titrated will suddenly
become basic.The equivalence point is found in a titration by adding trace
amounts of a substance, turns color when the equivalence point is
reached..When a strong acid is titrated with a strong base, or vice versa, the
pH of the solution will be about 7.0 at the equivalence point. Phenolphthalein
is the indicator used in this experiment. Phenolphthalein is colorless in acidic
solutions and turns pink in alkaline solutions. There are four types of titration
namely:

I． Acid-base titration.
II．Complexometric titration.

III．Precipitation titration.

IV．Redox titration.

An acid-base titration is essentially a controlled neutralization reaction

between one aqueous solution of a known concentration (called a titrant or
standard) and one aqueous solution of an unknown concentration (called an
analyte). As shown in the experimental setup below, the analyte is placed in a
flask and positioned under a buret containing the titrant. The titrant is then
slowly added to the analyte, one drop at a time. If the analyte is an acidic
solution, the titrant must be a basic solution and vice versa in order for the
two solutions to neutralize one another.

As the titrant is added to the analyte, the free H⁺ and OH⁻ions in the resulting
mixture form water molecules, and the pH value of the solution changes. If
the analyte is an acid and the titrant is a base, the pH of the mixture will
increase (become more basic). If the analyte is a base and the titrant is an
acid, the pH of the mixture will decrease (become more acidic).
There are two ways to run an experimental titration. One uses an indicator
that changes color based on the pH level of the analyte-titrant mixture. The
other uses a pH meter. Each method offers different information.

Using a pH meter during a titration allows you to determine how the pH level
changes as the titrant are added to the analyte. When you plot this data, it
generates a titration curve with a signature S or reverse S shape, as shown
below. This curve allows you to identify the equivalence point of the reaction,
which is the point at which there are an equal number of moles of acid and
base in the mixture. The dataset you will work with in this activity is the kind
you could collect with a pH meter. You could of course upload your own
dataset from this activity and compete the activity questions using your own
data. The equivalence point for the titration of a strong acid with base occurs
when( OH- ) exactly equals ( H3O+ ) in the solution; PH= 7.0.

NB:( There are types of Acid-base titration namely indicator and

potentiometric ).

PURPOSE

The purpose of Acid-base titration is to determine the concentration of a

sample of acid or base.

APPARATUS AND THEIR USES

 Burette:They ate used in the laboratory to dispense accurate

amount of liquids and also regents for titration.

 Analytical balance: It is used in the laboratory to provide faster

and accurate results for the mass of solids, liquids , powders

etc

 Beaker: It is used in the laboratory to contain solutions.

 Spatula: It is used in the laboratory to stir or mix solutions and

also transferring one sample from one place to the other.

 Funnel: It used in the laboratory to help transfer liquids or help

in practicing experiments like filtration.

 Conical flask: It is used in the laboratory to afford excellent

mixing of solutions during addition of titrant.

 Retort stand: It is used in the laboratory to hold experiments in

position.
 Volumetric flask: It is used to make up a solution to a known

volume.

 Graduation cylinder: It is used in the laboratory to measure the

volumes of liquids.
 Tissue paper/Kim wipes: They are used in the laboratory for

cleaning or wipe splashes of chemicals, places on the bottom

of the retort stand.

SUBSTANCES USED

 Sulphamic acid: It is an odorless, white, crystalline( sand like ) solids.

 Methyl orange: It is an orange fine powder used as a ph indicator.
Because of its simple and distinct color shift, methyl orange is commonly
used in acid base titration.

 Sodium hydroxide: They are small white solid ionic compounds

consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions.
 PROCEDURE

An acid-base titration is an experimental procedure used to determine the

unknown concentration of an acid or base by precisely neutralizing it with an
acid or base of known concentration. It is recommended to use an
anti-vibration table, or at least ensure conducting titration in a well-regulated,
temperature controlled room in good conditions. In any case, equipment
should be clean and functional.

