11 DUAL NATUR,AND nAT 7E

OF RApIAtION

Kleron £misstOn
40 The phenonmenon o4 emission ol e foma
melal suYface

NOk function ( d,)

The mintmum amount of enrgy ne4,uiaed by
ceclon to just escape from the melal
Surfae
Difeont l4pcs
() Themioni emission
When a meal ls heate d s free cleons qet
Suficient thnmal eng3 and they (an
OVeY Ome surface bârn'er . This meth od
Thirmioil
of Memova| of eleclons is called
emissLO
Tne emiHed elerons ave called thermon s
oY thonmo eletons
(2) ficd em ssOn
hen mela Surlate is Subject ed
Kf, es Are emited (7om it
fuld eiss ion
3) Pnotrel ol emlssion
i0m the nctal oc wh
Drmftrd
 inhen mealu alace

of the mekal. As a gncqutt, 'tnvq4 of free

es become m0e than the woak funchön of the
metal and they ciecked Aom the melal sUzlace
The emeHed
ave called second Oy elec hons
Photoelectri effect
Hertz's obsetvaton
tlertz foand That high voltuge spayKs possed
alAOSS the metal elecsdes of the detecfor toop
more tasily when the (athode was
Uvlight. Uy racdiaton falikg o
lluminakd by the metal pla ke
emissiOn
of -vely charqed paricles
Hatlwoch's and Lenard's cbsvatÓn s
When UV 14diaton are allowed to fall on an
emiHer plate cf an ievacuakd qlass libc
enclcnA lwo el ecsodes Cunnt flous the
As sOon as the UV 9adialions
stopped he cunyent flous also slopfed
obseava tuons ndícale hat when
fall th he emi tHo plafec,
eécled tyom it (hich ayc alty acc d te the
rellrloy plalr b u the Etrclati ftd.
 A - veiy
charqed Z1 c plate 3 connedid to an
Hat wachs obs vcd-hat znc

loSt its charqe whenit was tluminad

plate
loht .gAnuncharqed zin plate becômy
it was (Yadialed by
+ vely Chorged when

also obsovcd that no es were emited

They when a Frqueny ef inident ant
was smalley than a cevtain mini mum
value catled ThYeshold Freg uenuy This
min imu mfrequeny depends on thenaun
of the matn of the tmity p'ae
AM photo sensitive substa nes
Lhen /it & itluminalz day lignt
xpuimtntal Slúdy of fhoto clcc elet
ayartz
wndo tvacu akd alas
noto colleloY
SinsitVe
A q uartz window on the glas tbe which
pomite the Uvlght to frradíale the pat G
Cmi ted by þlate c (ca thode) s
(olle cted by plale A CAnode).The electodes
âre (onnedéd to high ten slon baltey, a
votlmeter, apot enttal divid ey aamgement
And a micro amm etea.
Photoelecri cuTTent

keeping frequeny of ineident Photo

elechmi
cwTMt
1adiaton anel 8cellevating
potental Ax ed The photoUTnt

Dihoto etectronsemitedpseond
f photoelechons emied
drecty poportonal hght’
enity ?nldent a adiaton inirnsiy
tothe tnt
Efect of CUTTnton photoeleei urnt
Potential
'hoto

73

Vo telletnrplat (4noA)
fotential-->

sirrpng potontfal.
 the +ve potentfal on Rlate A, 3mad uali
uTTnt qnc ases til it buomes
photo
maxim u m and dou not inctase futoy
with the in ase în acelleralrng potental
saturatHon
This max, Val uu of cwnnto
urmnt.
inrease-Ve potenhal on plate A
photo uTent decreases unhl it
the
beomes Thot Veluu

potental í caled cut off or Sioppingpotnbal.

At stopplng poten tal vo, ok
done on afostest elechon must be
equal o ie Kinehi enegy
2
Kmax = max

for I2 )I, >I Satuaton uTrent

have in(e ased but soppinq yo ten hal

So for a rven freq ueny of im etdent
1adfatèn stopping potenhal o
indeptndent of intensity
 otora
CAnode)
u t inntases o
cellectoplak
lue
va
tr'al
potentals
snepig
:ouponding
the
en
pot Eyeate
cies
Fequen
otornt, sippng
ie
Vo,
of ) elecinms
value for V-:)o:
:Nih
tne
The ()
yanation of stoppmg Potenial with the
frequency of Inedent YadlatOn

_ m e tAa l

meB
B al

(4) The
stoppng potenttal Ine ases Roneony
matenal
with photoSensitivee
for a given
(2) There is minimum utofE freq ueny for
whih Vo is Zeno

Thheshol d frequeny
The ninimum value of the freq ueny of
ncldent aadltion btlow which the
photo elec(e emissíon

(3) Fo A ancl B mitals, theri neupective

Thrcshotd frequent are diffoyent:
 SummaË
(D At (I)

but vo Þ indcp Cndent of Inte?sity

(3) nases with înotaSe m2
Sopping potentfal
saturation urrent o 1melependent a ?
but
emfssion s an instntaneous
(4) he photo l ectn
elocl
Pnocess. inadd adalun s l a , hto
nemily
5 Even y t
avet e uar laht
hoto elecbai effect and theony)
(Eallue ef clasSical wve

( Hqhe intniiy Should l'berale photoelec lrons

with max?mum kínehi enerqy But thii e
(ontrarY to the xpected nesult t6at he
maximum kenetit engy isind ependnt fnttnsiy
(2) No maH fr ohat the fyequeny of ?nedent vaclianon
wâve af Suffrclent intensiry (an
e- om the metal s Unfare Thus Tmeshold
fect have no eYistento.

(3); t (an 4are hous n moe tor a smgle

DIgk fun ction

the
 Neuantlm of Radfation

(1) Pho to elech enrgy is the 1esult of nitractono

aphoton of lncldent adfaton and e o!
photosensittve materfal.
(2 The minlmum engy meq uircd to Lebenate the
e s alled wonK funeton

(9) Indent photon af en ergy (h) & wed to

Ov1cUme the wonk functon and to
4mpat k"k to bhe efected elechon le)
C4) By LBo of Conservaton of
2
h 2
m Vn t

eo = Kmar

- thvesho id frequeny)
h,
The um
minimum ho enrgy is 1eq uíred to
n
e 4 o m thp metal. Tt shoud be
eual to o.
O and ave called inst eins

photo elet lai ca uatons.

 n30n

o{
In rase of nten Siy gncans Intase n n0.
photons As each pnoton fec ti ony
with
the no of efect ed
int ensiy of incldent radiaton.
(3. Dhxzaheld focq uenty,
phyrira|
K.£ & -ve. The bas no
So entsion Cannot Ocur beto t
mtenig
f'equeny o (Thrcohold frcqueny)
Kenchi energy (K. E)
"hen knay mya?

Intease in tntnity
photon! and not
fndep end ent of tnity
(4)
no trme lag
b etween intdnhng of protn
Tnme
and the erntssion cf el ethron.

PARTie LC ATURE OF L1614T ( The Pbton)

?ntathon of nàdiatón wwith
behaves
cated i:hotor
 (2) photo ns and momentum

P =h2 h and Speed c tn vacuum

with sOme and A

(3) AN photons oflght
have the S ame and momentum
ntrgy
independ ent of intensity of nallaton
and 1
(4) Photons eleebr'cally neutna! aed aye
not defle cled by elehi and magnehifid:
(5) à photon pacle collesion , the tolalen ergy
ancd momentum
(6): 1 the iner(ased ,there is an
incase in the no o! photoms but enrgy
2¢man th s ame.

WAVE NATURE MATTER

de Broglie wlaves
Maeíal pa: teles snould afsplay wave lkepropn ha
(29 Ensteini mass engy nclaton ship E = me
Shouss that there u conpkete ea uivalente
beleen mass and enoray (nad iaton)
(na)
(2) sine n adíahtn has du al nature, vorr
syrmmety
Thue r}On nitrons.
 De Brcqle 's
PlanckS

of a photon
his plancks romsant
(ensideing photon 9s a pât eaf mass m,

fhom a bove uatons

b = me 2
= m2
|P-me= momentum|
me

Accordng to deBroglie , thi hypo thrsfr

mut be true for patfcles eeke es, p7otbnt
neuhon ele llence ptfcles ofmô ss m
with veloc 'ty v& assoclated
mo
with
vg
and nature of the matn'al Th¯t (ß deBr aie
wâve eqn

waves re assoce ated

wwth mateíal pahcle ontey when they arcm

moton
parkrlrt meod mot
 in n ture.
ASSoc t ed with
atcelevaléd chaged partids.
de Boglie wavelen th of an electhon
K=l my = p2
2m

2mey -
2 h : h h
P 2mk N2meV

value s of (nstants used;

-34 JS
h (Planck's consBant) =6"63 x10
4.1X (0-31 k
(massof cletvon)

12.3 A°
esenbiygs unalafnils Painiple.
measuTe position and
1'5 not poSsible to
momentum of a paile al the sametme
 ith an cle ho

has defnite momentum (AP=0)

Tt has ( ) Acf?nlte wave lengi Ts (Ar:
position uncentainity is infnlle.

packet desripton ef an etecton

The wave
dos not have a
fansucha wave packet
Single wave leng th .lt has a spnead ths
wavelengths aoUnd some tenhral waveleng
unntanity n mommen tum
ancat ne
lhe wave spread ovy a fRo¿te
bot nceuteunty n

DAMISSON AND ERER EX PERIMENT

e (he angle blw nefdert

and gatored e beam) Intensity ef scatered
beam (5 expresse d as the funetion cfo
Tot expniment (5 nepeaBed for diferent
al
v vay fiom 44V to bay,
nd Marimum, seatninq
angle o{ 5O° ahtand 54V