Before the experiment on titration began, a suitable pH indicator was chosen,

preferably one that will experience a color change (known as the "end point")
close to the reaction's equivalence point; this is the point at which equivalent
amounts of the reactants and products have reacted. In this case methyl
orange was selected as the ph indicator.

10 to 12 tablets of sodium hydroxide was weighed in an analytical balance

and was recorded. It was the mixed with a volume of distilled water in a
beaker and weighed. It was then transferred into a volumetric flask and mixed
with distilled water to the brim and shook for the tablets to devolve well with
the distilled water and kept aside for two to three minutes. A sample of
sulphurmic acid was collected and weighed in an analytical balance. It was
then mixed with distilled water in a conical flask to 10ml. Two drops of diluted
methyl orange solution was mixed with the sulphurmic acid solution. The
solution then turns into pink and its ready for the experiment.

In titration, process of chemical analysis in which the quantity of some

constituent of a sample is determined by adding to the measured sample an
exactly known quantity of another substance with which the desired
constituent reacts in a definite, known proportion. Therefore the burette was
set up for the experiment by firmly clamped on the retort stand.

1. A beaker was filled with 10 mL of unknown concentration of HCl. Record

the volume of acid on your data form.

2. The solution was gently poured into the burette and adjusted to zero (0 ml)
as the initial volume.

3. Record on your data form the initial volume of base in the burette

4. A white sheet of paper was placed under the flask to help recognize the
color change at the end-point.

5. The of base (NaOH) from the burette was added into the flask to
neutralize the acid.

6. The flask is gently swirled as the base is added. A pink color should
appear as the base is added, but it will disappear as the flask is swirled. The
end-point of the titration will be reached when 1 drop of base makes the
solution turn and stay orange.

7. Record the final volume of base from the burette that was needed to
neutralize the acid.

8. This process should be done for at least three trials.

DATA

Weight of sulphurmic acid and volume of base

trial 1 2 3
Mass of dry acid 0.966g 0.958g 0.956g
[g]
Volume of base 94 mL 95.5 mL 98.5 mL
[mL]

The weight of the base ( Sodium Hydroxide)

st
1 weight 0.941g
2nd weight 0.942g
 3rd weight 0.943g

Trial 1 2 3
1st reading 94mL 95.5mL 98.5mL
2nd reading O.00mL 0.00mL 0.00mL

Trial 1 2 3
Moles of dry acid 0.0083mol 0.0085mol 0. 0083mol
used
Moles of 0.099mol 0.099mol 0.098mol
unknown base
used
Molarity of 1.053mol/L 1.037mol/mL 1.005mol/L
unknown base
Average molarity 0.0916mol/L 0.0916mol/L 0.0916mol/L

Average volume of base unit used

=¬¬ 94+98.5+95.5.
3
=96 mL

Average molarity[mol/L]
= 0.0916+0.0916+0.0916
3
= 0.0916mol/L

SAFETY
Titration is the most common quantitative and volumetric laboratory
technique for determining the unknown concentration of an analyte by
comparing it to the known concentration of a solution in the presence of an
indicator. There are four types of titration, such as acid-base titration, redox
titration, precipitation titration, and complexometric titration. Each reaction
has its some own precautions.

Here are some general precautions that do we have to take in different types
of titration are mentioned below:

 Wear protective clothing such as goggles, gloves, and a lab coat (Apron),
as well as follow laboratory safety guidelines.

 Always wash the glass ware such as conical flask, burette, volumetric
flask with distilled water and completely dry it before use.

 Always rinse the burette thoroughly with the solution (titrant) that will be
used in it.

 To secure your burette to the stand, always use a sliding double burette
clamp (vertically). For an accurate reading, it is simple to go under the
burette and raise or lower it to eye level.

 Make sure the stopcock is closed. Always place a container beneath the
burette when filling it, such as a small beaker.

 Before titrating the solution, remove any air gaps from the burette. Make
sure the burette's nozzle is also filled.

 Ensure there is no leakage from the burette during the titration

 Remove the air bubbles by tapping the side of the burette when the
stopcock is open. It's best to do this over a sink.

 Before adjusting the reading to zero, remember to remove the funnel

from the burette and check that no drop is hanging from the nozzle.

 For all transparent solutions, read lower meniscus and for colored
solutions, read upper meniscus.

 Always place a piece of white paper or white tile at the bottom of the
conical flask to make it easier to see the color change at the endpoint.

 Don't forget to add the indicator, adding less or more indicators can
cause the readings to change.

 Drop-wise addition of the titrant is recommended, if the

endpoint/equivalence is unknown, which is ensures the reaction occurs
properly.

 During the addition of the solution from the burette, the titration flask
should be continuously shaken.

 To get accurate results, repeat the titration three times take their mean,
and calculate the results.
 Make sure that the titrant level in the burette does not drop below 0 ml.
Following each trial, make a refill.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Titration is a technique for determining either the concentration of a solution

of an unknown molarity or the number of moles of a substance in a given
sample. Like any titration, neutralization titration depends on a chemical
reaction between the unknown solution and a standard reagent. The point of
chemical equivalence is indicated by a chemical indicator or an instrumental
measurement. When the color changes to the specified color, the titration has
reached end point. The mole ratio and volume relates the concentration of the
solution. The more the number of moles are needed to neutralize. To increase
the number of moles, you can increase the concentration or decrease the
volume. Considering the overview of the reaction, the protons from the HCL
moved to the NaOH or the HCL donated H+ ions to the solution and NaOH
gave OH- ions to the solution. And as a result a salt ( NaCl )and water were
formed.

The method used were quiet precise. The burette have some limitations due
to being less precise. The volume of burette limited the amount of trial that
were attempted and it needed to be refilled. The Erlenmeyer flask resisted the
splashing of the solutions outside the flask would have been occurred due to
swirling. This caused the value if the number if moles of HCL needed to
neutralize NaOH to be more accurate.

EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS

There are two different kinds of titration errors: random errors and systematic
errors. Errors in titration can be caused by several different things, including
human error and some of the other things that are listed below:

 Misinterpretation of colors
 End Point Error
 Misreading the volume
 Use of contaminated solutions
 Using solutions with the incorrect concentration
  Using the wrong amount of indicator
 Improper use of equipment
 Use of contaminated glassware
 Inaccurate weight of material (Balance/weighing error)
 Using the wrong solution to rinse the pipette and/or burette
 Incorrectly filling the burette with liquid
 Not transferring all solids or liquids while preparing samples
 Transferring excess or less volume of liquid
 Use of wrong chemicals or reagents
 Performing the titration at the wrong temperature.

SOLUTIONS

Chemists use acid-base reactions, in conjunction with an indicator (a

compound that changes color when in acidic or basic conditions), to analyze
the amount of acid or base in a substance. Since acid and base is
mentioned, care should be taken and at the same time the best outcome of
the experiment as well. Below are some ways to overcome experimental
errors:

 Check the calibration of the balance.

 Verify that the primary standard is properly dried.
 Verify the precision of the glassware.
 Use sufficient quantities of analyte and titrant.
 Realize the limitations of the equipment.
 CONCLUSION

In the process of titration, a basic solution is gradually added to the acidic

solution until completely neutralized. The ‘end point’ of the titration is
detected with the help of an indicator ( methyl orange ) as color of the
solution changes upon neutralization.

RECOMMENDATION

In general, it is recommended that the equivalence point of a titration lies

between 10% and 90% of the burette volume. An optimal sample size leads to
a titrant consumption at around 50% of the burette volume. If a 20ml burette
is used for the semi-automated or automated titration, the optimal titrant
consumption is 10ml.
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 Christian, G.D. (2004). Analytical chemistry,6th edition. New York: John

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